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Journal articles on the topic 'Graphite. Iron'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lupinca, Cinca Ionel, Marian Dumitru Nedeloni, and Dorian Nedelcu. "Gray Cast Iron Behavior in Cavitation Erosion." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.269.

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The paper presents the cavitation stand used, the work methodology, the trials realized on specimens of gray cast irons, with flake graphite and spheroidal-graphite, which were tested for cavitation erosion during different periods of time of the cavitation attack. Finally, the conclusions were interpreted on the basis of comparative graphics realized at the macro and microstructures level obtained for these two types of cast iron. Of the two types of gray cast iron, the nodular cast iron presents a better cavitation erosion resistance.

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2

Guo, Qiaoqin, Zhong Yang, Ding Guo, et al. "Research on the Oxidation Mechanism of Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron." Materials 12, no. 19 (2019): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193130.

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The oxidation mechanism of vermicular graphite cast iron was studied. The oxidation reaction starts from graphites and diffused slowly. Graphites in vermicular graphite are interconnected, coral-like clusters, providing the main oxidation core and channel. The worm-like graphites on the surface are mostly oxidized and form oxide affected zones. The oxide films are composed of a loose oxide layer with the phases of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, and FeO, and a dense passivation layer with FeO and Fe2SiO4. After oxidation, pearlites in the vermicular graphite cast iron are decomposed into ferrite and cementite a

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3

Pencea, Ion, Doru Michael Ştefănescu, Roxana Ruxanda, and Florina Violeta Anghelina. "New Aspects Regarding the Structure of Spheroidal Cast Iron Carbon Inclusions Revealed by WAXD Investigations." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.120.

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The paper addresses mainly the atomic structure of the spheroidal carbon inclusions (CIs) from a magnesium treated cast iron. The qualitative phase analysis based on diffraction patterns shows that the CI by-products contain carbon, ferrite and iron oxides. Based on peak angular positions and their half-width at half-intensity, the distances between graphenes and the average height of the graphene stack were calculated. To comply with EN 13005 standard, the calculated results include the extended uncertainties U(95%). The Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) data proves clearly that the CI from

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4

Radzikowska, Janina M. "A New Look at Cast Iron Microstructure." Microscopy Today 11, no. 5 (2003): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500053244.

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Cast irons belong to a family of iron-carbon (Fe - C) alloys with free carbon in the form of graphite, a very soft constituent of iron microstructures, that improves machinability and damping properties of castings, or combined carbon, in the form of cementite, that improves wear resistance. Graphitic cast irons include grey iron, compacted iron, malleable iron, and ductile iron, Cementite irons include white cast iron and alloy cast irons. Solidification of graphite directly from molten metal takes place between 1145°C (2093 °F) and 1152 °C (2105 °F), according to the Fe-C equilibrium diagram

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5

Bica, I., and I. Muscutari. "Obtaining iron and graphite nanoparticles in argon plasma." Revista de Metalurgia 32, no. 5 (1996): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1996.v32.i5.894.

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6

Takezawa, Makoto, Seung Won Lee, Susumu Ikeno, and Kenji Matsuda. "Microstructure Observations of Graphite in Gray Cast Iron Using TEM." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1911.

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Cast iron is an iron alloy mainly composed of carbon and silicon, the amount of carbon is more than 2.1 mass%. Cast irons, gray cast iron and ductile cast iron, have been used as industrial parts and automobile parts widely because they have a good wear resistance and an excellent machinability. Graphite formation mechanism have been proposed, but, it is not established clearly yet. In this study, the microstructure of flake graphite was investigated to reveal the graphite formation mechanisms using FC250 alloy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples were prepared using focused ion bea

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7

Villanueva Bravo, Sergio, Kaoru Yamamoto, Hirofumi Miyahara, and Keisaku Ogi. "Control of Carbides and Graphite in Ni-Hard Type Cast Iron for Hot Strip Mills." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1023.

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The carbide and graphite formation and redistribution of alloy elements during solidification were investigated on Ni-hard type cast iron (Fe-C-Si-Ni-Cr-Mo) to develop higher quality rolls for hot steel strip mills. By the control of Ni and Si contents of iron, eutectic graphite flakes crystallize even in cast irons containing strong carbide formers such as V, Nb and Cr. The crystallization of Ni-hard type cast iron with V and Nb proceeds in the order of primary , + MC, + M3C and + graphite eutectic. Since the influence of each alloying element on graphite formation is estimated based on the s

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8

Riposan, Iulian, Mihai Chisamera, and Stelian Stan. "The Role of Compounds in Graphite Formation in Cast Iron - A Review." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.3.

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The paper reviews original data obtained by the authors, from recent separate publications, specifically concerning graphite formation in the solidification pattern of industrial cast irons, focussing on grey iron versus ductile iron. Additional unpublished data and selected data from literature are represented in the paper. Complex compounds act as nucleation sites in commercial cast irons, generally in a three-stage graphite formation, but with different sequences: (1) first micro-compound formation is oxide/silicate in grey iron and sulphide in ductile iron; (2) the second compound nucleate

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9

Hara, T., T. Maekawa, T. Kawabata, K. Terayama, S. Ikeno, and K. Matsuda. "Observation of Spheroidal Graphite in Ductile Cast Iron by Tem." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (2013): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0012.

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The microstructure of spheroidal graphites in ductile cast iron (FCD450) was investigated by TEM using cross sectional TEM samples prepared by FIB method. The spheroidal graphite consisted of many small areas, and all of these areas were indexed as the graphite structure and just carbon peak was detected from there.

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10

Guesser, Wilson Luiz, Luis Carlos Guedes, Ailton L. Müller, Vagner B. Demetrio, and Alexsandro Rabelo. "A Fatigue and Fracture Study on High Strength Cast Irons." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.296.

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Fatigue strength and fracture of high strength cast irons, gray iron grade 300 and CGI grade 450, used for producing lightweight cylinder blocks, were studied. The results show endurance ratios of 0.27-0.28 and 0.38 for gray irons and CGI, respectively. The fracture surfaces in cast irons in general show the predominance of graphite and graphite/matrix interface; however, in CGI there is a larger proportion of fractured pearlitic matrix than in gray iron. This fact, and the differences in the morphology of the graphite/matrix interface, flat in gray iron, rough in CGI, explain the higher resul

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11

Chisamera, Mihai, Iulian Riposan, Stelian Stan, Cristina Militaru, and Michael Barstow. "Influence of Iron Powder Addition on the Structure Characteristics of Hypereutectic Grey Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.96.

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Slightly hypereutectic grey irons (< 4.5%CE), solidified in resin and metal moulds, after an addition of iron powder, either alone or with Ca,Ba,Al-FeSi inoculation (double treatment) were characterized by structure. Iron powder had a role in limiting the carbide presence, while the supplementary inoculation led to the fewest carbides in metal mould samples. No carbides were in resin mould solidification, while graphite morphology progressed from (C + B) in the base iron up to the type (B + A) in double treated iron. Polygonal (Mn,X)S compounds acting as graphite nuclei, whose characteristi

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12

Ştefănescu, Doru Michael, Gorka Alonso, Pello Larrañaga, Esther de La Fuente, and Ramón Suárez. "Reassessment of Crystal Growth Theory of Graphite in Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.36.

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The problem of graphite crystallization and growth in cast iron has recently received increased attention. As most of the published literature describe analysis of room temperature graphite, there is a legitimate concern that the crystallization of graphite is concealed by recrystallization and growth in solid state occurring after solidification. To avoid confusion in the interpretation of room temperature graphite morphology, the authors used Field Emission Gun SEM on deep-etched interrupted solidification (quenched) specimens to reveal the morphology of graphite at the very beginning of sol

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13

Guesser, Wilson Luiz, Carlos S. Cabezas, Luis Carlos Guedes, and André M. Zanatta. "High Temperature Strength of Cast Irons for Cylinder Heads." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.385.

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Hot strength and fracture mechanisms in high quality cast irons were studied, comparing the standard gray iron Grade 300, alloyed with Mo, typically used for cylinder heads in high power engines, with other two materials: one gray iron Grade 300, obtained through graphite refinement and one compacted graphite iron, Grade 450. In these last two materials, the strength increase was obtained by changing the graphite structure, not by hardening the matrix. The experimental results with tensile tests carried out up to 500 °C show that the different strengthening mechanisms, use of Mo or modificatio

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14

Yang, Qiao Wen, Peng Fei Li, Ying Zhu, et al. "Study on Catalysis Properties of Graphene Catalyst Loading Iron Oxide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 1014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.1014.

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The graphite oxide was synthesized with Hummers liquid-phase oxidation method in experiment, and then was reduced to graphene by sodium borohydride, the iron oxide was loaded by dipping method. The catalyst that made reacted in SCR reaction unit in laboratory, the catalysis properties of catalyst was investigated. The experiment results showed that graphene was flake nanometer sheet and presented transparent fold shape, its crystal structure was in order arrangement; the nature of graphene was close to that of raw graphite; their surface function groups were similar; Fe/graphene SCR catalysts

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15

Elmabrouk, Omar, Osama M. Erfan, and Ali Kalkanli. "The Effect of Magnesium to Sulfur Ratio on the Graphite Morphology of Graphite Cast Iron Produced at Differrent Section Thicknesses." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5880.

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This paper is concerned with the investigation of the effect of magnesium to sulfur ratio on the graphite morphology and estimation of the ranges of this ratio use to produce graphite cast iron at different section sections. The main factors affecting shape of graphite cast iron are the metallurgical structures and the section thicknesses. Cast iron of different shapes of graphite particles directly affect its thermo-mechanical properties. The nodular shape of these graphite particles such as in ductile cast iron improve its mechanical properties, on the other hand, when the shape of these gra

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16

Uta, Valentin, and Iulian Riposan. "Structural Characteristics of Ductile Iron at Different Rare Earth Contribution from a Magnesium Ferrosilicon Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 216 (August 2014): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.216.17.

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The structural characteristics of ductile irons were studied using different rare earth elements (REE) in Mg-FeSi treatment alloys (0.005 - 0.025%REEres), in un-inoculated and Ca-bearing FeSi in the mould inoculated irons. In relatively high purity base iron, in terms of anti-nodularising trace elements, (Thielman factor K = 0.7-0.8), increasing REE content after Mg-treatment aggravated the carbides tendency and decreased the nodular graphite compactness, in both un-inoculated and inoculated irons. Graphite parameters improve for lower REE content, and, in both cases, for inoculated irons. A l

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17

Tsujikawa, Masato, Norikazu Matsumoto, Koji Nakamoto, and Yoshisada Michiura. "Pearlite Stabilisation by Copper on Ductile Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.151.

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In ductile cast irons with copper, cementite stability was investigated against an annealing heat treatment used to obtain a fully ferritic matrix. Copper controls cast-iron mechanical properties, but its role in the matrix microstructure formation remains unclear. Some reports suggest the copper layer around graphite or cementite. They can be barrier to carbon diffusion at eutectoid reaction, however it is difficult to understand the mechanism of pearlite stability by copper. To confirm the existence of the barrier and effect of copper addtion, ten 9-mm-thick spheroidal graphite cast iron cas

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18

Alonso, G., D. M. Stefanescu, P. Larrañaga, and R. Suarez. "Graphite Nucleation in Compacted Graphite Cast Iron." International Journal of Metalcasting 14, no. 4 (2020): 1162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00441-2.

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19

Gumienny, G., B. Kurowska, T. Szymczak, and J. Gawroński. "Nickel in Compacted Graphite Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (2017): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0096.

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AbstractThe paper presents results of the research work concerning effects of nickel concentration on the crystallization process, microstructure and selected properties of the compacted graphite iron. Compacted graphite in the cast iron was obtained with use of the Inmold process. The study has comprised the cast iron containing nickel up to concentration providing obtainment of austenitic microstructure of the matrix. The effect of the nickel on temperature of the eutectic crystallization was specified. It has been presented composition of the cast iron matrix in function of nickel concentra

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20

Nofal, Adel, Mohamed Waly, Ahmed Ahmed, and Mohamed Agour. "Selection of Cast Iron Grade for Stub-Anode Fixation in Aluminum Electrolytic Cells." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.435.

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This work is a trial to reach the optimum composition and structure of cast iron used for anode fixation in the aluminum electrolytic cells. Grey iron with low- and high-phosphorus contents, spheroidal graphite irons with compositions typical of ferritic and pearlitic grades as well as grey iron with different carbon equivalent values were compared. A bench-scale experimental set up was used to simulate the operating conditions at the steel stub/cast iron collar/carbon anode connection. The change in microstructure and electrical resistance was measured at temperatures up to 850°C for 30 days,

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21

Miyata, Yoshikazu, Yuki Kuwahara, Shukuji Asakura, Tadashi Shinohara, Takao Yakou, and Keiichi Shiimoto. "Anodic Dissolution of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron with Different Pearlite Areas in Sulfuric Acid Solutions." International Journal of Corrosion 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/741378.

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The rate equation of anodic dissolution reaction of spheroidal graphite cast iron in sulfuric acid solutions at 298 K has been studied. The cast irons have different areas of pearlite. The anodic Tafel slope of 0.043 V decade−1and the reaction order with respect to the hydroxyl ion activity of 1 are obtained by the linear potential sweep technique. The anodic current density does not depend on the area of pearlite. There is no difference in the anodic dissolution reaction mechanisms between pure iron and spheroidal graphite cast iron. The anodic current density of the cast iron is higher than

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22

Ivanov, Andreiy V., Nataliya V. Maksimova, Artem P. Malakho, and Victor V. Avdeev. "PREPARATION AND GAS TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF IRON-CONTAINING GRAPHITE FOIL." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 59, no. 9 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20165909.7y.

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The iron-containing graphite foil, micropore graphite material modified by α‑iron (III) oxide, was obtained. The composition of iron-containing phase was investigated by XRD analysis, the morphology of structure of the iron-containing graphite foil was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The values of hydrogen and nitrogen permeabilities of the modified graphite foil with different content of iron (III) oxide were measured.

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23

Morishige, Kunimitsu, and Takanobu Hamada. "Iron Oxide Pillared Graphite." Langmuir 21, no. 14 (2005): 6277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la050544k.

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24

Tonn, Babette, Jacques Lacaze, and Stephanie Duwe. "Degenerated Graphite Growth in Ductile Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.62.

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As part of a study devoted to the effect of trace elements on graphite degeneracy, near-eutectic ductile iron melts were prepared to which minute amounts of lead and of both lead and cerium were added. The melts were cast into an insulated Y4 mould, giving a solidification time of about 1 hour and a cooling time to room temperature of about 15 hours. In the thermal centre of the Pb containing sample graphite spheroids as well as intergranular lamellar graphite have been found. At the same location of the casting containing both Pb and Ce, exploded as well as chunky graphite could be observed,

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25

Skrbek, B., and K. Policar. "Structure Distribution in Precise Cast Iron Moulded on Meltable Model." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 4 (2015): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0082.

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Abstract Topic of this work is to compare metalurgy of cast irons poured into sand moulds and into shell molds at IEG Jihlava company and from it following differencies in structures of thin- and thick-walled castings. This work is dealing with investigation and experimental measurement on surfaces and sections suitable thin- and thick-walled investment castings at IEG Jihlava. Cast irons with flake graphite (grey cast iron) and cast irons with spheroidal graphite (ductile cast iron). Both mechanical and physical properties are determined using calculations from as measured values of wall thic

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26

Ma, Ming Tu, Zhi Gang Li, Hong Liang Yi, and Hao Zhang. "Fatigue Properties of Spherical Graphite Iron Crankshafts." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2744.

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The crankshafts of semi-finished products were manufactured by two processes: as-cast followed by normalizing and iron mould with sand liner as-cast. Then those were machined and nitridized followed by the bending fatigue test. At last mechanical properties and impact properties of sampled crankshafts were tested. The mechanical properties are similar in the crankshafts treated by both of the processes, however, the bending fatigue limits of as-cast spherical graphite iron crankshafts are much higher than that of normalized spherical graphite iron crankshafts, whose crack producing work and ex

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27

Kaleicheva, Julieta, Valentin Mishev, and Manahil Tongov. "INVESTIGATION ON TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE CAST IRONS WITH NANOSIZED PARTICLES." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 20, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol3.4181.

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The work in this study is focused on investigation of the tribological behavior of ductile cast iron with nanosized particles: titanium nitride TiN; titanium nitride 30% + titanium carbonitride 70% (30%TiN+70%TiCN). The ductile cast iron composition is: Fe-3,55C-2,67Si-0,31Mn-0,009S-0,027P-0,040Cu-0,025Cr-0,08Ni-0,06Mg wt%. Before the addition to the melt nanosized particles were coated with nickel by the electroless nickel deposition method EFFTOMNICKEL .The nickel coating on the nanosized particles ensures their wetting in the melt as well as their uniform distribution into the cast. The opt

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Muhmond, Haji Muhammad, and Hasse Fredriksson. "Graphite Growth Morphologies in Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.458.

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Graphite growth morphology was studied by using InLense detector on FEG-SEM after performing ion etching on the samples. Star like and circumferential growth mechanism of graphite was observed in the graphite nodules. Pure ternary alloy of hypo eutectic and hyper eutectic composition was treated with pure Mg, Ca and Sr, to study the effect of O and S concentration in the melt, on the transition of graphite morphology from nodular to vermicular/compacted and flake graphite. The change in the melt composition between the austenite dendrites due to micro-segregation of S, O and inoculants and the

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29

Pietrowski, S. "Wearing Quality of Austenitic, Duplex Cast Steel, Gray and Spheroidal Graphite Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 2 (2012): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0067-0.

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Wearing Quality of Austenitic, Duplex Cast Steel, Gray and Spheroidal Graphite Iron The current work presents the research results of abrasion wear and adhesive wear at rubbing and liquid friction of new austenitic, austenitic-ferritic ("duplex") cast steel and gray cast iron EN-GJL-250, spheroidal graphite iron EN-GJS-600-3, pearlitic with ledeburitic carbides and spheroidal graphite iron with ledeburitic carbides with a microstructure of the metal matrix: pearlitic, upper bainite, mixture of upper and lower bainite, martensitic with austenite, pearlitic-martensitic-bainitic-ausferritic obtai

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Lundberg, Matthias, Ru Lin Peng, Maqsood Ahmad, Taina Vuoristo, Daniel Bäckström, and Sten Johansson. "Influence of Shot Peening Parameters on Residual Stresses in Flake and Vermicular Cast Irons." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.534.

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Test samples of grey and compacted graphite cast irons with pearlitic matrix were shot-peened to different surface conditions using twelve different combinations of shot size, peening intensity and peening coverage percentage. Relatively high surface compressive residual stresses varying between 245 to 565 MPa were observed and the compressive residual stresses reached a depth between 280 µm and 770 µm. Within the range of peening parameters used, the compacted graphite cast iron with its vermicular graphite showed a somewhat better response to the same shot-peening treatment than the grey cas

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Lee, Young Min, Yong Huh, Jae Sil Park, and Chang Sung Seok. "The Influence of Microstructure and Chemical Composition on the Strength of Cast Iron Used for Railway Vehicles." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1479.

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Generally, the shape of graphite and the contents of elements strongly affect the tensile strength of cast iron. In this study, hardness tests and tensile tests for the two types of gray cast iron were carried out. The test results showed the similarity in the hardness but considerable difference in the tensile strength between two materials. Microstructure analysis and chemical analysis were conducted to determine the cause for the difference in the tensile strength between the two types of cast iron. The experimental results showed differences in the microstructure and chemical composition b

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Morino, Kazuhiro, Fumihito Nishimura, and Norio Kawagoishi. "Fatigue Strength of Radical Nitrided Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.238.

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In order to investigate the effect of radical nitriding on fatigue strength of spheroidal graphite cast iron FCD400, rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out at room temperature. Fatigue strength was increased by nitriding. Fracture started from microshrinkages or abnormal graphites in the same manner as that of as cast iron. However, fracture mode was different according to the stress level. That is, fracture occurred from specimen surface at high stress levels and it occurred from defects in subsurface at low stress levels. The cause of these results was the hardened layer and the com

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Sachek, O. A., A. N. Chichko, S. G. Likhouzov, T. V. Matyushinets, and O. I. Chichko. "PARAMETERIZATION OF MICROSTRUCTURES IMAGES OF SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON ON THE BASIS OF THE GRAPHITE DISTRIBUTION DENSITY FUNCTION OF THE INCLUSIONS SIZE." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2017-1-50-56.

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The possibilities of parameterization of microstructures such as SHG2, SHG4, SHG6, SHG10, SHG12, SHgd15, SHgd25, SHgd45, SHgd90, SHgd180, SHgd360 according to GOST (State All-union standard) 3443–87 based on the microstructures of cast iron with different diameter spheroidal graphite are shown. It is proposed to use the function of the density distribution of graphite inclusions in size for the classification of cast iron microstructures with spheroidal graphite. It is shown that density function of graphite inclusions can be used as a criterion of classification of microstructures of cast iro

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34

Diao, Xiao Gang, Zhi Liang Ning, Fu Yang Cao, Shan Zhi Ren, and Jian Fei Sun. "Graphite Morphology Evolution during Melt Holding of Ductile Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.31.

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Evolution processes of graphite morphology in ductile iron were investigated by quenching specimens during a long time holding of iron melt in a Ar atmosphere. Results show that spheroidal graphite is only observed at the early stage of melt holding. There are no evident changes in morphology of spheroidal graphite with increasing holding time up to 180 min. Subsequently chunky graphite precipitates directly after holding for 240 min as spheroidizing ability (Mg residual and RE residual) is insufficient. The number and size of eutectic chunky graphite cells increase with prolonged holding time

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35

Zhang, Yong, and Fang Liu. "Laser induced domino exfoliation of graphite to graphene in spheroidal graphite cast iron." Surface and Coatings Technology 285 (January 2016): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.11.048.

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Bi, Chang Bo. "Graphite Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles Produced by Ball-Milling and Annealing a Mixture of Expanded Graphite and Iron Powders." Advanced Materials Research 496 (March 2012): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.496.387.

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Graphite encapsulated iron nanoparticles were prepared by ball-milling and subsequently annealing a mixture of expanded graphite and iron powders. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation mechanism of the nanoparticles was discussed. The results show that the nanoparticles have a size range of 20-150 nm, and graphite and iron in the nanoparticles have a higher crystallinity

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Firican, Ciprian, and Iulian Riposan. "Graphite Phase Characteristics in Compacted/Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron Inoculated in the Mould." Advanced Materials Research 1128 (October 2015): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.72.

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The objective of this research paper is to examine the effects of adding an oxy-sulphide inoculant enhancer alloy [OS-IE = S,O,Al,Mg-CaSi alloy] to a conventional CaBa-FeSi alloy and to examine the graphite phase characteristics in these irons, as affected by different in the mould inoculants, for resin sand mould castings. The surface layer of all the Mg,RE-FeSi treated compacted / vermicular graphite cast iron samples with 0.018 – 0.023% Mgresis influenced by S diffusion from Furan Resin–P-Toluol Sulphonic Acid (PTSA). The graphite phase is strongly influenced in this surface layer. Inoculat

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Vdovin, Konstantin N., M. V. Shubina, and I. G. Shubin. "Investigation of Grey Cast Iron Microstructure Influence on its Heat Resistance." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.332.

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Grey cast iron is one of the most common engineering materials used to make castings which work in thermal cycling. Under thermal cycling conditions, heat resistance is an important operational property of grey cast iron, which depends to the greatest extent on its structure – size and shape of the graphite inclusions, as well as the metal matrix composition. In this paper, the heat resistance of unalloyed grey cast iron with lamellar and compact graphite distributed in perlitic and perlitic-ferritic metal matrices was determined. The tests were carried out at temperatures of 500 – 800 °C. The

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Lee, Soo-Chul, and Ki-Woo Nam. "Ultrasonic Characteristics of Degraded Compacted Graphite Iron from 873 to 1,273 K." Journal of the Korea Society For Power System Engineering 17, no. 4 (2013): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9726/kspse.2013.17.4.072.

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Болдырев, Денис, Denis Boldyrev, Сергей Давыдов, et al. "Structural iron with compact forms of graphite." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 3 (2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22979.

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The identity of the mechanical properties of ductile iron (QP) and cast iron with compact forms of graphite, in particular, with nodular and vermicular graphite (CSWG). Given the fundamental differences in techniques of obtaining QP and CSUG in terms of their labor, material and energy intensity at virtually the identical strength properties shown to be technically and economically preferable for the manufacture of castings of CSWG and other cast iron with a compact form of graphite.

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Guo, Y., C. Y. Wang, H. Yuan, L. J. Zheng, and Y. X. Song. "Milling Forces of Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) and Gray Iron (GI)." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.32.

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Compacted graphite iron (CGI) has excellent comprehensive performance of strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, shock absorption and thermal conductivity as an ideal material for making engine parts. The material performance of CGI is compared with that of gray iron (GI) and spheroidal graphite Iron (SGI). Some research shows that the strong adhesion between the iron and the graphite forms semi-continuous chips when machining CGI which requires more energy than GI cutting, and there's no MnS layer on the cutting edge during CGI cutting. Thus, the cutting tool life of CGI is greatly reduced t

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Espinoza-Rivas, A. M., M. A. Pérez-Guzmán, R. Ortega-Amaya, J. Santoyo-Salazar, C. D. Gutiérrez-Lazos, and M. Ortega-López. "Synthesis and Magnetic Characterization of Graphite-Coated Iron Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanotechnology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6571643.

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Graphite-coated iron nanoparticles were prepared from magnetite nanoparticles by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) under methane and hydrogen atmosphere. After being purified from carbon excess, graphite-coated iron nanoparticles were tested for morphological and magnetic properties. It was found that, during the thermal process, magnetite nanoparticles 6 nm in size coalesce and transform into graphite-coated iron 200 nm in size, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Raman characterization assessed that high-quality graphite coats the iron core. Magnetic measurements revealed the p

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Vuong Hoan, Nguyen Thi, Nguyen Thi Anh Thu, Hoang Van Duc, Nguyen Duc Cuong, Dinh Quang Khieu, and Vien Vo. "Fe3O4/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite: Synthesis and Its Application for Toxic Metal Ion Removal." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2418172.

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The synthesis of reduced graphene oxide modified by magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4/rGO) and its application for heavy metals removal were demonstrated. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and magnetic measurement. The results showed that the obtained graphene oxide (GO) contains a small part of initial graphite as well as reduced oxide graphene. GO exhibits very high surface area in comparison with initial graphite. The morphology of Fe3

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Ivanova, L., and E. Kolotilo. "Bathroom brake circuits with vermicular graphite." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 6 (November 20, 2018): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.6.2018.05.

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The processes of structuring in cast iron of different chemical composition in the range of cooling rates of 0.5 ... 5.5 deg / s, which take place in the roll casting mould, are investigated. Scientifically based theoretical and experimental results were obtained, the set of which allowed to develop highly effective technologies of casting of rolling rolls from cast iron with vermicular graphite with increased operational characteristics. Optimum content of rare earth metal (REM) in roller cast iron with vermicular graphite at different cooling rates was experimentally established. In the low

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Wang, Guiquan, Xiang Chen, Yanxiang Li, and Zhongli Liu. "Effects of Inoculation on the Pearlitic Gray Cast Iron with High Thermal Conductivity and Tensile Strength." Materials 11, no. 10 (2018): 1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101876.

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With the aim of improving the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of pearlitic gray cast iron, the influence of inoculation on structure and properties was experimentally investigated. Three group of irons with similar compositions were inoculated by Zr-FeSi, Sr-FeSi, and SiC inoculants, respectively. The metallographic analysis was used to measure the maximum graphite length, primary dendrites amount and eutectic colonies counts. For a certain carbon equivalent, it was confirmed that the thermal conductivity of pearlitic gray cast iron has a direct correlation with the maximum graphite

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Rahmadi and Deni Ferdian. "Effect of Strontium Addition in Graphite Morphology and Nodularization of Hypoeutectic Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.454.

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Nodular graphite cast iron or known as spheroidal graphite cast iron structurally has a spherical graphite morphology with a matrix consisting of a ferrite-pearlite phase. In general, cast iron has a main alloy consisting of carbon and silicon where both elements have an influence on the potential of graphitization and castability. In this work, the influence of strontium (Sr) added to molten cast iron with a composition of 0, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 wt% to graphite morphology were studied. The sample obtained will be carried out a characterization process by observing macro and microstructures us

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Naydek, Vladimir L., Vladimir P. Gavrilyuk, and Ivan G. Neizhko. "On the Theories of Graphite Formation in Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.48.

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Lacaze, Jacques, Yannick Thébault, Alexandre Freulon, and Wilson Luiz Guesser. "Effect of Cooling Rate on the Eutectoid Transformation in Compacted Graphite Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.12.

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Differential thermal analysis has been used to characterize the effect of cooling rate on the eutectoid transformation of a compacted graphite iron. The samples were machined out from an as-cast thermal cup, austenitized at 950°C and then cooled to room temperature at various rates within the range 1−55.5°C/min. It was found that even at the highest investigated cooling rate, significant amounts of ferrite could be observed. When comparing the microstructure before and after Nital etching on samples cooled at intermediate cooling rates, it appeared that ferrite formed preferentially along the

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Feng, Yu Shuang, Ze Sheng Ji, and He Sheng Wu. "Research on Cored Wire Re-Sulfurization Injection for Compacted Graphite Cast Iron." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.231.

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To promote the application process of compacted graphite cast iron in non-automotive industry, cored wire re-sulfurization injection was developed for the production of compacted graphite cast iron. Firstly, ductile cast iron was produced by cored wire injection. Then, the effective final residual Mg level was reduced to the appropriate range for compacted graphite formation by feeding sulfidizing cored wire containing 99% S. In this paper, the influencing factors on percentage of compacted graphite were analysed, such as the final residual Mg level, cored wire injection speed. The results sho

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YANG, QIANG, LANG YANG, SHAOXIAN SONG, and LING XIA. "ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM WATER BY ADSORPTION ON IRON-CONTAMINATED CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE GRAPHITE." Surface Review and Letters 24, no. 07 (2017): 1750099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17500998.

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This work aimed to study the feasibility of using iron-contaminated graphite as an adsorbent for As(V) removal from water. The adsorbent was prepared by grinding graphite concentrate with steel ball. The study was performed through the measurements of adsorption capacity, BET surface area and XPS analysis. The experimental results showed that the iron-contaminated graphite exhibited significantly high adsorption capacity of As(V). The higher the iron contaminated on the graphite surface, the higher the adsorption capacity of As(V) on the material obtained. It was suggested that the ion-contami

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