Journal articles: 'Granular materials High pressure (Science)'

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PENG, JIEGANG, S. XUE, Z. YAN, X. WU, and L. ZHAN. "INVESTIGATION OF HIGH-COERCIVITY FePt-C NANOGRANULAR FILMS FOR PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC RECORDING (PMR) MEDIA." Nano 06, no. 06 (December 2011): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329201100286x.

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In this work, we studied FePt-C nanogranular films for ultrahigh-density perpendicular recording media towards 1 Tbits/in2 because they have high magnetocrystalline anisotropy at its L10-phase. We deposit Fe 52 Pt 48- C 50% (7.2 nm) films on oxidized silicon substrates at 400°C and various Ar pressures. Results show that at the Ar pressure of 0.50 Pa, the FePt-C granular film has the best granular structure and MH loop shape with a perpendicular coercivity of 20 kOe. The average grain size of the optimized film is 6.4 ± 1.5 nm. We studied the thermal stability of the optimized film and obtained the energy barrier Eb of 340kBT at room temperature, meaning excellent thermal stability as magnetic recording media.

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Stasiak, Mateusz, Marek Molenda, Maciej Bańda, Józef Horabik, Joanna Wiącek, Piotr Parafiniuk, Justyna Wajs, et al. "Friction and Shear Properties of Pine Biomass and Pellets." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163567.

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Knowledge on the mechanical properties of granular biomass is important for the design and efficient operation of equipment used for handling, storage, and processing. Their mechanical properties are used as a measure of material quality. In this study, the mechanical properties of granular biomass obtained from pines (sawdust, shavings, long shavings, and pellets) were determined under a moisture content range of 10–50%. The coefficient of sliding friction µ of four construction materials was determined using a 210-mm-diameter direct shear tester (Jenike’s shear box). To measure the shear resistance of the biomass materials (represented as torque T), a prototype vane tester was constructed. The characteristics of shear resistance with respect to time T(t) were determined for material samples under normal pressure p ranging from 5 to 30 kPa and a vane rotation rate of 3 rpm. Measurements were performed for five geometries of the rotor, reflecting typical deformation conditions encountered in the processing of granular biomass. The coefficient of sliding friction was found to be affected by the type of material, moisture content, and normal compressive pressure. Depending on the biomass material, the highest µ, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.62, was obtained for black steel, whereas the lowest µ, which ranged from 0.27 to 0.52, was obtained for aluminum. The lowest coefficient of sliding friction was observed for dry materials and high normal pressure. The torque T was observed to be affected by the rotor shape, material, normal pressure, and moisture content. The parameters presented provide information useful for the design of transport equipment and processing of granular wood biomass.

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Moussa, Amrane, Messast Salah, and Demagh Rafik. "Improvement of a Hypoplastic Model for Granular Materials Under High-Confining Pressures." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 38, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 3761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01256-y.

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Cai, Yuanqiang, Jingyu Chen, Zhigang Cao, Chuan Gu, and Jun Wang. "Influence of Grain Gradation on Permanent Strain of Unbound Granular Materials under Low Confining Pressure and High-Cycle Loading." International Journal of Geomechanics 18, no. 3 (March 2018): 04017156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001054.

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Njoya, M., M. Basitere, and S. K. O. Ntwampe. "Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using a down-flow expanded granular bed reactor." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 3 (June 5, 2019): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.039.

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Abstract This study evaluated the performance of a novel high rate anaerobic bioreactor system for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW). The new system consisted of a granule-based technology operated in a down-flow configuration, with the assistance of medium-sized pumice stones used as packing materials for the retention of the anaerobic granules, to avoid challenges associated with the use of the three-phase separator of up-flow systems and the washout of the anaerobic biomass. Furthermore, a recycling stream was applied to the system to improve the mixing inside the Down-flow Expanded Granular Bed Reactor (DEGBR), i.e. the influent distribution to the granular biomass, and the implementation of intermittent fluidization when required to alleviate the effects of pressure drop in such systems. The DEGBR was operated under mesophilic conditions (30–35 °C) and achieved total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), five-day biological oxygen demand and total suspended solids average removal percentages >95%, and a fats, oils and grease average removal percentage of 93.67% ± 4.51, for an organic loading rate varying between 1.1 to 38.9 gCOD/L.day.

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Lee, Wei-Chang, Chang-Lin Tu, Chang-Yueh Weng, and Shyan-Lung Chung. "A novel process for combustion synthesis of AlN powder." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 3 (March 1995): 774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0774.

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A SHS process has been established for synthesis of AlN powder under low nitrogen pressures. Al and NaN3 powders were used as the metal and nitrogen sources, respectively. The compact of the mixture of the reactants was wrapped up with aluminum foil and then wrapped up with an igniting agent (i.e., Ti + C). The synthesis reaction was triggered by the combustion of the igniting agent. The wrappings were found necessary in achieving high product conversions under low nitrogen pressures (<1 MPa). The product conversion was also affected by the reactant composition and the nitrogen pressure. High conversions were obtained when the mass ratio of Al to NaN3 was 1/2 or lower and the nitrogen pressure was 0.5 MPa or higher. The AlN powders as synthesized were observed to have two major types of morphology, i.e., granular particles with 0.5–3 μm in diameter and fibers with aspect ratios of 10–800.

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Wells, Tony, Stephen Fityus, David W. Smith, and Hlwan Moe. "The indirect estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils, using measurements of gas permeability. I. Laboratory testing with dry granular soils." Soil Research 44, no. 7 (2006): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr06037.

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A comprehensive knowledge of soil hydraulic conductivity is essential when modelling the distribution of soil moisture within soil profiles and across catchments. The high spatial variability of soil hydraulic conductivity, however, necessitates the taking of many in situ measurements, which are costly, time-consuming, and labour-intensive. This paper presents an improved method for indirectly determining the saturated hydraulic conductivity of granular materials via an in situ gas flow technique. The apparatus employed consists of a cylindrical tube which is embedded in the soil to a prescribed depth. Nitrogen at a range of pressures was supplied to the tube and allowed to escape by permeating through the soil. A 3-dimensional, axisymmetric, steady-state, finite element flow model was then used to determine the value of the soil intrinsic gas permeability which produces the best fit to the pressure–air flow data. Saturated hydraulic conductivities estimated from the application of the gas flow technique to 5 granular soils covering a wide range of permeabilities were in close agreement with values determined using a conventional permeameter. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate the potential of this approach to the indirect determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity based on measurement of gas flow rates in granular and structured soils.

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Sadler, L. Y., and M. Shamsuzzoha. "Response of silicon carbide to high-intensity laser irradiation in a high-pressure inert gas atmosphere." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 1 (January 1997): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0022.

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α–SiC (hexagonal) pressed powder targets were heated with a highly focused beam of CO2 laser radiation to temperatures in excess of 3200 °C in an oxygen- and water-free argon atmosphere. The argon pressure was maintained at greater than 100 atm to prevent vaporization of any liquid formed. This pressure was estimated to be several times greater than the total vapor pressure above a liquid solution of carbon and silicon. After a 30 s period at temperature, the heating was abruptly terminated. The 1 mm diameter region most affected on the surface of the SiC targets consisted of a central crater from which all SiC had been vaporized. The crater walls consisted of an amorphous carbon phase which acted as a matrix for fibrous graphite and granular silicon. Beyond the crater wall, the microstructure changed to that of various polytypes of hexagonal SiC, with the grains being equiaxed and smaller than those of the starting SiC powder, an indication that melting, followed by formation of a finer grain structure on abrupt cooling, may have occurred. Still farther from the crater, the microstructure was characterized by β-silicon (cubic) particles of spherical morphology and of larger size than the starting SiC powder, a response typical of solid state sintering. Even further from the crater, the structure was α-SiC, and the grain size was nearly the same as that of the starting material. The particles were lightly bonded together at points of contact between them, indicating only light sintering.

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Ringeisen, Damien, Martin Losch, L. Bruno Tremblay, and Nils Hutter. "Simulating intersection angles between conjugate faults in sea ice with different viscous–plastic rheologies." Cryosphere 13, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 1167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1167-2019.

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Abstract. Recent high-resolution pan-Arctic sea ice simulations show fracture patterns (linear kinematic features or LKFs) that are typical of granular materials but with wider fracture angles than those observed in high-resolution satellite images. Motivated by this, ice fracture is investigated in a simple uni-axial loading test using two different viscous–plastic (VP) rheologies: one with an elliptical yield curve and a normal flow rule and one with a Coulombic yield curve and a normal flow rule that applies only to the elliptical cap. With the standard VP rheology, it is not possible to simulate fracture angles smaller than 30∘. Further, the standard VP model is not consistent with the behavior of granular material such as sea ice because (1) the fracture angle increases with ice shear strength; (2) the divergence along the fracture lines (or LKFs) is uniquely defined by the shear strength of the material with divergence for high shear strength and convergent with low shear strength; (3) the angle of fracture depends on the confining pressure with more convergence as the confining pressure increases. This behavior of the VP model is connected to the convexity of the yield curve together with use of a normal flow rule. In the Coulombic model, the angle of fracture is smaller (θ=23∘) and grossly consistent with observations. The solution, however, is unstable when the compressive stress is too large because of non-differentiable corners between the straight limbs of the Coulombic yield curve and the elliptical cap. The results suggest that, although at first sight the large-scale patterns of LKFs simulated with a VP sea ice model appear to be realistic, the elliptical yield curve with a normal flow rule is not consistent with the notion of sea ice as a pressure-sensitive and dilatant granular material.

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Othmani, Hammouda, Lamine Hassini, Raja Lamloumi, and Mohamed Afif El Cafsi. "Modelling of heat and mass transfer in a granular medium during high-temperature air drying. Effect of the internal gas pressure." Comptes Rendus Mécanique 344, no. 2 (February 2016): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crme.2015.12.003.

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Feng, Yi, Gao Li, Yingfeng Meng, and Boyun Guo. "A Novel Approach to Investigating Transport of Lost Circulation Materials in Rough Fracture." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 2572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102572.

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The drilling fluid loss or lost circulation via fractures is one of the critical engineering problems in the development of deep oil and gas resources. The conventional treatment is to introduce granular lost circulation material (LCM) into the drilling fluid system to plug fractures. In this work, a method incorporating the fracture surface scanning technique and coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) numerical simulation is proposed for the first time to investigate how the LCM particles plug rough fractures. The rough fracture model is built utilizing a high resolution and high precision measurement system. The LCM particle transport and plugging process in rough fractures are captured in the CFD-DEM numerical simulations. The results show that the local fracture aperture has a significant influence on LCM particle transport and the distribution of the plugging zone. The drilling fluid loss rate will decrease, and the drilling fluid pressure will redistribute during the accumulation of LCM particles in the fracture. The fracture plugging efficiency of nonspherical LCM is improved as a result of formation of multi-particle bridges. This study provides a novel approach and important theoretical guidance to the investigation of LCM particle transport in rough fractures.

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Chung, Shyan-Lung, Wen-Liang Yu, and Chun-Nan Lin. "A self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method for synthesis of AlN powder." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 5 (May 1999): 1928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0259.

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A new self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) process has been developed for synthesis of AlN powder under low nitrogen pressures. Al and NH4X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I) powders were mixed and pressed into a compact, which was placed in a reaction chamber filled with nitrogen. The combustion synthesis reaction was ignited by heating directly the compact, and high product yields (∼90%) were obtained under nitrogen pressures of around 0.5 MPa. The product yield was affected by the reactant composition, the nitrogen pressure, and the compact-forming pressure. The powder as synthesized consists mainly of fibers, coarse granules, and agglomerated fine particles, which become mostly smaller than 10 μm after grinding. A reaction process was also proposed that explains the effects of the experimental parameters on the product yield.

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Gedik, Abdulgazi, and Abdullah Hilmi Lav. "Analytical, morphological, and rheological behavior of sulphur-extended-binder." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 6 (June 2016): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0409.

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Bituminous material is a limited natural resource mainly used in hot mix asphalt production. The high costs coupled with the large amounts required have been forcing pavement engineers to find cost effective alternative materials that can be used as extenders or partial substitutes. This prohibitive cost factor led this paper to focus on the utilization of abundant granular sulphur as an extender for the more expensive bituminous material. In this study, sulphur-extended binders were prepared by using a 50/70 grade bitumen and by increasing the amounts of granular sulphur as an extension up to a maximum 50% by weight. The samples were then exposed to short and long-term aging by performing the rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel tests. Aged and virgin samples were then further tested using analytical, rheological, and morphological testing methods. The promising results demonstrate that the sulphur-extended binder not only increases the performance of the neat bitumen, but can also lower overall costs.

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Lin, Chong, Shu Sen Wu, and Shu Lin Lü. "Effects of High Pressure on Fe-Rich Phases and Mechanical Properties of Al-14Si Alloys with Rheo-Squeeze Casting." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.57.

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The influence of high pressure and manganese on Fe-rich phases (FRPs) and mechanical properties of Al-14Si-2Fe alloy with rheo-squeeze casting (RSC) were investigated. The semi-solid alloy melt was prepared using ultrasonic vibration (UV), then formed by squeeze casting (SC). Results shows that the FRPs in as-cast Al-14Si-2Fe-(0.4,0.8)Mn alloys with SC are composed of coarse plate-shaped δ-Al4(Fe,Mn)Si2, long needle-shaped β-Al5(Fe,Mn)Si and bone-shaped α-Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2phases when the pressure is 0 MPa. During the solidification of the alloys with RSC, the FRPs are first refined by UV, then furtherly refined as the pressure increases. With RSC, the FRPs in Al-14Si-2Fe-0.8Mn alloy are finer and rounder than that of the Al-14Si-2Fe-0.4Mn alloy under the same pressure. The FRPs in RSC Al-14Si-2Fe-0.8Mn alloy are mainly granular particles with an average diameter of about 12 μm under 300 MPa. For the alloy with the same composition, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of RSC sample is higher than that of the SC sample. Under the same forming process, the UTS of Al-14Si-2Fe-0.8Mn alloy is higher than that of the Al-14Si-2Fe-0.4Mn alloy.

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Hettich, Schierjott, Epple, Gbureck, Heinemann, Mozaffari-Jovein, and Grupp. "Calcium Phosphate Bone Graft Substitutes with High Mechanical Load Capacity and High Degree of Interconnecting Porosity." Materials 12, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 3471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213471.

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Bone graft substitutes in orthopedic applications have to fulfill various demanding requirements. Most calcium phosphate (CaP) bone graft substitutes are highly porous to achieve bone regeneration, but typically lack mechanical stability. This study presents a novel approach, in which a scaffold structure with appropriate properties for bone regeneration emerges from the space between specifically shaped granules. The granule types were tetrapods (TEPO) and pyramids (PYRA), which were compared to porous CaP granules (CALC) and morselized bone chips (BC). Bulk materials of the granules were mechanically loaded with a peak pressure of 4 MP; i.e., comparable to the load occurring behind an acetabular cup. Mechanical loading reduced the volume of CALC and BC considerably (89% and 85%, respectively), indicating a collapse of the macroporous structure. Volumes of TEPO and PYRA remained almost constant (94% and 98%, respectively). After loading, the porosity was highest for BC (46%), lowest for CALC (25%) and comparable for TEPO and PYRA (37%). The pore spaces of TEPO and PYRA were highly interconnected in a way that a virtual object with a diameter of 150 µm could access 34% of the TEPO volume and 36% of the PYRA volume. This study shows that a bulk of dense CaP granules in form of tetrapods and pyramids can create a scaffold structure with load capacities suitable for the regeneration of an acetabular bone defect.

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Waletzko-Hellwig, Janine, Michael Saemann, Marko Schulze, Bernhard Frerich, Rainer Bader, and Michael Dau. "Mechanical Characterization of Human Trabecular and Formed Granulate Bone Cylinders Processed by High Hydrostatic Pressure." Materials 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051069.

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One main disadvantage of commercially available allogenic bone substitute materials is the altered mechanical behavior due to applied material processing, including sterilization methods like thermal processing or gamma irradiation. The use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) might be a gentle alternative to avoid mechanical alteration. Therefore, we compressed ground trabecular human bone to granules and, afterwards, treated them with 250 and 300 MPa for 20 and 30 min respectively. We characterized the formed bone granule cylinders (BGC) with respect to their biomechanical properties by evaluating stiffness and stress at 15% strain. Furthermore, the stiffness and yield strength of HHP-treated and native human trabecular bone cylinders (TBC) as control were evaluated. The mechanical properties of native vs. HHP-treated TBCs as well as HHP-treated vs. untreated BGCs did not differ, independent of the applied HHP magnitude and duration. Our study suggests HHP treatment as a suitable alternative to current processing techniques for allogenic bone substitutes since no negative effects on mechanical properties occurred.

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Li, D., S. Dai, A. Goullet, and A. Granier. "The Effect of Plasma Gas Composition on the Nanostructures and Optical Properties of TiO2 Films Prepared by Helicon-PECVD." Nano 13, no. 10 (October 2018): 1850124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018501242.

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TiO2 films were deposited from oxygen/titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) plasmas at low temperature by Helicon-PECVD at floating potential ([Formula: see text] or substrate self-bias of [Formula: see text]50[Formula: see text]V. The influence of titanium precursor partial pressure on the morphology, nanostructure and optical properties was investigated. Low titanium partial pressure ([TTIP] [Formula: see text] 0.013[Formula: see text]Pa) was applied by controlling the TTIP flow rate which is introduced by its own vapor pressure, whereas higher titanium partial pressure was formed through increasing the flow rate by using a carrier gas (CG). Then the precursor partial pressures [TTIP[Formula: see text]CG] [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Pa and 0.093[Formula: see text]Pa were obtained. At [Formula: see text], all the films exhibit a columnar structure, but the degree of inhomogeneity is decreased with the precursor partial pressure. Phase transformation from anatase ([TTIP] [Formula: see text] 0.013[Formula: see text]Pa) to amorphous ([TTIP[Formula: see text]CG] [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Pa) has been evidenced since the O[Formula: see text] ion to neutral flux ratio in the plasma was decreased and more carbon contained in the film. However, in the case of [Formula: see text]50[Formula: see text]V, the related growth rate for different precursor partial pressures is slightly ([Formula: see text] 15%) decreased. The columnar morphology at [TTIP] [Formula: see text] 0.013[Formula: see text]Pa has been changed into a granular structure, but still homogeneous columns are observed for [TTIP[Formula: see text]CG] [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Pa and 0.093[Formula: see text]Pa. Rutile phase has been generated at [TTIP] [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Pa. Ellipsometry measurements were performed on the films deposited at [Formula: see text]50[Formula: see text]V; results show that the precursor addition from low to high levels leads to a decrease in refractive index.

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Kang, Moonseok, Minha Park, Byoungkoo Kim, Hyoung Chan Kim, Jong Bae Jeon, Hyunmyung Kim, Chang Yong Choi, Hee Sang Park, Se-Hun Kwon, and Byung Jun Kim. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Steel for in Hot Forging Products." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050768.

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High-strength steel is widely used in hot forging products for application to the oil and gas industry because it has good mechanical properties under severe environment. In order to apply to the extreme environment industry requiring high temperature and high pressure, heat treatments such as austenitizing, quenching and tempering are required. The microstructure of high-strength steel after heat treatment has various microstructures such as Granular Bainite (GB), Acicular Ferrite (AF), Bainitic Ferrite (BF), and Martensite (M) depending on the heat treatment conditions and cooling rate. Especially in large forged products, the difference in microstructure occurs due to the difference in the forging ratio depending on the location and the temperature gradient according to the thickness during post-heat treatment. Therefore, this study attempted to quantitatively analyze various phases of F70 high-strength steel according to the austenitizing temperature and hot forging ratio using the existing EBSD analysis method. In addition, the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated through various phase analysis and fracture behavior of high-strength steel. We found that various microstructures of strength steel depend on the austenitizing temperature and hot forging ratio, and influence the mechanical properties and fracture behavior.

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Wu, Kefan, Yingjie Yan, Rui Cao, Xinyu Li, Yong Jiang, Fei Yang, Xingwang Jia, and Jianhong Chen. "Microstructure and Charpy Impact Toughness of a 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel Weld Metal." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133013.

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The demand for heat-resistant steel has increased owing to its utility in numerous devices that must withstand high steam pressures and high temperatures, such as turbine rotors and blades in ultra-supercritical power plants. It is inevitable to join heat-resistance steel part by welding method, so it is important to maintain the toughness of the weld metals. In this study, the microstructure, low-temperature impact toughness, and fracture surface of as-welded and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V weld metal were investigated. The microstructures of the as-welded and PWHT specimens are granular bainite and ferrite, respectively. This work revealed the relationship between effective microstructure nearby crack initiation origin and low temperature impact toughness for both the as-welded and PWHT specimens. The evolution of the microstructure and prior austenite was then investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to observe the formation of coarse ferrite grain structures. A suggestion for enhancing the low-temperature toughness was provided based on the effect of adjusting Mn content and forming acicular ferrite.

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Xie, Wei-Dong, Meng Wang, Xiao-Qi Wang, Yan-Di Wang, and Chang-Qing Hu. "Nano-Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Shale Gas Reservoirs: A Case Study of Longmaxi Formation in Southeastern Chongqing, China." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18721.

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Pore structure and fractal dimensions can characterize the adsorption, desorption and seepage characteristics of shale gas reservoirs. In this study, pore structure, fractal characteristics and influencing factors were studied of the Longmaxi formation shale gas reservoir in southeastern Chongqing, China. Scanning electron microscopy was used to describe the characteristics of various reservoirs. High pressure mercury intrusion and low temperature liquid N2 and CO2 adsorption experiments were used to obtain pore structure parameters. V–S model, FHH model and Menger sponge model were selected to calculate the micropore, mesopore and macropore fractal dimensions, respectively. The results show that organic matter pores, inter-granular pores, intra-granular pores and micro-fractures are developed within the shale, and the pore morphology is mostly ink pores and parallel plate pores with aperture essentially in the 1–2 nm and 2–50 nm ranges. Moreover, macropores are the most complex in these samples, with mesopores being less complex than macropores, and the micropores being the simplest. D1 (micropore fractal dimension) ranges from 2.31 to 2.50, D2 (mesopore fractal dimension) ranges from 2.74 to 2.83, D3 (macropore fractal dimension) ranges from 2.87 to 2.95, and Dt (comprehensive fractal dimension) ranges from 2.69 to 2.83 of fractal characteristics. D1 and D2 are mainly controlled by TOC content, while D3 and Dt are mainly controlled by brittle and clay mineral content. These results may be helpful for exploration and the development of shale gas in southeastern Chongqing, China.

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Zhu, Pinghua, Meng Zheng, Shanyu Zhao, Junyong Wu, and Haixun Xu. "A Novel Environmental Route to Ambient Pressure Dried Thermal Insulating Silica Aerogel via Recycled Coal Gangue." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9831515.

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Coal gangue, one of the main hazardous emissions of purifying coal from coalmine industry, is rich in silica and alumina. However, the recycling of the waste is normally restricted by less efficient techniques and low attractive output; the utilization of such waste is still staying lower than 15%. In this work, the silica aerogel materials were synthesized by using a precursor extracted from recycled silicon-rich coal gangue, followed by a single-step surface silylation and ambient pressure drying. A low density (~0.19 g/cm3) nanostructured aerogel with a 3D open porous microstructure and high surface area (~690 m2/g) was synthesized, which presents a superior thermal insulation performance (~26.5 mW·m−1·K−1of a plane packed of 4-5 mm granules which was confirmed by transient hot-wire method). This study offers a new facile route to the synthesis of insulating aerogel material by recycling solid waste coal gangue and presents a potential cost reduction of industrial production of silica aerogels.

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Evseev, Nikolay, Pavel Nikitin, Mansur Ziatdinov, Ilya Zhukov, and Alexei Vakutin. "AlN Production in Co-Flow Filtration Mode at Low Pressures." Materials 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 5482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195482.

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In this work, the process for obtaining aluminum nitride in the combustion mode of co-flow filtration of a nitrogen–argon mixture was investigated. The combustion of granules consisting of aluminum and aluminum nitride as an inert diluent was studied under conditions of co-current filtration in a flow of nitrogen and a nitrogen–argon mixture in the range of a specific flow rate of 1.5–5.0 cm3/(s∙cm2). It was found that the specific flow rate of the gas mixture and the amount of argon in the nitrogen–argon mixture had a significant effect on the rate and the temperature of combustion. The structure and phase composition of the synthesis products were studied. The maximum achieved yield of the AlN phase was 95 wt.%. Moreover, this method is energy efficient and allows the production of metal nitrides without the use of high-pressure reactors.

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Suzuki, Takakazu. "The influence of total pressure in the reactor and carrier gas on the chemical vapor deposition of Al from tri-isobutyl aluminum." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 7 (July 1997): 1866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0256.

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The influence of total pressure in the chamber and carrier gases on the chemical vapor deposition of aluminum using tri-isobutyl aluminum was studied. The superior penetrability of chemical vapor deposition is expected to make it effective for aluminum deposition onto complex-shaped materials such as turbo-charger rotors, fibrous preform, and multifilament. It may also be a suitable method for the development of fiber-reinforced composite materials. The apparatus was composed of a raw material gas supply system, a three-zone electric furnace, a reaction chamber, an auto pressure controller, and an exhaust system. Aluminum was deposited onto a graphite fiber in the quartz reactor. The results show that, in the diffusion rate-determining stage of aluminum thermal decomposition, the rate of deposition for aluminum shows a marked increase as the pressure increases; in contrast, in the reaction rate-determining stage, this tendency is limited. This can be explained by the fact that, as the total pressure decreases, the gas diffusion coefficient becomes larger, and there is an increase in the uniformity of film formation. On the other hand, as the carrier gas flow rate increases, the amount of raw material supplied increases; consequently, a higher rate of deposition is obtained. Moreover, in the diffusion rate-determining stage, there is a tendency for an increase in flow rate to elevate the probability of arrival of the raw material, and, in combination with high temperatures, for nucleus generation to be accelerated and the average diameter of aluminum granules to become smaller. In the reaction rate-determining stage, there appears to be hardly any dependency of granule diameter on the flow rate. When Ar or He is used as the carrier gas, under the same conditions argon, rather than helium, is seen to increase the rate of deposition.

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Wood, Jaran Raymond, Tone Storbråten, and Timo Neubauer. "Expansion and Headloss Dependencies for Flowrate and Fluidization during Backwashing of Sand, Anthracite and Filtralite® Expanded Aluminosilicate Filters." Water 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 2790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102790.

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The backwash expansion rates and headloss evolution of single- and dual-media granular filters of Filtralite® expanded aluminosilicate clay were compared with fine and coarser sand, as well as anthracite. Filtralite is manufactured in Norway, Årnesvegen 1, N-2009 Nordby. Abbreviations used for Filtralite is; N = Normal density, H = High density, C = Crushed. Each material had different particle densities and grain size distributions. The scope of the investigation was narrow: a clean-bed test was executed once for each parameter on single samples. As temperature affects the viscosity of water, tests were carried out within two temperature ranges (13–17 °C and 21–26 °C), and the effect on the fluidization of the materials was observed. The trial established that although the three types of materials have different physical properties, the expansion behaviors generally correlate with the grain sizes and particle densities of the media. To reach the expansion target of 15%, sand 1.2–2.0 mm (particle density 2656 kg/m3) required a flow rate of 67 m/h, Filtralite HC 0.8–1.6 (1742 kg/m3) required 34 m/h, and anthracite 0.8–1.6 mm (1355 kg/m3) required 15 m/h. The headloss peaks that indicate fluidization were found to correspond with the onset of expansion with increasing flow rate. This was for the example observed by fluidization of 0.4–0.6 mm sand (particle density 2698 kg/m3) at 0.94 m/m, fluidization of Filtralite HC 0.5–1 (1873 kg/m3) at 0.46 m/m and anthracite 0.8–1.6 mm (1355 kg/m3) at 0.21 m/m. Tests of dual-media filters of two types of Filtralite, i.e., Mono Multi and Mono Multi Fine, were also included. The backwash column used for the experiment consisted of extruded acrylic pipes with digital pressure sensors, an electronic flowmeter, a stepless pump and a water cycling system. A laminar water flow was provided by a mesh and a diffusor fixed above a single nozzle. No air was used. The trial was comparative, and its purpose was to shed light on the required water flow rates needed to fully expand different materials, and hence indicate requirements for performing proper filter backwashes.

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Yu, Zhongshen, Xiang Fang, Yuchun Li, Jiaxiang Wu, Shuangzhang Wu, Jun Zhang, Junkai Ren, Mingshou Zhong, Liping Chen, and Miao Yao. "Investigation on the Reaction Energy, Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors, and Impact-Induced Reaction Characteristics of PTFE/Al with Different TiH2 Percentages." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102008.

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As a novel energetic material with quite a high energy density, titanium hydride (TiH2) was introduced into a polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum (PTFE/Al) reactive material system for the first time. The effects of TiH2 on the reaction energy, dynamic mechanical responses, and reaction properties of the composites were investigated through adiabatic bomb calorimeter, split-Hopkinson pressure bar, and drop-weight experiments. The results show that the reaction heat of the composites improved significantly as the content of TiH2 increased. Under dynamic compression, these composites show obvious strain hardening and strain rate hardening effects. Besides, a certain amount of TiH2 granules helps to improve the material’s compressive strength, and the maximum would even reach 173.2 MPa with 5% TiH2 percentage, 10.1% higher than that of PTFE/Al. Mesoscale images of the samples after dynamic compression indicate that interface debonding between the particles and PTFE matrix and the fracture of the PTFE matrix are the two major mechanisms resulting in the material’s failure. In addition, the drop-weight experiments indicate that the material’s impact sensitivities are sensitive to the content of TiH2, which would be increased to within 20% of the content of TiH2 compared with PTFE/Al, and the reaction degree is also improved to within 10% of the content of TiH2. The retrieved reaction residues after drop-weight experiments imply that the reaction is initiated at the edges of the samples, indicating a shear-induced initiation mechanism of this kind of reactive material.

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26

Elverhøi, A., D. Issler, F. V. De Blasio, T. Ilstad, C. B. Harbitz, and P. Gauer. "Emerging insights into the dynamics of submarine debris flows." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 5 (August 17, 2005): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-633-2005.

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Abstract. Recent experimental and theoretical work on the dynamics of submarine debris flows is summarized. Hydroplaning was first discovered in laboratory flows and later shown to likely occur in natural debris flows as well. It is a prime mechanism for explaining the extremely long runout distances observed in some natural debris flows even of over-consolidated clay materials. Moreover, the accelerations and high velocities reached by the flow head in a short time appear to fit well with the required initial conditions of observed tsunamis as obtained from back-calculations. Investigations of high-speed video recordings of laboratory debris flows were combined with measurements of total and pore pressure. The results are pointing towards yet another important role of ambient water: Water that intrudes from the water cushion underneath the hydroplaning head and through cracks in the upper surface of the debris flow may drastically soften initially stiff clayey material in the "neck" of the flow, where significant stretching occurs due to the reduced friction at the bottom of the hydroplaning head. This self-reinforcing process may lead to the head separating from the main body and becoming an "outrunner" block as clearly observed in several natural debris flows. Comparison of laboratory flows with different material composition indicates a gradual transition from hydroplaning plug flows of stiff clay-rich material, with a very low suspension rate, to the strongly agitated flow of sandy materials that develop a pronounced turbidity current. Statistical analysis of the great number of distinguishable lobes in the Storegga slide complex reveals power-law scaling behavior of the runout distance with the release mass over many orders of magnitude. Mathematical flow models based on viscoplastic material behavior (e.g. BING) successfully reproduce the observed scaling behavior only for relatively small clay-rich debris flows while granular (frictional) models fail at all scales. For very large release masses, hydroplaning or significant softening of the shear layer due to water incorporation must be invoked to recover the observed scaling behavior; a combination of both effects likely will give the most realistic description of the phenomenon. Detailed studies of the neck behavior and the compositional dependence of the material properties are needed to arrive at a quantitative model. Other related and important open questions concern the rheological model appropriate for sandy debris flows and the suspension rate from the dense body into the associated turbidity current.

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Chang, Yoon-Je, Hyun-Wook Choi, Hyun-Seok Kim, Hyungjae Lee, Wooki Kim, Dae-Ok Kim, Byung-Yong Kim, and Moo-Yeol Baik. "Physicochemical properties of granular and non-granular cationic starches prepared under ultra high pressure." Carbohydrate Polymers 99 (January 2014): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.010.

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28

Iverson, R. M., and R. G. LaHusen. "Dynamic Pore-Pressure Fluctuations in Rapidly Shearing Granular Materials." Science 246, no. 4931 (November 10, 1989): 796–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.246.4931.796.

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29

Bonetti, S., G. Manoli, C. Manes, A. Porporato, and G. G. Katul. "Manning’s formula and Strickler’s scaling explained by a co-spectral budget model." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 812 (January 12, 2017): 1189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.863.

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Manning’s empirical formula in conjunction with Strickler’s scaling is widely used to predict the bulk velocity$V$from the hydraulic radius$R_{h}$, the roughness size$r$and the slope of the energy grade line$S$in uniform channel and pipe flows at high bulk Reynolds numbers. Despite their importance in science and engineering, both Manning’s and Strickler’s formulations have waited for decades before finding a theoretical explanation. This was provided, for the first time, by Gioia & Bombardelli (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, 2002, 014501), labelled as GB02, using phenomenological arguments. Perhaps their most remarkable finding was the link between the Strickler and the Kolmogorov scaling exponents, the latter pertaining to velocity fluctuations in the inertial subrange of the turbulence spectrum and presumed to be universal. In this work, the GB02 analysis is first revisited, showing that GB02 employed severalad hocscaling assumptions for the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and, although implicitly, for the mean velocity gradient adjacent to the roughness elements. The similarity constants arising from the GB02 scaling assumptions were presumed to be independent of$r/R_{h}$, which is inconsistent with well-known flow properties in the near-wall region of turbulent wall flows. Because of the dependence of these similarity constants on$r/R_{h}$, this existing theory requires the validity of the Strickler scaling to cancel the dependence of these constants on$r/R_{h}$so as to arrive at the Strickler scaling and Manning’s formula. Here, the GB02 approach is corroborated using a co-spectral budget (CSB) model for the wall shear stress formulated at the cross-over between the roughness sublayer and the log region. Assuming a simplified shape for the spectrum of the vertical velocity$w$, the proposed CSB model (subject to another simplifying assumption that production is balanced by pressure–velocity interaction) allows Manning’s formula to be derived. To substantiate this approach, numerical solutions to the CSB over the entire flow depth using different spectral shapes for$w$are carried out for a wide range of$r/R_{h}$. The results from this analysis support the simplifying hypotheses used to derive Manning’s equation. The derived equation provides a formulation for$n$that agrees with reported values in the literature over seven decades of$r$variations. While none of the investigated spectral shapes allows the recovery of the Strickler scaling, the numerical solutions of the CSB reproduce the Nikuradse data in the fully rough regime, thereby confirming that the Strickler scaling represents only an approximate fit for the friction factor for granular roughness.

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Wu, W., and Z. Sikora. "Localized bifurcation of pressure sensitive dilatant granular materials." Mechanics Research Communications 19, no. 4 (July 1992): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-6413(92)90047-e.

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31

Wang, Z. "MATERIALS SCIENCE: High-Pressure Microscopy." Science 312, no. 5777 (May 26, 2006): 1149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127181.

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32

Sun, De An, Wen Xiong Huang, Dai Chao Sheng, and Haruyuki Yamamoto. "An Elastoplastic Model for Granular Materials Exhibiting Particle Crushing." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 1273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.1273.

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A practical elastoplastic constitutive model for granular materials is presented. And the model is suitable for description of the material behaviour for a wide range of stresses, including those sufficient to cause particle crushing. With a limited number of model parameters, the model can predict the confining-pressure dependent stress-strain relation and shear strength of granular materials in three-dimensional stresses, especially of variation of shear strength and dilatancy characteristics due to particle crushing under high confining pressure. The model parameters, which have clear physical meanings, can be determined from the results of isotropic compression test and conventional triaxial compression tests. The model performance is demonstrated for triaxial compression tests of a sand for a wide range of the confining-pressure from 0.2MPa to 8.0MPa.

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33

Liao, Ching L., Tian C. Chan, Akke S. J. Suiker, and Ching S. Chang. "Pressure-dependent elastic moduli of granular assemblies." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 24, no. 3 (March 2000): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9853(200003)24:3<265::aid-nag65>3.0.co;2-x.

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34

Qiao, Yuancun, Changzeng Fan, Yuwei Li, Kai Wang, and Bo Zou. "Isotropic pressure promoted collective self-healing response in granular molecular crystals." Science China Materials 64, no. 8 (May 17, 2021): 2086–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40843-021-1663-7.

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35

TSUNEYUKI, Shinji. "High-Pressure Materials Science with K Computer." Review of High Pressure Science and Technology 23, no. 2 (2013): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.23.88.

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36

Otsuki, Michio, Hisao Hayakawa, and Stefan Luding. "Behavior of Pressure and Viscosity at High Densities for Two-Dimensional Hard and Soft Granular Materials." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 184 (2010): 110–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.184.110.

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37

MATSUMOTO, Takehiko. "Materials for High-Pressure Apparatus." Review of High Pressure Science and Technology 12, no. 4 (2002): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.12.280.

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38

Andriyanov, D. I., Aleksandr P. Amosov, and A. R. Samboruk. "Influence of Granulation of Powder Charge of Titanium-Boron on Regularities of Self-Propogating High-Temperature Synthesis of Porous Materials." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.500.

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The results of studies of fabrication of porous titanium boride TiB by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) using ordinary (not granular) and granular initial powder charge titanium-boron are presented. The influence of the amount of titanium in the charge, the granule size and the pressure of compaction of the charge on the structure, porosity, phase composition and compression strength of the resulting porous materials is described. The results of studies were obtained with the use of the scanning electron microscope, diffractometer and universal testing machine.

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39

Ketov, Iurii Alexandrovich, and Stanislav Vasilyevich Slovikov. "SYNTACTIC POLY MERIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS HIGHLY COMPLETED WITH GRANULATED FOAM GLASS." Computational nanotechnology 6, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2019-6-3-39-46.

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It is proposed to use granular foam glass as an alternative aggregate for syntactic composite materials. Studies have been carried out on the preparation and physical-mechanical properties of composite materials with aggregate made of granular foam glass and a high degree of filling. To create compositions, binders based on polyester and polyurethane matrices were used. During compression in the cylinder of granular foam glass, a mechanism for the destruction of granules was revealed and the conditions for producing highly filled composites were established. The influence of the nature of the binder and the pressing pressure of the workpiece on the apparent density and strength of the resulting composite materials was studied.

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40

Garrett, Daniel, and Heng Ban. "Compressive pressure dependent anisotropic effective thermal conductivity of granular beds." Granular Matter 13, no. 5 (June 9, 2011): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-011-0273-4.

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41

Rusinek, R. "Experimental method for determination of the pressure distribution in granular solids." Research in Agricultural Engineering 49, No. 2 (February 8, 2012): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4954-rae.

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This paper presents two methods of determination of pressure distribution in rape seeds. The study utilized hydraulic pressure sensors with active rubber face and stress state transducer with six duralumin face sensors. This project utilized methodology well known from soil mechanics for determination stress in plant granular material. The hydraulic pressure sensors has been design to measure normal pressure in granular material. The stress transducer has been designed to measure pressure in six different directions, which orientation enable to calculate the stress state from the pressure measurements. The project enclose to design calibrations procedure. Calibration of each of sensors of stress transducer was performed both under air pressure and inside the bedding of rapeseeds. The preliminary tests of both pressure sensors developed for the direct in-bulk measurement within granular material allowed to determinations pressure distribution in granular materials. Experiments were performed inside bedding of rapeseeds of 6% moisture content.

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Kim, Felix H., Dayakar Penumadu, Jens Gregor, Nikolay Kardjilov, and Ingo Manke. "High-Resolution Neutron and X-Ray Imaging of Granular Materials." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 139, no. 5 (May 2013): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000809.

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Vogler, T. J., J. L. Brown, and C. A. Bronkhorst. "High-Pressure Dynamic Strength of Materials." Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials 7, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40870-021-00308-5.

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44

SASAGAWA, Akihiko. "High Pressure Science for Food." Review of High Pressure Science and Technology 17, no. 3 (2007): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.17.230.

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Chen, Bin, Jung-Fu Lin, Jiuhua Chen, Hengzhong Zhang, and Qiaoshi Zeng. "Synchrotron-based high-pressure research in materials science." MRS Bulletin 41, no. 6 (June 2016): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2016.110.

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46

Matuttis, Hans-Georg, and Alexander Schinner. "Influence of the geometry on the pressure distribution of granular heaps." Granular Matter 1, no. 4 (February 1999): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100350050025.

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47

Neuhaus, W., and K. Winzer. "Transport critical currents in granular high temperature superconductors." Cryogenics 32, no. 4 (January 1992): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(92)90054-e.

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Sitharam, T., and J. Vinod. "Numerical simulation of liquefaction and pore pressure generation in granular materials using DEM." International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 2, no. 2 (April 2008): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3328/ijge.2008.02.02.103-113.

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Blanc, Ludovic, Thérèse Schunck, and Dominique Eckenfels. "Sacrificial Cladding with Brittle Materials for Blast Protection." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 3980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143980.

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In the following work, sacrificial claddings filled with different brittle materials were investigated, from concrete foam to granular media. They were subjected to blast loading using an explosive driven shock tube, while a sensor measures the load transmission and a high speed camera records the compression of the core. From a macroscopic point of view, concrete foam and granular media can act efficiently as a crushable core but differs greatly in terms of energy dissipation mechanisms. To compare them, granular media was at first treated as a cellular material, and different key parameters (plateau stress, densification strain) were computed using the energy absorption efficiency methodology. The presented tests results, coupled with observation in literature, allow a better understanding on the crushing process of a granular media. In particular, granular media tend to work as a core even for low intensity load, contrary to more classical crushable core.

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Einav, Itai, and John P. Carter. "On convexity, normality, pre-consolidation pressure, and singularities in modelling of granular materials." Granular Matter 9, no. 1-2 (October 10, 2006): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-006-0025-z.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Granular materials High pressure (Science)'

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