Academic literature on the topic 'Grape industry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grape industry"
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Bruyn, Corean de, Gideon Salomon Horn, and Hendrik Robert Lloyd. "Measuring the Industry Maturity of the South African Export Table Grape Industry." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 10, no. 6 (December 2019): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2019.10.6.653.
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Moore, James N., John R. Clark, and Justin R. Morris. "‘Saturn’ Seedless Grape." HortScience 24, no. 5 (October 1989): 861–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.5.861.
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Abstract ‘Saturn’ is the fourth in a series of seedless table grapes released from the grape breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Previous releases were ‘Venus’ in 1977 (Moore and Brown, 1977), ‘Reliance’ in 1983 (Moore, 1983), and ‘Mars’ in 1984 (Moore, 1985). These cultivars are the foundation of an emerging commercial table-grape industry in the region. ‘Saturn’, a high-quality, red seedless grape with good storage and shelf-life characteristics, is expected to contribute to further expansion of the commercial industry.
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Franken, Jason R. V., and Kevin J. Bacon. "Organizational Structure and Operation of the Illinois Wine Industry." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 43, no. 1 (April 2014): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500006936.
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This study examines vertical coordination in the wine industry emerging in Illinois. We find that quality matters as temporal issues related to grape perishability increase the probability of written contracts being used to procure grapes. Holdup concerns related to sourcing adequate quality grapes and at-risk investments in grape storage and winemaking equipment lead to vertical integration. In general, larger wineries must obtain some grapes from outside vineyards and sell wine predominantly through tasting rooms and distributors. Smaller wineries rely more on direct sales to retailers, festivals, and farmers' markets. Marketing outlet selection also reflects the types of wine produced.
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ISAENKO, A. P. "TYPOLOGY OF COOPERATION IN THE GRAPE-GROWING SUBCOMPLEX OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 9 (2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.09.01.005.
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An important direction of the development of the grape-growing industry in Russia is the formation of economic relations between producers in the grape-growing subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex and the structuring of integration processes. Taking into account the industry specifics, the issues of creating associations that promote effective industry functional integration from the production of grapes, the production of wine materials to the production and sale of finished products – alcoholic and non-alcoholic. This approach is reflected in the proposed scheme for determining the place of grape and wine cooperatives in the structure of agricultural cooperation in Russia and determining the typology of cooperation in the grape-growing subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex.
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Patil, Nisha, Archana Bhise, and Rajesh K. Tiwari. "Fusion deep learning with pre-post harvest quality management of grapes within the realm of supply chain management." Scientific Temper 15, no. 01 (March 15, 2024): 1764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2024.15.1.26.
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It is becoming increasingly vital in supply chain management to use different algorithms, particularly when it comes to pre and post-harvesting of grapes. This is especially true in the wine industry. Grapes must be processed both before and after harvesting as part of the management process for supply chains in the food industry. The grape bunch identification in vineyards was performed using machine learning at various stages of growth, including early stages immediately after flowering and intermediate stages when the grape bunch reached intermediate developmental stages. The machine learning method can predict annual grape output and also identify grape harvesting. The impressive performance of the pre-trained model shows that architecture training using different algorithms differs in the performance of grape predictions. We achieved 100% accuracy in grape prediction using LR, DT, RF, NUSVC, Adaboost and gradient algorithms, while KNN and SVC lag behind with an accuracy of 83.33% each. Our model includes the color and size of the grapes to differ in grape quality using a variety of grape images as a reference. It is capable of predicting the maturity stage of grapes by predicting Brix, TA and pH values (ranging between 18.20–25.70, 5.67–9.83 and 2.93–3.77) according to the size and color of grapes.We compared different algorithms and their performances by evaluating grape quality prediction accuracy, processing time and memory consumption.
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Agnew, R. H., D. C. Mundy, and R. Balasubramaniam. "Effects of spraying strategies based on monitoring disease risk on grape disease control and fungicide usage in Marlborough." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6937.
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Standard practice for grape disease management in Marlborough 10 years ago was to spray for diseases using calendar based spray programmes Communication of grape disease management research has led to a change of practice for many grape growers The key tool developed by the research programme was targeted spraying for diseases This involved field monitoring for diseases and the use of decision support software which contained the Bacchus Botrytis cinerea risk model Adoption of targetbased spraying resulted in a reduction in fungicide usage of up to 50 The research involved industry consultation field trials on vineyards and communication of information to participants The involvement of grape growers as advocates from the outset ensured that there was industry ownership of the outcomes A change in practice by the Marlborough grape industry has resulted in financial savings for growers and environmental benefits for the wider community through reduced fungicide applications to wine grapes
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OGBU, Charles Amarachi, Marek JELÍNEK, Tatiana ALEXIOU-IVANOVA, and Iulia CORMAN. "THE MORE WINE, THE MORE GAS? ESTIMATION OF THE BIOENERGY POTENTIAL OF WINERY WASTEWATER IN MOLDOVA: CONTRIBUTIONS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." Știința Agricolă, no. 1 (August 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55505/sa.2022.1.12.
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Wine is one of the most ancient commodities in the world. The critical residues from the wine industry are grape leaves, stems, grape pomace, grape seeds, yeast lees, tartrate, and wastewater. The indiscriminate disposal of produced wastewater has adverse environmental and health consequences. Nevertheless, winery effluent has substantial prospects as an energy source. Hence, this paper aims to briefly showcase the potential of energy generation from wastewater in the wine industry through anaerobic digestion. From literature and statistical records, in 2018, the cultivation of grapes in Moldova covered about 126,873 ha of land and produced 730,171 t of grapes, with over 24% pressed for wine production. Consequently, the industry released over 6 billion litres of wastewater. Therefore, by anaerobic digestion of this effluent, there is a potential for the wine industry to produce 459,166 MWh of electricity annually to satisfy nearly 287,000 people. This potential represents a very important step towards energy self-sufficiency of the wine industry and a contribution to the sustainable development goals concerning wastewater, energy and sanitation.
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Рамазанов (Ramazanov), Арсен (Arsen) Шамсудинович (Shamsudinovich), and Курбан (Kurban) Шахбанович (Shakhbanovich) Шахбанов (Shakhbanov). "THE STUDY OF GRAPE SEED OIL OBTAINED BY EXTRACTION BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (November 12, 2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018012402.
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The object of the study were grape seeds technical Rkatsiteli grown in the Derbent district and revised in September 2016 on Derbent cognac plant in the Republic of Dagestan.The purpose of this study was to obtain oil by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide from grape Rkatsiteli and the determination of the quality and content of fatty acids in grape oil by gas-liquid chromatography with mass-selective detection.The optimal conditions for obtaining high-quality unrefined grape oil for the food and pharmaceutical industry from grape seeds of the grade Rkatsiteli by CO2 extraction were determined: temperature 30 °С, pressure of carbon dioxide 350 atm., time 60 minutes. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted oil yield was 13.5%.It is shown that the oil from the seeds of grapes of Rkatsiteli variety contains irreplaceable polyunsaturated fatty acids more than 88%, tocopherols 292 mg%, carotenoids 4.4 mg% and chlorophylls 5.9 mg%.
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Zha, Zhihua, Dongyuan Shi, Xiaohui Chen, Hui Shi, and Jie Wu. "Classification of Appearance Quality of Red Grape Based on Transfer Learning of Convolution Neural Network." Agronomy 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2023): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082015.
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Grapes are a globally popular fruit, with grape cultivation worldwide being second only to citrus. This article focuses on the low efficiency and accuracy of traditional manual grading of red grape external appearance and proposes a small-sample red grape external appearance grading model based on transfer learning with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In the naturally growing vineyards, 195,120,135 samples of Grade I, Grade II, and Grade III red grapes were collected using a Canon EOS 550D camera, and a data set of 1800 samples was obtained using data enhancement technology. Then, the CNN transfer learning method was used to transfer the pre-trained AlexNet, VGG16, GoogleNet, InceptionV3, and ResNet50 network models on the ImageNet image dataset to the red grape image grading task. By comparing the classification performance of the CNN models of these five different network depths with fine-tuning, ResNet50 with a learning rate of 0.001 and a loop number of 10 was determined to be the best feature extractor for red grape images. Moreover, given the small number of red grape image samples in this study, different convolutional layer features output by the ResNet50 feature extractor were analyzed layer by layer to determine the effect of deep features extracted by each convolutional layer on Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification performance. This analysis helped to obtain a ResNet50 + SVM red grape external appearance grading model based on the optimal ResNet50 feature extraction strategy. Experimental data showed that the classification model constructed using the feature parameters extracted from the 10th node of the ResNet50 network achieved an accuracy rate of 95.08% for red grape grading. These research results provide a reference for the online grading of red grape clusters based on external appearance quality and have certain guiding significance for the quality and efficiency of grape industry circulation and production.
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Oganesyants, L. A., A. L. Panasyuk, and E. I. Kuzmina. "RATIONAL USE OF THE SECONDARY RESOURCES OF THE VINEYARD AND WINEBRANDING INDUSTRY." Food systems 2, no. 2 (July 14, 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2019-2-2-20-26.
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In the grape processing, secondary resources are primarily the remnants of the generative plant organs (berries) — sweet and fermented husks of grapes, seeds, peels, etc. However, the use of vegetative organs — vines, which are more promising, of grape leaves is promising. It is shown, that red leaves of grape are a source of phenolic compounds, resveratrol and other antioxidants, and also contain activators of enzymes, that cause venotonic and angioprotective properties. The most valuable in this respect are red grape leaves, which grow in covering areas, because on the eve of winter, as a defense against the cold, they accumulate a greater amount of resveratrol. The use of CO2 -extraction technology in the processing of red leaves makes it possible to obtain extraction cake with a high content of biologically active substances due to the destruction of the cell structure during the extraction process. At the same time, the hydrophilic extract of the extraction cake after CO2 -extraction has the greatest value, it is well soluble in water and is intended to enrich the soft juice based on grape juice with biologically active substances. A technology was developed for using CO2 extracts of grape seeds to stabilize margarine emulsions against oxidation and to increase the thermal stability of frying fats.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grape industry"
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Angadam, Justine Oma. "Tertiary biovalorisation of Grape pomace." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2836.
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Thesis (Masters of Environmental Health)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.In the Western Cape, South Africa and other regions globally, grape pomace (GP) is one of the abundant agro-waste from the winery industry. This study reports on the hyper-extraction of fermentable sugars from GP treated with white rot fungi (WRF) Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKMF 1767 to facilitate improved biovalorisation for total reducing sugars (TRS) extraction in conjunction with Nepenthes mirabilis digestive fluids. TRS were quantified using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reagent method. The free readily dissolvable sugars from the GP recorded for the bio-treated (BT) samples was 206.39 ± 0.06 mg/L and for the untreated (UT) samples was 271.05 ± 0.02 mg/L. Overall, the TRS yield for the Bio-treated (BT) and untreated (UT) samples was recorded as 205.68 ± 0.09 and 380.93 ± 0.14 mg/L, respectively, using hot water pretreatment (HWP) with 2266.00 ± 0.73 (BT) and 2850.68 ± 0.31 mg/L (UT), respectively, for dilute acid pretreatment (DAP); with 2068.49 ± 6.02 (BT) and 2969.61 ± 8.054 mg/L (UT) respectively, using the cellulase pretreatment (CP) method. Using the HWP as a reference, the relative increases imparted by the biotreatment was higher (51%) for DAP and low (33%) for CP. The combination of conventional used pre-treatment methods (hot water pretreatment, dilute acid pre-treatment, and cellulase pre-treatment) in a single pot system was also done while monitoring the total residual phenolics (TRPCs) in the samples. Furthermore, powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) were used to measure the crystallinity index (CrI) and functional groups of pre- and post-pretreated GP to ascertain the efficiency of the pre-treatment methods, with quantification of lignin, holocellulose, and ash. Overall, the TRS yield for N. mirabilis pre-treated agro-waste was 951 mg/L ± 4.666 mg/L, with biomass having a lower CrI of 33%, and 62% residual lignin content. Furthermore, reduced TRPCs were observed in hydrolysate, suggesting limited inhibitory by-product formation during N. mirabilis pre-treatment
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Carter, Rebecca H. "Tracing the trail of table grapes: The globalization of the Sonoran table grape industry." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280130.
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At first glance, the Sonoran table grape industry may seem to fit the profile of a typical non-traditional agro-export system; and thus it might be expected that most of the generally accepted distinguishing characteristics of such systems would also be found here. However, a closer look at each link of this particular global commodity chain, and a greater appreciation of the historical precedents of the production region, reveals that individuals, rather than transnational corporations, are able to exert fairly high levels of control over the system, and reap a fair share of the benefits. Global commodity chain analysis, coupled with a political economy perspective, reveals that important changes further up the chain, at the retailing link, may in the future determine more of how table grapes are grown and distributed, and how the benefits of this production system are distributed. The analysis of changing agro-food systems is important because of their central role in determining the course of a nation and the well being of its people; in essence, as the food system goes, so goes the country. In diverse locations around the globe, food is increasingly being produced, distributed and marketed under the dictates of transnational corporations, which changes the role that nations, communities and individuals play in the global food system. Thus in recent years social scientists have been adding to the corpus of studies that constitute the political economy of the global agro-food system; this study intends to contribute to our knowledge of this important and rapidly evolving field.
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Mussmann, Charl. "Supply chain finance : improving the efficiency of the table grape industry : a case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97061.
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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: “Within the context of the current market conditions, SCF may be one of the most attractive tools for companies to diversify funding basis, enrich and solidify their relationships with suppliers and their core banks.” – Michiel Steeman (Executive Director – Supply Chain Finance Community). (ING Group, 2013b). Insufficient cash flow is one of the major reasons for business failure in the current business environment. The spotlight is on collaboration between supply chain management and finance to release tied up cash in supply chains. Supply Chain Finance is a financial tool to help improve cash flow and optimise working capital to operate more efficiently. South Africa is one of the leading fruit exporters in the world with complex supply chains and even more complex financial arrangements. The need for Supply Chain Finance is aggravated by the long distances to overseas markets, and thus the long delay in payments after goods have been shipped. Supply Chain Finance is beneficial to the supplier, buyer and the financial service provider, creating a win-win-win situation. During this research the table grape export supply chain of Denau Farming is investigated to develop an explorative case study to implement Supply Chain Finance into their business model. During the research the problem of late payment received by buyers is explored by means of interviews and existing literature. A Concept Model is developed by adapting the Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR®) and the Management for Supply Chains (M4SC™) framework to identify the supply chain strategy during the current as-is physical and financial flow and to identify the gap in the supply chain. Two Supply Chain Finance solutions are identified based on Denau Farming’s financial needs in order to develop the to-be physical and financial supply chains and the resource changes required to facilitate the respective implementation. The final result determines how the proposed Supply Chain Finance solutions affect the expected cash-to-cash cycle time and the expected Economic Value Added (EVA®) in the case study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: “Within the context of the current market conditions, SCF may be one of the most attractive tools for companies to diversify funding basis, enrich and solidify their relationships with suppliers and their core banks.” – Michiel Steeman (Executive Director – Supply Chain Finance Community). (ING Group, 2013b). Onvoldoende kontantvloei is een van die vernaamste redes waarom besighede in die huidige sakeomgewing misluk. Die kollig val op samewerking tussen voorsieningskettingbestuur en finansiering om kontant wat vasgevang is in voorsieningskettings te kan vrystel. Voorsieningsketting-finansiering is ‘n finansiële instrument wat kan help om kontantvloei verbeter en bedryfskapitaal te optimeer om meer doeltreffend te bedryf. Suid Afrika is een van die voorste vrugte-uitvoerders in die wêreld met komplekse voorsieningskettings en nog meer komplekse finansiële reëlings. Die behoefte vir voorsieningskettingbestuur-finansiering word vererger deur die lang afstande na oorsese markte, en dus die lang vertraging vir betaling nadat goedere reeds verskeep is. Voorsieningsketting-finansiering is voordelig vir die verskaffer, koper, en die finansiële diensverskaffer deur die skep van ‘n wen-wenwen situasie. As deel van hierdie navorsing is die tafeldruif-uitvoer voorsieningsketting van Denau Boerdery ondersoek as deel van die ontwikkeling van ‘n verkennende gevallestudie om sodoende voorsieningsketting-finansiering in hul sake-model te implementeer. Tydens die navorsing is die problem van laat betaling ontvang vanaf kopers in oorsese markte verder ondersoek deur middel van onderhoude en bestaande literatuur. ‘n Konsep model is ontwikkel deur die toepassing en aanpassing van die Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR®) en die Management for Supply Chains (M4SC™) raamwerk beginnende met die identifisering van ‘n voorsieningskettingstrategie tydens die huidige fisiese en finansiële vloei en die begin van ‘n gapings-identifisering vir die voorsieningsketting. Twee voorsieningsketting-finansiering oplossings is geidentifiseer gebaseer op Denau Boerdery se finansiële behoeftes en die ontwikkeling van ‘n verwagte toekomstige fisiese en finansiële voorsieningsketting asook die hulpbronveranderinge benodig wat die onderskeie implementerings kan help fasiliteer. Die finale navorsingsresultate bepaal tot watter mate die voorgestelde voorsieningsketting-finansiering oplossings die verwagte kontant-tot-kontant siklustyd asook die verwagte Ekonomiese Waarde Toevoeging (EVA®) in die gevallestudie beïnvloed.
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Hobley, Lynlee Ellen. "The value of trading relationships between buyers and sellers of wine grapes in Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/455.
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The following dissertation uses an exploratory and confirmatory approach to explain relationship value within the grape and wine industry in Australia. Specifically, the research develops and empirically captures and compares buyers’ and sellers’ perceptions pertaining to relationship value. A three phase model was developed from a comprehensive literature review and further enriched through a qualitative field study involving sixteen in-depth interviews with wineries and their grape suppliers in Western Australia. The hypothesised structural equation models were tested using data gathered from a comprehensive survey of 175 wineries and 400 wine grape suppliers located in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Western Australia. Research findings highlight the similarities and differences in relationship value antecedents and outcomes for wineries and grape suppliers. In Phase One, it was evident from the working relationships studied that partner attributes included in the model – conflict resolution, communication, performance satisfaction, trust and cooperation - all made an important contribution towards the realisation of relationship value for both parties. A restrained use of power was found to be critical to avoid a reduction in the ability to resolve conflict, the level of performance satisfaction and trust in the relationship.In Phase Two, profitability benefits were shown to be the strongest predictors of relationship value, whilst the realisation of market and scout benefits strongly assisted firms to innovate. Perceptions of relationship costs were comparatively low for both customers and suppliers. The results of the Phase Three model provide rare empirical evidence which showed that while both parties share these same key relational antecedents and value outcomes (profitability benefits, innovation and market/scout benefits and relationship costs), the means by which relationship value is conferred was significantly different. For customers, satisfaction with a supplier’s performance enhanced perceptions of the value of that relationship due to the potential to increase profitability. Also, customer perceptions of relationship value increased through trust and cooperation. In contrast, suppliers in a trusting and cooperative relationship with a customer have the opportunity to increase the value of their relationships to the extent that they are willing to innovate to build strategic position, reduce costs and improve quality to increase profitability. Cluster analysis revealed there were those firms with a high relational orientation and others with a low relational orientation within both winery and grape supplier groups. Specifically, those wineries and grape suppliers with higher levels of conflict resolution, communication, performance satisfaction, trust and cooperation had corresponding higher levels of relationship value.
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Kirsten, Johannes Albertus. "Investigating the sustainability of the current marketing models in the South African table grape industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95619.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African table grape industry has a very fruitful history. The landscape of the South African table grape industry has changed at a rapid rate since deregulation in 1997. The sustainability of these changes was questioned and created the opportunity for this research. The orientation of this research report outlines the structure to this research. It indicates that the South African table grape industry is experiencing a strong trend of consolidation of the production and exporter base. Economically sustainable growers and marketing companies produce or attract more volumes of table grapes to export to global destinations. The environment provides the background to the South African table grape industry, since deregulation. Five major trends in this industry are important to mention and give perspective to the research question, namely: - The number of producers has declined at a rapid rate (about 52%) since deregulation. - Traditional production regions like the Berg and Hex River have become less important due to the timing of product supplied to the market. New geographic production regions have grown in importance, like the Orange River and Northern Province. - Production volumes of table grapes have slowed down over the last ten years and in certain regions have become stagnant. - The cultivar spectrum of table grapes has changed from seeded grape that is marginal to the market to a seedless product that earns premiums in the market. - There has been a shift in marketing of table grapes from Western countries like the UK and EU to Eastern countries. There are also certain factors that have a profound impact on the South African table grape industry, namely economic, environmental, political, social and global factors, which required further investigation. The evaluation of trends in the industry and the factors that affect the industry revealed the problem statement for this research and set the foundation for the research question. The research question of this study is: What are the distinguishable marketing models currently used by South African exporters and how sustainable is each model? The research methodology demonstrates that the South African table grapes industry is split into two dominant marketing models, which are the marketing agent and the grower-exporter model. A marketing model metrics was designed, based on literature and consultations with industry experts via a questionnaire, to evaluate the economic, social and environmental sustainability of these two marketing models. The method of data analysis was a qualitative investigation into the sustainability of marketing models that exist in the South African table grape industry. The structure of the holistic marketing dimension model which was used has the following four dimensions (Kotler & Keller, 2009:61): -Relationship marketing - Performance marketing - Integrated marketing - Internal marketing. Semi-structured interviews were held with six different marketing entities in the South African table grape industry, which represented 40 percent of the total population. The interviews were held by utilising a discussion guide that comprised of standard questions to all the interviewees. The information gathered from the interviews was used to design a conceptual marketing model, with the main objective of being sustainable on an economic, social and environmental level. This relevance and practicality of this conceptual marketing model was tested against a grower-exporter model in the South African table grape industry, called Angon Fruit. The findings of this research report focused on the triple bottom-line approach of building economic, social and environmental capital. The economic sustainability revealed the following factors to consider: - Grower-exporter model is a more sustainable marketing model, due to low cost operations. -Marketing agent model should have a definite competitive advantage, to justify relevance in the cost-chain. - Sustainable market share in volume of table grapes to export by a marketing company is five percent. - Prices paid to growers by a marketing company should keep track of inflation on inputs and a ten percent premium earned on top of the production cost is regarded as sustainable. - A sustainable commission percentage charged by marketing companies should not exceed five percent of free on board (FOB) value at Cape Town port. - Growers need to replace marginal seeded cultivars with premium seedless cultivars that are high in demand in global markets. - Marketing companies should supply table grapes at a split of 50 percent to Western countries and 50 percent to Eastern countries. - The sustainability of the Berg and Hex River production regions is at risk, due to global competitions from South American countries. The South African table grape industry revealed the following social sustainability findings: - A marketing company should have a social policy, which governs social responsibility projects (CSI). - The marketing company should be involved one major project instead of a few smaller projects. - Corporate social investment (CSI) projects should aim to provide the opportunity to improve education and training, improve health status and to develop sport among the youth. - The marketing company should not invest in CSI projects if the economic sustainability is at risk. The objective is to invest five percent of net profit in CSI projects, annually. Environmental sustainability revealed the following factors to consider: - A marketing company should have an environmental policy. - The company should measure its carbon and water footprint at least every two years, with the objective to reduce or optimise the level of use. - The company should embrace and implement green technology that utilises renewable energy to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and coal-generated electricity. - The use of water should be optimised, through implementation of advanced technology. - The marketing company should adopt the practice of recycling. The conclusion to this research report is that the table grape industry is still economically sustainable, however more work can be done on the social and environmental sustainability. Finally, ten recommendations are made to the South African table grape industry to consider from a sustainability perspective. Companies can consider implementing these best practices into their marketing of table grapes.
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Thomas, Benisiu. "The development of the horticultural industry in Namibia : an assessment of the determinants of the global market competitiveness of table grape production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18707.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The declaration of Namibia’s independence from South Africa in 1990 has seen the Namibian government aim to plan and implement development programmes that enhance a growing agricultural sector. The new government is facing challenges regarding the addressing of inequalities of income and the allocation and distribution of resources, which have resulted in implementation of the land reform programmes. On the international front, Namibia is a member country of various trade arrangements, such as the WTO, the SADC and SACU. The main driving force behind Namibia’s joining the international communities chiefly has been market access and trade policy reforms. The country’s agricultural sector, in particular the horticultural industry, in regards to table grape production, has been significantly affected by both domestic and regional policies, as well as by the WTO rules. The aim of this study is to determine the environmental factors that create a competitive advantage for the Namibian table grape industry in the international market. A detailed supply-chain analysis, augmented by Porter’s ‘diamond’ model, is used in this study to assess the determinants of the competitiveness of fresh table grapes. Interviews were conducted in informal, semi-structured questions. The questionnaires were mailed to several producers within the table grape-growing industry. Secondary information was obtained from reports, articles and research publications, among other sources. An expert assessment was used to verify information based on the reference methods. Consultations took place in the form of office visits and, in some cases, telephone interviews were held with different experts. The finding of the study shows that Namibia can supply the European markets during the northern hemisphere off-season with quality fresh table grapes. However, industry growth in the European Union (EU) market is constrained by limited free import quotas and high tariffs, specifically as regards seeded fresh table grapes, which are not exempt from such duties. Such constraints are in place despite Namibia’s meeting of international set quality standards, such as EUREPGAP. Moreover, there is potential for increasing supplies to the regional and Asian markets as well as the US market albeit to the lesser extent. Finally, Namibian fresh table grapes profitability is significantly affected by the high production and transaction costs incurred, as well as by the decline in business and the depreciation of the US Dollar against the Namibian Dollar. The study makes the general recommendation that producers should significantly reduce their transaction costs within the chain, by means of vertical co-ordination and integration.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die verklaring van Namibië se onafhanklikheid van Suid-Afrika in 1990 het die Namibiese regering hulle dit ten doel gestel om ontwikkelingsprogramme te beplan en in werking te stel ten einde daardie land se groeiende landbousektor te versterk. Die nuwe regering moet tans uitdagings met betrekking tot inkomsteongelykhede en die toekenning en verspreiding van hulpbronne die hoof bied wat tot die inwerkingstelling van grondhervormingsprogramme aanleiding gegee het. Internasionaal is Namibië 'n lidland van verskeie handelsreëlings soos die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie (WHO), die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) en die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie (SADU). Die twee hooffaktore wat daartoe gelei het dat Namibië hom by die internasionale gemeenskappe skaar, is marktoegang en handelsbeleidhervormings. Die land se landbousektor, in besonder die tuinboukundige bedryf met die klem op tafeldruifproduksie, is aansienlik deur binnelandse en streeksbeleid asook deur die WHO-reëls geraak. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die omgewingsfaktore te bepaal wat in die internasionale mark aan die Namibiese tafeldruifbedryf 'n mededingende voordeel gee. Derhalwe gebruik die navorser 'n gedetailleerde aanvoerkettingontleding, ondersteun deur Porter se “diamantmodel”, om die beslissende faktore vir die mededingendheid van vars tafeldruiwe te evalueer. Onderhoude is met behulp van informele, semigestruktureerde vrae gevoer. Die vraelyste is aan verskeie produsente op die gebied van tafeldruifboerdery gepos. Sekondêre inligting is ook onder andere uit verslae, artikels en navorsingspublikasies verkry. Met behulp van 'n kundige evaluering is inligting op grond van die verwysingsmetodes geverifieer. Oorlegpleging met verskeie kundiges het in die vorm van kantoorbesoeke en in sommige gevalle deur middel van telefoononderhoude plaasgevind. Die studiebevinding toon dat Namibië die Europese markte gedurende die noordelike halfrond se tussenseisoen van gehalte- vars tafeldruiwe kan voorsien. Die uitbreiding van die bedryf in die Europese Unie (EU-) mark word egter deur beperkte gratis invoerkwotas en hoë tariewe aan bande gelê, in besonder met betrekking tot pitlose, vars tafeldruiwe wat nie van invoerbelasting vrygestel is nie. Hierdie beperkinge word opgelê ten spyte daarvan dat Namibië aan vasgestelde internasionale gehaltestandaarde soos EUREPGAP voldoen. Die moontlikheid bestaan boonop om lewering aan die streeks- en Asiatiese markte asook die VS-mark te verhoog, hoewel in 'n mindere mate. Laastens word die winsgewendheid van Namibiese vars tafeldruiwe beduidend deur hoë produksie- en transaksiekoste, asook deur die afname in sake en die waardevermindering van die Amerikaanse teenoor die Namibiese dollar geraak. Die studie maak die algemene aanbeveling dat produsente hulle transaksiekoste binne die ketting aansienlik met behulp van vertikale koördinering en integrasie moet verminder.
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Ntombela, Sifiso Mboneni. "Scenario development to support strategic planning in the south african table grape industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4160.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African table grape industry has evolved significantly in the last two decades. Ever improving supply chain technologies, post-harvest technology innovation, and more efficient production inputs have all stimulated the production of table grapes in all five South African production regions. While the industry in general is well developed, from the late 1990s the competitiveness status of the South African table grape industry has been negative as far as international competitiveness is rated. Prior to this, from 1961 to 1998, the industry had recorded positive trends in competitiveness. The recent decline, from as early as the 2000s, in the competitiveness of the industry can be attributed to rising competition from alternate Southern Hemisphere suppliers, increasing production costs and export costs, as well as inadequate market diversification. As a result of its negative competitiveness status, the table grape industry wants to diversify its export markets in order to improve and protect the industry‟s position in the global table grape markets. The objective of this study is to investigate the viability of specific export market diversification scenarios. The aim is to evaluate the potential impact on the table grape industry if export volumes were to be relocated from traditional to emerging markets, and the potential risk if the industry were to maintain the current market distribution. The study developed a deterministic farm-level model based on accounting principles as a tool for simulating and analysing the impact of changes in markets on the financial viability of farms under different scenarios. A scenario development process is adopted in this study as it offers the possibility of integrating various kinds of data in a consistent manner, and it can represent the views and expectations of several stakeholders simultaneously. Three scenarios were developed: (i) Scenario 1 presents the continuation of current market distributions (i.e. 85% of South African exports are marketed in Europe and another 15% are distributed to other global markets); (ii) Scenario 2A depicts a situation where export volumes are slowly redistributed to emerging markets; and (iii) Scenario 2B presents a situation where export volumes are rapidly redistributed to emerging markets. The targets for both Scenarios 2A and 2B are to market 60% of South African exports to Europe and 40% to other global markets. Scenarios 2A and 2B are driven by similar factors, including improving industry information, globalisation, increasing competition, and table grape prices An analysis of factors shaping the table grape export sector shows that the industry can no longer afford to send large export quantities predominantly to its traditional markets, due to increasing competition and diminishing market prices. Furthermore, the analysis shows that continuing with the current market diversification will have a negative impact on the industry, as farm returns, employment and farm units will decline under this scenario. The results suggest that the industry would be better off if export volumes were redistributed away from Europe to other markets.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die laaste twee dekades het die Suid Afrikaanse Tafeldruif Industrie met rasse skrede vooruitgegaan. Dit kan grootliks toegeskryf word aan verbeterde tegnologiese ontwikkeling en innovasie in die voorsieningsketting en na-oes tegnologie arenas, asook aan meer doeltreffende produksie insette wat produksie toenames in al vyf die Suid Afrikaanse produksie areas gestimuleer het. Alhoewel die industrie relatief goed ontwikkeld was sedert sy ontstaan, was die kompeterende status daarvan meestal negatief sedert die 1990‟s, gemeet aan internasionale kompetisie. Daar was egter tussen 1961 en 1998 ook positiewe mededinging tendense. Die onlangse verlaagde vlakke van mededingendheid van die industrie (veral sedert die vroeë 2000‟s) kan toegeskryf word aan verhoogde kompetisie vanaf ander Suidelike Halfrond verskaffers, verhoogde produksie- en uitvoerkoste, asook aan onvoldoende mark diversifisering. As gevolg van die negatiewe mededingendheid status, wil die tafeldruif industrie sy uitvoer markte diversifiseer om te verseker dat die industrie sy posisie in die globale tafeldruif mark kan beskerm. Die doel van hierdie studie is dus om die lewensvatbaarheid van spesifieke uitvoer mark diversifisering scenario‟s te ondersoek. Daarmee saam is die potensiële impak op die industrie ook bepaal vir (a) „n hoë persentasie uitvoer volumes wat verskuif vanaf tradisionele markte na ontluikende market, of (b) wat die risiko sal wees indien die huidige markverspreiding vlakke behou word. Die studie ontwikkel „n deterministiese plaasvlak model, gebaseer op rekeningkundige beginsels, om as hulpmiddel te dien vir die simulering en analise van die impak van verandering van teikenmarkte op die fnansiële lewensvatbaarheid van plase onder verskillende omstandighede. „n Scenario intwikkelings proses word in hierdie studie aangeneem aangesien dit toelaat vir die integrasie van verskillende tipes data op „n eenvormige wyse, terwyl dit ook die sieninge en verwagtinge van verskeie rolspelers terselfdertyd kan verteenwoordig. Drie scenario‟s word ontwikkel naamlik (i) Scenario 1: Dit verteenwoordig die huidige mark verspreiding (85% van Suid Afrikaanse uitvoere word in Europa bemark terwyl 15% versprei word na ander globale markte); (ii) Scenario 2A: Hier word die situasie uitgebeeld indien uitvoer volumes stadig herverdeel word na ontluikende markte; en (iii) Scenario 2B: Hier word die situasie uitgebeeld indien uitvoer volumes vinnig herverdeel word na ontluikende markte. Die teikens vir beide Scenario 2A en 2B is om 60% van die Suid Afrikaanse uitvoere in Europa te bemark en 40% in ander globale markte. Beide scenario‟s word deur dieselfde faktore gestu wat onder andere verbeterde industrie inligting, globalisering, verhoogde kompetisie en produk pryse insluit. „n Ontleding van die vormende faktore van die tafeldruif uitvoer sektor toon dat die industrie nie langer kan bekostig om hoë uitvoer volumes na die tradisionele markte te stuur nie, as gevolg van sterker kompetisie en krimpende markpryse. Die ontleding toon ook verder dat, indien voortgegaan word met die huidige mark diversifiserings model, die industrie negatief beïnvloed sal word in terme van verlaagde plaas inkomste, werkverskaffing en die aantal boerdery eenhede. Die uitslae dui dus daarop dat die industrie beter daaraan toe sal wees indien die huidige uitvoer volumes herverdeel kan word na ander (nie-Europese) markte.
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Loedolff, Matthys Johannes. "Discolouring of grape juice concentrate : causes and possible ways of inhibition." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16381.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScEng) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The grape juice concentrate (GJC) plant of the KWV at Robertson spent significant amounts of money on the decolourisation of grape juice concentrate. A chemically activated powdered activated carbon (PAC) purchased from Norit, namely CA1, was used as decolourisation product. Apart from the expenses involved, it contributed largely to the solid waste produced at this plant. A way was sought to minimise or prevent GJC discolourisation (and possibly solid waste) without increasing operating expenses. Browning reactions in GJC are as old as the product itself. Numerous researchers have studied the origins of these reactions, the reactants and products involved, as well as the reaction kinetics of these reactions. From the work of these researchers four possible browning reaction pathways were identified, namely: • enzymatic oxidative browning, • non-enzymatic oxidative browning, • non-enzymatic browning (the Maillard reaction), and • caramelisation. It was also identified that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are indicative of the browning potential of GJC. A method to analyse for HMF (quantitative and qualitative) was develop for the purposes of this study, namely positive electron-spray ionisation preceded by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and followed by dual mass spectrometry. This method showed good repeatability and was used to analyse all samples generated during this study. It was confirmed that the manufacturing process at this plant favours nonenzymatic browning reactions, since mild heat treatment deactivates enzymes. Further investigation indicated that the overruling browning reaction on this plant was non-enzymatic oxidative browning. It was shown that neither the presence, nor the absence of protein had any effect on the rate of formation of HMF. It was, however, confirmed that HMF formation could be attributed to high temperatures and prolonged exposure to these temperatures. Other adsorption products were evaluated against the then current PAC (CA1), namely a steam activated PAC supplied by Norit, SA4, and a polymeric adsorbent, Polyclar V (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone/PVPP). Both SA4 and PVPP indicated superior HMF adsorption capacities. Replacing CA1 with SA4 could result in operating expenses savings and possible solid waste reduction. However, PVPP were too expensive to be considered an economically viable replacement for CA1. Improved concentration technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) membrane concentration followed by centrifugal evaporation (CE) or twostage CE should be considered as possible replacement for the existing concentration technology (multi-stage falling film evaporator). This should decrease heat treatment/exposure by more than 90% and thus reduce browning significantly. An added advantage could be the reduction of solid waste, since less (if not no) decolourisation will be required. Alternatively, juice should be stored with added sulphur dioxide (SO2), since it was shown that this juice contained much lower HMF concentrations than diluted concentrate (stored for the same time). This should reduce heat exposure by up to 50% and thus minimise browning reactions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die druiwesapkonsentraat (DSK) aanleg van die KWV in Robertson het jaarliks aansienlike bedrae geld spandeer tydens die ontkleuringsproses van DSK. ‘n Chemies geaktiveerde verpoeierde koolstof (GVK) verkrygbaar van Norit, naamlik CA1, is gebruik as ontkleuringsproduk. Buiten die kostes verbonde aan hierdie produk het dit ook grootliks bygedra tot soliede afval by hierdie aanleg. Oplossings is gesoek om die verbruining/ontkleuring van DSK (en dalk ook soliede afval) te verminder (of selfs te voorkom) sonder om bedryfskostes te verhoog. Verbruiningsreaksies in DSK bestaan al so lank soos DSK self. Verskeie navorsers het die oorsake, reaktante, produkte en reaksiekinetika van hierdie reaksies oor die jare heen bestudeer. Uit die werk van sommige van hierdie navorsers kon vier moontlike verbruiningsreaksieroetes geïdentifiseer word, naamlik: • ensiematiese oksidatiewe verbruining, • nie-ensiematiese oksidatiewe verbruining, • nie-ensiematiese verbruining (die Maillard-reaksie), en • karamelisering. Daar was verder geïdentifiseer dat 5-hidroksiemetielfurfuraal (HMF) aanduidend is van die verbruiningspotensiaal van DSK. ‘n Analitiese metode (kwalitatief en kwantitatief) om vir HMF te analiseer is vir die doel van hierdie studie ontwikkel, naamlik positiewe elektronsproei ionisasie, voorafgegaan deur hoëdruk vloeistof chromatografie en gevolg deur dubbele massa spektrometrie. Hierdie analitiese metode het goeie herhaalbaarheid getoon en was deurgaans gebruik om monsters te analiseer gedurende hierdie studie. Dit was bevestig dat die vervaardigingsproses by hierdie aanleg nieensiematiese verbruiningsreaksies begunstig, aangesien geredelike hittebehandeling ensieme deaktiveer. Verdere navorsing het getoon dat die oorheersende verbruiningsreaksies by hierdie aanleg nie-ensiematiese oksidatief van aard is. Resultate het getoon dat proteinstabiliteit geen invloed op die vormingstempo van HMF het nie. Dit was egter bevestig dat vorming van HMF direk verband hou met hoë temperature en lang blootstellingsperiodes aan hierdie temperature. Ander adsorpsieprodukte was vergelyk met die huidige GVK (CA1), naamlik ‘n stoom geaktiveerde verpoeierde koolstof (Norit se SA4) en ‘n polimeriese adsorbant, Polyclar V (polivinielpolipirrolidoon/PVPP). Beide SA4 en PVPP het CA1 oortref wat betref HMF adsorpsie. Moontlike bedryfskostebesparings (en soliede afval verminderings) potensiaal bestaan indien CA1 vervang word met SA4. Die teenoorgestelde is egter waar vir PVPP wat bedryfskoste aangaan. Instede van die huidige verdampinstegnologie, naamlik vallendefilmverdamping, hoort verbeterde konsentrasietegnologieë soos tru-osmose membraankonsentrasie gevolg deur sentrifugale verdamping, of, alternatiewelik, twee-stadium sentrifugale verdamping, orrweeg te word. Op hierdie wyse behoort hittebehandeling (en dus verbruining) met sowat 90% verminder te word. ‘n Moonlike addisionele voordeel is die vermindering van soliede afval aangesien minder ontkleuring nodig sal wees. Indien die verbeterde tegnologieë te duur is moet daar gekyk word daarna om die ongekonsentreerde sap met addisionele swaweldioksied (SO2) te stoor, aangesien veel laer HMF konsentrasies in sulke sap waargeneem is as in verdunde direkte konsentraat wat vir dieselfde typerk gestoor is. Hittebehandeling sal op hierdie wyse met tot 50% verminder word (en dus verbruining ook).
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Smit, Rudi. "Check weighing in table grape punnet packing: Opportunities in the development of operational effectiveness." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85683.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is ranked as one of the largest table grape exporting countries in the world. The biggest markets for table grape exports have always been the EU and the UK, with emerging markets in Eastern Europe and Asia. The growing demand for pre-packaged fruit and vegetables in these markets are driven by factors like consumer comfort, hygiene and quality. These consumer needs have given rise to stringent quality control standards, putting more pressure on the producers to produce higher quality products. This thesis investigates the use of check weighing as a tool to enhance the operational effectiveness of table grape punnet packing. It looks at the current state of table grape punnet packing in South Africa, then determines the operational effectiveness of current packing practices and finally evaluates the merits of using automated check weighing as an operational management tool to improve current systems. Producers primarily make use of unskilled labour for the pre-packaging of table grapes, making it difficult to consistently produce good quality products. Some packing systems guide the operators towards filling punnets to the specified mass; some packing systems also feature internal check weighing in some form. Although these features improve mass accuracy and hence product quality, the packing processes are still prone to human and machine errors. Producers employ internal quality controllers who try to identify and rectify any human or machine errors as soon as possible. The PPECB, a local statutory body, enforces the minimum quality standards for South African exports by means of inspectors checking random product samples during production. If products of sub-standard quality are found (including under mass), the whole batch needs to be checked and repackaged where necessary, at great cost to the producer. Pre-packaged products may be produced according to the minimum mass system or the average mass system. The average mass system reduces the amount of raw product giveaway and increases revenue, but it requires that all products are check weighed and the masses recorded with a specified level of accuracy. The addition of automated final product check weighing saw a significant reduction in the occurrence of under as well as over mass punnets. It also managed to improve the productivity of some packing systems. Subsequent experiments with the check weigher using different setup parameters yielded much better measurement accuracy and would reduce under and over mass punnets even more. Considering the potential costs of having to repack batches due to the discovery of under mass products, it would be viable to implement automated final product check weighing even for small producers, with a payback period of less than 5 packing seasons depending on the producer’s specific pack house layout. The implementation of check weighing could not only reduce the risk of sub-quality products being produced, but also open up entirely new market opportunities in a very competitive market for products produced to the average mass system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is een van die grootste tafeldruiwe-uitvoerders ter wêreld. Die hoofmarkte vir tafeldruiwe-uitvoere was nog altyd die Europese Unie en Verenigde Koninkryk, met opkomende markte in Oos-Europa en Asië. Die groeiende behoefte vir voorafverpakte vrugte en groente in hierdie markte word gedryf deur verbruikersfaktore soos gemaksugtigheid, higiëne en kwaliteit. Hierdie behoeftes het tot gevolg gehad dat strenger reëls en regulasies vir kwaliteitsbeheer ontstaan het. Dit plaas ekstra druk op produsente om hoër gehalte produkte te produseer. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die gebruik van weging van die finale produk as ʼn hulpmiddel om die operasionele effektiwiteit van die verpakking van tafeldruiwe te verbeter. Daar word gekyk na die huidige toestand van die verpakking van tafeldruiwe in Suid-Afrika. Die operasionele effektiwiteit van bestaande verpakkingstelsels word bepaal. Die meriete van ʼn “weging van die finale produk stelsel” as bestuurshulpmiddel is nagevors. Daar word ook bespreek of die stelsel as bestuurshulpmiddel aangewend kan word om die effektiwiteit van huidige verpakkingstelsels te verbeter. Produsente maak primêr gebruik van ongeskoolde arbeid om tafeldruiwe te verpak. Dit maak dit moeilik om konstante goeie kwaliteit te lewer. Sommige verpakkingstelsels begelei die operateur om bakkies van ʼn spesifieke massa te produseer. Sommige verpakkingstelsels bevat ʼn interne toetsweeg funksie van een of ander aard. Alhoewel die funksies die akkuraatheid, produkmassa en dus produkkwaliteit verbeter, kan menslike- en masjienfoute steeds ʼn impak hê op die verpakkingsprosesse. Produsente maak gebruik van interne kwaliteitsbeheerstelsels wat poog om menslike- en masjienfoute so gou moontlik op te spoor en te herstel. Die PPECB, ʼn staatsliggaam, dwing die minimum Suid-Afrikaanse uitvoerstandaarde af deur middel van inspekteurs wat lukraak produkte tydens produksie ondersoek. Indien die produkte nie aan die kwaliteitstandaarde (insluitend massa) voldoen nie, moet die hele pallet nagegaan word en die bakkies moet reggemaak word waar nodig, teen ʼn groot onkoste vir die produsent. Voorafverpakte produkte kan volgens die minimum- of gemiddelde-massa sisteme geproduseer word. Die gemiddelde-massa sisteem verminder die hoeveelheid druiwe wat weggegee word en verhoog dus inkomste, maar dit vereis dat elke bakkie met ʼn bepaalde akkuraatheid geweeg moet word. Daar moet ook rekord gehou word van die massas. Die byvoeging van geoutomatiseerde finale produk toetsweging het ʼn aansienlike verbetering in die hoeveelheid oor- en ondermassa bakkies tot gevolg gehad. Dit het ook die produktiwiteit van party verpakkingsstelsels verbeter. Daaropvolgende weër eksperimente met ander opstellingsparameters het baie beter akkuraatheid getoon en dus kon die hoeveelheid oor- en ondermassa bakkies selfs verder beperk word. Met inagneming van die kostes daaraan verbonde om ʼn pallet oor te pak as gevolg van ondergewig bakkies, sou dit selfs vir klein produsente die moeite werd wees om finale produk toetsweging te implementeer. Dit het ʼn terugbetalingsperiode van minder as vyf pakseisoene, afhangend van die produsent se spesifieke pakstooruitleg. Nie alleen kan die implementering van finale produk toetsweging die risiko van ondergewig produkte verlaag nie, maar dit kan ook nuwe markgeleenthede oopmaak vir gemiddeldemassa produkte in ʼn baie kompeterende mark.
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Musango, Josephine Kaviti. "Determinants of producers' choice of wine grape cultivars in the South African wine industry /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2474.
Full textBooks on the topic "Grape industry"
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New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural Economics., ed. Why New York grape growers need to increase yields. Ithaca, NY: Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1986.
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2
Schofield, George M. Grape intelligence report. [St. Helena, CA]: G.M. Schofield, 1987.
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3
Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit., ed. Grape production in Namibia. Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 2000.
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4
Haeseler, Carl W. History of the Pennsylvania grape industry. [s.l.]: Xlibris, 2009.
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5
Zunayd, Samīr Abū. Taswīq wa-taṣnīʻ al-ʻinab fī Muḥāfaẓat al-Khalīl. al-Khalīl: Jāmiʻat al-Khalīl, Markaz al-Baḥth al-ʻIlmī, 1987.
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6
Folwell, Raymond J. Grape acreages and prices in Washington. Pullman: College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Center, Washington State University, 1988.
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Ali, Abdalla, and Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics., eds. Wine grapes: Projections of wine grape production and winery intake to 1994-95. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 1992.
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8
M, Alston Julian, and Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics., eds. The California Table Grape Commission's promotion program: An evaluation. Oakland, Calif: Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, California Agriculture Experiment Station, 1997.
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M, Alston Julian, and Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics., eds. The California Table Grape Commission's promotion program: An evaluation. Oakland, Calif: Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, California Agriculture Experiment Station, 1997.
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10
Industry, Western Australia Parliament Legislative Assembly Select Committee into the Grape Growing. Report of the Select Committee of the Legislaive Assembly appointed to inquire into the Grape Growing Industry of Western Australia. [Perth, W.A.]: The Committee, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grape industry"
1
Marquez, Leorey, Geoff Robinson, and Simon Dunstall. "Forecasting Grape Maturation Under Heat Stress Using MatPred." In Handbook of Operations Research in Agriculture and the Agri-Food Industry, 277–306. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2483-7_13.
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Rossouw, Johan J., Karel Kruger, and Anton H. Basson. "Holonic Architecture for a Table Grape Production Management System." In Service Oriented, Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing Systems for Industry of the Future, 181–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69373-2_12.
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Delić, Mersija, Fikreta Behmen, Semira Sefo, Pakeza Drkenda, Saša Matijašević, and Ana Mandić. "Effect of Pruning on Mechanical Composition of Bunch of Table Grape Varieties (Vitis Vinifera L.)." In 32nd Scientific-Expert Conference of Agriculture and Food Industry, 72–81. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47467-5_8.
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Arce Jiménez, Karen Julieth, Ana María Cuta Martínez, Patricia Joyce Pamela Zorro Mateus, and Siby I. Garcés Polo. "Collection of Potentially Biologically Active Extracts from Isabella Grape Pomace Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." In Towards Sustainability in the Wine Industry by Valorization of Waste Products, 11–24. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003391593-2.
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Rao, Manjeshwar Poonam Baliga, Raghavendra Haniadka, Karadka Ramdas Thilakchand, Princy Louis Palatty, and Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga. "Skin Care Properties of Grape Seed Polyphenols, a By-Product of the Winery Industry." In Bioactive Dietary Factors and Plant Extracts in Dermatology, 189–95. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-167-7_19.
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Parra Carvajal, Alba Sofía, Angie Paola Toro Cardona, Patricia Joyce Pamela Zorro Mateus, Henry Isaac Castro Vargas, and Siby I. Garcés Polo. "Obtaining Potentially Functional Oils from Isabella Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Pomace Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." In Towards Sustainability in the Wine Industry by Valorization of Waste Products, 25–44. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003391593-3.
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Méndez Velásquez, Daniela, Faride Geraldine Jiménez Rodríguez, and Patricia Joyce Pamela Zorro Mateus. "Evaluation of Anti-quorum Sensing and Antibacterial Activity in Isabella Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Pomace Extracts." In Towards Sustainability in the Wine Industry by Valorization of Waste Products, 91–113. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003391593-6.
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Castañeda Muñoz, María Alejandra, Liced Alejandra Basto Gómez, Patricia Joyce Pamela Zorro Mateus, and Henry Isaac Castro Vargas. "Obtaining Potentially Biologically Active Extracts from Isabella Grape Pomace Using Pressurized Liquids and Evaluation of Functional Properties." In Towards Sustainability in the Wine Industry by Valorization of Waste Products, 65–89. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003391593-5.
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Bejarano Pérez, Jenny Viviana, Jessica Tatiana Mancera Cifuentes, Patricia Joyce Pamela Zorro Mateus, and Henry Isaac Castro Vargas. "Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants from Isabella Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Pomace Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with Added Ethanol as Co-Solvent." In Towards Sustainability in the Wine Industry by Valorization of Waste Products, 45–63. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003391593-4.
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Vorobiev, Eugene, and Nikolai Lebovka. "Grapes and Residues of Wine Industry." In Processing of Foods and Biomass Feedstocks by Pulsed Electric Energy, 299–335. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40917-3_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Grape industry"
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Yıldız, Dilay, Duygu Benzer Gürel, Özlem Çağındı, and Semra Kayaardı. "Investigation of Waste Grape Pulp for Healthy, Functional Beverage Production." In 7th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International guest Students Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2023.021.
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Turkey, where different ecologies coexist, has great potential in fruit and vegetable production. Turkey, which has suitable climate and soil conditions, offers wide opportunities, especially in the field of viticulture and is an important center in the world with its rich grape gene potential. Grapes, which are rich in bioactive components, have an important place in the country's economy and social life for reasons such as providing raw materials to the food industry sector, creating employment opportunities, and having a high export potential, as well as being a valuable nutrient. Nowadays, with the developing understanding of conscious nutrition, the demand for fruit juice and similar products is gradually increasing as consumers turn towards natural and health-beneficial products. The grape, rich in various organic acids, vitamins and minerals and bioactive compounds with natural antioxidant properties has taken its place in the food industry for different purposes. Grape juice, must, molasses and grape pulp produced after wine production is an important food waste. The grape pulp contains 10%-30% of the crushed grape mass and other value-added components such as unfermented sugars, polyphenols, colors, alcohol, and tannins. These compounds should be recovered using acceptable, eco-friendly techniques without compromising the stability or quality of the product. The recovery of useful substances from food waste is a new development in the food industry. Thus, it is achieved to obtain high value-added products. This study, it was aimed to investigate the production of a new functional beverage with high phenolic content by drying the waste grape pulp formed after pressing purple grapes.
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Yıldız, Dilay, Duygu Benzer Gürel, Özlem Çağındı, and Semra Kayaardı. "Investigation of Waste Grape Pulp for Healthy, Functional Beverage Production." In 7th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International guest Students Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2023.021.
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Turkey, where different ecologies coexist, has great potential in fruit and vegetable production. Turkey, which has suitable climate and soil conditions, offers wide opportunities, especially in the field of viticulture and is an important center in the world with its rich grape gene potential. Grapes, which are rich in bioactive components, have an important place in the country's economy and social life for reasons such as providing raw materials to the food industry sector, creating employment opportunities, and having a high export potential, as well as being a valuable nutrient. Nowadays, with the developing understanding of conscious nutrition, the demand for fruit juice and similar products is gradually increasing as consumers turn towards natural and health-beneficial products. The grape, rich in various organic acids, vitamins and minerals and bioactive compounds with natural antioxidant properties has taken its place in the food industry for different purposes. Grape juice, must, molasses and grape pulp produced after wine production is an important food waste. The grape pulp contains 10%-30% of the crushed grape mass and other value-added components such as unfermented sugars, polyphenols, colors, alcohol, and tannins. These compounds should be recovered using acceptable, eco-friendly techniques without compromising the stability or quality of the product. The recovery of useful substances from food waste is a new development in the food industry. Thus, it is achieved to obtain high value-added products. This study, it was aimed to investigate the production of a new functional beverage with high phenolic content by drying the waste grape pulp formed after pressing purple grapes.
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Padureanu, Cristina, Alina Maier, Cristina Maria Canja, Vasile Padureanu, and Oana-Crina Bujor. "VALORISATION OF GRAPE MARC BY-PRODUCTS IN BEVERAGE INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF FORTIFIED GRAPE JUICE." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s25.46.
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The difficulty facing the food industry in the future is sustainability, a topic that has received a lot of attention in recent years. The recovery, recycling, and valuing of food by-products is one of the many methods suggested to encourage the development of a sustainable food system. The most abundant sources of bioactive chemicals and byproducts that can be used to create new functional ingredients for foods are found in fruits and vegetables. In this paper, the possibility of using by-products of wine industry was evaluated. Grape marc, one of the wastes produced during wine-making process is typically not utilized. In particular, the red grape marc flour (15% and 20% w/w) was employed to enrich white grape juice following a sufficient drying and grinding procedure. Then, the grape juice fortified with red grape marc flour was subjected to ultrasound treatment with amplitude of 50 and 70% for 3 and 6 minutes. In comparison to control samples, the enriched products bioactive compounds and chromatic attributes, as well as acidity, soluble content and pH were assessed. Overall, the findings indicate that fortification of grape juice with by-products improved nutritional quality and chromatic attributes without compromising product acceptability. It is possible to conclude that these examples might serve as a starting point for utilizing industrial byproducts and developing viable food with beneficial properties in a more sustainable manner.
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Parmacli, Dmitrii, and Serghei Cara. "Evaluating the dynamics of grape production in UTA Gagauzia." In The 8th International Conference "Management Strategies and Policies in the Contemporary Economy". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2023.10.
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It is emphasized that viticulture in ATU Gagauzia is the most promising sector in agricultural production. An assessment of the dynamics of grape production in the autonomy makes it possible to determine the level of development of the industry, to reveal, to a certain extent, the existing shortcomings and to determine the ways of development. The purpose of the study is to propose a methodology for assessing the state of the dynamics of grape production, confirming its features on specific examples from practice. The object of the study are farms of all categories of ATU Gagauzia for 2012-2021. Evaluation of the dynamics of grape production includes average annual data on planting areas, gross harvest and yield, including for the first and second periods of research, as well as indicators of the stability of the industry. An example of assessing the production of grapes by a separate business entity using the percentile indicator is given. The calculation results are shown on the graphs for clarity. The proposed variant of assessing the state of grape cultivation in dynamics is quite simple and accessible, and therefore can be used by both practitioners and university students
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Shahzad, Muhammad Osama, Anas Bin Aqeel, and Waqar Shahid Qureshi. "Detection of Grape Clusters in Images Using Convolutional Neural Network." In 2023 International Conference on Robotics and Automation in Industry (ICRAI). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrai57502.2023.10089582.
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Panasyuk, A. L., E. I. Kuzmina, and O. S. Egorova. "TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE USE OF PREPARATIONS BASED ON POLYVINILPOLYPYRROLIDONE (PVP) FOR TREATMENT WHITE GRAPE WINES." In Current issues in the beverage industry. Author-online, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/978-5-6043128-4-1-2019-3-162-168.
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Prasad, G. Lakshmi Vara, B. Ravi Teja, G. Karthika, P. Mansa Devi, Chepuri Deepti, and Shaik Johny Basha. "Grape Leaf Disease Recognition: A Deep Learning and Machine Learning Techniques Overview." In 2023 3rd International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimia60377.2023.10425932.
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"Implications of a changing agro-ecosystem on the nascent wine grape production industry in Idaho." In ASABE 1st Climate Change Symposium: Adaptation and Mitigation. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/cc.20152144198.
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Špindler, Tomi, Nejc Pozvek, and Marko Koščak. "Fostering Sustainable Wine Tourism Through Collaboration of Grape Growers and Winemakers: Case of Ljutomer-Ormož Hills." In Logistics in Agriculture. University of Maribor Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fl.1.2023.6.
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Sustainable tourism endeavors to harmonize present and future economic, social, and environmental concerns while meeting the diverse needs of visitors, industry stakeholders, the environment, and host communities. This study delves into the pivotal role of collaboration between grape growers and winemakers in advancing sustainable wine tourism within the Ljutomer-Ormož Hills region. Emphasizing horizontal integration within the sector, this research probes the perspectives and attitudes of various stakeholders concerning collaboration and their views on wine tourism. The findings underscore stakeholders' recognition of the importance of collaboration, as it holds the potential to drive increased visitor numbers, reduced operational costs, and the creation of innovative tourism offerings. Grape growers and winemakers demonstrate a strong inclination to engage in wine tourism activities, placing significant importance on holistic visitor experiences, which encompass gastronomy, accommodations, and cultural engagement. The study spotlights ongoing endeavors, such as the collective trademark "Jeruzalem Slovenia," while briefly addressing the influence of climate change on wine tourism, underscoring the imperative of adapting to evolving weather patterns and their implications for viticulture. To thrive as a wine tourism destination, the Ljutomer-Ormož Hills region should prioritize bolstering collaboration efforts and offering a diverse, locally rooted tourism experience.
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Fito, Pedro J., Jannika Bailey, Marta Castro-Giráldez, and Alfredo Esteves. "Effect of solar radiation on cooking/drying process of grapes using solar oven." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7878.
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Solar ovens have become a very popular technology for cooking, specially, in underdeveloped countries where access to firewood is scarce, time consuming and expensive. The benefits of solar cooking are multiple, such as saving money, as this device requires no fuel, as well as having an important impact in the environment, decreasing carbon dioxide emissions and decreasing deforestation. One challenge for food industry is to get to know the behaviour of food cooked with solar technology. The aim of this study was to model the drying process of white and red grape in solar oven using thermodynamics and spectrophotometry measurements, controlling the irradiation effect blocking the Ultraviolet radiation using a polarized vinyl film Keywords: sun radiation; thermodynamics; solar oven; drying
Reports on the topic "Grape industry"
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Kupina, Steve, Mark Kelm, Maria Monagas, and STEFAN GAFNER. Grape Seed Extract Laboratory Guidance Document. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.lgd/dozo2637.
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Grape Seed Extract (GSE) has received acceptance almost globally as an ingredient for human consumption. It is one of the more widely used botanical extracts, due to increasing scientific findings supporting health benefits. However, it remains a specialty item relative to global commodities. In the United States, GSE has ranked among the top 20 best-selling dietary supplements in the Food, Drug and Mass Market channel. The motivation behind purposeful adulteration in commercial products is financial gain (also known as economically motivated adulteration) and to increase the concentration in proanthocyanidins (PACs) as primary marker compounds as a means to contribute to the misperception of quality. Adulterants include other PAC-rich materials, which are available at lower cost. Thus, a bulk distributor of GSE or another manufacturer along the value chain can take advantage of the chemical similarity between GSE and peanut skin extract since the spectrophotometric assays typically used in industry are not specific enough to discriminate between grape seed PACs and PACs from other plant extracts. Due to reliance on non-specific proximate assays across the value-chain, adulteration can go undetected downstream in the commodity chain, such as those involved in distribution, packaging, wholesale, and retail sales. This laboratory guidance document presents a review of the various analytical technologies and methods used to differentiate between grape seed extracts and potential adulterants.
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Or, Etti, Tai-Ping Sun, Amnon Lichter, and Avichai Perl. Characterization and Manipulation of the Primary Components in Gibberellin Signaling in the Grape Berry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592649.bard.
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Seedless cultivars dominate the table grape industry. In these cultivars it is mandatory to apply gibberellin (GA) to stimulate berry development to a commercially acceptable size. These cultivars differ in their sensitivity to GA application, and it frequently results in adverse effects such as decreased bud fertility and increased fruit drop. Our long term goals are to (1) understand the molecular basis for the differential sensitivity and identify markers for selection of sensitive cultivars (2) to develop new strategies for targeted manipulation of the grape berry response to GA that will eliminate the need in GA application and the undesirable effects of GA on the vine, while maintaining its desirable effects on the berry. Both strategies are expected to reduce production cost and meet growing consumer demand for reduced use of chemicals. This approach relies on a comprehensive characterization of the central components in the GA signaling cascade in the berry. Several key components in the GA signaling pathway were identified in Arabidopsis and rice, including the GA receptors, GID1s, and a family of DELLA proteins that are the major negative regulators of the GA response. GA activates its response pathway by binding to GID1s, which then target DELLAs for degradation via interaction with SLY, a DELLA specific F-box protein. In grape, only one DELLA gene was characterized prior to this study, which plays a major role in inhibiting GA-promoted stem growth and GA-repressed floral induction but it does not regulate fruit growth. Therefore, we speculated that other DELLA family member(s) may control GA responses in berry, and their identification and manipulation may result in GA-independent berry growth. In the current study we isolated two additional VvDELLA family members, two VvGID1 genes and two VvSLY genes. Arabidopsis anti-AtRGA polyclonal antibodies recognized all three purified VvDELLA proteins, but its interaction with VvDELLA3 was weaker. Overexpression of the VvDELLAs, the VvGID1s, and the VvSLYs in the Arabidopsis mutants ga1-3/rga-24, gid1a-2/1c-2 and sly1-10, respectively, rescued the various mutant phenotypes. In vitro GAdependent physical interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and the VvGID1s, and GAindependent interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and VvSLYs. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 did not interact with VvGID1b. Together, the results indicate that the identified grape homologs serve as functional DELLA repressors, receptors and DELLA-interacting F-box proteins. Expression analyses revealed that (1) VvDELLA2 was expressed in all the analyzed tissues and was the most abundant (2) VvDELLA1 was low expressed in berries, confirming former study (3) Except in carpels and very young berries, VvDELLA3 levels were the lowest in most tissues. (4) Expression of both VvGID1s was detected in all the grape tissues, but VvGID1b transcript levels were significantly higher than VvGID1a. (5) In general, both VvDELLAs and VvGID1s transcripts levels increased as tissues aged. Unfertilized and recently fertilized carpels did not follow this trend, suggesting different regulatory mechanism of GA signaling in these stages. Characterization of the response to GA of various organs in three seedless cultivars revealed differential response of the berries and rachis. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 transcript levels in the GA-unresponsive berries of cv. Spring blush were significantly higher compared to their levels in the highly responsive berries of cv. Black finger. Assuming that VvDELLA2 and VvDELLA3 are regulating berry size, constructs carrying potential dominant mutations in each gene were created. Furthermore, constitutive silencing of these genes by mIR is underway, to reveal the effect of each gene on the berry phenotype.
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Chaparro, Rodrigo, Maria Netto, Patricio Mansilla, and Daniel Magallon. Energy Savings Insurance: Advances and Opportunities for Funding Small- and Medium-Sized Energy Efficiency and Distributed Generation Projects in Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002947.
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The Energy Savings Insurance Program seeks to promote investment in energy efficiency and distributed generation in Latin America, primarily through small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It focuses on developing an innovative scheme of guaranteed energy performance that mitigates project risk and generates investor confidence (ESI Model). The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) facilitates the development of the ESI Program in alliance with the National Development Banks (NDBs). The ESI Model includes a contract for the supply, installation, and maintenance of equipment for generating a stipulated amount of energy or energy savings over a specific time period; validation by an independent body; insurance coverage that backs the savings or the guaranteed energy generation; and project financing. This paper describes the main attributes of the ESI Model (the contract, the insurance, validation and financing), evaluates market potential and the most attractive technologies, and identifies the priority sectors for implementing projects in Chile. The most promising economic sectors were found to be the hospitality industry, food processing industry, grape growing/wine production, and the fishing industry, and the technologies of electric motors, boilers, air conditioning systems and photovoltaic solar generation. In each of these sectors, estimates were made of financing requirements as well as CO2 emission reductions that could be achieved.
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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis, et al. Glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228465.
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The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), native to the southeastern USA and northeastern Mexico, has become a major economic threat to the grape and wine industry of California, USA, due to its role as a vector for the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. This pest has also spread to Hawaii, Cook Islands, Easter Island and French Polynesia. In California, chemical control measures have led to imidacloprid resistance, necessitating sustainable management options. Classical biological control has been effective, particularly using egg parasitoids from the genus Cosmocomoidea. The most successful species, Cosmocomoidea ashmeadi, has achieved parasitism rates of 80-100% and significantly reduced H. vitripennis populations in California and French Polynesia. Cosmocomoidea walkerjonesi offers complementary control, particularly in cooler regions. These parasitoids present promising long-term solutions for managing H. vitripennis populations.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Bengelsdorf, Harold, Gretchen Hund, Carol E. Kessler, Heidi A. Mahy, Fred McGoldrick, and Amy M. Seward. Cradle-to-Grave Nuclear Fuel Supply Assurance Workshop: Industry?s Potential Role. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/975003.
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Bruno. PR-186-063515-R01 Prevention of Internal SCC in Ethanol Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010999.
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Stress-corrosion cracking has been observed in carbon steels in contact with fuel grade ethanol. The scope of this project consists of an up-to-date summary of industry experience and laboratory test results that can be used in the development of guidelines for transporting ethanol by pipeline while avoiding stress corrosion cracking.
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Lewis, Courtney-Elyce, Jose Alarco, Joshua Watts, Michael Horn, and Maggie Gulbinska. Fundamentals of Standard Cell Formats, Fabrication and Formation Equipment. Queensland University of Technology, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.236407.
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This document provides an overview of standard cell format trends, cell fabrication and formation equipment as well as best practices established worldwide for Li-ion cell/battery fabrication and formation equipment. The purpose of this report is to fill the knowledge and essential capability gap pertaining to testing and qualification workflow of Lithium-ion cell materials in reliable, reproducible cell formats that are also representative of industry standards. The target audience for this report are domestic battery-grade materials suppliers and prospective suppliers as well as members of the emerging Australian battery industry.
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Biagio, Massimo Di. PR-182-124505-R04 Developing Tools to Assure Safety Against Crack Propagation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011472.
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Recent industry experience is showing that modern lower grade steels (X60 to X70) are not having the same fracture behavior as older steels of the same grade. As a major consequence, past material qualification test methods may be no longer valid for these new steels and may not provide safe design guidance, both for the evaluation of the brittle to ductile transition temperature and for the prediction of ductile fracture arrest requirements. MAT-8-1 Project Phase 2 was specifically focused on brittle-to-ductile transition temperature assessment and may ultimately lead to reliable testing methods to evaluate the behavior of modern steels, to allow the industry to design safe gas pipelines. Specific small and full-scale experimental activities have been carried out, with the aim to verify the correspondence between the brittle-to-ductile transition temperatures determined using different small-scale sample geometries and comparing the results with four full-scale West Jefferson tests.
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Leis, B. N., and X. K. Zhu. DTRS56-03-T-0014 Corrosion Assessment Criteria for Vintage vs Modern Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011878.
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The appearance in the 1990s of corrosion severity assessment criteria derived consistent with the plastic-collapse theory presented the industry with an alternative to the criteria empirically evolved beginning in the 1970s. While the industry now had a less conservative alternative to their empirical counterparts, there was no basis to identify which criterion was appropriate. This project has quantitatively evaluated these two sets of criteria to establish which is valid as a function of characteristic geometric features of the corrosion as well as the vintage, grade and other metrics of the line pipe and the pipeline's service and loading. Consideration was given to the mathematical form of these criteria and their 'validation' databases, the corrosion geometry, the line pipe properties, and other factors through the use of numerical and analytical techniques and demonstration full-scale testing.