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Journal articles on the topic 'Graphene-based detector'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Maksimenko, S. A., A. Maffucci, M. E. Portnoi, V. A. Saroka, and G. Y. Slepyan. "Middle- and far-infrared detector based on the plane collection of graphene strips." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 65, no. 6 (2021): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2021-65-6-661-667.

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A concept of a middle- and far-infrared detector has been proposed. The detector is built as a planar collection of parallel graphene strips of different length and width. The feature of the detector scheme is the concurrent utilization of two different detection mechanisms: excitation in the given frequency range of low-frequency interband transitions inherent in armchair graphene strips and antenna resonances of strongly slowed-down surface waves (plasmon polaritons). It has been shown that matching these two resonances results in the essential detector signal amplification, thus providing an alternative way how to solve the problem of the low efficiency of resonant graphene antennas. An approach is proposed to analyze the design of such detectors, as well as to discuss the ways of tuning the both mechanisms.

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2

Mittendorff, Martin, Stephan Winnerl, Josef Kamann, et al. "Ultrafast graphene-based broadband THz detector." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 2 (2013): 021113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4813621.

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3

Warbinek, J., D. Leimbach, D. Lu, et al. "A graphene-based neutral particle detector." Applied Physics Letters 114, no. 6 (2019): 061902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5080517.

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4

Gazaliev, A. Sh, M. V. Moskotin, V. V. Belosevich, M. G. Rybin, I. A. Gayduchenko, and G. N. Goltsman. "Graphene two terminal detector as THz mixer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (2021): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012054.

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Abstract The growing requirements for mobile communication networks (data transfer rates over 100 Gbps) makes it necessary to use carrier signal with a frequency of at least 100 GHz. This requires the development of cheap and broadband sub-terahertz (sub-THz) detectors. Here we report on our recent efforts toward the development of a heterodyne sub-THz detector based on a single layer graphene two-terminal device integrated with a bowtie antenna on a sapphire substrate. Our detector operates at frequency of 140 GHz, which corresponds to the maximum transmission of THz radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere. The heterodyne detection is achieved by quasi-optical coupling of signals from two sub-THz radiation sources to the same detector. The measured frequency bandwidth is 5.8 GHz.

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5

Anderson, Travis J., Karl D. Hobart, Jordan D. Greenlee, et al. "Ultraviolet detector based on graphene/SiC heterojunction." Applied Physics Express 8, no. 4 (2015): 041301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.8.041301.

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6

Zhai, Yuan, Yi Xiang, Weiqing Yuan, et al. "Fabrication of Graphene Nanomesh FET Terahertz Detector." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060641.

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High sensitivity detection of terahertz waves can be achieved with a graphene nanomesh as grating to improve the coupling efficiency of the incident terahertz waves and using a graphene nanostructure energy gap to enhance the excitation of plasmon. Herein, the fabrication process of the FET THz detector based on the rectangular GNM (r-GNM) is designed, and the THz detector is developed, including the CVD growth and the wet-process transfer of high quality monolayer graphene films, preparation of r-GNM by electron-beam lithography and oxygen plasma etching, and the fabrication of the gate electrodes on the Si3N4 dielectric layer. The problem that the conductive metal is easy to peel off during the fabrication process of the GNM THz device is mainly discussed. The photoelectric performance of the detector was tested at room temperature. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the detector is 2.5 A/W (@ 3 THz) at room temperature.

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7

Yin, Yiheng, Yanxiong Niu, Haiyang Xie, et al. "Terahertz detector based on multi-layer graphene nanoribbons." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 79, no. 1 (2017): 10301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2017160440.

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Kumar, Ashish, Arathy Varghese, and Vijay Janyani. "Fabrication of graphene–ZnO heterostructure-based flexible and thin platform-based UV detector." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 33, no. 7 (2021): 3880–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07578-8.

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AbstractThis work presents the performance evaluation of Graphene/ZnO Schottky junctions grown on flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The fabricated structures include chemical vapour deposition grown graphene layer on ITO-coated PET substrates. Polymethyl methacrylate assisted transfer method has been employed for the successful transfer of graphene from Cu substrate to PET. The smaller D-band intensity (1350 cm−1) compared to G-band (1580 cm−1) indicates good quality of carbon lattice with less number of defects. High-quality ZnO has been deposited through RF sputtering. The deposited ZnO with grain size 50–95 nm exhibited dislocation densities of 1.31270 × 10–3 nm−2 and compressive nature with negative strain of − 1.43156 GPa. Further, the electrical and optical characterization of the devices has been done through device I–V characterization and UV detection analysis. The UV detection capability of the device has been carried out with the aid of a UV-lamp of 365 nm wavelength. The fabricated graphene/ZnO photodetector showed good response to UV illumination. The device performance analysis has been done through a comparison of the device responsivity and detectivity with the existing detectors. The detectivity and responsivity of the fabricated detectors were 7.106 × 109 mHz1/2 W−1 and 0.49 A W−1, respectively.

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9

Yang, Fan, Wei Song, Chonglei Zhang, et al. "Broadband graphene-based photoacoustic microscopy with high sensitivity." Nanoscale 10, no. 18 (2018): 8606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr09319e.

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10

Zhang, Jianzhi, Hongfu Huang, Junhao Peng, et al. "A Cost-Effective Long-Wave Infrared Detector Material Based on Graphene@PtSe2/HfSe2 Bidirectional Heterostructure: A First-Principles Study." Crystals 12, no. 9 (2022): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091244.

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The Graphene@PtSe2 heterostructure is an excellent long-wave infrared detection material. However, the expensive cost of PtSe2 prevents its widespread use in infrared detection. In this paper, Hf was used to partially replace Pt to form Graphene@(PtSe2)n(HfSe2)4−n (n = 1, 2, and 3) bidirectional heterostructures consisting of graphene and lateral PtSe2/HfSe2 composites based on first-principles calculations. Then, the new bidirectional heterostructures were compared with heterostructures formed by graphene with pure MSe2 (M = Pt, Hf). It was found that the band gaps of the bidirectional heterostructures were between those of Graphene@PtSe2 and Graphene@HfSe2. Among these heterostructures, the Graphene@(PtSe2)3(HfSe2)1 bidirectional heterostructure has almost the same optical absorption properties in the infrared wavelength region of 1.33~40 µm as the Graphene@PtSe2 heterostructure, and it improves the absorption in the near-infrared wavelength region of 0.75~1.33 µm. Such a designment may bring the material costs down (since PtSe2 costs approximately five times more than HfSe2). This study on the designment of the bidirectional Graphene@(PtSe2)3(HfSe2)1 heterostructure also illustrates a cost-effective design method for Pt-based IR detectors.

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11

Fu, Li, Kefeng Xie, Yuhong Zheng, Luxi Zhang, and Weitao Su. "Graphene Ink Film Based Electrochemical Detector for Paracetamol Analysis." Electronics 7, no. 2 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7020015.

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12

Khan, Mustaque A., Karuna K. Nanda, and Saluru B. Krupanidhi. "Reduced graphene oxide film based highly responsive infrared detector." Materials Research Express 4, no. 8 (2017): 085603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa8042.

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13

Wang, Wenhui, Ruxia Du, Litao Sun, Wei Chen, Junpeng Lu, and Zhenhua Ni. "Ultrasensitive graphene position-sensitive detector induced by synergistic effects of charge injection and interfacial gating." Nanophotonics 9, no. 8 (2020): 2531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0053.

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AbstractPosition-sensitive detectors (PSDs) are essential components to the realization of displacement and vibration detection, optical remote control, robot vision, etc. The light sensitivity of PSDs is a crucial parameter, which determines the operating range or detection accuracy of the measurement systems. Here, we devise an ultrasensitive PSD based on graphene/Si hybrid structure by using the synergistic effect of charge injection and interfacial gating. Photogenerated carriers in Si are separated by the built-in electric field at the surface. Holes diffuse laterally in inversion layer and then inject into graphene to form photoresponse. Meanwhile, the electrons in bulk Si that move to the area under graphene cause a gating effect, thus introducing a high gain. With the benefit of synergistic effect, the detection limit power of our device can be pushed to pW level, which is reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to previously reported graphene based PSD. Furthermore, even for infrared light of 1064 nm, the PSD still retains position sensitivity to 1 nW weak light, as well as fast response speed at the μs level. This work provides the potential of graphene as a promising material for ultraweak light position sensitive detection.

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14

Masoumi, Saeid, Hassan Hajghassem, Alireza Erfanian, and Ahmad Molaei Rad. "Design and manufacture of TNT explosives detector sensors based on GFET." Sensor Review 38, no. 2 (2018): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-08-2017-0167.

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Purpose Smart sensors based on graphene field effect transistor (GFET) and biological receptors are regarded as a promising nanomaterial that could be the basis for future generation of low-power, faster, selective real-time monitoring of target analytes and smaller electronics. So, the purpose of this paper is to provide details of sensors based on selective nanocoatings by combining trinitrotoluene (TNT) receptors (Trp-His-Trp) bound to conjugated polydiacetylene polymers on a graphene channel in GFET for detecting explosives TNT. Design/methodology/approach Following an introduction, this paper describes the way of manufacturing of the GFET sensor by using investigation methods for transferring graphene sheet from Cu foil to target substrates, which is functionalized by the TNT peptide receptors, to offer a system which has the capability of answering the presence of related target molecules (TNT). Finally, brief conclusions are drawn. Findings In a word, shortly after graphene discovery, it has been explored with a variety of methods gradually. Because of its exceptional electrical properties (e.g. extremely high carrier mobility and capacity), electrochemical properties such as high electron transfer rate and structural properties, graphene has already showed great potential and success in chemical and biological sensing fields. Therefore, the authors used a biological receptor with a field effect transistor (FET) based on graphene to fabricate sensor for achieving high sensitivity and selectivity that can detect explosive substances such as TNT. The transport property changed compared to that of the FET made by intrinsic graphene, that is, the Dirac point position moved from positive Vg to negative Vg, indicating the transition of graphene from p-type to n-type after annealing in TNT, and the results show the bipolar property change of GFET with the TNT concentration and the possibility to develop a robust, easy-to-use and low-cost TNT detection method for performing a sensitive, reliable and semi-quantitative detection in a wide detection range. Originality/value In this timeframe of history, TNT is a common explosive used in both military and industrial settings. Its convenient handling properties and explosive strength make it a common choice in military operations and bioterrorism. TNT and other conventional explosives are the mainstays of terrorist bombs and the anti-personnel mines that kill or injure more than 15,000 people annually in war-torn countries. In large, open-air environments, such as airports, train stations and minefields, concentrations of these explosives can be vanishingly small – a few parts of TNT, for instance, per trillion parts of air. That can make it impossible for conventional bomb and mine detectors to detect the explosives and save lives. So, in this paper, the authors report a potential solution with design and manufacture of a GFET sensor based on a biological receptor for real-time detection of TNT explosives specifically.

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15

Li, Xiaomeng, Xiufang Chen, Xiangang Xu, Xiaobo Hu, and Zhiyuan Zuo. "Enhanced Performance of a Visible Light Detector Made with Quasi-Free-Standing Graphene on SiC." Materials 12, no. 19 (2019): 3227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193227.

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The excellent optoelectronic properties of graphene give it great potential for applications in optical detection. Among the graphenes obtained through many synthetic methods, epitaxial graphene obtained by thermal decomposition on silicon carbide has remarkable advantages for preparing photodetectors. In this research, epitaxial graphene has been successfully prepared on a silicon surface (0001) of semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrate with a size of 10 mm × 10 mm and epitaxial graphene has been converted to quasi-free-standing graphene by hydrogen passivation. Two metal-graphene-metal photodetectors were fabricated using the two types of graphenes above and the photo-absorption properties of detectors have been investigated under 650-nm laser illumination with different illumination powers. From a comparison of the performances between the two detectors, it was found that a photodetector fabricated with quasi-free-standing graphene shows enhanced performance under a light power of 0.018 mW. Responsivity and external quantum efficiency reach maxima of 5.11 A/W and 9.74%, respectively. This dramatic improvement is mainly due to the disappearance of the buffer layer in epitaxial graphene, providing a new method to achieve optimization of graphene-based opto-electrical devices.

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16

Wang, Yanan, Xiaopeng Sun, Kaiyun Zhou, Xiao Wu, Xinzuo Huang, and Maowei Yang. "Graphene paper based liquid sensor for micro volume acetone detecting." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2324, no. 1 (2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2324/1/012012.

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Abstract Sensors with accurate detection of various liquids have attracted increasing research interests in environmental protection and organic solvents transporation. In this paper, liquid sensor based on laser induced graphene paper (LIGP) was proposed, and successfully used for the rapid detection of micro volume liquid. The processing-structure-property relationship was systemically studied. LIGPs with different morphologies exhibited various sensitivities and showed good reproducibility and fast response. The response mechanism related to contact resistance between some adjacent graphene flakes/fibers was proposed. With the key findings, LIGP liquid sensors can be used as the detector for accurate identification of different solvents and have great potential in monitoring organic solvent leakages of pipelines and fabrication of smart anti-corrosion composite structures.

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17

Zhu, Jieyi, Fuzhou Niu, Changan Zhu, Jie Yang, and Ning Xi. "Graphene-Based FET Detector forE. coliK12 Real-Time Monitoring and Its Theoretical Analysis." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4641398.

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This paper presents a theoretical analysis for a graphene-based FET real-time detector of the target bacteriaE. coliK12. The motivation for this study is to design a sensor device for detection of bacteria in food and water in order to guarantee food safety. Graphene is chosen as our material for sensor design, which has outstanding electrical, physical, and optical performance. In our sensor structure, graphene-based solution gate field effect transistor (FET) is the device model; fabrication and functionalization protocol are presented together in this paper. What is more, a real-time signal display system is the accompanied equipment for our designed biosensor device. In this system, the sensor bias current signalIdswould change obviously when the target bacteria are attached to the sensor surface. And the bias currentIdsincreases when theE. coliconcentration increases. In the latter part, a theoretical interpretation of the sensor signal is to explain the bias currentIdsincreasing after theE. coliK12 attachment.

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18

ZHOU, Peng, Hong-Qiang WEI, Qing-Qing SUN, et al. "High-k gate oxides integration of graphene based infrared detector." JOURNAL OF INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES 31, no. 2 (2012): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1010.2012.00118.

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19

Suhorukov, Yurii P., Andrei V. Telegin, Konstantin G. Mikheev, Ruslan G. Zonov, Larisa I. Naumova, and Gennady M. Mikheev. "Laser-induced graphene based visible and near-infrared radiation detector." Optical Materials 133 (November 2022): 112957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112957.

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20

Mittendorff, Martin, Josef Kamann, Jonathan Eroms, et al. "Universal ultrafast detector for short optical pulses based on graphene." Optics Express 23, no. 22 (2015): 28728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.028728.

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21

Wang, Wenhui, Zhenzhong Yan, Jinfeng Zhang, Junpeng Lu, Hua Qin, and Zhenhua Ni. "High-performance position-sensitive detector based on graphene–silicon heterojunction." Optica 5, no. 1 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.5.000027.

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22

Zeng, Chun-hong, Wen-kui Lin, Yu-hua Sun, et al. "Silicon carbide and graphene based UV-IR dual-color detector." Optoelectronics Letters 15, no. 3 (2019): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11801-019-8154-x.

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23

Aghda, B. Afkhami, A. Moftakharzadeh, and M. Hosseini. "Noise Equivalent Power of Graphene–Superconductor-Based Optical Sensor." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 16, no. 01 (2017): 1750006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477517500067.

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In this paper, the noise equivalent power (NEP) of optical sensors based on graphene–superconductor junctions in the voltage bias operation mode has been calculated. The effects of device parameters such as temperature, magnetic field and device resistance on the NEP of these detectors have been thoroughly investigated. By solving the related equations, graphene specific heat, thermal conductivity, electron–phonon interaction and responsivity of the detector have been obtained. Using the calculated parameters, the NEP of the device was obtained. The results show that at constant magnetic field the NEP will increase linearly by increasing device temperature. On the other hand, at constant temperature the behavior of NEP versus magnetic field is first increasing and then decreasing. Our calculations show that the optimal resistance of the device has a direct relation with respect to the device temperature, while in the investigated operating range the optimal resistance of device is almost independent of the magnetic field.

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24

Haroon Rashid, Muhammad, Ants Koel, and Toomas Rang. "First Principles Simulations of Phenol and Methanol Detector Based on Pristine Graphene Nanosheet and Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons." Sensors 19, no. 12 (2019): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122731.

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Over the last decade graphene based electronic devices have attracted the interest of researchers due to their exceptional chemical, electrical and optical properties. Graphene is very sensitive to any physical changes in its surrounding environment and, inherently, has very low electronic noise. This property of graphene makes it a suitable candidate for sensor applications. The purpose of the work presented in this article is to demonstrate the ability of graphene derivatives to detect toxic organic compounds like phenol and methanol. A novel method for the detection of organic compounds (phenol and methanol) has been introduced in this article. In this method, a change in the photocurrent, as well as electric current, have been used as detection signals to improve the sensor accuracy and selectivity for specific target molecules. A nanoscale electronic device simulator, Quantumwise Atomistix Toolkit (ATK), has been used to simulate graphene nanosheet and armchair graphene nanoribbon based sensors. Devices density of states (DOS), current–voltage curves and photocurrent curves have been calculated with the ATK simulator. In the proximity of target molecules, a significant change in DOS, electric current and photocurrent have been observed. The simulated graphene based structures can be converted into physical sensors to obtain a low cost, small sized, integrated sensing device.

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25

Lin, Guochen, Yue Zhao, Kai Yu, et al. "Enormous Increases in Swir Detection for Gesn Strips Detector with Graphene Hybrid Structure." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 32 (2022): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02321220mtgabs.

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GeSn materials with tunable bandgaps covering the full shortwave infrared (SWIR) band from 1 to 2.6 μm present a new paradigm for silicon-based SWIR photodetection. However, crystalline quality remains a major limitation for the realization of high-performance photodetectors owing to the large lattice, thermal expansion coefficient mismatching, and Sn segregation. Here, the Sn self-catalyzed growth of lateral GeSn strips on Si(111) substrates by MBE is investigated. These GeSn strips are defect-free by relaxing the large lattice mismatch and introducing (111)-parallel planar dislocations at the GeSn/Si interface. A graphene-GeSn strip hybrid structure photodetector is fabricated, which shows more than 3000 times enhancement in photocurrent and an apparent improvement in temporal response compared with the detector without graphene. A high responsivity of 1.23 A/W and 1.08 A/W at 1310 nm and 1550 nm are achieved, respectively. This work presents a new approach for micro-scale but high crystal quality material in the integration on a silicon-based platform and shows future applications in the SWIR field.

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26

Zhao, Yajing, Liang Xie, Lanchao Ma, and Junhui He. "Preparation and Application of Polydimethylsiloxane Encapsulated Graphene-based Flexible Infrared Detector." Acta Chimica Sinica 78, no. 2 (2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/a19100378.

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27

Guo, Wanlong, Lin Wang, Xiaoshuang Chen, et al. "Graphene-based broadband terahertz detector integrated with a square-spiral antenna." Optics Letters 43, no. 8 (2018): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.43.001647.

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28

Krepel, Dana, and Oded Hod. "Selectivity of a Graphene Nanoribbon-Based Trinitrotoluene Detector: A Computational Assessment." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121, no. 39 (2017): 21546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b07540.

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29

Fu, Wangyang, Thomas F. van Dijkman, Lia M. C. Lima, Feng Jiang, Grégory F. Schneider, and Elisabeth Bouwman. "Ultrasensitive Ethene Detector Based on a Graphene–Copper(I) Hybrid Material." Nano Letters 17, no. 12 (2017): 7980–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04466.

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30

Wei, Minsong, Kaiyuan Yao, Yumeng Liu, Chen Yang, Xining Zang, and Liwei Lin. "A Solar-Blind UV Detector Based on Graphene-Microcrystalline Diamond Heterojunctions." Small 13, no. 34 (2017): 1701328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701328.

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Zeng, Chunhong, Yameng Xu, Yongjian Ma та ін. "Solar-blind ultraviolet detector based on ordered nanoporous β-Ga₂O₃ film". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, № 4 (2022): 042004. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac541e.

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Abstract The β-Ga2O3 ultraviolet (UV) detectors work in the solar-blind (UV) band due to the ultra-wide bandgap of β-Ga2O3. In this paper, a solar-blind ultraviolet detector based on an ordered nanoporous β-Ga2O3 (ONP-β-Ga2O3) film is proposed and implemented. The local enhancement effect of the ordered nanopores on light is simulated by finite-difference time-domain method, and the period and diameter of the nanopores are optimized. Graphene is transferred on the ONP-β-Ga2O3 film and prepared as interdigital electrodes of the solar-blind ultraviolet detectors. The optimal detector has a photo-to-dark current ratio of about 4.64 × 103 at a 5 V bias, a peak response of 2.43 A W−1 at 254 nm, and a UV/visible rejection ratio of about 1081. We demonstrate that the ordered nanoporous structure can localize optical field effectively, which results in enhancement of light absorption as well as improvement of key detector parameters.

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32

RUDIN, SERGEY. "NON-LINEAR PLASMA OSCILLATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR AND GRAPHENE CHANNELS AND APPLICATION TO THE DETECTION OF TERAHERTZ SIGNALS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 20, no. 03 (2011): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156411006866.

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The conduction channel of a semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (FET) or a heterostructure High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) can act as a plasma wave resonator for density oscillations in electron gas, at frequencies significantly higher than the transistor cut-off frequency in a short channel device. The hydrodynamic model predicts a resonance response to electromagnetic radiation at the plasma oscillation frequency. In particular, the hydrodynamic nonlinearities produce a constant source-to-drain voltage when gate-to-channel voltage has a time-harmonic component. In the Dyakonov-Shur detector a short channel HEMT is used for the resonant tunable detection of terahertz radiation. Starting with the quasi-classical Boltzmann equation for a semiconductor and graphene channels, we derived the viscous hydrodynamic model with temperature dependent transport coefficients in both cases. We evaluated the detector response function and in the case of semiconductor channel we also obtained the temperature dependence of the quality factor of the plasma resonance. The present treatment extends the theory of Dyakonov-Shur plasma resonator and detector to account for the temperature dependence of viscosity. In the case of semiconductor channels the treatment here also includes the energy balance equation into the analysis. The numerical results are given in cases of GaAs and GaN channels. We showed that in high mobility semiconductor channels at low temperature the quality of the resonance is strongly limited by the viscosity of the electron fluid. In the case of graphene channel the hydrodynamic model derived here accounts both for electrons and holes, and includes the related diffusion currents. When the gate voltage is a few volts, the Fermi temperature of the electron-hole liquid is considerably higher than the room temperature. In such cases the diffusion currents can be ignored, and from the simplified hydrodynamic equations we evaluated the non-linear response of the plasma in graphene channel to the external perturbation. The results are of interest in potential application to graphene based detectors due to potential of obtaining a channel with the room temperature mobility considerably higher than the mobility in semiconductor channels.

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33

Nam, Giwoong, and Jae-Young Leem. "Synthesis and fast-response of a photodetector of hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods through the use of a graphene oxide/ZnO seed layer." RSC Advances 5, no. 114 (2015): 94222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra20634k.

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34

Rogalski, A. "Graphene-based materials in the infrared and terahertz detector families: a tutorial." Advances in Optics and Photonics 11, no. 2 (2019): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/aop.11.000314.

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35

Keshvari, A., S. Darbari, and M. Taghavi. "Self-Powered Plasmonic UV Detector, Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide/Ag Nanoparticles." IEEE Electron Device Letters 39, no. 9 (2018): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2018.2854733.

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36

Shen, Xiaoyan, Feng Ju, Guicai Li, and Lei Ma. "Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Potentiostat Detection System Using PEDOT: PSS/Chitosan/Graphene Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Dopamine Detection." Sensors 20, no. 10 (2020): 2781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102781.

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In this work, a smartphone-based electrochemical detection system was designed and developed for rapid and real-time detection of dopamine (DA). The system included a screen-printed electrode (SPE) used as a sensor, a hand-held electrochemical potentiostat and a smart phone with a specially designed app. During the detection period, the SPEs modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), chitosan (CS) and graphene (G) were used to convert and amplify the electrochemical reaction signals. The electrochemical potentiostat was used to generate excitation electrical signals and collect the electrical signals converted from the sensor. The smartphone—connected to the detector via Bluetooth-was used to control the detector for tests, further process the uploaded data, and plot graphs in real time. Experimental results showed that the self-designed sensing system could be employed for highly selective detection of DA in the presence of interfering substances such as ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). CV was carried out to characterize the electrochemical properties of the modified SPEs and the electrochemical behaviors of DA on the modified SPEs. Finally, according to the analysis of DPV responses of DA, the system could detect DA with a detection sensitivity of 0.52 ± 0.01 μA/μM and a limit of detection of 0.29 μM in the linear range of DA concentrations from 0.05 to 70 μM.

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Li, Xiangyang, Ling Li, Huancheng Zhao, et al. "SnSe2 Quantum Dots: Facile Fabrication and Application in Highly Responsive UV-Detectors." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (2019): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091324.

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Synthesizing quantum dots (QDs) using simple methods and utilizing them in optoelectronic devices are active areas of research. In this paper, we fabricated SnSe2 QDs via sonication and a laser ablation process. Deionized water was used as a solvent, and there were no organic chemicals introduced in the process. It was a facile and environmentally-friendly method. We demonstrated an ultraviolet (UV)-detector based on monolayer graphene and SnSe2 QDs. The photoresponsivity of the detector was up to 7.5 × 106 mAW−1, and the photoresponse time was ~0.31 s. The n–n heterostructures between monolayer graphene and SnSe2 QDs improved the light absorption and the transportation of photocarriers, which could greatly increase the photoresponsivity of the device.

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Periyanagounder, Dharmaraj, Paulraj Gnanasekar, Purushothaman Varadhan, Jr-Hau He, and Jeganathan Kulandaivel. "High performance, self-powered photodetectors based on a graphene/silicon Schottky junction diode." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 35 (2018): 9545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02786b.

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In this work, we design and demonstrate a graphene/silicon (Gr/Si) van der Walls (vdW) heterostructure for high-performance photodetectors, where graphene acts as an efficient carrier collector and Si as a photon absorption layer. The Gr/Si heterojunction exhibits superior Schottky diode characteristics with a barrier height of 0.76 eV and performs well as a self-powered detector responding to 532 nm at zero bias.

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Samanta, Debabrata, MP Karthikeyan, Amit Banerjee, and Hiroshi Inokawa. "Tunable graphene nanopatch antenna design for on-chip integrated terahertz detector arrays with potential application in cancer imaging." Nanomedicine 16, no. 12 (2021): 1035–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0386.

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Aim: Further to our reports on chip-integrable uncooled terahertz microbolometer arrays, compatible with medium-scale semiconductor device fabrication processes, the possibility of the development of chip-integrable medical device is proposed here. Methods: The concept of graphene-based nanopatch antennas with design optimization by the finite element method (FEM) is explored. The high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) utilized fine FEM solver for analyzing empirical mode decomposition preprocessing and for modeling and simulating graphene antennas. Results: Graphene nanopatch antennas exhibited tunable features with varying patch dimensions and dependence on substrate material permittivity. Conclusion: This work implements reconfigurable graphene nanopatch antenna compatible with terahertz microbolometer arrays. This design concept further develops on-chip medical devices for possible screening of cancer cell with terahertz image processing.

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Thadathil, Anjitha, Dipin Thacharakkal, Yahya A. Ismail, and Pradeepan Periyat. "Polyindole-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Dopamine Detection." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (2022): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121063.

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The sensitive monitoring of dopamine levels in the human body is of utmost importance since its abnormal levels can cause a variety of medical and behavioral problems. In this regard, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) from polyindole (PIN) via a facile single-step hydrothermal synthetic strategy that can act as an efficient electrochemical catalyst for the detection of dopamine (DA). The average diameter of N-GQDs was ∼5.2 nm and showed a C/N atomic ratio of ∼2.75%. These N-GQDs exhibit a cyan fluorescence color under irradiation from a 365 nm lamp, while PIN has no characteristic PL. The presence of richly N-doped graphitic lattices in the N-GQDs possibly accounts for the improved catalytic activity of N-GQDs/GCE towards electrocatalytic DA detection. Under optimum conditions, this novel N-GQDs-modified electrode exhibits superior selectivity and sensitivity. Moreover, it could detect as low as 0.15 nM of DA with a linear range of 0.001–1000 µM. In addition, the outstanding sensing attributes of the detector were extended to the real samples as well. Overall, our findings evidence that N-GQDs-based DA electrochemical sensors can be synthesized from PIN precursor and could act as promising EC sensors in medical diagnostic applications.

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Walsh, Evan D., Woochan Jung, Gil-Ho Lee, et al. "Josephson junction infrared single-photon detector." Science 372, no. 6540 (2021): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf5539.

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Josephson junctions are superconducting devices used as high-sensitivity magnetometers and voltage amplifiers as well as the basis of high-performance cryogenic computers and superconducting quantum computers. Although device performance can be degraded by the generation of quasiparticles formed from broken Cooper pairs, this phenomenon also opens opportunities to sensitively detect electromagnetic radiation. We demonstrate single near-infrared photon detection by coupling photons to the localized surface plasmons of a graphene-based Josephson junction. Using the photon-induced switching statistics of the current-biased device, we reveal the critical role of quasiparticles generated by the absorbed photon in the detection mechanism. The photon sensitivity will enable a high-speed, low-power optical interconnect for future superconducting computing architectures.

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Ruiz, Isaac, Gyorgy Vizkelethy, Anthony E. McDonald, et al. "Detection of high energy ionizing radiation using deeply depleted graphene–oxide–semiconductor junctions." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 18 (2022): 184503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118098.

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Graphene’s linear band structure and two-dimensional density of states provide an implicit advantage for sensing charge. Here, these advantages are leveraged in a deeply depleted graphene–oxide–semiconductor ([Formula: see text]) junction detector architecture to sense carriers created by ionizing radiation. Specifically, the room temperature response of a silicon-based [Formula: see text] junction is analyzed during irradiation with 20 MeV [Formula: see text] ions. Detection was demonstrated for doses ranging from 12 to 1200 ions with device functionality maintained with no substantive degradation. To understand the device response, [Formula: see text] pixels were characterized post-irradiation via a combination of electrical characterization, Raman spectroscopy, and photocurrent mapping. This combined characterization methodology underscores the lack of discernible damage caused by irradiation to the graphene while highlighting the nature of interactions between the incident ions and the silicon absorber.

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Xu, Qiang, Qijin Cheng, Jinxiang Zhong, et al. "A metal–semiconductor–metal detector based on ZnO nanowires grown on a graphene layer." Nanotechnology 25, no. 5 (2014): 055501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/25/5/055501.

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Chowdhury, Farzana Aktar, Mohammad Abul Hossain, Koji Uchida, et al. "Graphene oxide/carbon nanoparticle thin film based IR detector: Surface properties and device characterization." AIP Advances 5, no. 10 (2015): 107228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4935042.

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Liu, Kaiyang, Wenhui Wang, Yuanfang Yu, et al. "Graphene-Based Infrared Position-Sensitive Detector for Precise Measurements and High-Speed Trajectory Tracking." Nano Letters 19, no. 11 (2019): 8132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03368.

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Luo, Lin-Bao, Jing-Jing Chen, Ming-Zheng Wang, et al. "Near-Infrared Light Photovoltaic Detector Based on GaAs Nanocone Array/Monolayer Graphene Schottky Junction." Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 19 (2014): 2794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303368.

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Luo, Hao, Qianyi Shangguan, Yinting Yi, Shubo Cheng, Yougen Yi, and Zhizhong Li. "A Tunable “Ancient Coin”-Type Perfect Absorber with High Refractive Index Sensitivity and Good Angular Polarization Tolerance." Coatings 11, no. 7 (2021): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070814.

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In this paper, we design and present a graphene-based “ancient coin”-type dual-band perfect metamaterial absorber, which is composed of a silver layer, silicon dioxide layer, and a top “ancient coin” graphene layer. The absorption performance of the absorber is affected by the hollowed-out square in the center of the graphene layer and geometric parameters of the remaining nano disk. The optical properties of graphene can be changed by adjusting the voltage, to control the absorption performance of the absorber dynamically. In addition, the centrally symmetric pattern structure greatly eliminates the polarization angle dependence of our proposed absorber, and it exhibits good angular polarization tolerance. Furthermore, the proposed “ancient coin”-type absorber shows great application potential as a sensor or detector in biopharmaceutical, optical imaging, and other fields due to its strong tunability and high refractive index sensitivity.

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Mollaamin, Fatemeh, and Majid Monajjemi. "Doping of Graphene Nanostructure with Iron, Nickel and Zinc as Selective Detector for the Toxic Gas Removal: A Density Functional Theory Study." C 9, no. 1 (2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9010020.

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In this research, the ability of transition metals (TM)-doped graphene nanosheets to adsorb the toxic gas CO has been investigated. The Langmuir adsorption model was used, with a three-layered ONIOM, using the CAM-B3LYP functional accompanying the LANL2DZ and 6-31+G (d,p) basis sets, and using the Gaussian 16 revision C.01 program, on the complexes of CO adsorbed on (Fe, Ni, Zn)-doped graphene nanosheets. The order of the changes of charge density for the Langmuir adsorption of CO on Fe-doped, Ni-doped, and Zn-doped graphene nanosheets has been investigated. This shows the greatest change of charge density for the Ni-doped graphene nanosheet. However, based on NMR spectroscopy, sharp peaks around the Ni-doped area on the surface of the graphene nanosheet have been observed. In addition, the Ni-doped graphene nanosheet has a large effect on the bond orbitals of C-Ni in the adsorption of CO, having the maximum occupancy. The values of ΔGadso, calculated through IR, showed that ΔGads,CO→ Fe-doped GRo has the highest value, because of a charge density transfer from the oxygen atom in carbon monoxide to the Fe-doped graphene nanosheet. The frontier molecular orbitals, HOMO and LUMO, and the band energy gap accompanying some chemical reactivity parameters, have revealed the attributes of the molecular electrical transport of (Fe, Ni, Zn)-doped graphene nanosheets for the adsorption of CO. As a result, since a CO molecule interacts simultaneously with a Fe, Ni, or Zn atom and the C-C nanosheet, at first it might be separated, as in this state a CO atom constructs a physical bond with the Fe, Ni, or Zn atom, and then the other could be adsorbed chemically on the C-C nanosheet surface. Finally, our results have shown that a considerable amount of charge transfer occurs between CO molecules and TM-doped graphene nanosheets after adsorption, which suggests that TM-doped graphene is more sensitive and selective to the adsorption of CO than a pristine graphene surface.

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Zhao, Jianhong, Libin Tang, Jinzhong Xiang, et al. "Fabrication and properties of a high-performance chlorine doped graphene quantum dot based photovoltaic detector." RSC Advances 5, no. 37 (2015): 29222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02358k.

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Koroliov, Anton, Genyu Chen, Kenneth M. Goodfellow, et al. "Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Graphene Nanoflakes Embedded in Polymer Matrix." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030391.

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The terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) technique has been used to obtain transmission THz-radiation spectra of polymer nanocomposites containing a controlled amount of exfoliated graphene. Graphene nanocomposites (1 wt%) that were used in this work were based on poly(ethylene terephthalate-ethylene dilinoleate) (PET-DLA) matrix and were prepared via a kilo-scale (suitable for research and development, and prototyping) in-situ polymerization. This was followed by compression molding into 0.3-mm-thick and 0.9-mm-thick foils. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman studies were used to confirm that the graphene nanoflakes dispersed in a polymer matrix consisted of a few-layer graphene. The THz-radiation transients were generated and detected using a low-temperature–grown GaAs photoconductive emitter and detector, both excited by 100-fs-wide, 800-nm-wavelength optical pulses, generated at a 76-MHz repetition rate by a Ti:Sapphire laser. Time-domain signals transmitted through the nitrogen, neat polymer reference, and 1-wt% graphene-polymer nanocomposite samples were recorded and subsequently converted into the spectral domain by means of a fast Fourier transformation. The spectral range of our spectrometer was up to 4 THz, and measurements were taken at room temperature in a dry nitrogen environment. We collected a family of spectra and, based on Fresnel equations, performed a numerical analysis, that allowed us to extract the THz-frequency-range refractive index and absorption coefficient and their dependences on the sample composition and graphene content. Using the Clausius-Mossotti relation, we also managed to estimate the graphene effective dielectric constant to be equal to ~7 ± 2. Finally, we extracted from our experimental data complex conductivity spectra of graphene nanocomposites and successfully fitted them to the Drude-Smith model, demonstrating that our graphene nanoflakes were isolated in their polymer matrix and exhibited highly localized electron backscattering with a femtosecond relaxation time. Our results shed new light on how the incorporation of exfoliated graphene nanoflakes modifies polymer electrical properties in the THz-frequency range. Importantly, they demonstrate that the complex conductivity analysis is a very efficient, macroscopic and non-destructive (contrary to TEM) tool for the characterization of the dispersion of a graphene nanofiller within a copolyester matrix.

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