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Journal articles on the topic 'Granular ferric hydroxide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Sun, J. L., C. Shang, and G. A. Kikkert. "Hydrogen sulfide removal from sediment and water in box culverts/storm drains by iron-based granules." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 12 (October 25, 2013): 2626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.543.

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A renewable granular iron-based technology for hydrogen sulfide removal from sediment and water in box culverts and storm drains is discussed. Iron granules, including granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), granular ferric oxide (GFO) and rusted waste iron crusts (RWIC) embedded in the sediment phase removed aqueous hydrogen sulfide formed from sedimentary biological sulfate reduction. The exhausted iron granules were exposed to dissolved oxygen and this regeneration process recovered the sulfide removal capacities of the granules. The recovery is likely attributable to the oxidation of the ferrous iron precipitates film and the formation of new reactive ferric iron surface sites on the iron granules and sand particles. GFH and RWIC showed larger sulfide removal capacities in the sediment phase than GFO, likely due to the less ordered crystal structures on their surfaces. This study demonstrates that the iron granules are able to remove hydrogen sulfide from sediment and water in box culverts and storm drains and they have the potential to be regenerated and reused by contacting with dissolved oxygen.

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2

Abdallah, Elsadig A. M., and Graham A. Gagnon. "Arsenic removal from groundwater through iron oxyhydroxide coated waste productsA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 5 (May 2009): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/s08-059.

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The goal of this research was to remove arsenic from groundwater supplies via adsorption into media obtained from waste material generated as by-products from glass recycling programs and the seafood industry such as crushed glass and scallop shells. During the course of this research four new adsorbents were developed: ferric hydroxide coated crushed glass (FHCCG); ferric oxide coated crushed glass (FOCCG); ferric hydroxide coated scallop shells (FHCSS); and ferric oxide coated scallop shells (FOCSS). The adsorbents were characterized through evaluation of their structure, surface area, chemical composition, iron content, and coating stability. Efficiency of the adsorbents to remove arsenic from water was examined through batch kinetic and isotherm adsorption experiments. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was also evaluated by performing column experiments using real ground waters and a synthetic water. Arsenic removal to a concentration less than 10 μg/L was achieved with the FHCSS and more than 9000 bed volumes of water were treated before the breakthrough point was reached. The research results revealed that scallop shells coated with ferric hydroxideperformed better than crushed glass coated with ferric hydroxide. Both FOCCG and FOCSS had poor arsenic removal compared with FHCSS and granular ferric hydroxide (GFH). Ferric hydroxide coated scallop shells performed similarly to GFH.

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3

Shams, Mahmoud, Mehdi Qasemi, Mojtaba Afsharnia, and Amir Hossein Mahvi. "Sulphate removal from aqueous solutions by granular ferric hydroxide." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 50 (January 13, 2016): 23800–23807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1135479.

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4

Kumar, Eva, Amit Bhatnagar, Minkyu Ji, Woosik Jung, Sang-Hun Lee, Sun-Joon Kim, Giehyeon Lee, et al. "Defluoridation from aqueous solutions by granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)." Water Research 43, no. 2 (February 2009): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.031.

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5

Bhatnagar, Amit, YangHun Choi, YeoJoon Yoon, Yongsoon Shin, Byong-Hun Jeon, and Joon-Wun Kang. "Bromate removal from water by granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)." Journal of Hazardous Materials 170, no. 1 (October 2009): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.123.

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6

Xie, B., M. Fan, K. Banerjee, and J. Hans Van Leeuwen. "Modeling of arsenic(V) adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide." Journal - American Water Works Association 99, no. 11 (November 2007): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2007.tb08083.x.

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7

Zhao, Bei, Yu Zhang, Xiaomin Dou, Hongying Yuan, and Min Yang. "Granular ferric hydroxide adsorbent for phosphate removal: demonstration preparation and field study." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (August 18, 2015): 2179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.438.

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Ferric hydroxide (FHO), which has high phosphate adsorption capacity, was prepared by precipitation at industrial scale and then fabricated via the drum granulation method with cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) as the binder. The optimum binder/FHO powder ratio was 0.6 for producing a granular adsorbent with a high phosphate adsorption capacity and stability. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities of powder and granular FHOs were 74.07 mg g−1 and 56.18 mg g−1 at pH 7.0 ± 0.2, respectively, which were higher than those of other reported phosphate adsorbents under neutral or acidic conditions. Phosphate-loaded granular FHO could be regenerated by NaOH solution. Columns containing the granular FHO were used for phosphate removal from ozonated secondary effluents of a municipal wastewater treatment plant at space velocity (SV) of 2 and 5 h−1. During more than 2 months’ operation, the average removal percentage of PO43– was more than 90% and the turbidity and concentration of CODMn in the effluents were lower than in the influents. In addition, energy dispersive X-ray results suggested that active sites inside the granular FHO were available for phosphate removal. The results demonstrated that granular FHO can be applied as an assist technology for phosphate removal from secondary effluents.

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8

Sperlich, Alexander, Sebastian Schimmelpfennig, Benno Baumgarten, Arne Genz, Gary Amy, Eckhard Worch, and Martin Jekel. "Predicting anion breakthrough in granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) adsorption filters." Water Research 42, no. 8-9 (April 2008): 2073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.12.019.

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9

Fleming, David E. B., Isadel S. Eddy, Mihai R. Gherase, Meaghan K. Gibbons, and Graham A. Gagnon. "Real-time monitoring of arsenic filtration by granular ferric hydroxide." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 68, no. 4-5 (April 2010): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.09.048.

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10

Hilbrandt, Inga, Aki Sebastian Ruhl, Frederik Zietzschmann, Merle Molkenthin, and Martin Jekel. "Competition in chromate adsorption onto micro-sized granular ferric hydroxide." Chemosphere 218 (March 2019): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.152.

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11

Kumar, Eva, Amit Bhatnagar, Jeong-A. Choi, Umesh Kumar, Booki Min, Yongje Kim, Hocheol Song, Ki Jung Paeng, Yong Mee Jung, and R. A. I. Abou-Shanab. "Perchlorate removal from aqueous solutions by granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)." Chemical Engineering Journal 159, no. 1-3 (May 1, 2010): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.02.043.

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12

Hilbrandt, Inga, Vito Lehmann, Frederik Zietzschmann, Aki Sebastian Ruhl, and Martin Jekel. "Quantification and isotherm modelling of competitive phosphate and silicate adsorption onto micro-sized granular ferric hydroxide." RSC Advances 9, no. 41 (2019): 23642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04865k.

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13

Chen, Yingying, James C. Baygents, and James Farrell. "Removing phosphonate antiscalants from membrane concentrate solutions using granular ferric hydroxide." Journal of Water Process Engineering 19 (October 2017): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.07.002.

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14

Badruzzaman, Mohammad, Paul Westerhoff, and Detlef R. U. Knappe. "Intraparticle diffusion and adsorption of arsenate onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)." Water Research 38, no. 18 (November 2004): 4002–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.007.

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15

Bahr, Carsten, Lukas Massa, Helge Stanjek, Martin Jekel, and Aki Sebastian Ruhl. "Investigating reductive modification of granular ferric hydroxide for enhanced chromate removal." Environmental Technology & Innovation 13 (February 2019): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.01.002.

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16

Reinhardt, T., M. Gómez Elordi, R. Minke, H. Schönberger, and E. Rott. "Batch studies of phosphonate adsorption on granular ferric hydroxides." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.055.

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Abstract Phosphonates are widely used in various industries. It is desirable to remove them before discharging phosphonate-containing wastewater. This study describes a large number of batch experiments with adsorbents that are likely suitable for the removal of phosphonates. For this, adsorption isotherms for four different granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) adsorbents were determined at different pH values in order to identify the best performing material. Additionally, the influence of temperature was studied for this GFH. A maximum loading for nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP) was found to be ∼12 mg P/g with an initial concentration of 1 mg/L NTMP-P and a contact time of 7 days at room temperature. Then, the adsorption of six different phosphonates was investigated as a function of pH. It was shown that GFH could be used to remove all investigated phosphonates from water and, with an increasing pH, the adsorption capacity decreased for all six phosphonates. Finally, five adsorption–desorption cycles were carried out to check the suitability of the material for multiple re-use. Even after five cycles, the adsorption process still performed well.

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17

Asadi-Ghalhari, Mahdi, Amin Kishipour, Fatemeh sadat Tabatabaei, and Roqiyeh Mostafaloo. "Ciprofloxacin removal from aqueous solutions by granular ferric hydroxide: Modeling and optimization." Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals 2 (December 2022): 100007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemin.2022.100007.

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18

Ghosh, Amlan, Muhammed Mukiibi, A. Eduardo Sáez, and Wendell P. Ela. "Leaching of Arsenic from Granular Ferric Hydroxide Residuals under Mature Landfill Conditions." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 19 (October 2006): 6070–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es060561b.

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19

Boels, Luciaan, Karel J. Keesman, and Geert-Jan Witkamp. "Adsorption of Phosphonate Antiscalant from Reverse Osmosis Membrane Concentrate onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide." Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 17 (August 17, 2012): 9638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es302186k.

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20

Banerjee, Kashi, Gary L. Amy, Michele Prevost, Shokoufeh Nour, Martin Jekel, Paul M. Gallagher, and Charles D. Blumenschein. "Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of adsorption of arsenic onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)." Water Research 42, no. 13 (July 2008): 3371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.019.

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21

Guan, Xiao-Hong, Jianmin Wang, and Charles C. Chusuei. "Removal of arsenic from water using granular ferric hydroxide: Macroscopic and microscopic studies." Journal of Hazardous Materials 156, no. 1-3 (August 2008): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.012.

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22

Saha, B., R. Bains, and F. Greenwood. "Physicochemical Characterization of Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) for Arsenic(V) Sorption from Water." Separation Science and Technology 40, no. 14 (October 2005): 2909–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496390500333202.

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23

Sun, Jianliang, Junmei Zhou, Chii Shang, and Gustaaf A. Kikkert. "Removal of aqueous hydrogen sulfide by granular ferric hydroxide—Kinetics, capacity and reuse." Chemosphere 117 (December 2014): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.086.

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24

Martí, Vicenç, Irene Jubany, Lidia Fernández-Rojo, David Ribas, José Antonio Benito, Brian Diéguez, and Ada Ginesta. "Improvement of As(V) Adsorption by Reduction of Granular to Micro-sized Ferric Hydroxide." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 22, 2022): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10051029.

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The remediation of groundwater containing arsenic is a problem that has been addressed using adsorption processes with granulated materials in columns, but the remediation itself could be improved by using micro-sized adsorbents in stirred systems. In this study, arsenate (As(V)) batch adsorption experiments were performed using granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) and two derived micro-sized materials. Reduced-size adsorbents were produced by energetic ball milling, giving final sizes of 0.1–2 µm (OF-M samples) and ultra-sonication, producing final sizes of 2–50 µm (OF-U samples). Equilibrium isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir model was a good fit for the three sorbents, with the highest maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for OF-U and the lowest for OF-M. The adsorption of the two groundwater samples occurred according to the obtained equilibrium isotherms and indicated the absence of interfering agents for the three adsorbents. Batch kinetics tests in stirred beakers followed a pseudo second-order model and indicated that the kinetics of the OF-U sorbent was faster than the kinetics of the GFH sorbent. The tests also showed an increase in the qe values for the reduced-size sorbent. The application of ultrasonication to the GFH produced an increase of 23 % in the qmax and b term and an increase of 34-fold for the kinetic constant (k2) in the stirred batch systems tested. These results suggest that this new approach, based on ultra-sonication, has the potential for improving the adsorption of arsenic in groundwater.

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25

Reinhardt, Tobias, Eduard Rott, Philip A. Schneider, Ralf Minke, and Harald Schönberger. "Fixed-bed column studies of phosphonate and phosphate adsorption on granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 153 (September 2021): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.07.027.

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26

Driehaus, W., M. Jekel, and U. Hildebrandt. "Granular ferric hydroxide—a new adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from natural water." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA 47, no. 1 (February 1998): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.1998.0005.

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27

Genz, Arne, Benno Baumgarten, Mandy Goernitz, and Martin Jekel. "NOM removal by adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide: Equilibrium, kinetics, filter and regeneration studies." Water Research 42, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.005.

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28

Li, Xiaochen, Tatiana Reich, Michael Kersten, and Chuanyong Jing. "Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acid Complexation Affects Antimony(III) Adsorption by Granular Ferric Hydroxide." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 9 (April 10, 2019): 5221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06297.

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29

Kersten, Michael, Svetlana Karabacheva, Nataliya Vlasova, Robert Branscheid, Kathrin Schurk, and Helge Stanjek. "Surface complexation modeling of arsenate adsorption by akagenéite (β-FeOOH)-dominant granular ferric hydroxide." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 448 (April 2014): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.02.008.

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30

Martí, Vicenç, Irene Jubany, David Ribas, José Antonio Benito, and Berta Ferrer. "Improvement of Phosphate Adsorption Kinetics onto Ferric Hydroxide by Size Reduction." Water 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111558.

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Ball milling and ultra-sonication size reduction procedures were applied to granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) to obtain two micro-sized adsorbents. These two adsorbents and GFH were investigated to improve the removal of phosphates from water. The size reduction procedures, using the milling method, allowed a reduction of size from 0.5–2 mm to 0.1–2 µm and total disaggregation of the GFH structure. Using an ultra-sonication method yielded a final size of 1.9–50.3 µm with partial disaggregation. The Langmuir model correlated well with the isotherms obtained in batch equilibrium tests for the three adsorbents. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for the milled adsorbent was lower than GFH, but using ultra-sonication was not different from GFH. The equilibrium adsorption of two wastewater samples with phosphate and other anions onto the GFH corresponded well with the expected removal, showing that potential interferences in the isotherms were not important. Batch kinetics tests indicated that the pseudo second-order model fitted the data. Long-term adsorption capacity in kinetics (qe) showed the same trend described for qmax. The application of milling and ultra-sonication methods showed 3.5- and 5.6-fold increases of the kinetic constant (k2) versus the GFH value, respectively. These results showed that ultra-sonication is a very good procedure to increase the adsorption rate of phosphate, maintaining qe and increasing k2.

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31

Sperlich, A., X. Zheng, M. Jekel, and M. Ernst. "An integrated wastewater reuse concept combining natural reclamation techniques, membrane filtration and metal oxide adsorption." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 6 (March 1, 2008): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.186.

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In a Sino-German research project, a sustainable water reclamation concept was developed for different applications of municipal water reuse at the Olympic Green 2008 in Beijing, China. Results from pilot-scale experiments in Beijing and Berlin show that selective nutrient removal by adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) after a membrane bioreactor (MBR) can maintain a total phosphorus concentration of <0.03 μg L−1 P, thus preventing eutrophication of artificial lakes. Operation time of GFH adsorption columns can be extended by regeneration using sodium hydroxide solution. A subsequent ultrafiltration (UF) membrane after bank filtration creates an additional barrier for pathogens and allows for further urban reuse applications such as toilet flushing. Short term bank / bio-filtration prior to UF is shown to effectively remove biopolymers and reduce membrane fouling.

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32

Usman, Muhammad, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, Manassis Mitrakas, Anastasios Zouboulis, and Mathias Ernst. "Performance Evaluation of Small Sized Powdered Ferric Hydroxide as Arsenic Adsorbent." Water 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10070957.

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The small sized powdered ferric oxy-hydroxide, termed Dust Ferric Hydroxide (DFH), was applied in batch adsorption experiments to remove arsenic species from water. The DFH was characterized in terms of zero point charge, zeta potential, surface charge density, particle size and moisture content. Batch adsorption isotherm experiments indicated that the Freundlich model described the isothermal adsorption behavior of arsenic species notably well. The results indicated that the adsorption capacity of DFH in deionized ultrapure water, applying a residual equilibrium concentration of 10 µg/L at the equilibrium pH value of 7.9 ± 0.1, with a contact time of 96 h (i.e., Q10), was 6.9 and 3.5 µg/mg for As(V) and As(III), respectively, whereas the measured adsorption capacity of the conventionally used Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH), under similar conditions, was found to be 2.1 and 1.4 µg/mg for As(V) and As(III), respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption of arsenic species onto DFH in a Hamburg tap water matrix, as well as in an NSF challenge water matrix, was found to be significantly lower. The lowest recorded adsorption capacity at the same equilibrium concentration was 3.2 µg As(V)/mg and 1.1 µg As(III)/mg for the NSF water. Batch adsorption kinetics experiments were also conducted to study the impact of a water matrix on the behavior of removal kinetics for As(V) and As(III) species by DFH, and the respective data were best fitted to the second order kinetic model. The outcomes of this study confirm that the small sized iron oxide-based material, being a by-product of the production process of GFH adsorbent, has significant potential to be used for the adsorptive removal of arsenic species from water, especially when this material can be combined with the subsequent application of low-pressure membrane filtration/separation in a hybrid water treatment process.

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33

Lescano, Maia R., Claudio Passalía, Cristina S. Zalazar, and Rodolfo J. Brandi. "Arsenic sorption onto titanium dioxide, granular ferric hydroxide and activated alumina: Batch and dynamic studies." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 50, no. 4 (February 27, 2015): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2015.987552.

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34

Pham, Thi Thuy, Huu Hao Ngo, Van Son Tran, and Manh Khai Nguyen. "Removal of As (V) from the aqueous solution by a modified granular ferric hydroxide adsorbent." Science of The Total Environment 706 (March 2020): 135947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135947.

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35

Sperlich, Alexander, Arne Werner, Arne Genz, Gary Amy, Eckhard Worch, and Martin Jekel. "Breakthrough behavior of granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) fixed-bed adsorption filters: modeling and experimental approaches." Water Research 39, no. 6 (March 2005): 1190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.12.032.

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36

Mähler, Johan, and Ingmar Persson. "Rapid adsorption of arsenic from aqueous solution by ferrihydrite-coated sand and granular ferric hydroxide." Applied Geochemistry 37 (October 2013): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.07.025.

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37

Cortinas, Irail, Reyes Sierra-Alvarez, and Jim A. Field. "Biologically mediated mobilization of arsenic from granular ferric hydroxide in anaerobic columns fed landfill leachate." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 101, no. 6 (December 15, 2008): 1205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.22021.

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38

Gillenwater, P. S., M. Urgun-Demirtas, M. C. Negri, and S. W. Snyder. "Comparative evaluation of As, Se and V removal technologies for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.842.

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In this study, a broad range of readily deployable metal removal technologies were tested on a US refinery's wastewater to determine vanadium, arsenic and selenium removal performance. The bench-scale treatability studies were designed and performed so that test conditions could be as uniform as possible given the different mechanisms of action and engineering applications of each technology. The experimental data show that both ferric precipitation and reactive filtration were able to remove As, Se and V more efficiently from the wastewater than other tested technologies. Additionally, granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) adsorption was also effective in both V and As removal. Although the thiol-SAMMS adsorbent was developed for mercury removal, it also demonstrated appreciable selenium removal. None of the tested membrane filtration technologies showed any significant metals removal. This was attributed to the dissolved form of the metals as well as the wastewater's fouling characteristics.

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39

Hilbrandt, Inga, Aki Ruhl, and Martin Jekel. "Conditioning Fixed-Bed Filters with Fine Fractions of Granulated Iron Hydroxide (µGFH)." Water 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101324.

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The fine fraction of granular ferric hydroxide (µGFH, <0.3 mm) is a promising adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals and phosphate, but properties of µGFH were hitherto not known. The present study aimed at characterizing µGFH regarding its physical and chemical properties and at evaluating methods for the conditioning of fixed-bed filters in order to develop a process that combines filtration and adsorption. Conditioning was done at different pH levels and for different particle sizes. Anthracite, coke, pumice and sand were studied as potential carrier materials. A method for the evaluation of the homogeneity of the iron hydroxide particle distribution on pumice filter grains using picture analysis was developed. Pre-washed pumice (pH 8.5) proved to lead to high embedment and a homogeneous distribution of µGFH. Filter runs with phosphate (2 mg/L P) showed similar breakthrough curves for the embedded fine fraction adsorbent and for conventional GFH.

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40

Driehaus, W. "Arsenic removal - experience with the GEH® process in Germany." Water Supply 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0073.

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The reduced German drinking water standard for arsenic of 10 μg/L initiated the development of a new adsorbent, the granular ferric hydroxide. It was introduced into the market in 1997 under the trade name GEH®. 16 drinking water treatment plants for arsenic removal are now using this technique in Germany. The article gives a brief overview over this applications, the design data and the treatment results. This technique requires only small contact times between 3 and 10 minutes, whereas the treatment capacities are up to 250,000 bed volumes. The average treatment costs, including media supply, media exchange service and disposal, are 0.04 EURO per m3 treated water.

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41

Yousefi, Mahmood, Ramin Nabizadeh, Mahmood Alimohammadi, Ali Akbar Mohammadi, and Amir Hossein Mahvi. "Removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using granular ferric hydroxide process optimization by response surface methodology." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 158 (2019): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24281.

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42

Rahimi Bourestan, Nader, Ali Nematollahzadeh, Aiyoub Parchehbaf Jadid, and Hadi Basharnavaz. "Chromium removal from water using granular ferric hydroxide adsorbents: An in-depth adsorption investigation and the optimization." Chemical Physics Letters 748 (June 2020): 137395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137395.

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43

Niu, Bai Jie, Wen Ming Ding, and Dan Dang. "Regeneration Effect of Fluoride-Rich Granular Activated Alumina on Desorption Regent NaOH Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.653.

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As an effective adsorbent, granular activated alumina (GAA) has been widely used in defluoridation. In order to reduce cost and operate environment-friendly, the adsorbent should be regenerated. In this paper, column experiment was done to characterize the fluoride removal properties and to develop an optimal method to regenerate fluoride-rich modified activated alumina (MGAA). The MGAA can be regenerated by utilizing sodium hydroxide solution desorption, deionized water washing and ferric sulfate reactivation and then used for futher defluoride operation. The influence of the concentration of desorption agent (NaOH solution) and desorbing time on desorption rate and the adsorption capacity of regenerated MGAA were studied. The optimal desorption condition was: 1% NaOH solution for desorption agent, desorbing time in 1.5h.In addition, when the regenerated MGAA was used again for column adsorption test, its adsorption capacity reached 94% of that of original sorbent in 1mg/L outlet fluoride concentration.

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44

Suresh Kumar, Prashanth, Roxana Quiroga Flores, Carin Sjöstedt, and Linda Önnby. "Arsenic adsorption by iron–aluminium hydroxide coated onto macroporous supports: Insights from X-ray absorption spectroscopy and comparison with granular ferric hydroxides." Journal of Hazardous Materials 302 (January 2016): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.065.

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Sperlich, A., D. Warschke, C. Wegmann, M. Ernst, and M. Jekel. "Treatment of membrane concentrates: phosphate removal and reduction of scaling potential." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.800.

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The widespread application of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in wastewater reuse inevitably generates a concentrate stream. Due to high concentrations of phosphate and salts, disposal of membrane concentrates is a problem which seriously constrains the application of this technology, especially in inland applications. There is a need for technologies which facilitate an affordable and environmentally-safe disposal of membrane concentrates. The objectives of this study are to investigate appropriate treatment techniques to (1) increase the recovery of the membrane filtration thus minimising the volume of the concentrate stream, and (2) increase the concentrate quality to enable discharge into surface water bodies. The results show that both adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) and chemical precipitation are generally effective for phosphate removal from NF concentrates. Chemical precipitation by dosing of sodium hydroxide solution is rapid and removes more than 90% of phosphate and calcium ions. By the removal of calcium ions, chemical precipitation can significantly reduce the scaling potential of NF and RO concentrates. This may allow higher recoveries in the NF/RO process.

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Tang, Yulin, Xiaohong Guan, Jianmin Wang, Naiyun Gao, Martin R. McPhail, and Charles C. Chusuei. "Fluoride adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide: Effects of ionic strength, pH, surface loading, and major co-existing anions." Journal of Hazardous Materials 171, no. 1-3 (November 2009): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.079.

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Kartashevsky, Moti, Raphael Semiat, and Carlos G. Dosoretz. "Phosphate adsorption on granular ferric hydroxide to increase product water recovery in reverse osmosis-desalination of secondary effluents." Desalination 364 (May 2015): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.02.038.

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Song, Hocheol, Byong-Hun Jeon, Chul-Min Chon, Yongje Kim, In-Hyun Nam, Franklin W. Schwartz, and Dong-Wan Cho. "The effect of granular ferric hydroxide amendment on the reduction of nitrate in groundwater by zero-valent iron." Chemosphere 93, no. 11 (November 2013): 2767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.033.

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Tolkou, Athanasia K., Elena Cristina Rada, Vincenzo Torretta, Maria Xanthopoulou, George Z. Kyzas, and Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis. "Removal of Arsenic(III) from Water with a Combination of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) at the Optimum Molecular Ratio." C 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9010010.

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The occurrence of arsenic in water is a global problem for public health. Several removal technologies have been developed for arsenic removal from water, and adsorption onto iron oxy-hydroxides is the most widely used technique. Granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) has been used mainly for As(V) removal, but it has the disadvantage that it can create a problem with the residual concentration of iron in the water. Moreover, graphene oxide (GO), which contains a large amount of reactive oxygen, exhibits high adsorbing capacity. In this study, the combined use of GO and GFH as adsorbent materials in different molar ratios was investigated in order to achieve the maximum As(III) removal from aqueous solutions. The effect of the adsorbent’s dosage, pH value, contact time, initial As(III), and different molar ratios of GO/GFH was examined. As depicted, the presence of GFH enhances the use of GO. In particular, the molar ratio of GO/GFH 2:1 (i.e., 0.2 g/L GO and 0.1 g/L GFH) is chosen as optimal at pH value 7.0 ± 0.1, while the removal percentage increased from 10 % (absence of GFH) to 90% with the simultaneous addition of GFH. Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models described the experimental data adequately and the highest adsorption capacity that was achieved was 22.62 μg/g.

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Reinhardt, Tobias, Adriana Veizaga Campero, Ralf Minke, Harald Schönberger, and Eduard Rott. "Batch Studies of Phosphonate and Phosphate Adsorption on Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) with Membrane Concentrate and Its Synthetic Replicas." Molecules 25, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 5202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215202.

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Phosphonates are widely used as antiscalants for softening processes in drinking water treatment. To prevent eutrophication and accumulation in the sediment, it is desirable to remove them from the membrane concentrate before they are discharged into receiving water bodies. This study describes batch experiments with synthetic solutions and real membrane concentrate, both in the presence of and absence of granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), to better understand the influence of ions on phosphonate and phosphate adsorption. To this end, experiments were conducted with six different phosphonates, using different molar Ca:phosphonate ratios. The calcium already contained in the GFH plays an essential role in the elimination process, as it can be re-dissolved, and, therefore, increase the molar Ca:phosphonate ratio. (Hydrogen-)carbonate ions had a competitive effect on the adsorption of phosphonates and phosphate, whereas the influence of sulfate and nitrate ions was negligible. Up to pH 8, the presence of CaII had a positive effect on adsorption, probably due to the formation of ternary complexes. At pH > 8, increased removal was observed, with either direct precipitation of Ca:phosphonate complexes or the presence of inorganic precipitates of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate serving as adsorbents for the phosphorus compounds. In addition, the presence of (hydrogen-)carbonate ions resulted in precipitation of CaCO3 and/or dolomite, which also acted as adsorbents for the phosphorus compounds.

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