Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grape industry'

Thesis (Masters of Environmental Health)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
In the Western Cape, South Africa and other regions globally, grape pomace (GP) is one of the abundant agro-waste from the winery industry. This study reports on the hyper-extraction of fermentable sugars from GP treated with white rot fungi (WRF) Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKMF 1767 to facilitate improved biovalorisation for total reducing sugars (TRS) extraction in conjunction with Nepenthes mirabilis digestive fluids. TRS were quantified using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) reagent method. The free readily dissolvable sugars from the GP recorded for the bio-treated (BT) samples was 206.39 ± 0.06 mg/L and for the untreated (UT) samples was 271.05 ± 0.02 mg/L. Overall, the TRS yield for the Bio-treated (BT) and untreated (UT) samples was recorded as 205.68 ± 0.09 and 380.93 ± 0.14 mg/L, respectively, using hot water pretreatment (HWP) with 2266.00 ± 0.73 (BT) and 2850.68 ± 0.31 mg/L (UT), respectively, for dilute acid pretreatment (DAP); with 2068.49 ± 6.02 (BT) and 2969.61 ± 8.054 mg/L (UT) respectively, using the cellulase pretreatment (CP) method. Using the HWP as a reference, the relative increases imparted by the biotreatment was higher (51%) for DAP and low (33%) for CP. The combination of conventional used pre-treatment methods (hot water pretreatment, dilute acid pre-treatment, and cellulase pre-treatment) in a single pot system was also done while monitoring the total residual phenolics (TRPCs) in the samples. Furthermore, powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) were used to measure the crystallinity index (CrI) and functional groups of pre- and post-pretreated GP to ascertain the efficiency of the pre-treatment methods, with quantification of lignin, holocellulose, and ash. Overall, the TRS yield for N. mirabilis pre-treated agro-waste was 951 mg/L ± 4.666 mg/L, with biomass having a lower CrI of 33%, and 62% residual lignin content. Furthermore, reduced TRPCs were observed in hydrolysate, suggesting limited inhibitory by-product formation during N. mirabilis pre-treatment

At first glance, the Sonoran table grape industry may seem to fit the profile of a typical non-traditional agro-export system; and thus it might be expected that most of the generally accepted distinguishing characteristics of such systems would also be found here. However, a closer look at each link of this particular global commodity chain, and a greater appreciation of the historical precedents of the production region, reveals that individuals, rather than transnational corporations, are able to exert fairly high levels of control over the system, and reap a fair share of the benefits. Global commodity chain analysis, coupled with a political economy perspective, reveals that important changes further up the chain, at the retailing link, may in the future determine more of how table grapes are grown and distributed, and how the benefits of this production system are distributed. The analysis of changing agro-food systems is important because of their central role in determining the course of a nation and the well being of its people; in essence, as the food system goes, so goes the country. In diverse locations around the globe, food is increasingly being produced, distributed and marketed under the dictates of transnational corporations, which changes the role that nations, communities and individuals play in the global food system. Thus in recent years social scientists have been adding to the corpus of studies that constitute the political economy of the global agro-food system; this study intends to contribute to our knowledge of this important and rapidly evolving field.

Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: “Within the context of the current market conditions, SCF may be one of the most attractive tools for companies to diversify funding basis, enrich and solidify their relationships with suppliers and their core banks.” – Michiel Steeman (Executive Director – Supply Chain Finance Community). (ING Group, 2013b). Insufficient cash flow is one of the major reasons for business failure in the current business environment. The spotlight is on collaboration between supply chain management and finance to release tied up cash in supply chains. Supply Chain Finance is a financial tool to help improve cash flow and optimise working capital to operate more efficiently. South Africa is one of the leading fruit exporters in the world with complex supply chains and even more complex financial arrangements. The need for Supply Chain Finance is aggravated by the long distances to overseas markets, and thus the long delay in payments after goods have been shipped. Supply Chain Finance is beneficial to the supplier, buyer and the financial service provider, creating a win-win-win situation. During this research the table grape export supply chain of Denau Farming is investigated to develop an explorative case study to implement Supply Chain Finance into their business model. During the research the problem of late payment received by buyers is explored by means of interviews and existing literature. A Concept Model is developed by adapting the Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR®) and the Management for Supply Chains (M4SC™) framework to identify the supply chain strategy during the current as-is physical and financial flow and to identify the gap in the supply chain. Two Supply Chain Finance solutions are identified based on Denau Farming’s financial needs in order to develop the to-be physical and financial supply chains and the resource changes required to facilitate the respective implementation. The final result determines how the proposed Supply Chain Finance solutions affect the expected cash-to-cash cycle time and the expected Economic Value Added (EVA®) in the case study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: “Within the context of the current market conditions, SCF may be one of the most attractive tools for companies to diversify funding basis, enrich and solidify their relationships with suppliers and their core banks.” – Michiel Steeman (Executive Director – Supply Chain Finance Community). (ING Group, 2013b). Onvoldoende kontantvloei is een van die vernaamste redes waarom besighede in die huidige sakeomgewing misluk. Die kollig val op samewerking tussen voorsieningskettingbestuur en finansiering om kontant wat vasgevang is in voorsieningskettings te kan vrystel. Voorsieningsketting-finansiering is ‘n finansiële instrument wat kan help om kontantvloei verbeter en bedryfskapitaal te optimeer om meer doeltreffend te bedryf. Suid Afrika is een van die voorste vrugte-uitvoerders in die wêreld met komplekse voorsieningskettings en nog meer komplekse finansiële reëlings. Die behoefte vir voorsieningskettingbestuur-finansiering word vererger deur die lang afstande na oorsese markte, en dus die lang vertraging vir betaling nadat goedere reeds verskeep is. Voorsieningsketting-finansiering is voordelig vir die verskaffer, koper, en die finansiële diensverskaffer deur die skep van ‘n wen-wenwen situasie. As deel van hierdie navorsing is die tafeldruif-uitvoer voorsieningsketting van Denau Boerdery ondersoek as deel van die ontwikkeling van ‘n verkennende gevallestudie om sodoende voorsieningsketting-finansiering in hul sake-model te implementeer. Tydens die navorsing is die problem van laat betaling ontvang vanaf kopers in oorsese markte verder ondersoek deur middel van onderhoude en bestaande literatuur. ‘n Konsep model is ontwikkel deur die toepassing en aanpassing van die Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR®) en die Management for Supply Chains (M4SC™) raamwerk beginnende met die identifisering van ‘n voorsieningskettingstrategie tydens die huidige fisiese en finansiële vloei en die begin van ‘n gapings-identifisering vir die voorsieningsketting. Twee voorsieningsketting-finansiering oplossings is geidentifiseer gebaseer op Denau Boerdery se finansiële behoeftes en die ontwikkeling van ‘n verwagte toekomstige fisiese en finansiële voorsieningsketting asook die hulpbronveranderinge benodig wat die onderskeie implementerings kan help fasiliteer. Die finale navorsingsresultate bepaal tot watter mate die voorgestelde voorsieningsketting-finansiering oplossings die verwagte kontant-tot-kontant siklustyd asook die verwagte Ekonomiese Waarde Toevoeging (EVA®) in die gevallestudie beïnvloed.

The following dissertation uses an exploratory and confirmatory approach to explain relationship value within the grape and wine industry in Australia. Specifically, the research develops and empirically captures and compares buyers’ and sellers’ perceptions pertaining to relationship value. A three phase model was developed from a comprehensive literature review and further enriched through a qualitative field study involving sixteen in-depth interviews with wineries and their grape suppliers in Western Australia. The hypothesised structural equation models were tested using data gathered from a comprehensive survey of 175 wineries and 400 wine grape suppliers located in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Western Australia. Research findings highlight the similarities and differences in relationship value antecedents and outcomes for wineries and grape suppliers. In Phase One, it was evident from the working relationships studied that partner attributes included in the model – conflict resolution, communication, performance satisfaction, trust and cooperation - all made an important contribution towards the realisation of relationship value for both parties. A restrained use of power was found to be critical to avoid a reduction in the ability to resolve conflict, the level of performance satisfaction and trust in the relationship.In Phase Two, profitability benefits were shown to be the strongest predictors of relationship value, whilst the realisation of market and scout benefits strongly assisted firms to innovate. Perceptions of relationship costs were comparatively low for both customers and suppliers. The results of the Phase Three model provide rare empirical evidence which showed that while both parties share these same key relational antecedents and value outcomes (profitability benefits, innovation and market/scout benefits and relationship costs), the means by which relationship value is conferred was significantly different. For customers, satisfaction with a supplier’s performance enhanced perceptions of the value of that relationship due to the potential to increase profitability. Also, customer perceptions of relationship value increased through trust and cooperation. In contrast, suppliers in a trusting and cooperative relationship with a customer have the opportunity to increase the value of their relationships to the extent that they are willing to innovate to build strategic position, reduce costs and improve quality to increase profitability. Cluster analysis revealed there were those firms with a high relational orientation and others with a low relational orientation within both winery and grape supplier groups. Specifically, those wineries and grape suppliers with higher levels of conflict resolution, communication, performance satisfaction, trust and cooperation had corresponding higher levels of relationship value.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African table grape industry has a very fruitful history. The landscape of the South African table grape industry has changed at a rapid rate since deregulation in 1997. The sustainability of these changes was questioned and created the opportunity for this research. The orientation of this research report outlines the structure to this research. It indicates that the South African table grape industry is experiencing a strong trend of consolidation of the production and exporter base. Economically sustainable growers and marketing companies produce or attract more volumes of table grapes to export to global destinations. The environment provides the background to the South African table grape industry, since deregulation. Five major trends in this industry are important to mention and give perspective to the research question, namely: - The number of producers has declined at a rapid rate (about 52%) since deregulation. - Traditional production regions like the Berg and Hex River have become less important due to the timing of product supplied to the market. New geographic production regions have grown in importance, like the Orange River and Northern Province. - Production volumes of table grapes have slowed down over the last ten years and in certain regions have become stagnant. - The cultivar spectrum of table grapes has changed from seeded grape that is marginal to the market to a seedless product that earns premiums in the market. - There has been a shift in marketing of table grapes from Western countries like the UK and EU to Eastern countries. There are also certain factors that have a profound impact on the South African table grape industry, namely economic, environmental, political, social and global factors, which required further investigation. The evaluation of trends in the industry and the factors that affect the industry revealed the problem statement for this research and set the foundation for the research question. The research question of this study is: What are the distinguishable marketing models currently used by South African exporters and how sustainable is each model? The research methodology demonstrates that the South African table grapes industry is split into two dominant marketing models, which are the marketing agent and the grower-exporter model. A marketing model metrics was designed, based on literature and consultations with industry experts via a questionnaire, to evaluate the economic, social and environmental sustainability of these two marketing models. The method of data analysis was a qualitative investigation into the sustainability of marketing models that exist in the South African table grape industry. The structure of the holistic marketing dimension model which was used has the following four dimensions (Kotler & Keller, 2009:61): -Relationship marketing - Performance marketing - Integrated marketing - Internal marketing. Semi-structured interviews were held with six different marketing entities in the South African table grape industry, which represented 40 percent of the total population. The interviews were held by utilising a discussion guide that comprised of standard questions to all the interviewees. The information gathered from the interviews was used to design a conceptual marketing model, with the main objective of being sustainable on an economic, social and environmental level. This relevance and practicality of this conceptual marketing model was tested against a grower-exporter model in the South African table grape industry, called Angon Fruit. The findings of this research report focused on the triple bottom-line approach of building economic, social and environmental capital. The economic sustainability revealed the following factors to consider: - Grower-exporter model is a more sustainable marketing model, due to low cost operations. -Marketing agent model should have a definite competitive advantage, to justify relevance in the cost-chain. - Sustainable market share in volume of table grapes to export by a marketing company is five percent. - Prices paid to growers by a marketing company should keep track of inflation on inputs and a ten percent premium earned on top of the production cost is regarded as sustainable. - A sustainable commission percentage charged by marketing companies should not exceed five percent of free on board (FOB) value at Cape Town port. - Growers need to replace marginal seeded cultivars with premium seedless cultivars that are high in demand in global markets. - Marketing companies should supply table grapes at a split of 50 percent to Western countries and 50 percent to Eastern countries. - The sustainability of the Berg and Hex River production regions is at risk, due to global competitions from South American countries. The South African table grape industry revealed the following social sustainability findings: - A marketing company should have a social policy, which governs social responsibility projects (CSI). - The marketing company should be involved one major project instead of a few smaller projects. - Corporate social investment (CSI) projects should aim to provide the opportunity to improve education and training, improve health status and to develop sport among the youth. - The marketing company should not invest in CSI projects if the economic sustainability is at risk. The objective is to invest five percent of net profit in CSI projects, annually. Environmental sustainability revealed the following factors to consider: - A marketing company should have an environmental policy. - The company should measure its carbon and water footprint at least every two years, with the objective to reduce or optimise the level of use. - The company should embrace and implement green technology that utilises renewable energy to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and coal-generated electricity. - The use of water should be optimised, through implementation of advanced technology. - The marketing company should adopt the practice of recycling. The conclusion to this research report is that the table grape industry is still economically sustainable, however more work can be done on the social and environmental sustainability. Finally, ten recommendations are made to the South African table grape industry to consider from a sustainability perspective. Companies can consider implementing these best practices into their marketing of table grapes.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The declaration of Namibia’s independence from South Africa in 1990 has seen the Namibian government aim to plan and implement development programmes that enhance a growing agricultural sector. The new government is facing challenges regarding the addressing of inequalities of income and the allocation and distribution of resources, which have resulted in implementation of the land reform programmes. On the international front, Namibia is a member country of various trade arrangements, such as the WTO, the SADC and SACU. The main driving force behind Namibia’s joining the international communities chiefly has been market access and trade policy reforms. The country’s agricultural sector, in particular the horticultural industry, in regards to table grape production, has been significantly affected by both domestic and regional policies, as well as by the WTO rules. The aim of this study is to determine the environmental factors that create a competitive advantage for the Namibian table grape industry in the international market. A detailed supply-chain analysis, augmented by Porter’s ‘diamond’ model, is used in this study to assess the determinants of the competitiveness of fresh table grapes. Interviews were conducted in informal, semi-structured questions. The questionnaires were mailed to several producers within the table grape-growing industry. Secondary information was obtained from reports, articles and research publications, among other sources. An expert assessment was used to verify information based on the reference methods. Consultations took place in the form of office visits and, in some cases, telephone interviews were held with different experts. The finding of the study shows that Namibia can supply the European markets during the northern hemisphere off-season with quality fresh table grapes. However, industry growth in the European Union (EU) market is constrained by limited free import quotas and high tariffs, specifically as regards seeded fresh table grapes, which are not exempt from such duties. Such constraints are in place despite Namibia’s meeting of international set quality standards, such as EUREPGAP. Moreover, there is potential for increasing supplies to the regional and Asian markets as well as the US market albeit to the lesser extent. Finally, Namibian fresh table grapes profitability is significantly affected by the high production and transaction costs incurred, as well as by the decline in business and the depreciation of the US Dollar against the Namibian Dollar. The study makes the general recommendation that producers should significantly reduce their transaction costs within the chain, by means of vertical co-ordination and integration.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die verklaring van Namibië se onafhanklikheid van Suid-Afrika in 1990 het die Namibiese regering hulle dit ten doel gestel om ontwikkelingsprogramme te beplan en in werking te stel ten einde daardie land se groeiende landbousektor te versterk. Die nuwe regering moet tans uitdagings met betrekking tot inkomsteongelykhede en die toekenning en verspreiding van hulpbronne die hoof bied wat tot die inwerkingstelling van grondhervormingsprogramme aanleiding gegee het. Internasionaal is Namibië 'n lidland van verskeie handelsreëlings soos die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie (WHO), die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) en die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie (SADU). Die twee hooffaktore wat daartoe gelei het dat Namibië hom by die internasionale gemeenskappe skaar, is marktoegang en handelsbeleidhervormings. Die land se landbousektor, in besonder die tuinboukundige bedryf met die klem op tafeldruifproduksie, is aansienlik deur binnelandse en streeksbeleid asook deur die WHO-reëls geraak. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die omgewingsfaktore te bepaal wat in die internasionale mark aan die Namibiese tafeldruifbedryf 'n mededingende voordeel gee. Derhalwe gebruik die navorser 'n gedetailleerde aanvoerkettingontleding, ondersteun deur Porter se “diamantmodel”, om die beslissende faktore vir die mededingendheid van vars tafeldruiwe te evalueer. Onderhoude is met behulp van informele, semigestruktureerde vrae gevoer. Die vraelyste is aan verskeie produsente op die gebied van tafeldruifboerdery gepos. Sekondêre inligting is ook onder andere uit verslae, artikels en navorsingspublikasies verkry. Met behulp van 'n kundige evaluering is inligting op grond van die verwysingsmetodes geverifieer. Oorlegpleging met verskeie kundiges het in die vorm van kantoorbesoeke en in sommige gevalle deur middel van telefoononderhoude plaasgevind. Die studiebevinding toon dat Namibië die Europese markte gedurende die noordelike halfrond se tussenseisoen van gehalte- vars tafeldruiwe kan voorsien. Die uitbreiding van die bedryf in die Europese Unie (EU-) mark word egter deur beperkte gratis invoerkwotas en hoë tariewe aan bande gelê, in besonder met betrekking tot pitlose, vars tafeldruiwe wat nie van invoerbelasting vrygestel is nie. Hierdie beperkinge word opgelê ten spyte daarvan dat Namibië aan vasgestelde internasionale gehaltestandaarde soos EUREPGAP voldoen. Die moontlikheid bestaan boonop om lewering aan die streeks- en Asiatiese markte asook die VS-mark te verhoog, hoewel in 'n mindere mate. Laastens word die winsgewendheid van Namibiese vars tafeldruiwe beduidend deur hoë produksie- en transaksiekoste, asook deur die afname in sake en die waardevermindering van die Amerikaanse teenoor die Namibiese dollar geraak. Die studie maak die algemene aanbeveling dat produsente hulle transaksiekoste binne die ketting aansienlik met behulp van vertikale koördinering en integrasie moet verminder.

Thesis (MScAgric (Agricultural Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African table grape industry has evolved significantly in the last two decades. Ever improving supply chain technologies, post-harvest technology innovation, and more efficient production inputs have all stimulated the production of table grapes in all five South African production regions. While the industry in general is well developed, from the late 1990s the competitiveness status of the South African table grape industry has been negative as far as international competitiveness is rated. Prior to this, from 1961 to 1998, the industry had recorded positive trends in competitiveness. The recent decline, from as early as the 2000s, in the competitiveness of the industry can be attributed to rising competition from alternate Southern Hemisphere suppliers, increasing production costs and export costs, as well as inadequate market diversification. As a result of its negative competitiveness status, the table grape industry wants to diversify its export markets in order to improve and protect the industry‟s position in the global table grape markets. The objective of this study is to investigate the viability of specific export market diversification scenarios. The aim is to evaluate the potential impact on the table grape industry if export volumes were to be relocated from traditional to emerging markets, and the potential risk if the industry were to maintain the current market distribution. The study developed a deterministic farm-level model based on accounting principles as a tool for simulating and analysing the impact of changes in markets on the financial viability of farms under different scenarios. A scenario development process is adopted in this study as it offers the possibility of integrating various kinds of data in a consistent manner, and it can represent the views and expectations of several stakeholders simultaneously. Three scenarios were developed: (i) Scenario 1 presents the continuation of current market distributions (i.e. 85% of South African exports are marketed in Europe and another 15% are distributed to other global markets); (ii) Scenario 2A depicts a situation where export volumes are slowly redistributed to emerging markets; and (iii) Scenario 2B presents a situation where export volumes are rapidly redistributed to emerging markets. The targets for both Scenarios 2A and 2B are to market 60% of South African exports to Europe and 40% to other global markets. Scenarios 2A and 2B are driven by similar factors, including improving industry information, globalisation, increasing competition, and table grape prices An analysis of factors shaping the table grape export sector shows that the industry can no longer afford to send large export quantities predominantly to its traditional markets, due to increasing competition and diminishing market prices. Furthermore, the analysis shows that continuing with the current market diversification will have a negative impact on the industry, as farm returns, employment and farm units will decline under this scenario. The results suggest that the industry would be better off if export volumes were redistributed away from Europe to other markets.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die laaste twee dekades het die Suid Afrikaanse Tafeldruif Industrie met rasse skrede vooruitgegaan. Dit kan grootliks toegeskryf word aan verbeterde tegnologiese ontwikkeling en innovasie in die voorsieningsketting en na-oes tegnologie arenas, asook aan meer doeltreffende produksie insette wat produksie toenames in al vyf die Suid Afrikaanse produksie areas gestimuleer het. Alhoewel die industrie relatief goed ontwikkeld was sedert sy ontstaan, was die kompeterende status daarvan meestal negatief sedert die 1990‟s, gemeet aan internasionale kompetisie. Daar was egter tussen 1961 en 1998 ook positiewe mededinging tendense. Die onlangse verlaagde vlakke van mededingendheid van die industrie (veral sedert die vroeë 2000‟s) kan toegeskryf word aan verhoogde kompetisie vanaf ander Suidelike Halfrond verskaffers, verhoogde produksie- en uitvoerkoste, asook aan onvoldoende mark diversifisering. As gevolg van die negatiewe mededingendheid status, wil die tafeldruif industrie sy uitvoer markte diversifiseer om te verseker dat die industrie sy posisie in die globale tafeldruif mark kan beskerm. Die doel van hierdie studie is dus om die lewensvatbaarheid van spesifieke uitvoer mark diversifisering scenario‟s te ondersoek. Daarmee saam is die potensiële impak op die industrie ook bepaal vir (a) „n hoë persentasie uitvoer volumes wat verskuif vanaf tradisionele markte na ontluikende market, of (b) wat die risiko sal wees indien die huidige markverspreiding vlakke behou word. Die studie ontwikkel „n deterministiese plaasvlak model, gebaseer op rekeningkundige beginsels, om as hulpmiddel te dien vir die simulering en analise van die impak van verandering van teikenmarkte op die fnansiële lewensvatbaarheid van plase onder verskillende omstandighede. „n Scenario intwikkelings proses word in hierdie studie aangeneem aangesien dit toelaat vir die integrasie van verskillende tipes data op „n eenvormige wyse, terwyl dit ook die sieninge en verwagtinge van verskeie rolspelers terselfdertyd kan verteenwoordig. Drie scenario‟s word ontwikkel naamlik (i) Scenario 1: Dit verteenwoordig die huidige mark verspreiding (85% van Suid Afrikaanse uitvoere word in Europa bemark terwyl 15% versprei word na ander globale markte); (ii) Scenario 2A: Hier word die situasie uitgebeeld indien uitvoer volumes stadig herverdeel word na ontluikende markte; en (iii) Scenario 2B: Hier word die situasie uitgebeeld indien uitvoer volumes vinnig herverdeel word na ontluikende markte. Die teikens vir beide Scenario 2A en 2B is om 60% van die Suid Afrikaanse uitvoere in Europa te bemark en 40% in ander globale markte. Beide scenario‟s word deur dieselfde faktore gestu wat onder andere verbeterde industrie inligting, globalisering, verhoogde kompetisie en produk pryse insluit. „n Ontleding van die vormende faktore van die tafeldruif uitvoer sektor toon dat die industrie nie langer kan bekostig om hoë uitvoer volumes na die tradisionele markte te stuur nie, as gevolg van sterker kompetisie en krimpende markpryse. Die ontleding toon ook verder dat, indien voortgegaan word met die huidige mark diversifiserings model, die industrie negatief beïnvloed sal word in terme van verlaagde plaas inkomste, werkverskaffing en die aantal boerdery eenhede. Die uitslae dui dus daarop dat die industrie beter daaraan toe sal wees indien die huidige uitvoer volumes herverdeel kan word na ander (nie-Europese) markte.

Thesis (MScEng) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The grape juice concentrate (GJC) plant of the KWV at Robertson spent significant amounts of money on the decolourisation of grape juice concentrate. A chemically activated powdered activated carbon (PAC) purchased from Norit, namely CA1, was used as decolourisation product. Apart from the expenses involved, it contributed largely to the solid waste produced at this plant. A way was sought to minimise or prevent GJC discolourisation (and possibly solid waste) without increasing operating expenses. Browning reactions in GJC are as old as the product itself. Numerous researchers have studied the origins of these reactions, the reactants and products involved, as well as the reaction kinetics of these reactions. From the work of these researchers four possible browning reaction pathways were identified, namely: • enzymatic oxidative browning, • non-enzymatic oxidative browning, • non-enzymatic browning (the Maillard reaction), and • caramelisation. It was also identified that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are indicative of the browning potential of GJC. A method to analyse for HMF (quantitative and qualitative) was develop for the purposes of this study, namely positive electron-spray ionisation preceded by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and followed by dual mass spectrometry. This method showed good repeatability and was used to analyse all samples generated during this study. It was confirmed that the manufacturing process at this plant favours nonenzymatic browning reactions, since mild heat treatment deactivates enzymes. Further investigation indicated that the overruling browning reaction on this plant was non-enzymatic oxidative browning. It was shown that neither the presence, nor the absence of protein had any effect on the rate of formation of HMF. It was, however, confirmed that HMF formation could be attributed to high temperatures and prolonged exposure to these temperatures. Other adsorption products were evaluated against the then current PAC (CA1), namely a steam activated PAC supplied by Norit, SA4, and a polymeric adsorbent, Polyclar V (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone/PVPP). Both SA4 and PVPP indicated superior HMF adsorption capacities. Replacing CA1 with SA4 could result in operating expenses savings and possible solid waste reduction. However, PVPP were too expensive to be considered an economically viable replacement for CA1. Improved concentration technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) membrane concentration followed by centrifugal evaporation (CE) or twostage CE should be considered as possible replacement for the existing concentration technology (multi-stage falling film evaporator). This should decrease heat treatment/exposure by more than 90% and thus reduce browning significantly. An added advantage could be the reduction of solid waste, since less (if not no) decolourisation will be required. Alternatively, juice should be stored with added sulphur dioxide (SO2), since it was shown that this juice contained much lower HMF concentrations than diluted concentrate (stored for the same time). This should reduce heat exposure by up to 50% and thus minimise browning reactions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die druiwesapkonsentraat (DSK) aanleg van die KWV in Robertson het jaarliks aansienlike bedrae geld spandeer tydens die ontkleuringsproses van DSK. ‘n Chemies geaktiveerde verpoeierde koolstof (GVK) verkrygbaar van Norit, naamlik CA1, is gebruik as ontkleuringsproduk. Buiten die kostes verbonde aan hierdie produk het dit ook grootliks bygedra tot soliede afval by hierdie aanleg. Oplossings is gesoek om die verbruining/ontkleuring van DSK (en dalk ook soliede afval) te verminder (of selfs te voorkom) sonder om bedryfskostes te verhoog. Verbruiningsreaksies in DSK bestaan al so lank soos DSK self. Verskeie navorsers het die oorsake, reaktante, produkte en reaksiekinetika van hierdie reaksies oor die jare heen bestudeer. Uit die werk van sommige van hierdie navorsers kon vier moontlike verbruiningsreaksieroetes geïdentifiseer word, naamlik: • ensiematiese oksidatiewe verbruining, • nie-ensiematiese oksidatiewe verbruining, • nie-ensiematiese verbruining (die Maillard-reaksie), en • karamelisering. Daar was verder geïdentifiseer dat 5-hidroksiemetielfurfuraal (HMF) aanduidend is van die verbruiningspotensiaal van DSK. ‘n Analitiese metode (kwalitatief en kwantitatief) om vir HMF te analiseer is vir die doel van hierdie studie ontwikkel, naamlik positiewe elektronsproei ionisasie, voorafgegaan deur hoëdruk vloeistof chromatografie en gevolg deur dubbele massa spektrometrie. Hierdie analitiese metode het goeie herhaalbaarheid getoon en was deurgaans gebruik om monsters te analiseer gedurende hierdie studie. Dit was bevestig dat die vervaardigingsproses by hierdie aanleg nieensiematiese verbruiningsreaksies begunstig, aangesien geredelike hittebehandeling ensieme deaktiveer. Verdere navorsing het getoon dat die oorheersende verbruiningsreaksies by hierdie aanleg nie-ensiematiese oksidatief van aard is. Resultate het getoon dat proteinstabiliteit geen invloed op die vormingstempo van HMF het nie. Dit was egter bevestig dat vorming van HMF direk verband hou met hoë temperature en lang blootstellingsperiodes aan hierdie temperature. Ander adsorpsieprodukte was vergelyk met die huidige GVK (CA1), naamlik ‘n stoom geaktiveerde verpoeierde koolstof (Norit se SA4) en ‘n polimeriese adsorbant, Polyclar V (polivinielpolipirrolidoon/PVPP). Beide SA4 en PVPP het CA1 oortref wat betref HMF adsorpsie. Moontlike bedryfskostebesparings (en soliede afval verminderings) potensiaal bestaan indien CA1 vervang word met SA4. Die teenoorgestelde is egter waar vir PVPP wat bedryfskoste aangaan. Instede van die huidige verdampinstegnologie, naamlik vallendefilmverdamping, hoort verbeterde konsentrasietegnologieë soos tru-osmose membraankonsentrasie gevolg deur sentrifugale verdamping, of, alternatiewelik, twee-stadium sentrifugale verdamping, orrweeg te word. Op hierdie wyse behoort hittebehandeling (en dus verbruining) met sowat 90% verminder te word. ‘n Moonlike addisionele voordeel is die vermindering van soliede afval aangesien minder ontkleuring nodig sal wees. Indien die verbeterde tegnologieë te duur is moet daar gekyk word daarna om die ongekonsentreerde sap met addisionele swaweldioksied (SO2) te stoor, aangesien veel laer HMF konsentrasies in sulke sap waargeneem is as in verdunde direkte konsentraat wat vir dieselfde typerk gestoor is. Hittebehandeling sal op hierdie wyse met tot 50% verminder word (en dus verbruining ook).

Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is ranked as one of the largest table grape exporting countries in the world. The biggest markets for table grape exports have always been the EU and the UK, with emerging markets in Eastern Europe and Asia. The growing demand for pre-packaged fruit and vegetables in these markets are driven by factors like consumer comfort, hygiene and quality. These consumer needs have given rise to stringent quality control standards, putting more pressure on the producers to produce higher quality products. This thesis investigates the use of check weighing as a tool to enhance the operational effectiveness of table grape punnet packing. It looks at the current state of table grape punnet packing in South Africa, then determines the operational effectiveness of current packing practices and finally evaluates the merits of using automated check weighing as an operational management tool to improve current systems. Producers primarily make use of unskilled labour for the pre-packaging of table grapes, making it difficult to consistently produce good quality products. Some packing systems guide the operators towards filling punnets to the specified mass; some packing systems also feature internal check weighing in some form. Although these features improve mass accuracy and hence product quality, the packing processes are still prone to human and machine errors. Producers employ internal quality controllers who try to identify and rectify any human or machine errors as soon as possible. The PPECB, a local statutory body, enforces the minimum quality standards for South African exports by means of inspectors checking random product samples during production. If products of sub-standard quality are found (including under mass), the whole batch needs to be checked and repackaged where necessary, at great cost to the producer. Pre-packaged products may be produced according to the minimum mass system or the average mass system. The average mass system reduces the amount of raw product giveaway and increases revenue, but it requires that all products are check weighed and the masses recorded with a specified level of accuracy. The addition of automated final product check weighing saw a significant reduction in the occurrence of under as well as over mass punnets. It also managed to improve the productivity of some packing systems. Subsequent experiments with the check weigher using different setup parameters yielded much better measurement accuracy and would reduce under and over mass punnets even more. Considering the potential costs of having to repack batches due to the discovery of under mass products, it would be viable to implement automated final product check weighing even for small producers, with a payback period of less than 5 packing seasons depending on the producer’s specific pack house layout. The implementation of check weighing could not only reduce the risk of sub-quality products being produced, but also open up entirely new market opportunities in a very competitive market for products produced to the average mass system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is een van die grootste tafeldruiwe-uitvoerders ter wêreld. Die hoofmarkte vir tafeldruiwe-uitvoere was nog altyd die Europese Unie en Verenigde Koninkryk, met opkomende markte in Oos-Europa en Asië. Die groeiende behoefte vir voorafverpakte vrugte en groente in hierdie markte word gedryf deur verbruikersfaktore soos gemaksugtigheid, higiëne en kwaliteit. Hierdie behoeftes het tot gevolg gehad dat strenger reëls en regulasies vir kwaliteitsbeheer ontstaan het. Dit plaas ekstra druk op produsente om hoër gehalte produkte te produseer. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die gebruik van weging van die finale produk as ʼn hulpmiddel om die operasionele effektiwiteit van die verpakking van tafeldruiwe te verbeter. Daar word gekyk na die huidige toestand van die verpakking van tafeldruiwe in Suid-Afrika. Die operasionele effektiwiteit van bestaande verpakkingstelsels word bepaal. Die meriete van ʼn “weging van die finale produk stelsel” as bestuurshulpmiddel is nagevors. Daar word ook bespreek of die stelsel as bestuurshulpmiddel aangewend kan word om die effektiwiteit van huidige verpakkingstelsels te verbeter. Produsente maak primêr gebruik van ongeskoolde arbeid om tafeldruiwe te verpak. Dit maak dit moeilik om konstante goeie kwaliteit te lewer. Sommige verpakkingstelsels begelei die operateur om bakkies van ʼn spesifieke massa te produseer. Sommige verpakkingstelsels bevat ʼn interne toetsweeg funksie van een of ander aard. Alhoewel die funksies die akkuraatheid, produkmassa en dus produkkwaliteit verbeter, kan menslike- en masjienfoute steeds ʼn impak hê op die verpakkingsprosesse. Produsente maak gebruik van interne kwaliteitsbeheerstelsels wat poog om menslike- en masjienfoute so gou moontlik op te spoor en te herstel. Die PPECB, ʼn staatsliggaam, dwing die minimum Suid-Afrikaanse uitvoerstandaarde af deur middel van inspekteurs wat lukraak produkte tydens produksie ondersoek. Indien die produkte nie aan die kwaliteitstandaarde (insluitend massa) voldoen nie, moet die hele pallet nagegaan word en die bakkies moet reggemaak word waar nodig, teen ʼn groot onkoste vir die produsent. Voorafverpakte produkte kan volgens die minimum- of gemiddelde-massa sisteme geproduseer word. Die gemiddelde-massa sisteem verminder die hoeveelheid druiwe wat weggegee word en verhoog dus inkomste, maar dit vereis dat elke bakkie met ʼn bepaalde akkuraatheid geweeg moet word. Daar moet ook rekord gehou word van die massas. Die byvoeging van geoutomatiseerde finale produk toetsweging het ʼn aansienlike verbetering in die hoeveelheid oor- en ondermassa bakkies tot gevolg gehad. Dit het ook die produktiwiteit van party verpakkingsstelsels verbeter. Daaropvolgende weër eksperimente met ander opstellingsparameters het baie beter akkuraatheid getoon en dus kon die hoeveelheid oor- en ondermassa bakkies selfs verder beperk word. Met inagneming van die kostes daaraan verbonde om ʼn pallet oor te pak as gevolg van ondergewig bakkies, sou dit selfs vir klein produsente die moeite werd wees om finale produk toetsweging te implementeer. Dit het ʼn terugbetalingsperiode van minder as vyf pakseisoene, afhangend van die produsent se spesifieke pakstooruitleg. Nie alleen kan die implementering van finale produk toetsweging die risiko van ondergewig produkte verlaag nie, maar dit kan ook nuwe markgeleenthede oopmaak vir gemiddeldemassa produkte in ʼn baie kompeterende mark.

The following dissertation uses an exploratory and confirmatory approach to explain relationship value within the grape and wine industry in Australia. Specifically, the research develops and empirically captures and compares buyers’ and sellers’ perceptions pertaining to relationship value. A three phase model was developed from a comprehensive literature review and further enriched through a qualitative field study involving sixteen in-depth interviews with wineries and their grape suppliers in Western Australia. The hypothesised structural equation models were tested using data gathered from a comprehensive survey of 175 wineries and 400 wine grape suppliers located in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Western Australia. Research findings highlight the similarities and differences in relationship value antecedents and outcomes for wineries and grape suppliers. In Phase One, it was evident from the working relationships studied that partner attributes included in the model – conflict resolution, communication, performance satisfaction, trust and cooperation - all made an important contribution towards the realisation of relationship value for both parties. A restrained use of power was found to be critical to avoid a reduction in the ability to resolve conflict, the level of performance satisfaction and trust in the relationship.
In Phase Two, profitability benefits were shown to be the strongest predictors of relationship value, whilst the realisation of market and scout benefits strongly assisted firms to innovate. Perceptions of relationship costs were comparatively low for both customers and suppliers. The results of the Phase Three model provide rare empirical evidence which showed that while both parties share these same key relational antecedents and value outcomes (profitability benefits, innovation and market/scout benefits and relationship costs), the means by which relationship value is conferred was significantly different. For customers, satisfaction with a supplier’s performance enhanced perceptions of the value of that relationship due to the potential to increase profitability. Also, customer perceptions of relationship value increased through trust and cooperation. In contrast, suppliers in a trusting and cooperative relationship with a customer have the opportunity to increase the value of their relationships to the extent that they are willing to innovate to build strategic position, reduce costs and improve quality to increase profitability. Cluster analysis revealed there were those firms with a high relational orientation and others with a low relational orientation within both winery and grape supplier groups. Specifically, those wineries and grape suppliers with higher levels of conflict resolution, communication, performance satisfaction, trust and cooperation had corresponding higher levels of relationship value.

CAPES
A busca por produtos naturais e os riscos para a saúde decorrentes do consumo de antioxidantes sintéticos incentivam a investigação para a descoberta de novas fontes potenciais de compostos bioativos. A produção de vinho e suco de uva geram grandes quantidades de coprodutos ricos em compostos fenólicos que podem ser utilizados como antioxidantes naturais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as melhores condições de extração de compostos bioativos, através de um planejamento fatorial fracionário 24-1, de um coproduto oriundo do processamento da indústria de sucos de uvas (BUS – Bagaço de Uvas Suco) e de um coproduto oriundo do processamento da indústria de vinhos (BUV – Bagaço de Uvas Vinho). E, após a determinação da melhor condição para ambos os coprodutos, avaliar a atividade antioxidante utilizando diferentes metodologias de quantificação, sendo que dentre as duas amostras (BUS e BUV), a que obtivesse maior potencial antioxidante, seria testada no processamento de linguiça frescal de frango com intuito de verificar a inibição da formação de malonaldeído em comparação ao antioxidante sintético ES (eritorbato de sódio). Para a extração dos compostos bioativos as variáveis independentes estudadas foram: tipo de coproduto (BUS ou BUV), temperatura do banho-maria (40 ou 60 °C), tempo de extração dos compostos bioativos (15 ou 45 minutos) e o tipo de solvente utilizado (acetona 80% ou etanol 80%). Os extratos dos coprodutos foram analisados em termos do conteúdo total de compostos fenólicos por Folin-Ciocalteu e atividade sequestradora do radical DPPH• (variáveis dependentes). A atividade sequestradora de radicais livres nos 16 testes gerados variaram 65-149 μmol Trolox.g-¹ e compostos fenólicos totais entre 18-35 mg GAE.g-¹ (equivalente ácido gálico). A análise de regressão linear mostrou que mais de 97% da variabilidade dos dados foi explicada pelo modelo gerado para a variável dependente atividade antioxidante e 93% para compostos fenólicos totais. Levando-se em conta os pontos ótimos de extração para BUS e BUV, fixaram-se extrações com acetona 80%, 60°C, durante 15 minutos para BUS e 45 minutos para BUV. Sob essas condições de extração, BUS apresentou: atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH (IC50), ABTS•+, FRAP, e percentual de inibição do sistema de β- caroteno/ácido linoleico em valores de 349 μg.mL-1, 334 mmol TEAC.g-1, 151 mmol Fe²+.g-1 e 73%, respectivamente. Enquanto BUV resultaram em 489 μg.mL-1, 249 umol TEAC.g-1, 111 umol Fe²+.g-1 e 68%, respectivamente. As respostas do planejamento fatorial mostraram que BUS teve o maior teor de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante quando comparados ao BUV, em suas melhores condições. Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de linguiça frescal de carne de frango: amostra controle (sem antioxidantes – T1), amostra contendo antioxidante sintético a 0,01% (T2), amostra contendo 2 mg.g-1 de extrato de BUS (T3) e uma amostra contendo 4 mg.g-1 de BUS (T4). Para a elaboração das linguiças com extrato de BUS, utilizou-se o extrato da melhor condição, determinada pelo planejamento fatorial (acetona 80%, 60°C, 15 minutos), sendo que os extratos foram evaporados e liofilizados. Os parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos das formulações T1, T2, T3 e T4, resultaram em valores que estão em concordância com as legislações vigentes. A cor sofreu variações durante o tempo de armazenamento das linguiças frescais de frango, sendo que T3 e T4 foram os tratamento que tiveram maior ΔE e menores valores de L*. Os tratamentos T1 e T2 obtiveram maiores valores de a*, b* e C*. O pH decaiu, para as quatro formulações de linguiças, variando de 6,71 a 5,99, entre os tratamentos. Para medir a oxidação lipídica foi utilizada a metodologia TBARS. As amostras contendo BUS foram capazes de inibir a oxidação lipídica. No tempo de 8 dias de armazenamento a 4°C, em relação ao controle, T2 conseguiu inibir a formação de malonaldeído em 0,31%, enquanto que os tratamentos contendo 2 e 4 mg.g-1 de extrato liofilizado de BUS (T3 e T4) inibiram 55% e 73% respectivamente.
The search for natural products and the risk to human health due to consumption of synthetic antioxidants encourage research for the discovery of new potential sources of bioactive compounds. The production of wine and grape juice generates large amounts of pomace rich in phenolic compounds that can be used as natural antioxidants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the extraction of bioactive compounds from pomace of grape juice (BUS) and wine (BUV) industry using a 24-1 fractional factorial design. After the determination of the better extraction condition for both co-products, was determinate with the total antioxidant activity using different determination methodology, and among the two samples (BUS and BUV), which obtained the largest quantifications by these methodologies, would be tested in the processing of chicken sausage in order to verify the inhibition of formation of malondialdehyde compared to synthetic antioxidant ES (sodium erythorbate)The independent variables studied were grape fruit pomace (GJP) and grape wine pomace (GWP), both temperature (40 and 60°C), extraction time of compounds (15- 45 min), and solvent type (acetone and ethanol, 80%). Co-products extracts were analyzed in terms of the contents of TPC by Folin Ciocalteu and scavenging activity of the DPPH• radical. After determining the best extraction method of bioactive compounds in each pomace (GJP and GWP), we determined the amount of antioxidants required to decrease the initial concentration of DPPH at 50% (IC50), ABTS• radical scavenging activity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and inhibition percentage by autoxidation of the system of β-carotene/linoleic acid. The DPPH radical scavenging activity in the 16 tests ranged from 65-149 μmol Trolox.g-1, and the TPC from 18-35 mg GAE.g-1 (gallic acid equivalent). The statistical analysis explains the significance of the effects and coefficients of the model generated in terms of their antioxidant activities. The linear regression analysis showed that the model generated explain more than 93% of the data variability. Thus, for both pomaces, acetone 80% was the best solvent for the extraction of antioxidant compounds and the ideal extraction temperature was 60°C. However, the best extraction time for GJP was 15 min and for GWP, 45 min. Under these extraction conditions, GJP showed activity in the DPPH method (EC50), ABTS•+, FRAP, and inhibition percentage at 339 μg.mL-1, 334 μmol TEAC.g-1, 151 μmol Fe2+.g-1and 73%, respectively. The values for GWP were 489 μg.mL-1, 249 μmol TEAC.g-1, 111 μmol Fe2+.g-1 and 68%, respectively. The responses of the factorial design showed that GJP had higher contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity than GWP in its better extractions conditions. Was formulated four different chicken meat sausages: control sample (without antioxidant – T1), sample containing synthetic antioxidant 0.01% (T2), sample containing 2mg.g-1 of GJP extract (T3) and a sample containing 4 mg.g-1 of GJP extract (T4), the GJP extract was utilized lyophilized and in your optimized condition according to the factorial design (acetone 80%, 60ºC, 15 minutos), and the extracts were route-evaporated and lyophilized. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of all formulations resulted in values that are consistent with current laws. Was observed color variations during the storage period of fresh chicken sausages, treatments T3 and T4 had the highest ΔE and the smaller L * values. T1 and T2 treatments had higher values of a *, b * and C *. The pH showed a reduction for the four formulations of sausages, ranging from 6.71 to 5.99, between treatments. To measure lipid oxidation TBARS methodology was used. Samples containing BUS were able to inhibit lipid oxidation. At time 8 days of storage at 4 ° C, compared to the control, T2 could inhibit the formation of malonaldehyde 0.31%, while the treatments with 2 ad 04 mg.g-1 of lyophilized BUS extract (T3 and T4) inhibited 55% and 73% respectively.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Agricultural production takes place in an uncertain and complex environment, with production the result of the culmination of a variety of factors within a greater system. Consequently, accounting for the influence of variables in the production system is very difficult, making it a daunting task for decision makers to make good decisions. In the wine grape production context, this problem is accentuated due to the capital intensive and perennial nature of investments, also giving rise to a path dependency. As a result it is essential to make strategically sound decisions in order to ensure the long-term profitability and financial feasibility of wine grape production. Decision making tools, like a model, can be of invaluable support for strategic decision making. A model is used to simplify reality, by imitating and simulating the actual system as closely as possible. A simulation model was therefore developed for this thesis to be able to evaluate the long-term financial impact of different wine grape production systems and to support strategic decision making. This model can be adapted to individual farm specific features, scenarios and preferences, in the evaluation and analysis of different investment and wine grape production system decisions. For this study, the nature of agricultural systems as well as qualities required by a simulation model, were investigated. The former is followed by an investigation of the effect of the grapevine and trellis specific qualities on the possibilities of the production system, as well as the implication of capital budgeting and financing considerations on the performance of the wine grape production system. In view of the above, the model was then applied to simulate and evaluate different wine grape production systems as well as a structural transition and expansion of wine grape production, for a simulated farm in the Breedekloof region, South Africa. The model can be used for decision making and scenario planning purposes by wine grape producers and stakeholders in the wine industry.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Landbouproduksie vind plaas in ‘n komplekse omgewing met talle onsekerhede, waar produksie die resultaat is van ‘n aantal faktore binne ‘n groter geheel. Die uitdaging is dus om die spesifieke invloed van veranderlikes binne die produksiestelsel waar te neem sodat besluitnemers ingeligte besluite op grond daarvan kan maak. In die verbouing van langtermyn gewasse, spesifiek die van wyndruif verbouing, word hierdie probleem beklemtoon vanweë die kapitaal intensiewe en meerjarige aard van investerings, wat aanleiding gee tot die afhanklikheid van vorige besluite. Ten einde die langtermyn winsgewendheid en lewensvatbaarheid van wyndruif produksie te verseker, is strategiese en ingeligte besluite deurslaggewend. Hulpmiddels in die besluitnemingsproses, soos modelle, kan onskatbare ondersteuning bied in hierdie konteks. Die doel van ‘n model is om ‘n werklike stelsel te weerspieël, maar terselfdertyd word vereenvoudigende aannames gemaak. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie tesis is ‘n simulasie model ontwikkel om die langtermyn finansiële impak van verskillende wyndruif produksiestelsels te weerspieël en strategiese besluitneming te bevorder. Hierdie model kan aangepas word vir die individuele vereistes, voorkeure en kenmerke van individuele plase, ten einde verskillende investeringsbesluite en wyndruifproduksiestelsels te evalueer. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie is die aard van die stelsel waarin landbouproduksie plaasvind, asook eienskappe wat benodig word deur ‘n simulasiemodel, om ‘n goeie weerspieëling van die werklikheid te kan gee ondersoek. Daarna is die invloed van die prieëlstelsel oorweging op die wingerdstok, die uitvoerbaarheid van verskillende bewerkingspraktyke, asook die invloed van kapitaal- en finansiëringsoorwegings op die prestasie van die wyndruifproduksiestelsel ondersoek. In die lig van bogenoemde oorwegings is die model gebruik om verskillende wyndruifproduksiestelsels te simuleer en te evalueer, asook om ‘n strukturele oorgang en uitbreiding vir ‘n plaas in die Breedekloofstreek in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. Wyndruif produsente en belanghebbendes in die wynbedryf kan hierdie model in scenario beplanning en besluitneming gebruik.

The consumption of natural bioactive compounds, such as dietary fibre and polyphenols, offers health benefits including protection against cardiovascular disease, cancer and other degenerative diseases. Indeed, a relevant challenge for food innovation is the development of foods with optimal dietary fiber and antioxidant contents. One of the recent directions in the cereal sector is the use of flours deriving from other cereals or non grain plants (vegetables and oily seeds) in the baking industry, in order to produce composite flours. In this context, the potential use of wine-industry by-products (mainly grape-skins and seeds) as a source of dietary fibre and polyphenols in breadmaking, has been investigated in this research. In particular, two grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties were considered: Barbera (red wine) and Chardonnay (white wine). The recovery processes of grape skins and seeds were designed to maximize the fibre content while preserving the antioxidant substances. Correlations between the composition of wine industry by- products and their NIR-MIR spectral data, together with the creation of predictive quality model, have been established, and the ability of these models in terms of ‘sample classification’ was tested. These wine-industry by-products were then adopted at high integration levels (10-30% w/w), for the production of baked goods, such as bread (both by straight-dough and sourdough process) and biscuits. Baked goods, in fact, represent an interesting model system for studying the rheological, macro- and micro-structural effects of fiber fortification on a food matrix, and they are also characterized by a worldwide consumption. They could be therefore a potential vehicle for important amounts of fiber and antioxidants. Positive and encouraging results were obtained from the use of grape-skin powders in breadmaking and biscuit production, highlighting their potential use for the production of innovative and nutritionally convincing baked goods.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Decision making in a complex environment is not an easy step as there are uncertainty variables that cannot be foreseen. This causes decision makers to use tools that can help and support difficult decision making in such a complex environment. These tools can be different variations of which a model that imitates the environment or system are the most commonly used. The systems approach is normally used to describe a complex environment. Such an environment consists of elements that are linked together to reach a goal or perform a function. A model is thus used to simplify the reality and to imitate and simulate the system as close as possible. Models are built in different forms of which mathematical and physical models are the main types. Physical models imitates the system through physical measures whereas mathematical models make use of equations that are interdependent. The probability that a single simulation of a mathematical model will represent reality is very rare. To overcome this problem a stochastic approach can be followed where a series of possible outcomes can be simulated for a set of variables. Hereby a probability distribution can be generated for a specific outcome. In this study a stochastic simulation model is used as a decision support tool for table grape producers where the impact of different scenario’s can be evaluated. The model is developed from an existing model for long term crops and adjusted for table grape production. Table grape producers and policy makers can use the model for decision making and scenario planning.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besluitneming in ‘n komplekse omgewing is gewoontlik nie ‘n eenvoudige stap nie aangesien daar veranderlikes is waarvoor nie voorsien kan word nie. Dit bring mee dat besluitnemers na hulpmiddels soek om moeilike besluite in so ‘n komplekse omgewing te ondersteun. Hulpmiddels kan verskeie vorme aanneem waarvan ‘n model wat die omgewing of stelsel naboots die mees algemene metode is. Die stelselsbenadering word in die algemeen gebruik om ‘n komplekse omgewing voor te stel. So ‘n omgewing bestaan normaalweg uit verskeie elemente wat aan mekaar gekoppel is om ‘n doel te bereik of ‘n funksie te verrig. ‘n Model word dus gebruik om die werklikheid te vereenvoudig en om die stelsel van belang so na as moontlik na te boots of te simuleer. Modelle kan verskeie vorme aanneem met wiskundige en fisiese modelle wat van die hoof tipes is. Fisiese modelle poog om die stelsel na te boots met fisiese maatstawwe, terwyl wiskundige modelle die stelsel naboots deur wiskundige vergelykings wat interafhanklikheid in ag neem. Die waarskynlikheid dat ‘n enkele simulasie van ‘n wiskundige model die werklikheid sal verteenwoordig is laag. Om die probleem te oorkom kan ‘n stochastiese benadering gevolg word waar ‘n reeks van uitkomste gegenereer word vir ‘n stel veranderlikes. Sodoende kan ‘n waarskynlikheidsverdeling gegenereer word vir spesifieke uitkomste. In hierdie studie is gebruik gemaak van ‘n stochastiese simulasiemodel om as besluitnemingshulpmiddel te dien vir tafeldruifprodusente waar die invloed bepaal kan word wat verskeie scenario’s op die prestasieparameters het. Die model is opgestel vanaf ‘n bestaande model vir langtermyngewasse en aangepas vir tafeldruifproduksie. Hierdeur kan tafeldruifprodusente en beleidmakers gebruik maak van die model om as hulpmiddel te dien tydens beoogde besluitneming en scenariobeplanning.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2007.
Title from document title page (viewed on August 7, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 87 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-85).

O vinho fino é aquele produzido com uvas Vitis Vinifera. Um bom vinho deve apresentar um equilíbrio entre as suas características químicas e organolépticas. A uva precisa estar em condições físicas e bioquímicas adequadas para que o vinho resulte em qualidade máxima. O transporte e o tempo de espera para o processamento nas vinícolas constituem-se fatores importantes para a produção de vinhos. O trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o impacto destes fatores na qualidade dos vinhos finos produzidos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia contemplou análises qualitativas e quantitativas realizadas com vinhos tintos e brancos produzidos com uvas nas safras de 2013 e 2014. Foram identificados fatores críticos que devem ser observados durante o transporte e o pré-processamento, os quais são vitais para a manutenção e integridade das uvas. Os resultados revelaram que o transporte e o tempo de espera para o processamento das uvas, modificam as características físico-químicas e sensoriais dos vinhos. As alterações observadas foram de diferentes intensidades em função das safras, da uva (Chardonnay e Merlot), da distância entre o local da colheita e da vinícola, e das temperaturas durante o transporte e o tempo de espera.
The fine wine is the one produced with Vitis Vinifera grape. A good wine must present a balance between chemical and organoleptic characteristics. The grape must be in adequate physical and biochemical conditions for the wine to reach the highest quality. The transport and the waiting time for processing at the wineries are important factors for the production of wines. The study aimed to identify the impact of these factors on the quality of the fine wines produced in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The methodology included the qualitative and quantitative analysis carried out on red and white wines produced with grapes from the 2013 and 2014 harvest. Critical factors that should be observed during transport and pre-processing were identified, which are vital for the maintenance and integrity of the grapes. The results reveal that the transport and waiting time for processing changed the physical, chemical and sensorial characteristics of the wine. These changes were of different intensities depending on the crop, of the grape (Chardonnay and Merlot), the distance between the place of harvest and the winery, and the temperatures during transport and waiting time.

Abstract This article reports on the mechanisms of business-to-business regulation as governance approach in an agricultural supply chain. The article explores the activities of NGOs, government and business in promoting sustainable production. It focuses on the requirements set for producers in agro-food chains and the effects of NGO perceptions on these issues. The subsequent business standards set by retailers and other market role-players and the responses of producers are reported and the responsibility for achieving desired outputs is discussed. The research methodology included open interviews with various stakeholders in the chain, as well as structured questionnaires to determine practices on farms. From the fi ndings it is clear that perceptions of European stakeholders differ substantially from the reality found in South Africa. This has consequences for producers, from both a social and a fi nancial perspective. Understanding the role and function of NGOs, market roleplayers and national government in the governance of sustainable development in the South African–European table grape supply chain contributes to identifying barriers and opportunities to achieving sustainable practices in global supply chains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Orientador: Nilson Antonio Modesto Arraes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: Transformações recentes que envolvem a produção de uva e vinho em São Paulo vêm estimulando uma articulação dos produtores para formulação de políticas públicas que promovam a revitalização da vitivinicultura no estado. Um dos problemas identificados foi a falta de informações consolidadas, de onde decorre a necessidade de um diagnóstico sócioeconômico e produtivo do setor. Buscando preencher parte desta lacuna, esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo traçar o perfil dos vitivinicultores artesanais de Jundiaí e definir uma tipologia, além de avaliar as perspectivas de sua continuidade como atividade importante para a reprodução social destes agricultores familiares. Por localizarem-se próximos às duas maiores metrópoles de São Paulo, os agricultores familiares de Jundiaí estão estabelecidos em área de forte transformação do setor rural, com múltiplas formas de ocupação, característica de conformações de espaço periurbano. Além da produção, a propriedade rural é também área de moradia, condição esta facilitada pela infra-estrutura disponível na região. A proximidade às metrópoles favorece a inserção ao mercado de trabalho regional e a comercialização dos produtos - agrícolas e não-agrícolas - elaborados pelos produtores. As gerações mais jovens, que têm acesso à escolaridade, mais informações e rede social mais extensa, além do grupo rural, tendem a se inserir em outros setores da economia, como o de serviços e a indústria. As gerações mais antigas, por sua vez, devido à forte ligação à terra e à tradição cultural, continuam na atividade agrícola e na elaboração do vinho. A produção do vinho artesanal assume vários significados para a família, sendo um deles, o de reproduzir uma tradição trazida pelos antepassados italianos, e outro, de complementar a renda familiar. Esta combinação, agregada à renda obtida em outros setores da economia fortalece a tradição cultural e a resistência para continuar na atividade vitivinícola, e consolida a estratégia de reprodução social do agricultor familiar inserido num espaço em transformação
Abstract: Recent changes concerning the Sao Paulo vitivinicultural sector is stimulating producers to articulate themselves in order to promote the construction of public policies for this activity in the state. One of the main bottlenecks observed was the lack of consolidated information, which shows the need for a productive and socio-economic diagnosis of the sector. This study aims to fill this gap by tracing a profile of both the artisanal wine producers of Jundiaí and the prospects for vitiviniculture as an important activity for the social reproduction of these family farmers. Placed close to the two largest metropolises of São Paulo, the family farmers of Jundiaí are established in areas under strong transformation of the rural sector, showing multiple ways of occupation, which is characteristic of periurban space configurations. Besides production, rural properties are also the place of residence, a condition which is favored by the local infrastructure available. The proximity to the metropolises makes easier the insertion in regional labor markets, as well as the commercialization of their agricultural and non-agricultural products. The younger generations, who access schools, information and more extended social networks out of the rural groups, tend to be inserted in other economic sectors, such as services and industries. The older generations, in turn, who are strongly linked to the land and cultural tradition, keep on growing grapes and making wine. The artisanal wine production shows several meanings to the family, being one of them the reproduction of the tradition brought by their Italian ancestors and complementation of the family income as well. This combination, added to the income obtained in other sectors of the economy, strengthens the cultural tradition and the resistance to continue on the vitiviniculture. This also consolidates the strategy of social reproduction of the family farmers placed on a space under transformation
Mestrado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Os temas capital social e comprometimento são relacionados, no contexto organizacional, com a criação de vantagens competitivas para as empresas, partindo-se do pressuposto que variáveis econômicas não são suficientes para o desenvolvimento social e para a construção de um ambiente sustentável. Além disso, no ambiente interno das organizações, o capital social é tratado como uma ferramenta que pode alavancar o desempenho empresarial, através das interações sociais e das relações existentes em nível individual, grupal e organizacional. Assim, a existência de capital social pode apresentar alguns benefícios para a organização, como a facilidade de disseminar o conhecimento, a existência de um ambiente de confiança e cooperação, com referências comuns e objetivos partilhados entre os membros da empresa. Cabe destacar também que o tema capital social, quando tratado no ambiente organizacional, pode ser vinculado a outros construtos como o comprometimento no trabalho, que se refere à identificação do indivíduo com a organização, caracterizada pela convicção e aceitação dos valores e objetivos da mesma, acompanhado pelo desejo de permanecer como um membro da empresa e por realizar esforços em benefício da organização. Assim, a manifestação do capital social através das relações de confiança, comunicação e normas compartilhadas gera redução nos custos de transação da empresa e este processo é alavancado pelo aumento do comprometimento organizacional. Neste sentido, este estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar como o capital social e o comprometimento se manifestam e se relacionam no ambiente interno de organizações em redes, através da mensuração dos mesmos em indústrias vitivinícolas localizadas no Vale dos Vinhedos e associadas à APROVALE e à APROBELO. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa descritiva, com caráter quantitativo, utilizando o método de pesquisa por survey e o questionário auto-administrado como técnica de coleta de dados. Já para a análise dos resultados, foram utilizadas algumas técnicas estatísticas como análise descritiva, análise fatorial, análise de correlação e análise de variância. Os principais resultados do estudo buscaram verificar quais variáveis influenciam a criação do capital social e comprometimento nas empresas pesquisadas, além de relacionar estes construtos, comparando suas manifestações de acordo com o perfil demográfico dos respondentes e as redes pesquisadas.
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Social capital and commitment issues are related within an organizational context, with the creation of competitive advantage for companies, based on the assumption that economic variables are not sufficient for social development and for the creation of a sustainable environment. Furthermore, in the internal environment of organizations, social capital is treated as a tool that can boost business performance through social interactions and existing relationships at an individual, group and organizational level. Thus, the existence of social capital may provide some benefits for the organization, for instance the ease of disseminating knowledge, the existence of an environment of trust and cooperation, with common references and goals shared among the members of the company. It is also worth noting that the social capital issue, when treated within the organizational environment, may be linked to other constructs such as work commitment, which refers to the identification of the individual with the organization, characterized by the belief and acceptance of its values and goals, accompanied by a desire to remain a member of the company and to make efforts to benefit the organization. Therefore, the manifestation of social capital through relationships of shared trust, communication and regulations leads to a reduction in the transaction costs of the company and this process is boosted by increasing the organizational commitment. Thus, the main goal of this study is to assess both how social capital and commitment are expressed and how they interact within the internal environment of network organizations, by measuring them in grape and wine growing companies located in the Vale dos Vinhedos and members of APROVALE and APROBELO. For this purpose, descriptive research was developed with quantitative nature, using a survey method and self-administered questionnaire as data collection techniques. Some statistical techniques were used for the analysis of the results, including descriptive analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis and variance analysis. The main results of the study sought to determine which variables influence the creation of social capital and commitment in the companies surveyed, in addition to relating these constructs, comparing their manifestations in accordance with the demographic profile of respondents and the networks surveyed.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Conflict is an integral part of relationships in the workplace. This study supports the pluralistic view that states that people with different values, views and aims come to the workplace and therefore conflict can be expected. This assumption puts challenges to any business to manage conflict constructively and to keep it within controllable levels. The study was done amongst team leaders on five table grape export farms in the vicinity of Piketberg. It showed that increased conflict is a clear indication of deficiencies on management level regarding skills and the execution of management tasks. Team leaders with inadequate or no management or technical training find it extremely difficult to cope with conflict assertively. The change in the composition of the workforce over a period of a couple of years to comprise of a majority Xhosa speaking workers has brought unmanageable challenges, even to senior team leaders. Their limited ability to communicate and to give clear instructions to people of an unknown language and culture is stretch to the edge and often leads to serious conflict. It poses a number of challenges to companies to keep a positive atmosphere for conflict resolution and to equip base line management to deal successful with conflict. The following themes will need urgent attention: • The acknowledgement and management of diversity in the workplace; • The development of a positive organisational culture and values; • Skills training and the development of self image; • The setting up of communication channels and participation of workers in management.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Konflik is ʼn inherente deel van verhoudinge in die werksplek. Die pluralistiese siening word onderskryf dat mense met verskillende waardes, sieninge en doelwitte die werksplek betree en daarom is konflik te verwagte. Hierdie aanname stel uitdagings aan die onderneming om konflik kontruktief te bestuur en dit op beheerbare vlakke te hou. Die studie op vyf tafeldruifuitvoerplase in die Piketberg omgewing onder spanleiers het aangetoon dat verhoogde konflik ʼn duidelike aanwysing is van tekorte op bestuurvlak t.o.v. vaardighede en uitvoering van bestuurstake. Spanleiers met gebrekkige of geen bestuurs- en tegniese opleiding vind dit uiters moeilik om konflik op ʼn assertiewe manier te hanteer. Die verandering in die samestelling van die werksmag oor ʼn periode van enkele jare om nou uit ʼn meerderheid Xhosa-sprekendes te bestaan, bring onhanteerbare uitdagings, selfs aan senior spanleiers. Hulle beperkte vermoë om te kommunikeer en duidelike instruksies te gee binne die vreemde taal en kultuur, word tot die uiterste beproef en lei dikwels tot ernstige konflik. Dit laat die ondernemings met verskeie uitdagings om beide ʼn gesonde atmosfeer vir konflikhantering daar te stel sowel as om die vaardighede aan grondvlakbestuur te gee om dit suksesvol te hanteer. Die volgende temas sal ernstige aandag moet kry: • Erkenning en bestuur van diversiteit in die werksplek; • Ontwikkeling van ʼn positiewe organisasie-kultuur en –waardes; • Vaardigheidsopleiding en selfbeeldontwikkeling; • Skep van kommunikasie-kanale en werkersinspraak by bestuur.

Podizanje novih zasada i povećanje kapaciteta preradegrožđa povećava količinu otpada sa kojim se suočavaindustrija proizvodnje vina i rakije. Najbolji i najodgovornijinačin upravljanja otpadom je njegovo dalje iskorišćenjekao nusproizvoda. U ovoj disertaciji sagledavana je mogućnost iskorišćenjanusproizvoda iz različitih faza proizvodnje u vinarijama idestilerijama za dobijanje semenki grožđa koje sukorišćene za proizvodnju hladno presovanog ulja. Hipotezase zasniva na činjenici da semenke grožđa raznih sorti izrazličitih faza proizvodnje vina (bela, roze ili crvena vina),odnosno, rakije mogu imati sasvim različit hemijski sastav ikvalitet koji svakako može da se reflektuje na kvalitet,bioaktivne komponente i održivost hladno presovanog ulja.Ovakav proizvod, obzirom da je dobijen hladnimpresovanjem, može biti veoma atraktivan za potrošače,zbog svojih specifičnih senzorskih i nutritivnihkarakteristika.Za potrebe izrade disertacije prikupljeni su nusproizvodii pripremljeni su uzorci iz vinarija i destilerija fruškogorskogvinogorja. Dobijene su semenke i proizvedeno hladnopresovano ulje od semenki crnog grožđa sorte Merlot,belog grožđa sorte Italijanski rizling i belog grožđa sorteSila, kao autohtone sorte vinove loze. Hladno presovanaulja su proizvedena od semenki grožđa koje nisu prošlenikakav tretman, odnosno dobijene su nakon presovanja,prilikom proizvodnje belih (Italijanski rizling i Sila) i roze(Merlot) vina, zatim od semenki koje su prošle procesfermentacije prilikom proizvodnje crvenih vina (Merlot) i odsemenki koje su prošle proces fermentacije i destilacijeprilikom proizvodnje rakije (Merlot, Italijanski rizling i Sila).Pored navedenih semenki i ulja, pripremljen je i prosečanproizvodni uzorak koji predstavlja uzorak dobijen od svihprikupljenih semenki. Kao uporedni uzorci korišćeno jenerafinisano i rafinisano ulje od semenki grožđa nabavljenona tržištu. Za realizaciju postavljenog cilja, rad na izvođenju ovedisertacije obuhvatio je različite faze. U prvoj faziprikupljene su semenke grožđa i ispitivane su njihovetehničko-tehnološke karakteristika i kvalitet. Zatim su odnavedenih semenki proizvedena hladno presovana ulja.U sledećim fazama, ovako dobijena uja, zajedno sauzorkom nerafinisanog i rafinisanog ulja od semenkigrožđa sa tržišta ispitivana su sa aspekta senzorskog inutritivnog kvaliteta i praćene su razlike u održivosti ulja.Izvršena je senzorska analiza, određivane su frakcijepigmenata, karotenoidi i hlorofili, merena je transparencija,a parametri boje ulja određivani su i instrumentalno.Nutritivni kvalitet ulja sagledavan je na osnovu sadržaja isastava bioaktivnih komponenti, pre svega tokoferola itokotrienola, fenola i sterola. Budući da ova jedinjenjaispoljavaju značajne antioksidativne aktivnosti izvršeno je iispitivanje antiradikalske aktivnosti uzoraka. Odživost uljaod semenki grožđa sagledana je na osnovu početnogkvaliteta i oksidativnog stanja, kao i rezultata ubrzanihtestova, kao što je Rancimat test, Schaal-oven test ifluorescentni test.Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, može se konstatovati dasu svi dobijeni uzorci semenki imali dobru skladišnu vlagu,koja, obzirom na mali sadržaj ulja u semenkama, može daosigura čuvanje semenki u dužem periodu. Sadržaj ulja usemenkama, pored uticaja sorte vinove loze, zavisi i oduticaja procesa kome su podvrgnute semenke prepresovanja (fermentacija, destilacija).Senzorska analiza ulja od semenki grožđa pokazala jeznačajne razlike u karakteristikama koje su posledica nesamo načina dobijanja ulja (hladno presovano ili rafinisano), sorte vinove loze, već i postupka dobijanja,porekla i kvaliteta semenki grožđa. Uslovi kojima susemenke grožđa izložene u toku alkoholne fermentacije iposebno destilacije utiču na formiranje specifične aromehladno presovanog ulja. I pored toga što se pojavljujeizuzetno širok spektar različitih aroma, mirisa i ukusa u uljui što postoje značajne razlike u aromi ulja u zavisnosti odsorte grožđa, moguće je prepoznati da li je hladnopresovano ulje dobijeno od semenki grožđa bezfermentacije, posle fermentacije ili posle destilacije.Takođe, sa aspekta boje ulja može se kazati da rafinisanoulje od semenki grožđa ima svetlo žutu boju sazelenkastom nijansom, dok su hladno presovana uljaintenzivnijih boja i kreću se od žuto-zelenkaste, prekozelenkasto žute i svetlo zelenkaste do tamno zelene. Većiudeo zelene boje imaju hladno presovana ulja od semenkigrožđa dobijenih posle destilacije.U radu je pokazano da sadržaj pigmenata (karotenoida ihlorofila) u velikoj meri zavisi od porekla semenki.Postupak fermentacije doprinosi povećanju sadržajapigmenata, dok postupak destilacije, zbog visokihtemperatura ima negativan efekat.Transparencija uzoraka hladno presovanih ulja odsemenki grožđa proizvedenih za potrebe disertacije kretalase od 32,8% do 53,8%.Sadržaj nezasićenih masnih kiselina u svim uzorcimaulja od semenki grožđa veći je od 90%, pri čemudominantnu masnu kiselinu čini linolna, omega-6, masnakiselina.Sadržaj tokotrienola je veći od sadržaja tokoferola u uljima od semenki grožđa, a dominantni tokoferol je alfatokoferol.Njegov sadržaj je veći u uzorcima ulja dobijenimiz semenki nakon fermentacije i destilacije.Sadržaj fenolnih jedinjenja, u zavisnosti od sorte, uproseku je nešto viši u hladno presovanim uljima dobijenimod crvene sorte grožđa, ali uočava se i značajan porast(akumulacija) fenola u hladno presovanim uljima dobijenimiz semenki grožđa nakon procesa fermentacije i destilacije.Najveći pojedinačni sadržaju u ulju od semenki grožđa imaursolna kiselina, a pored nje značajniji sadržaj, madamnogo manji, pokazuju rezveratrol, kemferol i vanilinskakiselina.Najzastupljeniji steroli ulja semenki grožđa su β-sitosterol sa udelom od 62,59-69,74%, stigmasterol saudelom od 12,13-15,00% i kampesterol sa udelom od 6,59-11,94% u ukupnim sterolima. Na sadržaj fitosterola uuljima od semenki grožđa nemaju uticaja procesifermentacije i destilacije kojima su podvrgnute semenkepre preosvanja.U radu je dokazan negativan uticaj procesa fermentacijei destilacije kojima su povrgnute semenke grožđa naantiradikalski potencijal dobijenih ulja. Antiradikalskipotencijal ulja od semenki grožđa zavisi i od sorte vinoveloze, kao i od načina dobijanja ulja (hladno presovano ilirafinisano).Procesi fermentacije i destilacije utiču i na osnovnihemijski kvalitet dobijenih hladno presovanih ulja na načinda dovode do povećanja kiselinskog i peroksidnog broja.Hladno presovana ulja od semenki grožđa pokazujudobru oksidativnu stabilnost. Rancimat test je pokazao razlike u indukcionom periodu hladno presovanih ulja odsemenki grožđa kao posledicu razlike u sorti, kao i unačinu dobijanja semenki. Proces fermentacije utiče napovećanje, a proces destilacije na smanjenje indukcionogperioda.Na osnovu svih dobijenih rezultata istraživanja može sekonstatovati da su hladno presovana ulja od semenkigrožđa pokazala različit nutritivni kvalitet i oksidativnustabilnost, zbog specifičnih razlika koje su posledica razlikau sorti i poreklu semenki, tj. zbog specifičnog efektafermentacije i destilacije na semenke od kojih je uljeproizvedeno, čime je i potvrđena hipoteza.
Raising new plantations and increasing the grapeprocessing capacity increases the amount of waste facedby the wine and brandy industry. The best and mostresponsible way of waste management is its furtherexploitation as by-products.In this dissertation, the possibility of using by-products from different stages of production in wineries and distilleries forobtaining grape seeds, which were used for the productionof cold pressed oil, was examined. The hypothesis isbased on the fact that grape seeds of various varietiesfrom different stages of wine production (white, rose or redwine), that is, brandy can have a completely differentchemical composition and quality that can certainly bereflected on the quality, bioactive components and stabilityof cold pressed oil.Such a product, as it is obtained by cold pressing, canbe very attractive to consumers, due to its specific sensoryand nutritional characteristics.For the needs of the dissertation, the by-products werecollected and samples were prepared from the wineriesand distilleries of the Fruška Gora vineyard. Seeds wereobtained and cold pressed oil produced from Merlot grapeseed, as representatives of red grape varieties, ItalianRiesling, as representatives of white grape varieties andSila, as new white grape varieties. Cold pressed oils wereproduced from grape seeds that did not undergo anytreatment, that is, they were obtained after pressing, duringthe production of white (Italian Riesling and Sila) and rose(Merlot) wines, then from the seeds that were fermentedduring the production of red wines (Merlot ) and seeds thathave undergone fermentation and distillation processduring the production of brandy (Merlot, Italian Riesling andSila). In addition to the mentioned seeds and oils, anaverage production sample was prepared, which is asample obtained from all collected seeds. Unrefined andrefined grape seed oil purchased on the market was usedas comparative samples. For realization of the set goal, the work on theperformance of this dissertation encompassed differentphases. In the first phase, grape seed were collected andtheir technical and technological characteristics and qualitywere examined. Then cold-pressed oils were producedfrom these seeds.In the following phases, the resulting ear, together with asample of unrefined and refined grape seed oil from themarket, were examined from the aspect of sensory andnutritional quality and differences in oil stability wereobserved. Sensory analysis was performed, pigmentatefractions, carotenoids and chlorophylls were determined,transparency was measured, and oil color parameterswere also determined instrumentally. The nutritive oilquality was examined based on the content andcomposition of bioactive components, primarily tocopherolsand tocotrienols, phenols and sterols. Since thesecompounds exhibit significant antioxidant activities, theantiradical activity of the samples was also tested. Thestability of grape seed oils was examined based on theinitial quality and the oxidative state, as well as the resultsof accelerated tests, such as Rancimat test, Schaal-ovenand fluorescence test.On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concludedthat all the obtained seed samples had good storagemoisture, which, given the small content of oil in the seeds,can ensure the storage of seeds for a longer period. Thecontent of oil in the seed, in addition to the influence of thegrape variety, depends on the influence of the process towhich the seeds are subjected to pressing (fermentation,distillation). Sensory analysis grape seed oils showed significantdifferences in characteristics that are due not only to themethod of obtaining oil (cold pressed or refined), grapevarieties, but also the method of obtaining, the origin andquality of grape seed. The conditions for grape seedsexposed during fermentation and especially distillationaffect the formation of a specific cold pressed oil. Althoughan extremely wide range of different flavors, odors andflavors in oil appear, and there are significant differences inthe aroma of the oil, depending on the grape variety, it ispossible to recognize whether the cold-pressed oil isderived from the grape seed without fermentation, afterfermentation or after distillation. Also, from the aspect of oilcolor it can be said that refined grape seed oil has a lightyellow color with a greenish shade, while cold pressedgrape seed oils have more intense colors range fromyellowish-greenish, over greenish yellow and light greenishto dark green. A higher proportion of green color has coldpressed grape seed oils obtained after distillation.The thesis has shown that the content of pigments(carotenoids and chlorophyll) depends to a great extent onthe origin of the seed. The fermentation processcontributes to increasing the content of pigments, while thedistillation process has a negative effect due to hightemperatures.Transparency of cold pressed grape seed oils producedfor the dissertation ranged from 32.8% to 53.8%.The content of unsaturated fatty acids in all samples ofgrape seed oil is greater than 90%, with the dominant fattyacid being linoleic, omega-6, fatty acid. The content of tocotrienols is higher than the content oftocopherols in grape seed oils, and the dominanttocopherol is alpha-tocopherol. Its content is higher in oilsamples obtained from the seed after fermentation anddistillation.The content of phenol compounds, depending on thevariety, is somewhat higher in cold pressed oils obtainedfrom red grape varieties, but there is also a significantincrease in accumulation of phenol in cold pressed oilsobtained from the grape seed after the fermentation anddistillation process. The largest individual oil content ofgrape seeds has ursolic acid, and besides it, significantcontent, although much smaller, shows rezveratrol,kemferol and vanillinic acid.The most prevalent sterols of grape seed oils are β-sitosterol with a share of 62.59-69.74%, stigmasterol with ashare of 12.13-15.00% and campesterol with a share of6.59-11.94% in total sterols. Fermentation and distilationprocesses, to which the seeds have been exposed, haveno effect on the content of phytosterols in grape seed oils.The paper has shown the negative influence of thefermentation and distillation process, to which the seedshave been exposed, onto the antiradical potential of theobtained oils. The antiradical potential of grape seed oilsdepends on grape varietes, as well as on the way oil isobtained (cold pressed or refined).Processes of fermentation and distillation also affect thebasic chemical quality of obtained cold pressed oils in sucha way as to increase the acid and peroxide values.Cold pressed grape seed oils show good oxidative stability. The Rancimat test showed differences in theinduction period of cold pressed grape seed oils as a resultof the variation in the variety, as well as in the method ofobtaining the seed. The fermentation process affects theincrease, and the process of distillation decreases theinduction period.Based on all the obtained results, it can be concludedthat cold pressed grape seed oils showed differentnutritional quality and oxidative stability due to specificdifferences resulting from differences in variety and seedorigin, i.e. due to the specific effect of fermentation anddistillation processes on the seeds from which the oil wasproduced, thus confirming the hypothesis.

Following proper guidelines and recommendations are crucial in software security, which is mostly obstructed by accidental human errors. Automatic screening tools have great potentials to reduce the gap between the theory and the practice. However, the goal of scalable automated code screening is largely hindered by the practical difficulty of reducing false positives without compromising analysis quality. To enable compile-time security checking of cryptographic vulnerabilities, I developed highly precise static analysis tools (CryptoGuard and TaintCrypt) that developers can use routinely. The main technical enabler for CryptoGuard is a set of detection algorithms that refine program slices by leveraging language-specific insights, where TaintCrypt relies on symbolic execution-based path-sensitive analysis to reduce false positives. Both CryptoGuard and TaintCrypt uncovered numerous vulnerabilities in real-world software, which proves the effectiveness. Oracle has implemented our cryptographic code screening algorithms for Java in its internal code analysis platform, Parfait, and detected numerous vulnerabilities that were previously unknown. I also designed a specification language named SpanL to easily express rules for automated code screening. SpanL enables domain experts to create domain-specific security checking. Unfortunately, tools and guidelines are not sufficient to ensure baseline security in internet-wide ecosystems. I found that the lack of proper compliance checking induced a huge gap in the payment card industry (PCI) ecosystem. I showed that none of the PCI scanners (out of 6), we tested are fully compliant with the guidelines, issuing certificates to merchants that still have major vulnerabilities. Consequently, 86% (out of 1,203) of the e-commerce websites we tested, are non-compliant. To improve the testbeds in the light of our work, the PCI Security Council shared a copy of our PCI measurement paper to the dedicated companies that host, manage, and maintain the PCI certification testbeds.
Doctor of Philosophy
Automatic screening tools have great potentials to reduce the gap between the theory and the practice of software security. However, the goal of scalable automated code screening is largely hindered by the practical difficulty of reducing false positives without compromising analysis quality. To enable compile-time security checking of cryptographic vulnerabilities, I developed highly precise static analysis tools (CryptoGuard and TaintCrypt) that developers can use routinely. Both CryptoGuard and TaintCrypt uncovered numerous vulnerabilities in real-world software, which proves the effectiveness. Oracle has implemented our cryptographic code screening algorithms for Java in its internal code analysis platform, Parfait, and detected numerous vulnerabilities that were previously unknown. I also designed a specification language named SpanL to easily express rules for automated code screening. SpanL enables domain experts to create domain-specific security checking. Unfortunately, tools and guidelines are not sufficient to ensure baseline security in internet-wide ecosystems. I found that the lack of proper compliance checking induced a huge gap in the payment card industry (PCI) ecosystem. I showed that none of the PCI scanners (out of 6), we tested are fully compliant with the guidelines, issuing certificates to merchants that still have major vulnerabilities. Consequently, 86% (out of 1,203) of the e-commerce websites we tested, are non-compliant. To improve the testbeds in the light of our work, the PCI Security Council shared a copy of our PCI measurement paper to the dedicated companies that host the PCI certification testbeds.

Aquesta tesi tracta de la història i la cultura del vi a Catalunya i també de les varietats de cep principals que hem considerat autòctones o tradicionals. S’ha calculat que el vi a Catalunya pot tenir una antiguitat aproximada de 2700 anys. A partir d’aquesta data no s’ha deixat de cultivar la vinya i de consumir vi. En les diferents etapes d ela nostra història el vi ha passat a ser la beguda principal, un remei, i un aliment. Tots aquests conceptes han anat variant a través del temps i, de manera especial, a partir de la segona meitat del segle XX. També s’ha comprovat que actualment el primer lloc que es considera de producció de vi es troba a Areni, a Armènia, i data de fa 6100 anys. Des d’allí es va estendre per Orient i la Mediterrània oriental, a través dels fenicis, primer, i dels grecs, posteriorment, va arribar el vi a la península Ibèrica. Encara que els grans difusors serien els romans, amb la invasió musulmana hi haurà en diversos períodes restriccions pel seu consum, el qual es recuperarà als territoris que novament van ser ocupats pels cristians. A llarg dels segles el vi s’ha begut de formes diferents: amb aigua, barrejat amb pebre, “el piment”, possiblement originari de l’àrea catalano-occitana, l’aiguardent, el cava, o formes d’elaboració molt dolces com el muscat o la malvasia, i també s’ha usat a la cuina com a ingredient. S’ha estudiat com a la Mediterrània occidental, fins a finals de l’edat mitjana, hi va haver quatre tipus de vi blanc dolç que la noblesa i les monarquies, principalment, consumien: el moscatell, la malvasia, el vi grec i la vernaccia. Inicialment procedent d’Orient i van ser la base d’un gran comerç, que lideraven Venècia, Gènova i Nàpols. A finals de l’edat mitjana es comença a trobar documentació de noves varietats locals, moltes de les quals han arribat fins avui, com el montonach, que serà després la parellada, la carinyena, el monastrell, xarel.lo, garnatxa negra, aquesta com a varietat diferent de la vernaccia, i trobat. Finalment, durant el segle XIX va aparèixer la resta de les varietats que s’han estudiat en aquest treball. Com a conseqüència de la fil.loxera, es va produir una selecció, quedant únicament les varietats que van ser considerades més interessants i que són les varietats actuals en el territori català. A la segona meitat del segle XX es produir un canvi molt important en la forma de consum, que va ser abandonar el vi a doll per passar al vi embotellat. El vi va deixar de ser una beguda per fer passar la set a un producte de cultura, a la vegada que el seu consum va ser qüestionat i se li buscaven efectes nocius per la salut i, de manera especial, sobre la conducció de vehicles, fet pel que se n’ha limitat el seu consum, al mateix temps que s’ha originat una sèrie d’estudis mèdics que demostren que un consum moderat aporta efectes beneficiosos contra diverses malalties. Aquesta tesi vol donar a conèixer el fons cultural i històric del vi a Catalunya i de les principals varietats de cep autòctones i tradicionals, construint una aportació que també pugui ser útil pels productors de vi i pels consumidors.
This thesis is about the history and culture of wine in Catalonia and also about the history of the main varieties of grapes that we considered autochthonous or traditional. It has been reckoned that the wine in Catalonia may have an approximate antiquity of 2700 years. From this date on, the cultivation of the vineyard and the consumption of wine have not stopped. In the various periods of our history wine has been the main beverage, a remedy and a foodstuff. All these concepts have varied through time and, specially, from the second half of the twentieth century. It has also been proved that currently the place first considered of wine production is placed in Areni in Armenia and dates back to 6100 years. It spread from there around the East and the Eastern Mediterranean, first by means of the Phoenicians and then by means of the Greeks, the wine arrived to the Iberian Peninsula. Even though the Romans were the main transmitters, with the Muslim invasion there were various periods in which its consumption was restricted. It was recovered in the territories which were again occupied by Christians. Throughout the centuries, the wine has been drunk in various ways: with water, mixed with pepper, the “piment”, probably originated in the Occitanian-Catalan area, the aqua vitae, the sparkling wine, or really sweet ways of production like the Muscat or the Malvasia, and it has also been used as an ingredient in the kitchen. It has been studied how, in the Western Mediterranean until the end of the Middle Ages, there were four types of sweet white wine that were mainly consumed by nobility and monarchy: the Muscatel, the Malvasia, the Greek wine and the Vernaccia. They initially came from the East and were the basis of a large trade lead by Venice, Genoa and Naples. At the end of the Middle Ages there starts to be documentation about new local varieties, many of which have arrived to nowadays, such as the Montonach, which will later be the Parellada, the Carinyena, the Monastrell or the Picapoll Negre. During the Modern Age the first documentation about Macabeo, Xarello, Red Grenache, this one as a different variety from Vernaccia, and Trobat appeared. Finally, during the nineteenth century the rest of varieties studied in this work appeared. As a consequence of the phylloxera, there was a selection after which only the varieties considered the most interesting stayed. Those are the varieties that exist nowadays in the Catalan territory. On the second half of the twentieth century, there was a huge change in the way of consumption, which consisted on leaving the wine in bulk and starting to bottle it. The wine stopped being a beverage to stop the thirst and started being a culture product. At the same time, its consumption was questioned and harmful effects for health and, specially, for the drive of vehicles, started to be looked for on it. Therefore its consumption has been limited while, at the same time, a number of medical studies proving that a moderate consumption brings beneficial effects against various diseases have appeared. This thesis wishes to make the cultural and historical background of the wine in Catalonia and of the main autochthonous and traditional varieties of grapes, and to make a contribution which can also be useful for the wine producers and consumers.
Esta tesi trata de la historia y la cultura del vino en Cataluña y también de la historia de las principales variedades de cepas que hemos considerado autóctonas, así como las que hemos coinsiderado tradicionales. Se calcula que el vino en Cataluña tiene una antiguedad aproximada de 2700 años. A partir de esta fecha se ha cultivado de forma ininterrumpida la viña y se ha consumido de vino. En las diferentes etapas de nuestra historia el vino ha pasado a ser la bebida principal , un remedio y un alimento. Todos estos conceptos han ido variando a lo largo del tiempo i de manera especial , a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Actualment se considera que el primer lugar de producción de vino fue en una cueva en Areni , Armenia, cuyos restos estan datados en 6100 años. Desde este punto se esparció por Oriente y el Mediterráneo oriental , a través de los fenicios , inicialment, i de los griegos posteriormente, llegó el vino a la península Ibérica . Si bien los grandes difusores del vino serán los romanos, con la invasión musulmana se conocerán períodos de resticciones en su consumo, que se recuperará rápidamente en la zonas ocupadas de nuevo por los cristianos . A lo largo de los siglos el vino se ha consumido de muchas maneras mezclado con agua , con pimienta que se lograba junto con otras especies el “piment”, bevida muy apreciada en la edad media, originaria probablemente del área Occitano-Catalana, el aguardiente, el cava, o formas de elaboración de vinós muy dulces como el moscatel o la malvasia. El vino tambien se ha utilizado en la cocina como ingrediente . Se ha estudiado como en la Mediterránea occidental, hasta finales de la edad media, hubo cuatro tipos de vino blanco dulce que los monarcas y la noblesa principalmente consumian , el moscatel, la vernaccia, el vino griego y la malvasia. Inicialmente todos estos vinos procedian de Oriente y fueron la base de un gran comercio que lideraron Venecia, Génova y Nápoles. A finales de la edad media se encuentra documentación de nuevas variedades de cepas locales, algunas han conseguido llegar hasta hoy en dia , com ha sucedido con la variedad montonach del período medieval que actualment es la parellada, la carinyena, el monastrell o el picapoll negro. Durante la edad moderna apareció la primera documentación de macabeu, xarel.lo , la garnatxa negra esta ultima variedad la consideramos diferente a la vernaccia medieval, i el trobat. Finalmente , durante el siglo XIX aparecieron el resto de la variedades que se han estudiado en esta tesi. Como consecuencia de la fil·loxera , se produjo una selección de las variedades de cepas cultivadas, replantandose unicamente la más interesantes y que son gran parte de las variedades que hoy se cultivan. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX se produjo un cambio muy importante en la forma de consumir el vino al abandonar el consumo del vino a granel y pasarse al vino embotellado. El vino dejó de ser una bebida para calmar la sed y paso a ser un producto de cultura, a la vez que su consumo empezó a ser cuestionado y se le buscaban efectos nocivos para la salud y, de manera especial en la conducción de vehiculos como la causa de los accidentes de trafico, ello ha sido la causa principal de limitar su consumo , al mismo tiempo se han originado una sèrie de estudios médicos que demuestran que un consumo moderado aporta efectos beneficiosos contra varias dolències. Esta tesis quiere dar a conocer el fondo cultural e histórico del vino en Cataluña y de las principales variedades de cepas autóctonas y tradicionales, con la intención de realitzar una aportación que sea util a los productores y a los consumidores de vino.

The food industry is a large consumer of industrial energy. A very large portion of this energy is needed in the form of thermal energy at medium to low temperatures. Fossil fuels remain the dominant sources of this energy. This combination provides various possibilities to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions with heat recovery, but also with the integration of solar process heat. Energy efficiency must provide the context, or background, of such considerations, and is therefore a very important aspect of them. It is a complex task to design an efficient heat supply with a variety of energy sources. An analysis of standards for energy audits, guides for energy efficiency and guides for solar process heat integration confirms that complexity. However, no available methodology considers all the necessary steps. These must range from analysis of the existing heat supply to the redesign of an efficient heat supply system. The focus must be on heat sources with waste heat and on solar process heat that might be used to complement the conventional sources. The design of a process heat system is mainly the task of design engineers in engineering offices. Specific tools and measures are needed to support these experts. However, the companies of the food industry sector employ their own energy engineers for energy issues. These people are actually the decision makers responsible for the configuration of the company energy supply systems, who also possess knowledge of the processes in their industry subsector. The expertise of the energy engineers varies within a broad range and is also connected to their area of responsibility. Therefore, it is important to consider these energy engineers when developing a methodology. The development of the methodology proposed herein consists first of the configuration of the tools and measures, which were assigned to four elements and functions. Second, the methodology so developed was applied at two companies in cooperation with their energy engineers, in detailed case studies. The feedback from the energy engineers is therefore a main objective and provides a background for evaluation of the usability of the methodology. It demonstrates the expertise required of the energy engineers, for the application of the tools and measures provided. Moreover, the development and application of the methodology involving real companies demonstrates the necessity of getting feedback from energy engineers. That finding is very important, and has been insufficiently considered in previous guides or methodologies. It is proposed that further work be aimed at providing additional case studies to extend the use of this methodology to other parts of the food industry.

Graph theory is a mathematical study of objects and their pairwise relations, also known as nodes and edges. The birth of graph theory is often considered to take place in 1736 when Leonhard Euler tried to solve a problem involving seven bridges of Königsberg in Prussia. In more recent times, graphs has caught the attention of companies from many industries due to its power of modelling and analysing large networks. This thesis investigates the usage of graph theory in the energy sector for a utility company, in particular Fortum whose activities consist of, but not limited to, production and distribution of electricity and heat. The output of the thesis is a wide overview of graph-theoretic concepts and their applications, as well as an evaluation of energy-related use-cases where some concepts are put into deeper analysis. The chosen use-case within the scope of this thesis is feature selection for electricity price forecasting. Feature selection is a process for reducing the number of features, also known as input variables, typically before a regression model is built to avoid overfitting and to increase model interpretability. Five graph-based feature selection methods with different points of view are studied. Experiments are conducted on realistic data sets with many features to verify the legitimacy of the methods. One of the data sets is owned by Fortum and used for forecasting the electricity price, among other important quantities. The obtained results look promising according to several evaluation metrics and can be used by Fortum as a support tool to develop prediction models. In general, a utility company can likely take advantage graph theory in many ways and add value to their business with enriched mathematical knowledge.
Grafteori är ett matematiskt område där objekt och deras parvisa relationer, även kända som noder respektive kanter, studeras. Grafteorins födsel anses ofta ha ägt rum år 1736 när Leonhard Euler försökte lösa ett problem som involverade sju broar i Königsberg i Preussen. På senare tid har grafer fått uppmärksamhet från företag inom flera branscher på grund av dess kraft att modellera och analysera stora nätverk. Detta arbete undersöker användningen av grafteori inom energisektorn för ett allmännyttigt företag, närmare bestämt Fortum, vars verksamhet består av, men inte är begränsad till, produktion och distribution av el och värme. Arbetet resulterar i en bred genomgång av grafteoretiska begrepp och deras tillämpningar inom både allmänna tekniska sammanhang och i synnerhet energisektorn, samt ett fallstudium där några begrepp sätts in i en djupare analys. Den valda fallstudien inom ramen för arbetet är variabelselektering för elprisprognostisering. Variabelselektering är en process för att minska antalet ingångsvariabler, vilket vanligtvis genomförs innan en regressions- modell skapas för att undvika överanpassning och öka modellens tydbarhet. Fem grafbaserade metoder för variabelselektering med olika ståndpunkter studeras. Experiment genomförs på realistiska datamängder med många ingångsvariabler för att verifiera metodernas giltighet. En av datamängderna ägs av Fortum och används för att prognostisera elpriset, bland andra viktiga kvantiteter. De erhållna resultaten ser lovande ut enligt flera utvärderingsmått och kan användas av Fortum som ett stödverktyg för att utveckla prediktionsmodeller. I allmänhet kan ett energiföretag sannolikt dra fördel av grafteori på många sätt och skapa värde i sin affär med hjälp av berikad matematisk kunskap

Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 54 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-29). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

Esta pesquisa apresenta os projetos gráficos de três Jornais-laboratório - Entrevista, Matéria Prima e Primeira Impressão - de três universidades da Cidade de Santos, Litoral de São Paulo. Procura identificar avanços, estagnação ou retrocessos na linguagem gráfica desses produtos acadêmicos, e se os projetos gráficos dos periódicos constituem espaço de pesquisa e experimentação para novas linguagens gráfico-visuais no campo do Jornalismo.
This research presents the projects graphs of three Journal-laboratory - Entrevista, Matéria Prima e Primeira Impressão - of three universities from Santos-SP. She seeks identify improvements, stagnation or regressions on language graphic of this products academicians, and if the projects graphs from the periodicals are areas of research and experiment about to new graphs-visual languages into the field of the Journalism.

Modern vehicles equipped with many hardware and software systems. To develop new functionalities and maintain existing features of the vehicles, engineers have to check relationship between software and hardware systems. Due to complexity of these relationships, visual representation of how systems are working together is required to make R&D process easier. At Scania, engineers using node-link diagrams to represent logical function architecture of the Scania vehicles. Logical function architecture is a part of electrical and electronic systems in the automotive industry, due to size of these systems they are considered as a large network. Visualizing large networks by diagrams is not a new problem in literature. At past, researches published about diagram drawing and algorithms have been developed to generate good looking diagram. However, sometimes due to complexity of the data, having complex and unreadable diagrams are unavoidable and they are hard to understand. Previous studies investigated how diagrams should be drawn, however focus was not how users should interact with the diagrams. In node-link diagrams users follows edges to understand relationships between components. Having edges in the diagram heavily affects the diagram drawing time and also required space for the diagram. In this paper I developed an artefact which is not using edges to visualize LFA at Scania. Artefact usability has been tested with Scania engineers by giving some tasks to them. In the tests, artefact without edges achieved better results than node-link diagram and 426% improvement achieved by comparing task completion times in seconds. The artefact proved that it can be powerful alternative to classic node-link diagram visualization.

La poudre de silicium métallurgique (MG-Si, pureté 99 %) ont été étudiées, en se focalisant particulièrement sur les particules fines (taille comprise entre 1 et 10 μm) Ce matériau est utilisé dans l’industrie siliconière pour la synthèse directe du diméthyldichlorosilane et est obtenu par broyage de blocs de silicium. Les propriétés de cette poudre sont cruciales pour le procédé industriel, à la fois en termes de surface spécifique, composition chimique et coulabilité. Comprendre l’influence des particules fines, qui dégradent la coulabilité, et leur origine au cours du broyage est donc d’une importance cruciale. Une nouvelle caractérisation, chimique et cristallographique, des poudres de MG-Si montre que les particules fines sont en moyennes moins chargées en éléments d’alliage que les particules plus grosses. La structure cristalline du silicium est inchangée au cours du broyage, sauf pour les particules superfines (taille inférieure à 1 μm). Celles-ci présentent des zones amorphes : cela montre qu’elles sont soumises à des contraintes plus importantes au cours du broyage, comme cette transformation étant obtenue au-delà d’un seuil de pression. Le comportement du MG-Si en broyage a été étudié pour la première fois. A l’échelle de la particule unique, il est confirmé que les fissures suivent une propagation transgranulaire. De plus, des particules fines peuvent être produites au cours d’un unique événement de broyage, en raison de l’activation simultanée de multiples systèmes de fissures qui peuvent brancher entre elles. La taille critique en-deçà de laquelle la déformation plastique est énergétiquement plus favorable que la propagation de fissure a été estimée à environ 1 μm par une méthode basée sur l’indentation. Ces deux résultats sont cohérents avec la répartition des éléments d’alliages en fonction de la taille de particule. A l’échelle multiparticulaire, une étude pilote en broyeur à tambour tournant a été menée. Les résultats de cette étude ne sont pas disponibles dans cette version publique du manuscrit. Veuillez vous reporter au manuscrit complet. Les conséquences sur la coulabilité de la présence de particules fines dans la poudre de MG-Si produite par broyage ont été caractérisées par mesures d’angle de repos, de dynamique de compaction et en fluidisation. En particulier, un nouveau comportement d’élutriation a été identifié et décrit : l’élutriation séquentielle se produit lorsque des particules fines sont initialement présentes dans le lit fluidisé et se caractérise par l’envolement d’abord des inférieures à environ 30 μm puis seulement des particules de taille supérieure. Ce comportement n’est pas observé en l’absence de fines dans le lit initial. L’explication de ce phénomène pourrait se trouver dans la formation de clusters polydisperses, formés seulement en présence de particules fines. En parallèle de l’élutriation séquentielle, des mesures électrostatiques avec un électromètre externe à la colonne ont montré la présence de potentiels très importants (10 kV), dont le signe correspond à la gamme de taille de particules envolées. Ceci suggère que l’adhésion au sein des clusters pourrait être électrostatique
Metallurgical-grade silicon (MG-Si, 99 %) powders were extensively investigated, particularly focusing on the fine particles (whose size is between 1 and 10 μm) comprised in these powders. This material is a reactant widely used in the silicones industry for the Direct Synthesis and is obtained by size reduction of millimetric silicon lumps. Powder properties are major stakes of the industrial process. Smaller sizes favor high specific surfaces and high rates of production, but can decrease the lowability, thus inducing poor heat evacuation resulting in hot spots and a decrease in selectivity. Such lowability issues are particularly associated with fine particles, hence understand the generation of these particles during grinding is of critical importance. New chemical and crystallographic characterization of MG-Si is presented, showing that fine particles contain on average less alloying elements than larger particles, yet their crystallographic structure is preserved through grinding. On the contrary, superfine particles (smaller than 1 μm) exhibit amorphous zones: this transformation is pressure induced, showing that these particles experience larger stresses during the grinding step. The behavior of MG-Si in grinding mills has been studied for the first time. At the single particle level, it has been confirmed that transgranular fracture is preferred in MG-Si. Moreover, fine particles can be produced from a single fracture event, due to multiple crack propagation and branching. The critical size under which plastic deformation preferentially occurs over fracture has been evaluated to be approximately 1 μm. These two facts are consistent with a lower level of impurities in fines, yet remaining crystalline, and with superfines exhibiting amorphous areas. At the multiple particle level, pilot scale batch milling experiments have been performed. The results are not included in this public version of the manuscript, please refer to the full manuscript. The consequences of the presence of fine particles in ground MG-Si powder on lowability has been assessed by means of angle of repose, compaction tests and fluidization experiments. A new elutriation behavior has been observed and characterized: for naturally ground MS-Si powders (including fine particles), particles smaller than 30 μm are entrained first, then only larger particles. This was not the case in absence of fine particles. The explanation may probably lie within the presence of polydisperse clusters, formed only in presence of fine particles. Parallel to this elutriation behavior, electrostatic measurements with an external electrometer showed that high potential with sign correlated with the type of particle elutriated are attained during elutriation. This may suggest that electrostatics is responsible for cluster formation

This thesis focuses on the different degradation mechanisms of the stainless steel in a travelling grate in a Grate-Kiln iron ore pellet indurator. The travelling grate is a conveyor belt that transports green-body pellets to a rotary kiln while the pellets are being dried and pre-heated to a temperature of 900-1100 °C by recycled hot air. After unloading of the pellets to the rotary-kiln for further sintering, the travelling grate is cooled in room temperature while returning to the loading zone of the wet pellets. The steel was tested during thermal cycling in a test-rig, in order to simulate the influence of thermo mechanical fatigue and oxide spallation. The influence of erosion-deposition was investigated in a modified horizontal industrial combustion kiln at 800 °C, with slag and coal from production used as erosive media and combustion fuel, respectively. The influence of minor alloying additions of Mn, Si and Ti on the microstructure was explored by eight different casted alloy compositions. Isothermal heat treatments were performed at 800 °C during 200 hours on steel immersed in deposits recovered from a travelling grate in production. The three main degradation mechanisms found in this work are thermal spallation, erosion-deposition and deposit induced accelerated corrosion (DIAC). Thermal spallation of the oxide layer is caused by the thermal expansion difference between the oxide and the metal during heating and cooling. It has been found that Ti improves the spallation resistance while Si reduces it. Spallation of deposits is another cause believed to increase the degradation. Erosion-deposition appears due to simultaneous erosion and deposition of particles on the travelling grate that causes erosion or deposition depending on the amount of alkali metals in the environment. The velocity of the particles also influences erosion and deposition in the way that higher velocities increase erosion. DIAC is proposed to form on the travelling grate due to the concentration of chloride- and sulphate containing alkali metals in the deposits.  Other than these major degrading mechanisms, minor degradation mechanisms such as internal oxidation, sigma formation, carburization and sensitization towards inter-granular attack have been found inside the steel during heating. Thermo mechanical fatigue (TMF) causes intergranular cracks in the material of the travelling grate. Casting issues such as micro-segregation have also been addressed in this thesis. A few different ways to improve degradation resistance have been proposed, such as homogenization heat treatments, optimization of process parameters and inhibitor solutions.

Im Zuge der digitalen Transformation im Kontext von Industrie 4.0 tun sich eine Vielzahl neuer Datenquellen auf, die im Produktdatenmanagement berücksichtigt werden müssen. Ein Beispiel neuer Datenquellen sind Daten der Industrie 4.0, die zum Beispiel über Sensoren in der Fertigung erhoben werden. Kennzeichen dieser Datenquellen sind die zunehmende Heterogenität der Daten, die nicht mehr in einer Tabelle erfasst werden können. So könnten dies unter anderem Bilder einer optischen Bauteilprüfung sein oder Code zur Bauteilprüfung. Dieser Umstand führt zum Aufbau vieler einzelner neuer Silos, in denen die Daten separat und getrennt vom PDM-System ver-rbeitet werden müssen. Zudem werden dort abgeschottet von den restlichen Silos Daten gespeichert. Daneben führt eine Vielzahl neuer Autorensysteme (Prüfsoftware, Kundenmanagement, Anforderungsmanagement) zu einer gesteigerten Datenmenge, die nicht mehr in klassischen tabellenbasierten und rein-relationalen Datenbanksystemen sinnvoll erfasst werden können. Um an Informationen zu gelangen, sind im Fall rein-relationaler Datenbanksysteme oft komplizierte Abfragen nötig. Diese greifen dann auf mehrere unterschiedliche Tabellen innerhalb der Datenbank zu und stellen daraus wiederum relevante Informationen bereit. Je mehr größer jedoch diese Datenbanken werden und je mehr Informationen miteinander relational verbunden werden müssen, desto mehr Expertenwissen über das jeweilige Datenbanksystem wird benötigt. Somit büßen rein-relationale (SQL-basierte) Systeme auch einen Großteil der Vorteile ihres logischen strukturellen Aufbaus ein. Um den oben genannten Problemen zu begegnen, können neue Ansätze aus dem Bereich der Linked Data herangezogen werden. Bei Linked Data werden nicht nur die reinen Daten verwendet, sondern auch beschreibende und verknüpfende Informationen um die Daten zu interpretieren verwendet und weitergegeben. Durch diesen Mehrwert an Information wird es in einem ersten Schritt möglich, heterogene Produkt- und Prozessdaten, also Daten aus verschiedensten Quellen, wie zum Beispiel Konstruktion, Simulation und Qualitätssicherung, miteinander zu verknüpfen. Durch diese Verknüpfung kann eine höherwertige Darstellungsform geschaffen werden, die neben den reinen Daten auch die sinnvolle Verknüpfung enthält und so eine semantisch höherwertige Repräsentation darstellt. Die so entstehende, vernetzte Datenbank kann z.B. über eine graphenorientierte Datenbank oder Graphdatenbank implementiert werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird untersucht, inwieweit die Modellierung mit gegenwärtig existierenden Lösungen für Graphdatenbanken möglich ist. Ausgehend von einem Beispiel mit einem vereinfachten Produkt- und Prozessdatenmodell der Blechmassivumformung, wird eine allgemeine Methode vorgestellt, durch die ein SQL-basiertes Datenbanksystem in eine Graphdatenbank überführt werden kann. Anhand dieser Methode wird dargestellt, wie bestehende Lösungen teilweise auch parallel zu neuartigen Linked Data Datenbanken existieren können, um diese Schritt für Schritt in eine Graphdatenbank zu überführen. Die Ergebnisse des Beitrags sind auf der einen Seite das allgemeine Vorgehensmodell zur Einführung von Graphdatenbanken und auf der anderen Seite Aussagen über die Nutzbarkeit der vorgestellten Lösung für das Produkt- & Prozessdatenmanagement. [... aus der Einleitung]

L'objectif général de ce doctorat consiste à explorer et proposer de nouvelles approches s'appuyant sur un grand volume de données hétérogènes qui doivent être intégrées et enrichies sémantiquement, et sur les progrès récents dans les techniques d'apprentissage automatique et profond, afin d'exploiter à la fois la variété accrue d'offres qu'une compagnie aérienne peut faire à ses clients ainsi que la connaissance qu'elle a de ses clients dans le but ultime d'optimiser la conversion et l'achat. L'objectif général de cette thèse peut être décomposé en trois questions de recherche principales : 1) Quel élément de contenu (services auxiliaires, contenu tiers) devrait être recommandé et personnalisé à chaque voyageur ? 2) Quand une recommandation doit-elle être faite et pour quel canal de communication afin d'optimiser la conversion ? 3) Comment regrouper les services auxiliaires et le contenu tiers et pouvons-nous apprendre ce qui va souvent ensemble selon les journaux d'achat ?
The overall objective of this PhD is to explore and propose new approaches leveraging a large volume of heterogeneous data that needs to be integrated and semantically enriched, and recent advances in machine and deep learning techniques, in order to exploit both the increased variety of offers that an airline can make to its customers as well as the knowledge it has of its customers with the ultimate goal of optimizing conversion and purchase. The overall goal of this thesis can be broken down into three main research questions: 1) What piece of content (ancillary services, third-party content) should be recommended and personalized to each traveler? 2) When should a recommendation be made and for which communication channel to optimize conversion? 3) How do we group ancillary services and third-party content and can we learn what often goes together based on purchase logs?

This work presents an investigation of tailoring Network Representation Learning (NRL) for an application in the Financial Industry. NRL approaches are data-driven models that learn how to encode graph structures into low-dimensional vector spaces, which can be further exploited by downstream Machine Learning applications. They can potentially bring a lot of benefits in the Financial Industry since they extract in an automatic way features that can provide useful input regarding graph structures, called embeddings. Financial transactions can be represented as a network, and through NRL, it is possible to extract embeddings that reflect the intrinsic inter-connected nature of economic relationships. Such embeddings can be used for several purposes, among which Anomaly Detection to fight financial crime.This work provides a qualitative analysis over state-of-the-art NRL models, which identifies Graph Convolutional Network (ConvGNN) as the most suitable category of approaches for Financial Industry but with a certain need for further improvement. Financial Industry poses additional challenges when modelling a NRL solution. Despite the need of having a scalable solution to handle real-world graph with considerable dimensions, it is necessary to take into consideration several characteristics: transactions graphs are inherently dynamic since every day new transactions are executed and nodes can be heterogeneous. Besides, everything is further complicated by the need to have updated information in (near) real-time due to the sensitivity of the application domain. For these reasons, GraphSAGE has been considered as a base for the experiments, which is an inductive ConvGNN model. Two variants of GraphSAGE are presented: a dynamic variant whose weights evolve accordingly with the input sequence of graph snapshots, and a variant specifically meant to handle bipartite graphs. These variants have been evaluated by applying them to real-world data and leveraging the generated embeddings to perform Anomaly Detection. The experiments demonstrate that leveraging these variants leads toimagecomparable results with other state-of-the-art approaches, but having the advantage of being suitable to handle real-world financial data sets.
Detta arbete presenterar en undersökning av tillämpningar av Network Representation Learning (NRL) inom den finansiella industrin. Metoder inom NRL möjliggör datadriven kondensering av grafstrukturer till lågdimensionella och lätthanterliga vektorer.Dessa vektorer kan sedan användas i andra maskininlärningsuppgifter. Närmare bestämt, kan metoder inom NRL underlätta hantering av och informantionsutvinning ur beräkningsintensiva och storskaliga grafer inom den finansiella sektorn, till exempel avvikelsehantering bland finansiella transaktioner. Arbetet med data av denna typ försvåras av det faktum att transaktionsgrafer är dynamiska och i konstant förändring. Utöver detta kan noderna, dvs transaktionspunkterna, vara vitt skilda eller med andra ord härstamma från olika fördelningar.I detta arbete har Graph Convolutional Network (ConvGNN) ansetts till den mest lämpliga lösningen för nämnda tillämpningar riktade mot upptäckt av avvikelser i transaktioner. GraphSAGE har använts som utgångspunkt för experimenten i två olika varianter: en dynamisk version där vikterna uppdateras allteftersom nya transaktionssekvenser matas in, och en variant avsedd särskilt för bipartita (tvådelade) grafer. Dessa varianter har utvärderats genom användning av faktiska datamängder med avvikelsehantering som slutmål.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso para aplicação do sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle no setor vitivinícola, levando em conta as várias etapas de elaboração presentes no processo, bem como todos os cuidados e avaliações necessárias. Trata-se de um método que prevê uma avaliação técnica de produtos. Seu objetivo, em relação ao vinho, é detectar possíveis pontos de contaminação e controlá-los, levando-se em conta todos os agentes envolvidos nesse procedimento. Por isso sua implementação segue regras baseadas em pesquisas. Seguir em detalhes seus fundamentos garante uma implantação eficaz do sistema. Tais diretrizes seguem normas regulamentadas, já trabalhadas e aceitas nacional e internacionalmente. O resultado de tal sistematização é um produto com mais qualidade, com uma segurança alimentar aceita pelo consumidor. Isso gera aumento da lucratividade, fidelização de consumidores em relação à marca e inserção permanente da empresa, no campo dos vinhos aceitos e apreciados dentro de uma procedência válida e com certificação de segurança. No caso do estudo exposto fez-se uma sistematização geral da Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle para uso nas vinícolas onde foram levadas em conta as etapas de elaboração do vinho desde a colheita e transporte das uvas até a estocagem do produto final. Após a realização da Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle geral foi escolhida a Vinícola Larentis situada no Vale dos Vinhedos, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – Brasil. A primeira etapa, realizada na Vinícola, foi a determinação do grau de atendimento ao programa de pré- requisitos preconizados pelo sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle. Na segunda etapa foi elaborado o plano de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle para o processo de vinificação do vinho Merlot. A análise de perigos na vinícola foi dividida em setores, onde observou-se perigos que podem ocorrer em quase todos os setores da vinícola e no final foram propostas ações corretivas dos pontos críticos de controle. Desta forma, o uso do sistema Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle foi pensado e discutido, pois ele minimiza os perigos do processo de vinificação, reduz custos de produção e melhora a qualidade do produto final.
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This paper presents a case study for the use of a Hazard and Critical Control Points System (HACCP) in the wine industry, considering all elaboration stages as well as cares and necessary evaluations. HACCP is a method that provides technical evaluation of products and regarding to winemaking, it aims to detect possible contamination points and their control, taking into account all agents involved on the elaboration process. Therefore its implementation follows rules based upon documented research. Tracing the system foundations in details ensures its effective application. These guidelines follow regulated rules, already used and accepted worldwide. The outcome of such systematization is a higher quality product, with food safety accepted by the consumer. This generates increased profitability, loyalty towards the brand and places the company within the market of wines accepted and appreciated for their valid provenance and safety certification. On this study it was made a general systematization of the HACCP for wineries, taking into account all stages of winemaking, from harvesting and transporting the grapes up to the final product storage. After the general analysis, Vinícola Larentis, placed on Vale dos Vinhedos, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was chosen to carry out the investigation. The first step was accomplished in the winery, determining the compliance degree with the prerequisites envisaged by the HACCP. The second step was to plan the system for Merlot wine vinification. With the analysis divided into areas, it was observed that hazards may occur in almost all of them and eventually, corrective actions were proposed. Therefore, the HACCP was considered and discussed, as it lessens the hazards of the winemaking process, decreases production costs and consequently improves the final product quality.

The thesis deals with the difficulties concerning alcohol use and misuse among Coloured farm workers within the heart of the wine industry in South Africa. The current extent of alcohol use and misuse in the rural areas of the Western Cape Province is commonly referred to as the legacy of the dop system. The dop system was a legislative practice whereas farm workers were provided with small portions of cheap wine throughout the workday. The practice was racially targeted towards Coloureds and thus contributed to the creation of a dependent labour force and extensive alcohol-related difficulties among Coloured farm workers. The dop system was formally abolished in 1961 but the practice proceeded into the 1990s. Alcohol related difficulties do however tend to continue without signs of change. The main purpose of the study is to investigate how current difficulties of alcohol use and misuse affect children’s life outcome and educational opportunities. It has also been important to investigate various aspects of living and working conditions in the farm villages that may be linked to alcohol issues. Another aim is to determine contributing factors to the continuance of alcohol use and misuse despite the abolition of the dop system. The work has been conducted according to the method of oral history theories in order to provide a bottom up approach, thus allowing the perspectives and the stories of the farm workers themselves to come forth. Coloured farm workers in the region are largely affected by socio-economic concerns and uncertainty in regards of labour. Inexpensive and readily available alcohol in illegal liquor outlets, so-called shebeens, is a driving force to the consumption of alcohol. Farm workers are partly isolated upon the farm villages and commonly have limited opportunities of unionizing. This makes it crucial to let the farm workers and their families express how alcohol difficulties are manifested in and affecting their daily lives.

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Systems Science and Industrial Engineering Department, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Western Cape Education Department (WCED), through the Department of Public Works (DTPW), launched the Grade R classroom programme in 2009 to increase primary school enrolment in less privileged communities. Due to the low construction contract values the programme has attracted SME contractors. These SMEs have stalled the programme by either not delivering on time or by going insolvent whilst building Grade R classrooms. This research investigated the challenges encountered by SME contractors in delivering Grade R classrooms. The objectives of the research were achieved by means of a questionnaire administered through telephonic interviews and face-to-face interviews. Thirteen contractors have taken part in the programme since 2009. All contractors who have built the classrooms in the Cape Metropole region were contacted for a telephonic interview of which 12 agreed to participate in the telephonic interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to collate and discuss the challenges reported by the contractors. The findings are similar to other studies of SME contractors. SME contractors that took part in the survey confirmed that financial factors, economic and external environment, management skills and expansion and growth factors have been affecting their businesses. The fifth factor, which is the project specific factor, had the most interesting data. Nine out of twelve contractors interviewed indicated that they were not satisfied with the grade R contract working environment. If it was not for scarcity of work, they would not tender for Grade R classrooms. Nine out of twelve contractors interviewed indicated that the DTPW and its agents hindered the successful delivery of Grade R projects through their actions. The main reasons given were the late handover of sites, incomplete construction information, unreasonable construction period, numerous specification changes and delays in processing information. What emerges from the data collected is that the DTPW needs to address the challenges highlighted in this research report. Addressing the challenges will ensure the success of the Grade R programme. This will be beneficial to both the SME contractors and the DTPW. The study also makes recommendations on how to address the challenges.

La connaissance est essentielle pour les organisations, particulièrement dans le contexte de l'Industrie 4.0. La Gestion des Connaissances (GC) joue un rôle critique dans le succès des organisations. Bien que la GC ait été relativement bien étudiée dans les grandes organisations, les Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (PMEs) reçoivent moins d'attention. Les PMEs font face à des défis uniques en termes de GC, nécessitant un cadre de GC dédié. Notre étude vise à définir un cadre répondant à leurs défis tout en tirant parti de leurs forces inhérentes. Cette thèse présente un cadre de GC dédié et complet pour les PMEs, offrant des solutions dédiées pour l’ensemble des activités de GC, de l'acquisition et la représentation des connaissances à leur exploitation: (1) un processus d'acquisition de connaissances dédié basé sur le cadre Scrum, une méthodologie agile, (2) un modèle de représentation des connaissances dédié basé sur des graphes de connaissances semi-structurés, et (3) un processus d'exploitation des connaissances dédié basé sur le système de recommandation établi sur les liens entre les connaissances. Cette recherche a été menée en collaboration avec Axsens-bte, une PME spécialisée dans le conseil et la formation. Le partenariat avec Axsens-bte a fourni des retours précieux et des expériences pratiques, contribuant au développement du cadre de GC proposé et soulignant sa pertinence et son applicabilité dans des contextes réels de PME
Knowledge is vital for organizations, particularly in today’s Industry 4.0 context. Knowledge Management (KM) plays a critical role in an organization's success. Although KM has been relatively well-studied in large organizations, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) receive less attention. SMEs face unique challenges in KM, requiring a tailored KM framework. Our study aims to define a framework addressing their challenges while leveraging their inherent strengths. This thesis presents a dedicated and comprehensive SME KM framework, offering dedicated solutions from knowledge acquisition and representation to exploitation: (1) a dedicated knowledge acquisition process based on the Scrum framework, an agile methodology, (2) a dedicated knowledge representation model based on semi-structured KG, and (3) a dedicated knowledge exploitation process based on knowledge-relatedness RS. This research was conducted in collaboration with Axsens-bte, an SME specializing in consultancy and training. The partnership with Axsens-bte has provided invaluable insights and practical experiences, contributing to developing the proposed KM framework and highlighting its relevance and applicability in real-world SME contexts

This thesis focuses on three fashion industry themed female friendship films: Pret-a-Porter/Ready to Wear (1994) by Robert Altman, The Devil Wears Prada (2006) by David Frankel, and The September Issue (2009) by R.J. Cutler. Female interpersonal relationships are complex – women often work to motivate, encourage and transform one another but can just as easily use tactics like intimidation, manipulation, and exploitation in order to save their own jobs and reputations. Through the lens of post-feminist theory, this thesis examines significant female interpersonal relationships in each film to illustrate how femininity is constructed and driven by consumer culture in the fashion industry themed films.

Orientador: Marcius Fabius Henriques de Carvalho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso real para problemas de seqüenciamento de lotes numa indústria de autopeças. Nele é proposta a adição de um módulo de Capacitação a um software de ERP de forma que o Módulo de MRP deste passe a respeitar os limites de capacidade de recursos considerados críticos. Para isso, o problema de seqüenciamento de produção nos recursos críticos é modelado como problema de fluxos em redes com restrições adicionais. É sugerido também um procedimento para transformar o problema com restrições adicionais em um grafo. As práticas correntes na empresa teste foram consideradas no modelo, formalizando procedimentos que até então aconteciam de forma oficiosa. A grande vantagem do método está na visão temporal do sistema,quepermiteantecipaçõesou atrasosde lotesde fabricação- desdeque exista capacidade disponível - sempre que houver sobrecarga. O método permite ainda a análise de diferentes cenários
Abstract: This work presents a scheduling problem case study of a in an auto parts industry. It proposes the integration of a capacity module to an ERP off the shelf. The objective of this integration is to improve the MRP module of the ERP in such way that it recognizes capacity limits of critical resources. Critical resources at shop fioor are modeled as a network fiow problem with additional constraints. A procedure to transform the problem into a simple network is also suggested. The heuristics used in the shop fioor are considered and added to the mode!. The main contribution of this method is the temporal view of the scheduling problem which allows overcoming overloaded situations. This method allows also the analysis of several scenarios. The results presented in this study were obtained using real data
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Résumé : Les ions hydronium (H3O + ) sont formés, à temps courts, dans les grappes ou le long des trajectoires de la radiolyse de l'eau par des rayonnements ionisants à faible transfert d’énergie linéaire (TEL) ou à TEL élevé. Cette formation in situ de H3O + rend la région des grappes/trajectoires du rayonnement temporairement plus acide que le milieu environnant. Bien que des preuves expérimentales de l’acidité d’une grappe aient déjà été signalées, il n'y a que des informations fragmentaires quant à son ampleur et sa dépendance en temps. Dans ce travail, nous déterminons les concentrations en H3O + et les valeurs de pH correspondantes en fonction du temps à partir des rendements de H3O + calculés à l’aide de simulations Monte Carlo de la chimie intervenant dans les trajectoires. Quatre ions incidents de différents TEL ont été sélectionnés et deux modèles de grappe/trajectoire ont été utilisés : 1) un modèle de grappe isolée "sphérique" (faible TEL) et 2) un modèle de trajectoire "cylindrique" (TEL élevé). Dans tous les cas étudiés, un effet de pH acide brusque transitoire, que nous appelons un effet de "pic acide", est observé immédiatement après l’irradiation. Cet effet ne semble pas avoir été exploré dans l'eau ou un milieu cellulaire soumis à un rayonnement ionisant, en particulier à haut TEL. À cet égard, ce travail soulève des questions sur les implications possibles de cet effet en radiobiologie, dont certaines sont évoquées brièvement. Nos calculs ont ensuite été étendus à l’étude de l'influence de la température, de 25 à 350 °C, sur la formation in situ d’ions H3O + et l’effet de pic acide qui intervient à temps courts lors de la radiolyse de l’eau à faible TEL. Les résultats montrent une augmentation marquée de la réponse de pic acide à hautes températures. Comme de nombreux processus intervenant dans le cœur d’un réacteur nucléaire refroidi à l'eau dépendent de façon critique du pH, la question ici est de savoir si ces fortes variations d’acidité, même si elles sont hautement localisées et transitoires, contribuent à la corrosion et l’endommagement des matériaux.
Abstract : Hydronium ions (H3O+) are formed within spurs or tracks of the low or high linear energy transfer (LET) radiolysis of pure, deaerated water at early times. The in situ radiolytic formation of H3O+ renders the spur and track regions temporarily more acid than the surrounding medium. Although experimental evidence for an acidic spur has already been reported, there is only fragmentary information on its magnitude and time dependence. In this work, spur or track H3O+ concentrations and the corresponding pH values are obtained from our calculated yields of H3O+ as a function of time, using Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations. We selected four impacting ions and we used two different spur and track models: 1) an isolated “spherical” spur model characteristic of low-LET radiation and 2) an axially homogeneous “cylindrical” track model for high-LET radiation. Very good agreement was found between our calculated time evolution of G(H3O+) in the radiolysis of pure, deaerated water by 300-MeV incident protons (which mimic 60Co gamma/fast electron irradiation) and the available experimental data at 25 °C. For all cases studied, an abrupt transient acid pH effect, which we call an “acid spike”, is observed during and shortly after the initial energy release. This acid-spike effect is virtually unexplored in water or in a cellular environment subject to the action of ionizing radiation, especially high-LET radiation. In this regard, this work raises a number of questions about the potential implications of this effect for radiobiology, some of which are briefly evoked. Our calculations were then extended to examine the effect of temperature from 25 to 350 °C on the yield of H3O+ ions that are formed in spurs of the low-LET radiolysis of water. The results showed an increasingly acidic spike response at higher temperatures. As many in-core processes in a water-cooled nuclear reactor critically depend on pH, the question here is whether these variations in acidity, even highly localized and transitory, contribute to material corrosion and damage.

L'industrie 4.0 est un changement important et un défi de taille pour chaque segment industriel. La recherche utilise d'abord l'analyse de la littérature pour trier la littérature et énumérer la direction du développement et l'état d'application de différents domaines, ce qui se consacre à montrer un rôle de premier plan pour la théorie et la pratique de l'industrie 4.0. La recherche explore ensuite la tendance principale de l'offre à plusieurs niveaux dans l'industrie 4.0 en combinant l'apprentissage automatique et les méthodes traditionnelles. Ensuite, la recherche examine la relation entre l'investissement et l'emploi dans l'industrie 4.0 pour examiner la dépendance interrégionale de l'industrie 4.0 afin de présenter un regroupement raisonnable basé sur différents critères et de faire des suggestions et une analyse de la chaîne d'approvisionnement mondiale pour les entreprises et les organisations.De plus, notre système d'analyse jette un coup d'oeil sur la macroéconomie. La combinaison du traitement du langage naturel dans l'apprentissage automatique pour classer les sujets de recherche et de la revue de la littérature traditionnelle pour enquêter sur la chaîne d'approvisionnement à plusieurs niveaux améliore considérablement l'objectivité de l'étude et jette une base solide pour des recherches ultérieures. L'utilisation de réseaux et d'économétrie complexes pour analyser la chaîne d'approvisionnement mondiale et les problèmes macroéconomiques enrichit la méthodologie de recherche au niveau macro et politique. Cette recherche fournit des analyses et des références aux chercheurs, aux décideurs et aux entreprises pour leur prise de décision stratégique
Industry 4.0 is a significant shift and a tremendous challenge for every industrial segment, especially for the manufacturing industry that gave birth to the new industrial revolution. The research first uses literature analysis to sort out the literature, and focuses on the use of “core literature extension method” to enumerate the development direction and application status of different fields, which devotes to showing a leading role for theory and practice of industry 4.0. The research then explores the main trend of multi-tier supply in Industry 4.0 by combining machine learning and traditional methods. Next, the research investigates the relationship of industry 4.0 investment and employment to look into the inter-regional dependence of industry 4.0 so as to present a reasonable clustering based on different criteria and make suggestions and analysis of the global supply chain for enterprises and organizations. Furthermore, our analysis system takes a glance at the macroeconomy. The combination of natural language processing in machine learning to classify research topics and traditional literature review to investigate the multi-tier supply chain significantly improves the study's objectivity and lays a solid foundation for further research. Using complex networks and econometrics to analyze the global supply chain and macroeconomic issues enriches the research methodology at the macro and policy level. This research provides analysis and references to researchers, decision-makers, and companies for their strategic decision-making

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This work aims to study the electrochemical steel ASTM A285 Grade C and the same welded with coated electrode AWS E 7018 in the solution of industrial white liquor used in pulp and paper industry by the Kraft method. Samples were withdrawn by electroerosion into three regions: the base metal (BM), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and at the weld metal (WM). Corrosion rates of the three metal regions were determined in 8°C, 16°C, 24°C, 35°C, 42°C, 50°C and 60°C temperature. The values of corrosion rates were compared with the BM, ZTA and WM corrosion rates in electrolytic solutions of the main chemical components of the industrial white liquor in the same temperature range. These solutions were 0,1 mol/L of Na2SO4; 2.276 mol/L of NaOH; 0.126 mol/L of Na2S; 0.128 mol/L of Na2CO3 and simulated white liquor composed of the above solutions with the same molar concentrations. The BM to 24°C, industrial white liquor aerated presented corrosion rate of 0.022 mm/year, 0.045 mm/year for the HAZ and 0.032 mm/year for the WM. It was observed that the HAZ corrosion rates were higher than BM and WM in all solutions studied. Lower corrosion rates were in Na2CO3, followed by NaOH, Na2S, simulated white liquor and finally with the highest corrosion rates in white liquor industry. All solutions are presented alkaline, except sodium sulfate, and it was observed that the three regions are passivated when compared to a reference solution of 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4, and aerated with a pH between 6.0 to 6.5. This passivation film are complex chemical composition due to the presence in solution of OH- HS- ion. From the corrosion potentials of BM in each solution and the pH values it was found that the BM region is passivated according iron Pourbaix diagram in water. Chronoamperometry and voltammetric studies showed that these passivation films that promote greater protection against corrosion, they are solubilized in NaOH solution, simulated white liquor and industrial white liquor when submitted to anodic polarization in potential near at +2.0 V versus saturated calomel electrode. In Na2S and Na2CO3 solution was observed the formation of thick deposits on the surface of BM and when analyzed by EDS was observed the presence of phases such as oxides, sulfides and possibly iron carbonate.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo eletroquímico do aço ASTM A285 Grau C soldados com eletrodo revestido AWS E 7018 em meio de licor branco industrial empregado na indústria de papel e celulose pelo método Kraft. As amostras foram retiradas por eletroerosão em três regiões: metal base (MB), região termicamente afetada pela soldagem (ZTA) e pelo metal de solda (MS). As taxas de corrosão das três regiões metálicas foram determinadas em temperaturas de 8°C a 60°C. Os valores das taxas de corrosão foram comparados com as taxas de corrosão do MB, ZTA e MS em soluções eletrolíticas dos principais componentes químicos do licor branco industrial, no mesmo intervalo de temperatura. Estas soluções foram de 0,1 mol/L de Na2SO4; 2,276 mol/L de NaOH; 0,126 mol/L de Na2S; 0,128 mol/L de Na2CO3 e em um licor branco simulado composto pelas soluções acima com as mesmas concentrações molares. O MB, a 24°C, em licor branco industrial, aerado, apresentou taxa de corrosão de 0,022 mm/ano, 0,045 mm/ano para a ZTA e 0,032 mm/ano par o MS. Observou-se que as taxas de corrosão da ZTA foram superior a do MB e MS em todas as soluções estudadas. As taxas de corrosão mais baixas foram em Na2CO3, seguido pela solução de NaOH, Na2S, licor branco simulado e finalmente, com as maiores taxas de corrosão, em licor branco industrial. Todas as soluções apresentaram-se alcalinas, exceto a de sulfato de sódio, e constatou-se que as três regiões encontravam-se passivadas quando comparada a uma solução de referência de 0,1 mol/L de Na2SO4,aerada e com pH entre 6,0 a 6,5. Estes filmes de passivação são de composição química complexa devido a presença em solução de íon OH- e HS-. A partir dos potenciais de corrosão do MB em cada solução e dos valores do pH foi verificado que a região do MB encontra-se passivado segundo o diagrama de Pourbaix de ferro em água. Estudos voltamétricos e de cronoamperometria mostraram que estes filmes de passivação, que promovem uma maior proteção contra a corrosão, são solubilizados em meio de NaOH, licor branco simulado e no licor branco industrial quando submetidos a polarizações anódicas em potenciais próximos de +2,0 V versus eletrodo de calomelano saturado. Em solução de Na2S e Na2CO3 foi observado à formação de depósitos espessos sobre a superfície do MB e quando analisados por EDS, observou-se a presença de fases como de óxidos, sulfetos e possivelmente carbonato de ferro.