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Journal articles on the topic 'Graphite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Stebeleva, Olesya P., Lyudmila V. Kashkina, Olga A. Vshivkova, and Andrey V. Minakov. "Application of high-speed hydrodynamic technology for the production of graphene nanosuspensions from natural graphites." Siberian Aerospace Journal 25, no. 4 (2024): 521–30. https://doi.org/10.31772/2712-8970-2024-25-4-521-530.

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Carbon nanostructures have been in the focus of world science for more than 25 years, since the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, single-walled carbon nanotubes in 1993, graphene in 2004, graphene quantum dots in 2004. Graphene is a monocrystalline graphite films (2D material) with a thickness of several atoms that are stable under environmental conditions and they have excellent electronic, mechanical, chemical, thermal and optical properties. All over the world, research and development of new methods of using graphene in various fields such as energy, oil production, materials science, and e

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2

Gorshenev, V. N. "Colloidal-graphite suspension based on thermally expanded graphite." Himičeskaâ fizika 43, no. 5 (2024): 93–99. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0207401x24050114.

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Currently, modified oxidized (intercalated) graphites and thermally expanded graphites obtained from them are used in solving many applied problems. This is due to the fact that while retaining all the properties of layered graphite compounds, split graphite particles have important new properties, such as ease of molding, low bulk density, and active interaction with the polymer matrix. However, the question of the mechanisms of expansion of oxidized graphite and the properties of thermally expanded graphite particles split into layers has not been sufficiently studied. The establishment of e

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3

Gholamalizadeh, Naghmeh, Saeedeh Mazinani, Majid Abdouss, Ali Mohammad Bazargan, and Fataneh Fatemi. "Efficient and Direct Exfoliation of High-Quality Graphene Layers in Water from Different Graphite Sources and Its Electrical Characterization." Nano 16, no. 07 (2021): 2150079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329202150079x.

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Green and efficient mass production of graphene sheets with high quality and electrical conductivity is intriguing for both academic scientists and industry. Among numerous production methods suffering from complexity or harsh chemical media, direct and high-yield exfoliation of graphite in water seems to be the best choice. In this study, efforts were made to prepare high-quality and stable graphene dispersions with the highest possible concentrations through an ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) in water directly from two types of natural graphites. The rigorous structural, m

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4

Kausar, Ayesha. "Avant-Garde Polymer and Nano-Graphite-Derived Nanocomposites—Versatility and Implications." C 9, no. 1 (2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9010013.

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Graphite (stacked graphene layers) has been modified in several ways to enhance its potential properties/utilities. One approach is to convert graphite into a unique ‘nano-graphite’ form. Nano-graphite consists of few-layered graphene, multi-layered graphene, graphite nanoplatelets, and other graphene aggregates. Graphite can be converted to nano-graphite using physical and chemical methods. Nano-graphite, similar to graphite, has been reinforced in conducting polymers/thermoplastics/rubbery matrices to develop high-performance nanocomposites. Nano-graphite and polymer/nano-graphite nanomateri

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5

Lu, Yan. "Size Effect of Expandable Graphite." Advanced Materials Research 499 (April 2012): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.72.

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Using three natural graphites with different particle size, 35, 50 and 80 mesh, as raw materials, expandable graphites were prepared by intercalating, water-washing and drying the natural graphites. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy. Results show that the structure of expandable graphite is affected strongly by the particle size of natural graphite. With increasing the particle size of natural graphite, for expandable graphite, the expansion degree of graphite flakes along the c-axis and the relative

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6

Cao, Ning, and Yuan Zhang. "Study of Reduced Graphene Oxide Preparation by Hummers’ Method and Related Characterization." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/168125.

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As a novel two-dimensional carbon material, graphene has fine potential applications in the fields of electron transfer agent and supercapacitor material for its excellent electronic and optical property. However, the challenge is to synthesize graphene in a bulk quantity. In this paper, graphite oxide was prepared from natural flake graphite by Hummers’ method through liquid oxidization, and the reduced graphene oxide was obtained by chemical reduction of graphene oxide using NH3·H2O aqueous solution and hydrazine hydrate. The raw material graphite, graphite oxide, and reduced graphene oxide

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7

Jeon, In Yup, Seo Yoon Bae, and Jong Beom Baek. "Exfoliation of Graphite via Edge-Functionalization with Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Hyperbranched Poly(ether-ketone)s." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.671.

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Because the complete restoration of graphene oxide into graphene is unsuccessful, the “direct” exfoliation of graphite into graphene is still remaining challenge. Here, we report in-situ grafting of carboxylic acid-terminated hyperbranched poly(ether-ketone) (HPEK) onto the edge of graphite to afford “edge-functionalized” HPEK grafted graphite (HPEK-g-graphite). The HPEK plays as a macromolecular wedge to exfoliate graphite. The degree of exfoliation of the resultant HPEK-g-graphite was estimated by wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to the macromo

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8

Johnsen, Rune E., Poul Norby, and Matteo Leoni. "Intercalation of lithium into disordered graphite in a working battery." Journal of Applied Crystallography 51, no. 4 (2018): 998–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576718007756.

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The structural transformations occurring during the intercalation of lithium into disordered graphite in a working battery were studied in detail by operando X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). By using a capillary-based micro-battery cell, it was possible to study the stacking disorder in the initial graphite as well as in lithiated graphites. The micro-battery cell was assembled in its charged state with graphite as positive electrode and metallic lithium as counter electrode. The battery was discharged until a stage II compound (LiC12) was formed. The operando XRPD data reveal that the graphit

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9

Wang, Meng Lu, and Li Ji. "Expansion Mechanism of Expandable Graphite Formed by Natural Graphite with Different Particle Size." Advanced Materials Research 499 (April 2012): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.16.

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Using three natural graphites with different particle sizes, 80, 50 and 35 mesh, as raw material, three expanded graphites were prepared by irradiating expandable graphite in a microwave oven. Results show that the particle size of natural graphite influences strongly the expansion ratio of expanded graphite, and the larger the particle size, the larger the expansion ratio. In addition, the expansion mechanism of expandable graphite is discussed.

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10

Li, Jinghao, Qiangu Yan, Xuefeng Zhang, Jilei Zhang, and Zhiyong Cai. "Efficient Conversion of Lignin Waste to High Value Bio-Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials." Polymers 11, no. 4 (2019): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040623.

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Lignin graphene oxide was oxidized after Kraft lignin was graphitized by thermal catalytic conversion. The reduced lignin graphene oxide was derived from lignin graphene oxide through thermal reduction treatment. These Kraft lignin, lignin graphite, lignin graphene oxide, and reduced lignin graphene oxide were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, raman microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed lignin graphite converted from Kraft l

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11

Panteleimonov, R. A., О. V. Boichuk, K. D. Pershina, and V. M. Ogenko. "Structural and electrochemical properties of N-doped graphene–graphite composites." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 6 (December 2022): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-145-6-61-67.

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This work studied the impact of graphene content and heat treatment on the structural changes and electrical parameters of graphite/N-doped graphene mixtures. Using photoelectron spectroscopy the appearance of two types of carbon-containing phases was detected in the visible range of the N-doped graphene samples synthesized from liquid nitrogen. The following features of the samples were shown: one typical structure of graphene (sp2C–sp2C), two atypical structures (sp3C–N and the C–O bond), and graphene components modified with nitrogen (pyridine–N, pyrrole–N, graphite–N and oxidized N–O). The

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12

Ni, Chengyuan, Chengdong Xia, Wenping Liu, et al. "Effect of Graphene on the Performance of Silicon–Carbon Composite Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 17, no. 3 (2024): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17030754.

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(Si/graphite)@C and (Si/graphite/graphene)@C were synthesized by coating asphalt-cracked carbon on the surface of a Si-based precursor by spray drying, followed by heat treatment at 1000 °C under vacuum for 2h. The impact of graphene on the performance of silicon–carbon composite-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) images of (Si/graphite/graphene)@C showed that the nano-Si and graphene particles were dispersed on the surface of graphite, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

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13

Arao, Yoshihiko, Jonathon D. Tanks, Kojiro Aida, and Masatoshi Kubouchi. "Exfoliation Behavior of Large Anionic Graphite Flakes in Liquid Produced by Salt-Assisted Ball Milling." Processes 8, no. 1 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010028.

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Functionalization of graphite is crucial for efficient and effective exfoliation to graphene. When negative charges are fixed to the edges of natural graphite, the resulting anionic graphite shows negative charging in a polar solvent. This enhanced negative charging is assumed to contribute the exfoliation of graphite during liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE). In this study, we prepared large anionic graphite flakes (~10 μm) by salt-assisted ball milling, as well as natural graphite flakes of the same size for comparison. During the LPE process, centrifugation speed and solvent type have dominant

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14

Li, Pei Pei, and Bao Xiang Deng. "Research on Carbon Materials with Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene-Based." Advanced Materials Research 1003 (July 2014): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1003.100.

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Carbon materials has been a popular application materials, especially in graphene. Graphene, the mother of all graphitic materials, has emerged to become an exciting two-dimensional material with wondrous properties. Atomic and electronic structures of graphene have been investigated by employing a variety of micro-scopic, spectroscopic, and other techniques. The results show it has better thermal stability, and larger surface area than graphite, graphite oxide. Keywords: graphite; oxidation-reduction method; graphite oxide; graphene

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15

Lei, Yun, Jun Xu, Rong Li, and Fei Fei Chen. "Acidification Assisted Preparation of Graphite Oxide and Graphene." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.36.

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Graphite oxide was prepared by acidification assisted Hummers method, which contains acidification, medium temperature and high-temperature three stages. Traditional Hummers low-temperature process was replaced by acidification process. The dosages of acid, graphite and potassium permanganate were investigated, and the produced graphite oxide was treated by ultrasonic oscillation and reduced to graphene by refluxing the reaction mixture at 100°C under open-air conditions. The structure of natural graphite, graphite oxide and graphene were characterized by X-ray diffractometry and infrared spec

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16

Bastiurea, Marian, Dumitru Dima, and Gabriel Andrei. "Effect of Graphene Oxide and Graphite on Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Polyester Composites." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 1 (2018): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.1.4973.

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Graphene oxide and graphite filled polyester composites were prepared by using conventional melt-mixing methods in order to improve tribological performance of polyester. It was investigated friction stability, microhardness, friction coefficient, and specific wear rate of the composites in details. It was found that the presence of graphite and graphene oxide influenced friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites. Graphene oxide decreased wear rate with increasing of test speed and graphite decreased wear rate for composite for all speeds. Tribological performance of the polyester/gr

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17

Yurov, V.M., K.N. Zhangozin, and D.B. Kargin. "GRAPHITE STRATIFICATION BY MICROCLUSTER WATER IN A MAGNETIC FIELD." Deutsche internationale Zeitschrift für zeitgenössische Wissenschaft 102 (April 21, 2025): 72–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15258410.

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The article proposes a model of graphite exfoliation with microcluster water in a magnetic field and obtaining graphene from it. However, it is impossible to use mechanically obtained graphene on an industrial scale. Therefore, various methods (models) for obtaining graphene have appeared. The proposed model of graphite exfoliation is based on the concept of its surface layer, consisting of three graphene monolayers. Another aspect of the proposed model is the use of a special state of water, namely, the microcluster state, for graphite splitting. Natural graphite practically does not interact

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18

Ji, Li, and Meng Lu Wang. "Effect of Particle Size of Natural Graphite on Methyl Blue Sorption Behavior of Expanded Graphite." Advanced Materials Research 499 (April 2012): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.12.

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Using three natural graphites with different particle sizes, 80, 50 and 35 mesh, as raw material, expanded graphite was prepared by rapidly heating expandable graphite in a muffle and by irradiating it in a microwave oven, respectively. The resulting expanded graphites were used for adsorbing methyl blue in water. The results show that the removal rate of methyl blue is influenced by the treatment method of solution, the particle size of natural graphite and expansion method of expandable graphite. After selection of desired operation parameters, a higher removal rate is achieved.

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19

Duan, Wen Yan. "Effect of Expansion Temperature of Expandable Graphite on Anti-Friction Effect of Graphite Nonasheets from Sonicating Expanded Graphite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.225.

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Three graphite nanosheets were prepared by sonicating three expanded graphites that were formed by rapidly heating expandable graphite at 600, 800 and 1000 °C, respectively. The graphite nanosheets were characterized by scanning electron microscope. The anti-friction effects of the graphite nanosheets used as lubricating additives were investigated. The results show that the size of the graphite nanosheets decreases with increasing the temperature of expandable graphite. The graphite nanosheets have an obvious anti-friction effect, and the effect is related to the heating temperature.

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20

Zhangozin, K. N., V. M. Yurov, and D. B. Kargin. "Acoustoemission of Graphite and Graphene." Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources 338, no. 3 (2025): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.31643/2026/6445.32.

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In this paper, we propose a model of the acoustic emission mechanism of natural graphite and graphene. The thickness of the surface layer R(I) of graphite varies from 0.9 nm in the parallel to 2.46 nm in the perpendicular plane and contains three graphene monolayers. Corrugations on the surface of free graphene arise due to high internal stresses, leading to significant deformation energy. An estimate of the deformation energy associated with the reconstruction of the surface of graphite and graphene is proposed. We imagine a graphite nanolayer as a potential well with infinitely high walls, t

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21

Minitha, Cherukutty Ramakrishnan, and Ramasamy Thangavelu Rajendrakumar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 678 (March 2013): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.678.56.

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Reduced graphene oxide is an excellent candidate for various electronic devices such as high performance gas sensors. In this work Graphene oxide was prepared by oxidizing graphite to form graphite oxide. From XRD analysis the peak around 11.5o confirmed that the oxygen was intercalated into graphite. By using hydrazine hydrate, the epoxy group in graphite oxide was reduced then the solution of reduced graphite oxide (rGO) is exfoliated. Raman spectrum of rGO contains both G band (1580 cm-1), D band (1350 cm-1). The remarkable structural changes reveals that reduction of graphene oxide from th

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22

Guo, Qiaoqin, Zhong Yang, Ding Guo, et al. "Research on the Oxidation Mechanism of Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron." Materials 12, no. 19 (2019): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193130.

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The oxidation mechanism of vermicular graphite cast iron was studied. The oxidation reaction starts from graphites and diffused slowly. Graphites in vermicular graphite are interconnected, coral-like clusters, providing the main oxidation core and channel. The worm-like graphites on the surface are mostly oxidized and form oxide affected zones. The oxide films are composed of a loose oxide layer with the phases of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, and FeO, and a dense passivation layer with FeO and Fe2SiO4. After oxidation, pearlites in the vermicular graphite cast iron are decomposed into ferrite and cementite a

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23

Рутьков, Е. В., Е. Ю. Афанасьева, Н. П. Лавровская та Н. Р. Галль. "Интеркалирование натрием графеновых пленок на Re(10(1)0)". Физика твердого тела 60, № 5 (2018): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2018.05.45807.301.

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AbstractIt is shown that during low-temperature (300–500 K) intercalation of sodium atoms into thin multilayer graphene and graphite films on rhenium the first graphene layer plays the role of a trap to which atoms coming on the surface diffuse through a graphite film. The intercalation phase of the interlayer space in the graphite bulk is actively filled at a sodium atoms concentration under the first graphene layer close to the maximum possible (2 ± 0.5) × 10^14 cm^–2. This phase capacity is proportional to the graphite film thickness that can be varied in this work from one graphene layer t

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24

Alinejad, Babak, and Korosh Mahmoodi. "Synthesis of graphene nanoflakes by grinding natural graphite together with NaCl in a planetary ball mill." Functional Materials Letters 10, no. 04 (2017): 1750047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604717500473.

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Natural graphite is a soft material that conventional milling methods fail to grind into nanoparticles. We found that adding NaCl into graphite during milling allows obtaining graphene nanoflakes of about 50[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]200[Formula: see text]nm2 as evidenced by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). NaCl particles are substantially brittle and harder than graphite, serving as milling agents by both helping to chop graphite into smaller pieces and preventing graphite particles from agglomeration. After milling, NaCl can be easily washed away by water

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25

Yürüm, Yuda, Burcu Saner Okan, Firuze Okyay, et al. "An Improved Technique for the Exfoliation of Graphene Nanosheets and Utilization of their Nanocomposites as Fuel Cell Electrodes." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.9.

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Graphene is a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional 2D honeycomb lattice. The graphene sheets in graphite interact with each other through van der Waals forces to form layered structure. The first graphene sheets were obtained by extracting monolayer sheets from the three-dimensional graphite using a technique called micromechanical cleavage in 2004 [. There are numerous attempts in the literature to produce monolayer graphene sheets by the treatment of graphite. The first work was conducted by Brodie in 1859 and GO was prepared by repeated treatment of Ceylon gr

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26

Lv, Ya Nan, Jian Fang Wang, Yin Long, Cheng An Tao, Lin Xia, and Hui Zhu. "How Graphene Layers Depend on Drying Methods of Graphene Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.597.

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Abstract: Graphite oxide is of great importance in preparing graphene, the average layer of graphene depends on that of graphene oxide in some extent. In this paper, we prepared graphite oxide via H3PO4/H2SO4mixed acid, then which were dried by vacuum drying in a freezer dryer and drying oven respectively, the graphite oxide powder and thin film were obtained correspondingly. After dispersing the above two forms of graphite oxide in water by shaking, stirring or supersonic wave, they were reduced in the same condition. According to the XRD, AFM results, vacuum freeze-drying was inclined to gai

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27

Rubanik, V. V., V. O. Savitsky, V. V. jr Rubanik, et al. "OBTAINING GRAPHENE STRUCTURES AND NANOPOLYMERS USING ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-74-83.

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Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites are considered a promising class of future materials. The degree of filling, the filler and binder nature, and the shape, size, and mutual arrangement of filler particles determine the properties of a polymer composite material. The destruction of nanoparticles aggregates occurs most effectively in liquid media under the action of ultrasonic vibrations. The authors proposed the technique and designed laboratory equipment for ultrasonic treatment of the finely-dispersed graphite suspension, carried out the ultrasonic treatment (UST) of finely-dispersed grap

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28

Rubanik, V. V., V. O. Savitsky, V. V. jr Rubanik, et al. "OBTAINING GRAPHENE STRUCTURES AND NANOPOLYMERS USING ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 3 (2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-3-74-83.

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Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites are considered a promising class of future materials. The degree of filling, the filler and binder nature, and the shape, size, and mutual arrangement of filler particles determine the properties of a polymer composite material. The destruction of nanoparticles aggregates occurs most effectively in liquid media under the action of ultrasonic vibrations. The authors proposed the technique and designed laboratory equipment for ultrasonic treatment of the finely-dispersed graphite suspension, carried out the ultrasonic treatment (UST) of finely-dispersed grap

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29

Li, Jihui, Huiqing Shi, Ning Li, Mei Li, and Jing Li. "Facile preparation of graphite intercalation compounds in alkali solution." Open Chemistry 8, no. 4 (2010): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-010-0048-5.

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AbstractGraphite intercalation compounds are often prepared by flake graphite, oxidants, inorganic acids, organic acids and intercalated ions which are usually hydrogen protons between the graphene planes. They are also known as the acid-treated graphite intercalation compounds. In this work, alkaline graphite intercalation compounds were prepared by flake graphite, K2Cr2O7, concentrated H2SO4 and NaOH, and the morphology and structure were characterized by Electron microscopy and X-ray techniques. The results display that the combination of neutralisation heat and oxidation capability produce

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30

Wang, Ziming, Yiyang Cao, Decai Pan, and Sen Hu. "Vertically Aligned and Interconnected Graphite and Graphene Oxide Networks Leading to Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Composites." Polymers 12, no. 5 (2020): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051121.

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Natural graphite flakes possess high theoretical thermal conductivity and can notably enhance the thermal conductive property of polymeric composites. Currently, because of weak interaction between graphite flakes, it is hard to construct a three-dimensional graphite network to achieve efficient heat transfer channels. In this study, vertically aligned and interconnected graphite skeletons were prepared with graphene oxide serving as bridge and support via freeze-casting method. Three freezing temperatures were utilized, and the resulting graphite and graphene oxide network was filled in a pol

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31

Lakshani, S. D. M., D. B. H. I. Bandara, R. C. L. De Silva, A. M. K. L. Abeykoon, M. H. T. Dulaj, and I. R. M. Kottegoda. "Mass scale production and purification of graphite oxide from Sri Lankan vein graphite and spectroscopic characterization." Sri Lankan Journal of Physics 24, no. 2 (2023): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljp.v24i2.8134.

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Discovery of graphene has enhanced attention on industrial scale production of graphene using natural graphite which involves oxidation followed by reduction processes. Aiming for the first time, mass scale production of graphite oxide from Sri Lankan vein graphite of natural purity 99.5% carbon, following an improved Hummer’s method was experimented at optimized conditions minimizing chemical, energy and time wastage. The present study further aimed at determination of pH and manganese ions on successive purification processes of graphite oxide. The X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fouri

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32

Yao, Yu Qin, Yin Jie Cen, Richard D. Sisson, and Jian Yu Liang. "A Synthesize Protocol for Graphene Nanosheets." Materials Science Forum 880 (November 2016): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.880.3.

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Chemical synthesis is cheap and easy to be tailored. Reduction of graphite oxide to form graphene nanosheets is a necessary step that determines yield, quality, chemical and surface properties of graphene nanosheets. In this report, the reduction of graphite oxides by chemical and thermal methods has been employed to convert graphite oxide synthesized by the same wet chemical method using KMnO4 and H2O2. The characterization results from the two reduction methods indicate that a combination of wet oxidation of graphite and thermal reduction method is an efficient and environmental friendly way

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33

Meng, Long Yue, and Soo Jin Park. "Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets via Thermal Exfoliation of Pretreated Graphite at Low Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.787.

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In this work, we synthesized graphene nanosheets via a soft chemistry synthetic route involving pre-exfoliation treatment, strong oxidation, and post thermal exfoliation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the ordered graphite crystal structure and morphology of graphene nanosheets. N2 adsorption was used to determine the specific surface area of graphene nanosheets. As a result, pre-treatment of the graphite with HNO3/H2SO4 mixture produced the exfoliated graphite nanoplates, and the post thermal exf

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Loryuenyong, Vorrada, Krit Totepvimarn, Passakorn Eimburanapravat, Wanchai Boonchompoo, and Achanai Buasri. "Preparation and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets via Water-Based Exfoliation and Reduction Methods." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/923403.

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This research studied the synthesis of graphene oxide and graphene via a low-cost manufacturing method. The process started with the chemical oxidation of commercial graphite powder into graphite oxide by modified Hummer’s method, followed by the exfoliation of graphite oxide in distilled water using the ultrasound frequency from a laboratory ultrasonic bath. Finally, the oxygen functional groups on exfoliated graphite oxide or graphene oxide were eliminated by stirring in hot distilled water at 95°C, as a replacement for highly toxic and dangerously unstable hydrazine. The results assured tha

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35

Yu, Hui Jiang, Zheng Guang Zou, Fei Long, Chun Yan Xie, and Hao Ma. "Preparation of Graphene with Ultrasound-Assisted in the Process of Oxidation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 1784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1784.

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To get single-layer of graphene, exfoliating fully intercalated graphite oxide into single- layer graphene oxide is one of the important factors. In this paper, graphite oxide prepared by the Improved Hummers Method, and ultrasound was added to the Low-temperature Reaction of this oxidation process to improve the efficiency of intercalation. Then the obtained graphene oxide was dispersed with surfactant and reduced with Hydrazine Hydrate. XRD patterns indicated that the layer distance of graphite oxide did increased at the aid of the ultrasound, and the obtained reduced products were single- a

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Ilnicka, Anna, Malgorzata Skorupska, Piotr Kamedulski, and Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz. "Electro-Exfoliation of Graphite to Graphene in an Aqueous Solution of Inorganic Salt and the Stabilization of Its Sponge Structure with Poly(Furfuryl Alcohol)." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (2019): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070971.

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We demonstrate an accessible and effective technique for exfoliating graphite foil and graphite powder into graphene in a water solution of inorganic salt. In our research, we report an electrochemical cathodic exfoliation in an aqueous solution of Na2SO4. After electro-exfoliation, the resulting graphene was premixed with furfuryl alcohol (FA) and an inorganic template (CaCO3 and Na2CO3). Once FA was polymerized to poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA), the mixture was carbonized. Carbon bridges originating in thermally-decomposed PFA joined exfoliated graphene flakes and stabilized the whole sponge-t

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Paul, Abigail, Regan Magee, Warren Wilczewski, et al. "Characterization and Analysis of Coal-Derived Graphite for Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 4 (2024): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-014670mtgabs.

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Graphite is a critical material used as the negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Both natural and synthetic graphites are utilized, with the latter obtained from a range of carbon raw materials. In this work, efforts to synthesize graphite from coal as a domestic feedstock for synthetic graphite are reported. The performance in lithium-ion coin cells of this coal derived graphite is compared to commercial battery-grade graphite. This includes characterization of the thermodynamics of the coal derived graphite using the multi-species, multi-reaction (MSMR) model, characterization of the

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N. A. Karim, Muhammad M. Ramli, C. M. R. Ghazali, et al. "Reduction of reduced graphene oxide from synthetic graphite produced from oil palm trunk waste." International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials (IJNeaM) 18, no. 2 (2025): 315–20. https://doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v18i2.2189.

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Graphene has received great attention in various fields, including energy storage, electronics, gas sorption, separation, sensing, and catalysis fields due to its exceptional thermal, electrical, magnetic, optical, and mechanical capabilities as well as its substantial specific surface area. However, this super great graphene is derived from precursor materials, primarily graphite. Synthetic graphite produced from oil palm trunk (OPT) waste has been reported to have excellent chemical properties that are comparable to those of commercial graphite. Through the synthetic graphite from oil palm t

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Panteleimonov, Radyslav, Oleksandr Boichuk, Katherine Pershina, and Volodymyr Ogenko. "IMPACT OF THE GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS AND CONCENTRATION CONDITIONS ON ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF GRAPHENE — GRAPHITE SYSTEM." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 87, no. 8 (2021): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.87.08.2021.127-137.

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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to study the electrical parameters of graphite-graphene systems with different mass concentrations of graphene. Graphene was synthesized using two methods of plasma arc discharge from aqueous and non-aqueous medium (water and liquid nitrogen) to determine the impact of graphite concentration, water, and heat treatment of graphene on electrical parameters (conductivity and electrostatic capacity) of the graphite-graphene mixture. The average values of active resistance and electrostatic capacity of these systems are obtained. The optimal ratio

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Long, Yin, Jian Fang Wang, Ya Nan Lv, Cheng An Tao, Lin Xia, and Hui Zhu. "Preparation and Characterization of Graphene by the Oxidation Reduction Method." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.624.

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We prepared graphite oxide (GO) from natural graphite by the modified Hummers method. Then graphene was prepared by ultrasonically dispersing GO in the presence of hydrazine hydrate. The samples were characterized by FTIR, Raman, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results suggest that the graphite is oxidized to covalent bond-type graphite intercalation compounds with various oxygen functional groups (C=O, C-OH, -COOH and C-O-C). Results show that the functional groups on graphite oxide surface are mostly removed by hydrazine hydrate and graphene

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Barjasteh, E., C. Sutanto, T. Reddy, and J. Vinh. "A graphene/graphite-based conductive polyamide 12 interlayer for increasing the fracture toughness and conductivity of carbon-fiber composites." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 20 (2017): 2879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317705707.

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A conductive thermoplastic material was developed to increase the interlaminar fracture toughness and through-the-thickness conductivity of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics materials. A polyamide 12 nonwoven fabric was coated with graphene/graphite particles in a solution of hexane, water, and graphite particles. The graphite powders were exfoliated in the sonication bath and the resulting layers of graphene resided at the interface of the immiscible solvents, where the graphene layers/graphite simultaneously infused into the polyamide 12. The sonication time and graphite content were optimize

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Lei, Xiao-Wen, Shungo Shimizu, and Jin-Xing Shi. "The Theoretical Study of Kink Deformation in Graphite Based on Differential Geometric Method." Nanomaterials 12, no. 6 (2022): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060903.

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Kink deformation is often observed in materials with laminated layers. Graphite composed of stacked graphene layers has the unique laminated structure of carbon nanomaterials. In this study, we performed the interlayer deformation of graphite under compression using a simulation of molecular dynamics and proposed a differential geometrical method to evaluate the kink deformation. We employed “mean curvature” for the representativeness of the geometrical properties to explore the mechanism of kink deformation and the mechanical behaviors of graphite in nanoscale. The effect of the number of gra

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Yurov V.M., Zhangozin K.N., Zhanabergenov T.K., and Kargin D.B. "Surface phenomena in graphite and obtaining graphene from it." Novosti nauki Kazahstana, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53939/1560-5655_2024_1_19.

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The article offers an overview of our latest theoretical work on graphite and graphene. A model is proposed for determining the thickness of the surface layer of graphite, from which the strength of graphite and graphene can be calculated and the length of nanocracks in the surface layer of these materials can be determined.

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Al-Jarah, R. A., A. M. Al-Mashkhadani, V. Mansur, S. S. Aldavud, A. A. Osipov, and V. F. Pershin. "Production of Graphene-Containing Suspensions and Concentrates by Cascade Exfoliation of Graphite." Vestnik Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta 28, no. 1 (2022): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/vestnik.2022.01.pp.139-152.

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Various technologies and equipment for the production of graphene-containing suspensions by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite are considered. The prospects of using liquid-phase graphite shear exfoliation in a continuous mode are shown. Taking into account the analyzed shortcomings of existing technologies, a technology for the production of graphene-containing suspensions and concentrates by cascade exfoliation of graphite and a device for its implementation are proposed. In particular, the following are proposed: a new method for two-stage dosing of graphite powder; new design of rod drum

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Santos, Lucilene, Alejandro Ayala, Raul Silva, et al. "Purification and Preparation of Graphene-like Nanoplates from Natural Graphite of Canindé, CE, Northeast-Brazil." Materials 18, no. 13 (2025): 3162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133162.

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In this study, flotation tests were conducted on a laboratory scale using a sample of microcrystalline graphite ore from the Canindé region, Ceará, Brazil. The objective was to investigate the grinding time, reagent dosage, and purification process for obtaining graphene-based nanomaterials. Natural graphite has a stacked planar structure and exhibits polymorphism with rhombohedral, hexagonal, and turbostratic geometries, characteristics that directly influence its properties and technological applications. The results demonstrated that it was possible to obtain rougher concentrate with a grap

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Usuda, Teruki, K. Matsuno, Hisao Matsunaga, Keiji Yanase, and Masahiro Endo. "Hydrogen-Induced Ductility Loss in Cast Irons." Materials Science Forum 750 (March 2013): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.750.260.

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Effect of hydrogen-charging was investigated with respect to the tensile properties of three types of cast irons: JIS FCD400, FCD450 and FCD700. In this study, hydrogen charging led to a marked ductility loss in all the cast irons. The thermal desorption spectroscopy and the hydrogen microprint technique revealed that, in the hydrogen-charged specimens, most of solute hydrogen was diffusive and mainly segregated at graphite, graphite/matrix interface zone and pearlite. In the fracture process of non-charged specimen, neighboring graphites were interconnected with each other mainly by ductile d

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Ramirez-Barria, Carolina S., Diana M. Fernandes, Cristina Freire, Elvira Villaro-Abalos, Antonio Guerrero-Ruiz, and Inmaculada Rodríguez-Ramos. "Upgrading the Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced by Thermal Reduction toward Efficient ORR Electrocatalysts." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (2019): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121761.

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N-doped (NrGO) and non-doped (rGO) graphenic materials are prepared by oxidation and further thermal treatment under ammonia and inert atmospheres, respectively, of natural graphites of different particle sizes. An extensive characterization of graphene materials points out that the physical properties of synthesized materials, as well as the nitrogen species introduced, depend on the particle size of the starting graphite, the reduction atmospheres, and the temperature conditions used during the exfoliation treatment. These findings indicate that it is possible to tailor properties of non-dop

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Chen, Dong Zhi, and Xue Mei Lin. "Preparation of Graphene by Green Reduction Method and Characterization." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.515.

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Graphite oxide was prepared by Hummers method and got graphene oxide by ultrasonic dispersion in water, and using a cheap and environment-friendly fructose as reductant, graphene oxide could be reduced into graphene under mild condition. Meanwhile, the structure and morphology of obtained product was characterized and analyzed by testing methods such as Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Laser Raman spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscope and so on. In addition, the electrical conductivity of obtained graphene was determinated.The experimental results show that

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Liu, Li Lai, Mao Zhong An, Shan Chao Xing, Xiao Jun Shen, Chen Yang, and Xin Long Xu. "Preparation of Graphene Oxide Based on Expanded Graphite." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1083.

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Graphene oxide with high degree of oxidation and peelable has been prepared by two-step oxidation method used large flake graphite. The expanded graphite was prepared firstly and then prepared graphene oxide via further oxidation. The influence of oxidation time, oxidant dosage and high temperature reaction on the structure and degree of oxidation were studied. The morphology and structure of graphene oxide were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. It was found that high degree of oxidation an

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Joorab Doozha, Amir, and Kristin M. Poduska. "Graphite oxidation chemistry is relevant for designing cleaning strategies for radiocarbon dating samples." Analytical Methods 11, no. 22 (2019): 2880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay00046a.

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We demonstrate that mixtures of graphite and lab-oxidized graphenic carbon materials can be separated into three individual components (graphite, graphene/graphite oxide and oxidative debris) by a series of aqueous treatments.

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