Journal articles: 'Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)'

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Idris, Azeez O., Ekemena O. Oseghe, Titus A. M. Msagati, Alex T. Kuvarega, Usisipho Feleni, and Bhekie Mamba. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 10, 2020): 5743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205743.

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer that has attracted the interest of researchers and industrial communities owing to its outstanding analytical merits such as low-cost synthesis, high stability, unique electronic properties, catalytic ability, high quantum yield, nontoxicity, metal-free, low bandgap energy, and electron-rich properties. Notably, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is the most stable allotrope of carbon nitrides. It has been explored in various analytical fields due to its excellent biocompatibility properties, including ease of surface functionalization and hydrogen-bonding. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) acts as a nanomediator and serves as an immobilization layer to detect various biomolecules. Numerous reports have been presented in the literature on applying graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the construction of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemiluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, and amperometry techniques have been extensively used for the detection of biologic molecules and heavy metals, with high sensitivity and good selectivity. For this reason, the leading drive of this review is to stress the importance of employing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and biosensors.

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Baudys, Michal, Šárka Paušová, Petr Praus, Vlasta Brezová, Dana Dvoranová, Zuzana Barbieriková, and Josef Krýsa. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Air Treatment." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13133038.

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a conjugated polymer, which recently drew a lot of attention as a metal-free and UV and visible light responsive photocatalyst in the field of solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. This is due to its appealing electronic band structure, high physicochemical stability and earth-abundant nature. In the present work, bulk g-C3N4 was synthesized by thermal decomposition of melamine. This material was further exfoliated by thermal treatment. S-doped samples were prepared from thiourea or further treatment of exfoliated g-C3N4 by mesylchloride. Synthesized materials were applied for photocatalytic removal of air pollutants (acetaldehyde and NOx) according to the ISO 22197 and ISO 22197-1 methodology. The efficiency of acetaldehyde removal under UV irradiation was negligible for all g-C3N4 samples. This can be explained by the fact that g-C3N4 under irradiation does not directly form hydroxyl radicals, which are the primary oxidation species in acetaldehyde oxidation. It was proved by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy that the dominant species formed on the irradiated surface of g-C3N4 was the superoxide radical. Its production was responsible for a very high NOx removal efficiency not only under UV irradiation (which was comparable with that of TiO2), but also under visible irradiation.

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Bai, Kaifei, Zhen Cui, Enling Li, Yingchun Ding, Jiangshan Zheng, Yanpeng Zheng, and Chang Liu. "Adsorption of alkali metals on graphitic carbon nitride: A first-principles study." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 32 (August 3, 2020): 2050361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920503613.

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The electronic and optical properties of the adsorption of alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N[Formula: see text] were calculated and studied based on the first principles of density functional theory. The results investigate that alkali metals adsorbed g-C3N4 has metallic properties, while intrinsic g-C3N4 was semiconducting. Importantly, the charge density differential investigated the charge transfer discovered between the alkali metal and the g-C3N4 monolayer. Meanwhile, the charges (electrons) transfer from the alkali metals to the g-C3N4 system leading to the increase of most carriers in the g-C3N4 system, reducing the resistance of sensors, which is conducive to sensor detection applications. The work function of g-C3N4 decreased from 4.82 eV to 4.09 eV. Especially, the work function of Cs-adsorbed g-C3N4 is the lowest at 4.09 eV, and the reduction rate is 15.15 %, indicating it easier to emit electrons from an external electric field. Moreover, the absorption spectrum of the alkali metal adsorbed on g-C3N4 in the visible light range shows absorption peaks at 380 nm, 412 nm, 420 nm and 476 nm, which cover the visible light area. Thus, the alkali metals adsorbed g-C3N4 system can be used for visible light catalytic. Adsorption of alkali metals can expand the application of g-C3N4 in optoelectronic devices.

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Tang, Rong, Renli Ding, and Xianchuan Xie. "Preparation of oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride and its visible-light photocatalytic performance on bisphenol A degradation." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 5 (August 20, 2018): 1023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.361.

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Abstract A novel metal-free oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (O-g-C3N4) was synthesized by the pre-treatment of bulk graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and combined with high-temperature calcination treatment. The obtained 2-O-g-C3N4 catalyst exhibits high activity in visible light photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) with a mineralization rate as high as 62.3%. According to the characterization results of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and photoluminescence spectroscopy analyses, the markedly higher visible-light-driven oxidation activity of 2-O-g-C3N4 is attributed to the larger specific surface area, wider range of light responses and low charge recombination rate. Moreover, the trapping experiment shows that superoxide radicals (•O2−) are the dominant active species in the BPA decomposition process over 2-O-g-C3N4. This study presents a simple and environment-friendly method to synthesise oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride.

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Saxena, Mukul, Anuj Kumar Sharma, Ashish Kumar Srivastava, Rabesh Kumar Singh, Amit Rai Dixit, Akash Nag, and Sergej Hloch. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Tribological Properties of a g-C3N4/MoS2 Nanocomposite for Low Friction Coatings." Coatings 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121840.

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This study explores the tribological performance of microwave-assisted synthesized g-C3N4/MoS2 coatings. The two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheet is getting prominence in the study of tribology due to its layered structure. The graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheet was made using the calcination method and its nanocomposite with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was produced using a microwave-assisted method. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by some well-known methods, and tribological properties were studied by a pin-on-disc (POD) apparatus. Morphological analysis revealed that graphitic carbon nitride and molybdenum disulfide coexisted, and the layer structured MoS2 was well dispersed on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets. BET analysis was used to determine the pore volume and specific surface area of the synthesized materials. The inclusion of MoS2 nanoparticles caused the composite’s pore volume and specific surface area to decrease. The reduction in g-C3N4 pore volume and specific surface area confirmed that the pores of calcinated graphitic carbon nitride were filled with MoS2 nanoparticles. The tribological property of g-C3N4/MoS2 nanocomposite was systematically investigated under different factors such as applied loads (5N to 15N), sliding speed (500 to 1000 mm/s) and material composition (uncoated, MoS2-coated, 9 wt.% of g-C3N4 and 20 wt.% of g-C3N4 in the composite). The optimal composite material ratio was taken 9%, by weight of g-C3N4 in the g-C3N4/MoS2 composite for a variety of levels of loads and sliding speeds. The results indicates that the incorporation of g-C3N4 in nanocomposites could reduce friction and improve wear life, which were better than the results with single MoS2. This study demonstrates a solution to broaden the possible uses of g-C3N4 and MoS2-based materials in the field of tribology.

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Jiang, Zhiqiang, Yirui Shen, and Yujing You. "Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nitride Nanobelts for Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 6054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186054.

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Sustainable conversion of CO2 to fuels using solar energy is highly attractive for fuel production. This work focuses on the synthesis of porous graphitic carbon nitride nanobelt catalyst (PN-g-C3N4) and its capability of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The surface area increased from 6.5 m2·g−1 (graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4) to 32.94 m2·g−1 (PN-g-C3N4). C≡N groups and vacant N2C were introduced on the surface. PN-g-C3N4 possessed higher absorbability of visible light and excellent photocatalytic activity, which was 5.7 and 6.3 times of g-C3N4 under visible light and simulated sunlight illumination, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity may be owing to the porous nanobelt structure, enhanced absorbability of visible light, and surface vacant N-sites. It is expected that PN-g-C3N4 would be a promising candidate for CO2 photocatalytic conversion.

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Starukh, Halyna, and Petr Praus. "Doping of Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Non-Metal Elements and Its Applications in Photocatalysis." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101119.

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This review outlines the latest research into the design of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with non-metal elements. The emphasis is put on modulation of composition and morphology of g-C3N4 doped with oxygen, sulfur, phosphor, nitrogen, carbon as well as nitrogen and carbon vacancies. Typically, the various methods of non-metal elements introducing in g-C3N4 have been explored to simultaneously tune the textural and electronic properties of g-C3N4 for improving its response to the entire visible light range, facilitating a charge separation, and prolonging a charge carrier lifetime. The application fields of such doped graphitic carbon nitride are summarized into three categories: CO2 reduction, H2-evolution, and organic contaminants degradation. This review shows some main directions and affords to design the g-C3N4 doping with non-metal elements for real photocatalytic applications.

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Rodmuang, Sirirat, Raweewan Plairaharn, Kanokwan Teingtum, Suntree Sangjan, and Orawan Chunhachart. "Effect of Ag/ZnO-Graphitic Carbon Nitride on Antimicrobial Activity under Visible Light." Key Engineering Materials 858 (August 2020): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.858.116.

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Zinc oxide-graphitic carbon nitride (ZnO/g-C3N4) composites were synthesized by precipitation method in order to improve photocatalytic activity under visible light. To enhance antimicrobial activity, silver was added into zinc oxide-graphitic carbon nitride (Ag/ZnO/g-C3N4). Ultrastructures of the composite were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Photocatalytic activity of the composites was carried out by degradation of methylene blue solution as a function of contact time. The results revealed that ZnO/g-C3N4 was capable of dye degradation at 96.65%. Addition of Ag into ZnO/g-C3N4 resulted in increase of dye reduction rate. For antibacterial test, Ag/ZnO/g-C3N4 exhibited bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. For antifungal test, Ag/ZnO/g-C3N4 showed resistance to Aspergillusniger for 7 days. Ag/ZnO-g-C3N4 composite exhibited better photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities compare to ZnO and g-C3N4. These results indicate that precipitation method is a cheap, rapid and efficient method that can be used to synthesize Ag/ZnO-g-C3N4 composites. For further studies, applications of this Ag/ZnO-g-C3N4 composites in microbiological and agricultural fields will be carried out.

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Wang, Shun, Dongdong Lou, Zhaojie Wang, Nuo Yu, Haifeng Wang, Zhigang Chen, and Lisha Zhang. "Synthesis of ultrathin g-C3N4/graphene nanocomposites with excellent visible-light photocatalytic performances." Functional Materials Letters 12, no. 03 (May 16, 2019): 1950025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604719500255.

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N[Formula: see text] has drawn increasing interest as an efficient photocatalyst. To further improve its photocatalytic activity, herein we coupled g-C3N4 with graphene to construct ultrathin g-C3N4/graphene (g-C3N4/G) nanocomposites by a pyrolysis-sonication-hydrothermal method. Under the illumination of visible-light, g-C3N4/G nanocomposites with 10[Formula: see text]wt.%G can degrade 92% Rhodamine B (RhB) in 120[Formula: see text]min, which is higher than that (57%) from pure g-C3N4. Moreover, the recycling experiment indicates that the nanocomposite still remains excellent photocatalytic stability. Therefore, g-C3N4/G nanocomposites exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity and stability, resulting in a promising application in water purification.

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Zabielaite, Ausrine, Aldona Balciunaite, Daina Upskuviene, Jurate Vaiciuniene, Vitalija Jasulaitiene, Loreta Tamasauskaite-Tamasiunaite, and Eugenijus Norkus. "Cobalt Nanoparticles Supported Graphitic Carbon Nitride Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351493mtgabs.

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This study is focused on the fabrication of cobalt nanoparticles supported graphitic carbon nitride (CoNPs-g-C3N4) by microwave synthesis and their application for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were employed to characterize the prepared catalysts. The electrocatalytic activity of CoNPs-g-C3N4 for ORR was investigated using the rotating disk electrode technique in 0.1 M KOH solution. It has been determined that the g-C3N4, prepared by annealing melamine at a temperature of 520 oC for two h, had a high nitrogen content of 67.92 at.%. The data of the oxygen reduction on the CoNPs-g-C3N4 catalysts with different Co loadings and under various conditions are presented. Compared to the metal-free g-C3N4, the doping of g-C3N4 with CoNPs enhances the electrocatalytic activity and the selectivity towards the 4e- reduction reaction of O2 to H2O. Acknowledgment This project has received funding from European Social Fund (project No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-23-0188) under a grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT).

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Syed Abd Halim, S. N. Q., N. A. M. Nazri, and N. A. H. M. Nordin. "Photocatalytic degradation of anthracene by biochar-based graphitic carbon nitride." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1195, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1195/1/012053.

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Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent and toxic to living organisms, that can be classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic pollutants. In this study, a green photocatalyst of biochar-based graphitic carbon nitride (BC/g-C3N4-M) is derived from sugarcane bagasse (SB) and melamine were developed as a potential material for the degradation of PAHs. BC(SB)/g-C3N4-M prepared with varied ratios of melamine to SB and different synthesis temperature were characterized by FTIR, BET and UV-DRS. The efficiency of the catalyst for the degradation of anthracene were investigated further in terms of its efficiency at various pH mediums, catalyst dosage and anthracene initial concentration. Experimental results revealed that g-C3N4 showed better degradation efficiency to anthracene than BC(SB)/g-C3N4-M. Additionally, the best degradation efficiency of anthracene by g-C3N4 and BC/g-C3N4-M75% composites were found at pH 3 with 1.0 g/L dosage at 2 ppm and 1 ppm initial concentration, respectively. The catalysts were also discovered to be reusable for 5 cycles with a slight decrease in photocatalytic degradation. The use of agricultural biomass waste in this study could provide a promising approach to water and wastewater treatment.

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Yang, Ying, Suoying Zhang, Lin Gu, and Shijie Hao. "Ru Single Atoms on One-Dimensional CF@g-C3N4 Hierarchy as Highly Stable Catalysts for Aqueous Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 7464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217464.

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Herein, we report a stable catalyst with Ru single atoms anchored on a one-dimensional carbon fiber@graphitic carbon nitride hierarchy, by assembling wet wipes composed of fiber-derived carbon fiber (CF), melamine-derived graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and RuCl3 before NaBH4 reduction. The atomically dispersed Ru species (3.0 wt%) are tightly attached via N-coordination provided by exterior g-C3N4 nanosheets, and further stabilized by the interior mesoporous CF. The obtained CF@g-C3N4–Ru SAs catalyst can be cycled six times without notable leaching of Ru or loss of GVL yield in the acidic media. This catalyst is more stable than Ru nanoparticles supported on CF@g-C3N4, as well as Ru single atoms anchored on CF and g-C3N4, and proves to be one of the most efficient metal catalysts for aqueous LA hydrogenation to γ-valerolactone (GVL). The isolated Ru atoms by strong N-coordination, and their enhanced electron/mass transfer afforded by the one-dimensional hierarchy, can be responsible for the excellent durability of CF@g-C3N4–Ru SAs under harsh reaction conditions.

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Vasiljević, Jelena, Ivan Jerman, and Barbara Simončič. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a New Sustainable Photocatalyst for Textile Functionalization." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152568.

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As a promising organic semiconducting material, polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted much attention due to its excellent optical and photoelectrochemical properties, thermal stability, chemical inertness, nontoxicity, abundance, and low cost. Its advantageous visible light-induced photocatalytic activity has already been beneficially used in the fields of environmental remediation, biological applications, healthcare, energy conversion and storage, and fuel production. Despite the recognized potential of g-C3N4, there is still a knowledge gap in the application of g-C3N4 in the field of textiles, with no published reviews on the g-C3N4-functionalization of textile materials. Therefore, this review article aims to provide a critical overview of recent advances in the surface and bulk modification of textile fibres by g-C3N4 and its composites to tailor photocatalytic self-cleaning, antibacterial, and flame retardant properties as well as to create a textile catalytic platform for water disinfection, the removal of various organic pollutants from water, and selective organic transformations. This paper highlights the possibilities of producing g-C3N4-functionalized textile substrates and suggests some future prospects for this research area.

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Yu, Qingbo, Xianhua Li, Leigang Zhang, Xuexue Wang, Yulun Tao, and Mingxu Zhang. "Significantly improving the performance and dispersion morphology of porous g-C3N4/PANI composites by an interfacial polymerization method." e-Polymers 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2014-0218.

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AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) nanorods grown on layered porous graphitic carbon nitride (porous g-C3N4) sheets (porous g-C3N4/PANI) were successfully synthesized by interfacial polymerization of aniline monomers in the presence of porous g-C3N4 sheets. The experimental results suggest that porous g-C3N4 obtained a good dispersion with intercalated and exfoliated nanostructure and interfacial adhesion in PANI, which improved the thermal stability and photocatalytic activity of the porous g-C3N4/PANI composites.

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Sim, Lan Ching, Jing Lin Wong, Chen Hong Hak, Jun Yan Tai, Kah Hon Leong, and Pichiah Saravanan. "Sugarcane juice derived carbon dot–graphitic carbon nitride composites for bisphenol A degradation under sunlight irradiation." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (January 30, 2018): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.35.

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Carbon dots (CDs) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) composites (CD/g-C3N4) were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method using urea and sugarcane juice as starting materials. The chemical composition, morphological structure and optical properties of the composites and CDs were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques as well as transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed new signals for carbonyl and carboxyl groups originating from the CDs in CD/g-C3N4 composites while X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed distortion of the host matrix after incorporating CDs into g-C3N4. Both analyses signified the interaction between g-C3N4 and CDs. The photoluminescence (PL) analysis indicated that the presence of too many CDs will create trap states at the CD/g-C3N4 interface, decelerating the electron (e−) transport. However, the CD/g-C3N4(0.5) composite with the highest coverage of CDs still achieved the best bisphenol A (BPA) degradation rate at 3.87 times higher than that of g-C3N4. Hence, the charge separation efficiency should not be one of the main factors responsible for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of CD/g-C3N4. Instead, the light absorption capability was the dominant factor since the photoreactivity correlated well with the ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS) results. Although the CDs did not display upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) properties, the π-conjugated CDs served as a photosensitizer (like organic dyes) to sensitize g-C3N4 and injected electrons to the conduction band (CB) of g-C3N4, resulting in the extended absorption spectrum from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) region. This extended spectral absorption allows for the generation of more electrons for the enhancement of BPA degradation. It was determined that the reactive radical species responsible for the photocatalytic activity were the superoxide anion radical (O2 •−) and holes (h+) after performing multiple scavenging tests.

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Baig, Umair, Rasha A. AbuMousa, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Muhammad A. Gondal, and Mohamed A. Dastageer. "Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 3053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0492.

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Abstract Nickel(ii) oxide-graphitic carbon nitride (n-NiO@g-C3N4) nanocomposite, in which nickel oxide nanoparticles (n-NiO) are anchored on the polymeric surface of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), was synthesized using the pulsed laser post processing (PLPP) in liquid medium. In the PLPP method, the precursors (NiO and g-C3N4) were simultaneously subjected to pulsed laser-induced fragmentation, and pulsed laser-induced defect engineering (anchoring of NiO on g-C3N4). To optimize the functionality of the material, n-NiO@g-C3N4 with four different mass contents of n-NiO was synthesized. The synthesized n-NiO@g-C3N4 nanocomposite and its composite partners (n-NiO and g-C3N4) were structurally, morphologically, elementally characterized by X-ray diffraction, filed emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. As a first anti-microbial application, n-NiO@g-C3N4 was used to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration against the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. As a second anti-microbial application, the efficacy of n-NiO@g-C3N4 nanocomposite to retard S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms’ growth was evaluated. It was found that for both applications, n-NiO@g-C3N4 nanocomposite exhibited an excellent anti-bacterial activity compared to pure g-C3N4.

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Syed Abd Halim, Syarifah Nurhusna Qadirah, Noor Aina Mohd Nazri, and Nik Abdul Hadi Md Nordin. "Comparative Effects of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Precursors on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pyrene." Materials Science Forum 1076 (December 8, 2022): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-y056c4.

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Pyrene is a ubiquitous, persistent, and mutagenic pollutant that belongs to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a promising photocatalyst for degradation of various pollutants in water and wastewater treatment due to its unique band structure and excellent physiochemical stability. This paper presents the comparative study of composites g-C3N4 from various combinations of precursors using thermal polycondensation at 600 °C. Comparative experiments revealed that the preparation conditions of both precursors and the mass ratios of precursor influenced the overall performance of photocatalyst during photocatalytic degradation of pyrene. Experimental results indicated that the best performance of composites g-C3N4t photocatalyst was prepared from a wet mixture of dicyandiamide and guanidine carbonate precursors at a mass ratio of 1:1 with 43.9 % pyrene degradation under visible light irradiation for 240 mins. The reusability of the best g-C3N4 composites for the photocatalytic degradation of pyrene was also investigated. It was found that the prepared photocatalyst was stable up to five cycles of photocatalysis. Meanwhile, holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were identified as the primary and secondary dominant reactive species in the photocatalytic degradation through scavenging trapping experiments.

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Fei, Jia, Xin Peng, Longbo Jiang, Xingzhong Yuan, Xiangyan Chen, Yanlan Zhao, and Wei Zhang. "Recent advances in graphitic carbon nitride as a catalyst for heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 46 (2021): 16887–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt02367e.

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g-C3N4 based materials exhibit considerable potential in Fenton-like reactions. The g-C3N4 material helps to enlarge the surface area and to provide more available active sites. g-C3N4 is involved in charge transfer. g-C3N4 is engaged as a suitable platform.

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Fei, Jia, Xin Peng, Longbo Jiang, Xingzhong Yuan, Xiangyan Chen, Yanlan Zhao, and Wei Zhang. "Recent advances in graphitic carbon nitride as a catalyst for heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 46 (2021): 16887–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt02367e.

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g-C3N4 based materials exhibit considerable potential in Fenton-like reactions. The g-C3N4 material helps to enlarge the surface area and to provide more available active sites. g-C3N4 is involved in charge transfer. g-C3N4 is engaged as a suitable platform.

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Liu, Lifei, Jianling Zhang, Bingxing Zhang, Jinbiao Shi, Xiuniang Tan, Buxing Han, Tian Luo, Dan Shao, Dongxing Tan, and Fanyu Zhang. "Carbon dioxide droplets stabilized by g-C3N4." Green Chemistry 20, no. 18 (2018): 4206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01666f.

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Here we propose the emulsification of CO₂ and water with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), in which the g-C₃N₄-stabilized CO₂ droplets were utilized as “microreactors” for in situ photocatalytic CO₂ reduction.

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Hussain, Adnan, Chitsan Lin, Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot, Wen-Yen Huang, Kuen-Song Lin, and Abrar Hussain. "Bismuth Sulfide Doped in Graphitic Carbon Nitride Degrades Nitric Oxide under Solar Irradiation." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 3482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193482.

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This study developed and examined the application of bismuth sulfide doped on graphitic carbon nitride (Bi2S3@g-C3N4) in the degradation of NO under solar irradiation. Bi2S3@g-C3N4 was prepared through the calcination method. The morphological structure and chemical properties of the synthesized photocatalyst were analyzed before the degradation tests. After doping with Bi2S3@g-C3N4, the bandgap was reduced to 2.76 eV, which increased the absorption of solar light. As a result, the Bi2S3@g-C3N4 achieved higher NO degradation (55%) compared to pure Bi2S3 (35%) and g-C3N4 (45%). The trapping test revealed that the electrons were the primary species responsible for most of the NO degradation. The photocatalyst was stable under repeated solar irradiation, maintaining degradation efficiencies of 50% after five consecutive recycling tests. The present work offers strong evidence that Bi2S3@g-C3N4 is a stable and efficient catalyst for the photocatalytic oxidation of NO over solar irradiation.

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Yan, Juntao, Jinhong Liu, Ya Sun, Deng Ding, Chunlei Wang, Linbing Sun, and Xiaofang Li. "Exfoliation-induced O-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with improved photoreactivity towards RhB degradation and H₂ evolution." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 7 (2022): 1423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qi01625c.

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Yi, Yuhui, Jie Wang, Yingli Niu, Yu Yu, Songmei Wu, and Kejian Ding. "Exploring the evolution patterns of melem from thermal synthesis of melamine to graphitic carbon nitride." RSC Advances 12, no. 37 (2022): 24311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra03337b.

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Pang, Yean Ling, Aaron Zhen Yao Koe, Yin Yin Chan, Steven Lim, and Woon Chan Chong. "Enhanced Sonocatalytic Performance of Non-Metal Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)/Coconut Shell Husk Derived-Carbon Composite." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063244.

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This study focused on the modification of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) using carbon which was obtained from the pyrolysis of coconut shell husk. The sonocatalytic performance of the synthesized samples was then studied through the degradation of malachite green. In this work, pure g-C3N4, pure carbon and carbon/g-C3N4 composites (C/g-C3N4) at different weight percentages were prepared and characterized by using XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, TGA and surface analysis. The effect of carbon amount in the C/g-C3N4 composites on the sonocatalytic performance was studied and 10 wt% C/g-C3N4 showed the best catalytic activity. The optimization study was conducted by using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) model. Three experimental parameters were selected in RSM including initial dye concentration (20 to 25 ppm), initial catalyst loading (0.3 to 0.5 g/L), and solution pH (4 to 8). The model obtained was found to be significant and reliable with R2 value (0.9862) close to unity. The degradation efficiency of malachite green was optimized at 97.11% under the conditions with initial dye concentration = 20 ppm, initial catalyst loading = 0.5 g/L, solution pH = 8 after 10 min. The reusability study revealed the high stability of 10 wt% C/g-C3N4 as sonocatalyst. In short, 10 wt% C/g-C3N4 has a high potential for industrial application since it is cost effective, reusable, sustainable, and provides good sonocatalytic performance.

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Lee, Sangbin, and Jae-Woo Park. "Hematite/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanofilm for Fenton and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072866.

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Hematite (α-Fe2O3)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanofilm catalysts were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass by hydrothermal and chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the synthesized catalyst showed that the nanoparticles of g-C3N4 were successfully deposited on α-Fe2O3 nanofilm. The methylene blue degradation efficiency of the α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 composite catalyst was 2.6 times greater than that of the α-Fe2O3 single catalyst under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The methylene blue degradation rate by the α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 catalyst increased by 6.5 times after 1 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added. The photo-Fenton reaction of the catalyst, UV, and H2O2 greatly increased the methylene blue degradation. The results from the scavenger experiment indicated that the main reactants in the methylene blue decomposition reaction are superoxide radicals photocatalytically generated by g-C3N4 and hydroxyl radicals generated by the photo-Fenton reaction. The α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 nanofilm showed excellent reaction rate constants at pH 3 (Ka = 6.13 × 10−2 min−1), and still better efficiency at pH 7 (Ka = 3.67 × 10−2 min−1), compared to other methylene blue degradation catalysts. As an immobilized photo-Fenton catalyst without iron sludge formation, nanostructured α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 are advantageous for process design compared to particle-type catalysts.

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Saman, F., H. Bahruji, and H. Mahadi. "Crystalline C₃N₄/CeO₂ composites as photocatalyst for hydrogen production in visible light." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 997, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/997/1/012018.

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Abstract Crystalline carbon nitride (C-C3N4) doped with cerium oxide (CeO2) was synthesized using ionothermal method to increase the photocatalytic activity for H2 production. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) obtained from direct pyrolysis of urea at 550°C was subsequently annealed with a mixture of KCl and LiCl to obtain C-C3N4. CeO2 was doped onto C-C3N4 and g-C3N4 via calcination at 550°C. XRD analysis showed the formation of high intensity C3N4 and CeO2 peaks in C-C3N4/CeO2, meanwhile g-C3N4/CeO2 only showed CeO2 peaks. FTIR analysis confirmed all the samples contained C3N4 polymeric structure. The specific surface area of g-C3N4 was measured at 61 m2/g. The surface area increased to 92 m2/g when g-C3N4 transformed into C-C3N4, and further increased to 106 m2/g on C-C3N4/CeO2. The photocatalytic activity for H2 gas production showed significant increase of H2 rate on C-C3N4/CeO2 compared to g-C3N4/CeO2 and g-C3N4. The high crystallinity and high surface area were suggested to enhance photocatalytic activity of C-C3N4/CeO2 in visible light presumably due to the increase of electron and hole lifetimes.

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Lin, Hao, Yao Xiao, Aixia Geng, Huiting Bi, Xiao Xu, Xuelian Xu, and Junjiang Zhu. "Research Progress on Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Composites: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 12979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112979.

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Although graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been reported for several decades, it is still an active material at the present time owing to its amazing properties exhibited in many applications, including photocatalysis. With the rapid development of characterization techniques, in-depth exploration has been conducted to reveal and utilize the natural properties of g-C3N4 through modifications. Among these, the assembly of g-C3N4 with metal oxides is an effective strategy which can not only improve electron–hole separation efficiency by forming a polymer–inorganic heterojunction, but also compensate for the redox capabilities of g-C3N4 owing to the varied oxidation states of metal ions, enhancing its photocatalytic performance. Herein, we summarized the research progress on the synthesis of g-C3N4 and its coupling with single- or multiple-metal oxides, and its photocatalytic applications in energy production and environmental protection, including the splitting of water to hydrogen, the reduction of CO2 to valuable fuels, the degradation of organic pollutants and the disinfection of bacteria. At the end, challenges and prospects in the synthesis and photocatalytic application of g-C3N4-based composites are proposed and an outlook is given.

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Cao, Xianwu, Xiaoning Chi, Xueqin Deng, Qijun Sun, Xianjing Gong, Bin Yu, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Wei Wu, and Robert Kwow Yiu Li. "Facile Synthesis of Phosphorus and Cobalt Co-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Fire and Smoke Suppressions of Polylactide Composite." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051106.

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Due to the unique two-dimensional structure and features of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), such as high thermal stability and superior catalytic property, it is considered to be a promising flame retardant nano-additive for polymers. Here, we reported a facile strategy to prepare cobalt/phosphorus co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Co/P-C3N4) by a simple and scalable thermal decomposition method. The structure of Co/P-C3N4 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The carbon atoms in g-C3N4 were most likely substituted by phosphorous atoms. The thermal stability of polylactide (PLA) composites was increased continuously with increasing the content of Co/P-C3N4. In contrast to the g-C3N4, the Polylactide (PLA) composites containing Co/P-C3N4 exhibited better flame retardant efficiency and smoke suppression. With the addition of 10 wt % Co/P-C3N4, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), carbon dioxide (CO2) production (PCO2P) and carbon oxide (CO) production (PCOP) values of PLA composites decreased by 22.4%, 16.2%, and 38.5%, respectively, compared to those of pure PLA, although the tensile strength of PLA composites had a slightly decrease. The char residues of Co/P-C3N4 composites had a more compact and continuous structure with few cracks. These improvements are ascribed to the physical barrier effect, as well as catalytic effects of Co/P-C3N4, which inhibit the rapid release of combustible gaseous products and suppression of toxic gases, i.e., CO.

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Ramanujam, Kothandaraman, and Thippani Thirupathi. "Carbon supported g-C3N4 for electrochemical sensing of hydrazine." Electrochemical Energy Technology 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eetech-2018-0003.

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AbstractThis study reports a synthesis of carbon supported graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4-KBC) obtained by pyrolysis of melamine with Ketjenblack 600JD carbon (KBC) at 550°C for 4 h in a N2 atmosphere. g-C3N4-KBC oxidizes hydrazine at an onset potential 0.145 V vs. SCE close to the thermodynamic standard potential of hydrazine (0.23 V vs. SHE). In comparison to the controls, KBC and g-C3N4, g-C3N4-KBC oxidizes hydrazine at lower overpotential.Most research has tended to focus on transition metal-based catalysts and few are of carbon material such as graphene nanoflakes, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes. A comparison in terms of sensitivity, detection range and stability reveals g-C3N4-KBC electrode’s superiority over other carbon material-based catalysts. To the best of our knowledge, the g-C3N4-KBC catalyst is not reported for sensing hydrazine in the literature.

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Pham Thi, Be, Ha Nguyen Thi Thu, and Ha Nguyen Ngoc. "A theoretical study on the adsorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and g-C3N4 modified with cluster Ni2." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 10, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2021.051.

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A robust and accurate tight-binding quantum chemical method was performed to study adsorption process of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and g-C3N4 modified with nickel cluster (Ni2). The adsorption energy, charges on atoms, bond orders have been calculated and analysed. The obtained results indicate that the adsorption of DDT on the pristine g-C3N4 is physical of nature. Ni2 cluster can be easily doped on g-C3N4 due to the formation of chemical bonds. The Ni2-g-C3N4 system exhibits enhanced adsorption ability for DDT.

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31

Ashfaq, Tayyaba, Mariam Khan, Ifzan Arshad, Awais Ahmad, Shafaqat Ali, Kiran Aftab, Abdullah A. Al-Kahtani, and Ammar Mohamed Tighezza. "Electro-Oxidation of Metal Oxide-Fabricated Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting." Coatings 12, no. 5 (April 19, 2022): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12050548.

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Hydrogen is a great sourcez of energy due to having zero emission of carbon-based contents. It is found primarily in water, which is abundant and renewable. For electrochemical splitting of water molecules, it is necessary to use catalytic materials that minimize energy consumption. As a famous carbon material, graphitic carbon nitride, with its excellent physicochemical properties and diversified functionalities, presents great potential in electrocatalytic sensing. In the present work, graphitic carbon nitride-fabricated metal tungstate nanocomposites are synthesized by the hydrothermal method to study their applications in catalysis, electrochemical sensing, and water splitting for hydrogen production. Nanocomposites using different metals, such as cobalt, manganese, strontium, tin, and nickel, were used as a precursor are synthesized via the hydrothermal process. The synthesized materials (g-C3N4/NiWO4, g-C3N4/MnWO4, g-C3N4/CoWO4, g-C3N4/SnWO4, g-C3N4/SrWO4) were characterized using different techniques, such as FTIR and XRD. The presence of a functional groups between the metal and tungstate groups was confirmed by the FTIR spectra. All the nanocomposites show a tungstate peak at 600 cm−1, while the vibrational absorption bands for metals appear in the range of 400–600 cm−1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the characteristic peaks matched with the JCPDS in the literature, which confirmed the successful formation of all nanocomposites. The electrochemical active surface area is calculated by taking cyclic voltammograms of the potassium–ferrocyanide redox couple. Among the entire series of metal tungstate, the g-C3N4/NiWO4 has a large surface area owing to the high conductive properties towards water oxidation. In order to study the electrocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized materials, electrochemical water splitting is performed by cyclic voltammetry in alkaline medium. All the synthesized materials proved to be efficient catalysts with enhanced conductive properties towards water oxidation. Among the entire series, g-C3N4-NiWO4 is a very efficient electrocatalyst owing to its higher active surface area and conductive activity. The order of electrocatalytic sensing of the different composites is: g-C3N4-NiWO4 > g-C3N4-SrWO4 > g-C3N4-CoWO4 > g-C3N4-SnWO4 > g-C3N4-MnWO4. Studies on electrochemically synthesized electrocatalysts revealed their catalytic activity, indicating their potential as electrode materials for direct hydrogen evolution for power generation.

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Gholipour, Mohammad Reza, Francois Béland, and Trong-On Do. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production under Visible Light." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2015-0094.

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Abstract Hydrogen production from water splitting via photocatalytic reactions can be an alternative clean energy of fossil fuels in the future. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is one of the active photocatalysts in the visible light region that can be combined with other semiconductors in order to increase its photocatalytic efficiency. TiO2 is one of the most appropriate choices to combine with g-C3N4 because of its conduction band edge and variety forms of nanostructures. In this work, nanosheets of g-C3N4 were mixed with the nanoparticles of titanate in order to enhance charge separation and photocatalytic efficiency. Consequently, the hydrogen evolution of this novel nanocomposite produced almost double hydrogen in comparison with g-C3N4.

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Reddy, I. Neelakanta, N. Jayashree, V. Manjunath, Dongseob Kim, and Jaesool Shim. "Photoelectrochemical Studies on Metal-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanostructures under Visible-Light Illumination." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10090983.

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Recently, the engineering of optical bandgaps and morphological properties of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted significant research attention for photoelectrodes and environmental remediation owing to its low-cost synthesis, availability of raw materials, and thermal physical–chemical stability. However, the photoelectrochemical activity of g-C3N4-based photoelectrodes is considerably poor due to their high electron–hole recombination rate, poor conductivity, low quantum efficiency, and active catalytic sites. Synthesized Ni metal-doped g-C3N4 nanostructures can improve the light absorption property and considerably increase the electron–hole separation and charge transfer kinetics, thereby initiating exceptionally enhanced photoelectrochemical activity under visible-light irradiation. In the present study, Ni dopant material was found to evince a significant effect on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of g-C3N4 nanostructures. The optical bandgap of the synthesized photoelectrodes was varied from 2.53 to 2.18 eV with increasing Ni dopant concentration. The optimized 0.4 mol% Ni-doped g-C3N4 photoelectrode showed a noticeably improved six-fold photocurrent density compared to pure g-C3N4. The significant improvement in photoanode performance is attributable to the synergistic effects of enriched light absorption, enhanced charge transfer kinetics, photoelectrode/aqueous electrolyte interface, and additional active catalytic sites for photoelectrochemical activity.

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Kirubakaran, Kiran Preethi, Sakthivel Thangavel, Gouthami Nallamuthu, Vinesh Vasudevan, Priya Arul Selvi Ramasubramanian, Ashwini Kumar, and Gunasekaran Venugopal. "Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation Activity of 2-D Graphitic Carbon Nitride-SnO2 Nanohybrids." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 3576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16033.

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In this paper, we report on the facile synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-tin oxide (SnO2) nanohybrid as an efficient photocatalyst prepared via sol–gel method. SnO2 nanoparticles are pointcontacted with g-C3N4. The results of physio-chemical characterizations such as SEM-EDAX, XRD, BET, FT-IR and UV-DRS spectra reveal the successful formation and integration of nanohybrid. The photocatalytic activity has been studied by using methylene-blue as a model dye for degradation. It has been observed that the pseudo-first order rate constant was increased up to 1.78 times compared with pure SnO2. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was ascribed from the inhibition of electron–hole recombination where g-C3N4 nanosheets acts as an electron receiver from SnO2 via point contact. This mechanism is further verified via photoluminescence spectra. Our results prominently show new insights and potential applications of g-C3N4-SnO2 nanohybrids in the waste water treatment and environmental remediation sectors.

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He, Shaojian, Jiaqi Wang, Mengxia Yu, Yang Xue, Jianbin Hu, and Jun Lin. "Structure and Mechanical Performance of Poly(vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposite by Incorporating Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040610.

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Owing to the high aspect ratio, the two-dimensional (2D) inorganic nanofillers have attracted extensive interest in the field of polymer reinforcement. In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets were obtained via thermal condensation of melamine and were then ultrasonically exfoliated in water, which was confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and TEM. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/g-C3N4 nanocomposites were achieved by solution casting using water as the solvent. The structure and mechanical performance of PVA/g-C3N4 nanocomposites were studied. It was found that the g-C3N4 nanosheets were well dispersed in the PVA matrix. The introduction of g-C3N4 nanosheets increased the glass transition temperature and crystallinity of the nanocomposites, leading to the improved mechanical performance. Compared with the pure PVA, the PVA/g-C3N4 nanocomposite with 0.50 wt% g-C3N4 nanosheets showed ~70.7% enhancement in tensile strength, up from 51.2 MPa to 87.4 MPa.

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Yang, Bo, Hongxia Bu, and Xiaobiao Liu. "Tunable electron property induced by B-doping in g-C3N4." RSC Advances 11, no. 26 (2021): 15695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra00149c.

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Gkini, Konstantina, Ioanna Martinaiou, and Polycarpos Falaras. "A Review on Emerging Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Based on g-C3N4 Nanostructures." Materials 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071679.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted great research interest in the scientific community due to their extraordinary optoelectronic properties and the fact that their power conversion efficiency (PCE) has increased rapidly in recent years, surpassing other 3rd generation photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) presents exceptional optical and electronic properties and its use was recently expanded in the field of PSCs. The addition of g-C3N4 in the perovskite absorber and/or the electron transport layer (ETL) resulted in PCEs exceeding 22%, mainly due to defects passivation, improved conductivity and crystallinity as well as low charge carriers’ recombination rate within the device. Significant performance increase, including stability enhancement, was also achieved when g-C3N4 was applied at the PSC interfaces and the observed improvement was attributed to its wetting (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) nature and the fine tuning of the corresponding interface energetics. The current review summarizes the main innovations for the incorporation of graphitic carbon nitride in PSCs and highlights the significance and perspectives of the g-C3N4 approach for emerging highly efficient and robust PV devices.

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Zhou, Lin, Ziqi Zhang, Mengmeng Li, Qi Wang, Jiani Gao, Kebin Li, and Lin Lei. "Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) as a sustainable heterogeneous photocatalyst for metal free and oxygen-tolerant photo-atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP)." Green Chemistry 23, no. 23 (2021): 9617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc03604a.

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Nguyen, Phuong Anh, Thi Kim Anh Nguyen, Duc Quang Dao, and Eun Woo Shin. "Ethanol Solvothermal Treatment on Graphitic Carbon Nitride Materials for Enhancing Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020179.

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Recently, Pt-loaded graphic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) materials have attracted great attention as a photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from water. The simple surface modification of g-C3N4 by hydrothermal methods improves photocatalytic performance. In this study, ethanol is used as a solvothermal solvent to modify the surface properties of g-C3N4 for the first time. The g-C3N4 is thermally treated in ethanol at different temperatures (T = 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C, and 220 °C), and the Pt co-catalyst is subsequently deposited on the g-C3N4 via a photodeposition method. Elemental analysis and XPS O 1s data confirm that the ethanol solvothermal treatment increased the contents of the oxygen-containing functional groups on the g-C3N4 and were proportional to the treatment temperatures. However, the XPS Pt 4f data show that the Pt2+/Pt0 value for the Pt/g-C3N4 treated at ethanol solvothermal temperature of 160 °C (Pt/CN-160) is the highest at 7.03, implying the highest hydrogen production rate of Pt/CN-160 is at 492.3 μmol g−1 h−1 because the PtO phase is favorable for the water adsorption and hydrogen desorption in the hydrogen evolution process. In addition, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data and the photoluminescence spectra emission peak intensify reflect that the Pt/CN-160 had a more efficient charge separation process that also enhanced the photocatalytic activity.

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Gao, Ming, Danni Liu, Huanhuan Yang, Hao Huang, Qian Luo, Yifan Huang, Xue-Feng Yu, and Paul Chu. "Modification of Layered Graphitic Carbon Nitride by Nitrogen Plasma for Improved Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040568.

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As a layered nano-sheet material, layered graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted attention in multifunctional photocatalytic applications. However, g-C3N4 is electrochemically inert consequently hampering electrochemical applications. In this work, low-temperature nitrogen plasma processing was conducted to modify g-C3N4 to enhance the electrocatalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The plasma produced significant morphological and chemical changes on the surface of g-C3N4 via active species, and nitrogen atoms were incorporated into the surface while the bulk properties did not change. The modification improved the surface hydrophilicity and electrocatalytic HER activity, as well as excellent stability in HER after 2000 cycles. Our results revealed that plasma treatment was a promising technique to improve the HER of carbon-based layered nano-sheet materials.

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Xu, Mengqiu, Bo Chai, Juntao Yan, Haibo Wang, Zhandong Ren, and Kyung-Wook Paik. "Facile Synthesis of Fluorine Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity." Nano 11, no. 12 (December 2016): 1650137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329201650137x.

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Fluorine doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was successfully synthesized by a convenient co-polycondensation of urea and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) mixtures, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra (UV-DRS), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, photoelectrochemical measurement and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The photocatalytic activities of fluorine doped g-C3N4 samples were evaluated by the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) solution under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the fluorine doped g-C3N4 had a better photocatalytic activity than that of undoped g-C3N4, which was attributed to the favorable textural, optical and electronic properties derived from the fluorine atoms substituting nitrogen atoms of g-C3N4 frameworks. The photoelectrochemical measurements confirmed that the charges separation efficiency was improved by fluorine doping g-C3N4. Moreover, the tests of radical scavengers demonstrated that the holes (h[Formula: see text]) and superoxide radicals ([Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text]) were the main active species for the degradation of RhB.

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Singh, Praveen P., and Vishal Srivastava. "Recent advances in visible-light graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalysts for chemical transformations." RSC Advances 12, no. 28 (2022): 18245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01797k.

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Alam, Kazi M., Pawan Kumar, Piyush Kar, Ujwal K. Thakur, Sheng Zeng, Kai Cui, and Karthik Shankar. "Enhanced charge separation in g-C3N4–BiOI heterostructures for visible light driven photoelectrochemical water splitting." Nanoscale Advances 1, no. 4 (2019): 1460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8na00264a.

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Heterojunctions of the low bandgap semiconductor bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) with bulk multilayered graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and few layered graphitic carbon nitride sheets (g-C₃N₄-S) are synthesized and investigated as an active photoanode material for sunlight driven water splitting.

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Zhurenok, Angelina V., Danila B. Vasilchenko, and Ekaterina A. Kozlova. "Comprehensive Review on g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts for the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production under Visible Light." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010346.

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Currently, the synthesis of active photocatalysts for the evolution of hydrogen, including photocatalysts based on graphite-like carbon nitride, is an acute issue. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art studies of graphic carbon nitride as a photocatalyst for hydrogen production under visible light is presented. In this review, various approaches to the synthesis of photocatalysts based on g-C3N4 reported in the literature were considered, including various methods for modifying and improving the structural and photocatalytic properties of this material. A thorough analysis of the literature has shown that the most commonly used methods for improving g-C3N4 properties are alterations of textural characteristics by introducing templates, pore formers or pre-treatment method, doping with heteroatoms, modification with metals, and the creation of composite photocatalysts. Next, the authors considered their own detailed study on the synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride with different pre-treatments and respective photocatalysts that demonstrate high efficiency and stability in photocatalytic production of hydrogen. Particular attention was paid to describing the effect of the state of the platinum cocatalyst on the activity of the resulting photocatalyst. The decisive factors leading to the creation of active materials were discussed.

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Dhakshinamoorthy, Amarajothi, Antón López-Francés, Sergio Navalon, and Hermenegildo Garcia. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Visible-Light Photocatalyst Boosting Ozonation in Wastewater Treatment." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 3494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193494.

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Light can boost ozone efficiency in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), either by direct ozone photolysis with UV light or by using a photocatalyst that can be excited with UV-Vis or solar light. The present review summarizes literature data on the combination of ozone and the g-C3N4 photocatalyst for the degradation of probe molecules in water, including oxalic, p-hydroxybenzoic and oxamic acids as well as ciprofloxacin and parabens. g-C3N4 is a metal-free visible-light photocatalyst based on abundant elements that establishes a synergistic effect with ozone, the efficiency of the combination of the photocatalysis and ozonation being higher than the sum of the two treatments independently. Available data indicate that this synergy derives from the higher efficiency in the generation of hydroxyl radicals due to the efficient electron quenching by O3 of photogenerated conduction band electrons in the g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Given the wide use of ozonizers in water treatment, it is proposed that their implementation with g-C3N4 photocatalysis could also boost ozone efficiency in the AOPs of real waste waters.

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Wang, Yang, Baoyu Gao, Qinyan Yue, and Zhining Wang. "Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based membranes for advanced separation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 37 (2020): 19133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta06729f.

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Glažar, Dominika, Ivan Jerman, Brigita Tomšič, Raghuraj Singh Chouhan, and Barbara Simončič. "Emerging and Promising Multifunctional Nanomaterial for Textile Application Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride Heterostructure Nanocomposites." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030408.

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Nanocomposites constructed with heterostructures of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), silver (Ag), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) have emerged as promising nanomaterials for various environmental, energy, and clinical applications. In the field of textiles, Ag and TiO2 are already recognized as essential nanomaterials for the chemical surface and bulk modification of various textile materials, but the application of composites with g-C3N4 as a green and visible-light-active photocatalyst has not yet been fully established. This review provides an overview of the construction of Ag/g-C3N4, TiO2/g-C3N4, and Ag/TiO2/g-C3N4 heterostructures; the mechanisms of their photocatalytic activity; and the application of photocatalytic textile platforms in the photochemical activation of organic synthesis, energy generation, and the removal of various organic pollutants from water. Future prospects for the functionalization of textiles using g-C3N4-containing heterostructures with Ag and TiO2 are highlighted.

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Jia, Ruokun, Xueli Yu, Xiaohang Yang, Xinzhe Wang, Jiaming Yang, Xuyang Huo, and Qiuju Qi. "Porous graphitic carbon nitride with high concentration of oxygen promotes photocatalytic H₂ evolution." RSC Advances 12, no. 52 (2022): 33688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05662c.

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Porous structure design and the content regulation of heteroelements have been proved to be effective strategies to boost photocatalytic H2 generation activity of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based photocatalyst.

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Duan, Yongzheng, Haibo Yao, Jing Li, Xili Shang, Dongmei Jia, and Changhai Li. "A facile one-pot preparation of Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4 composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.146.

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Abstract Bi2O2CO3 modified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets were prepared by a simple one-pot synthetic strategy. In the presence of ammonium nitrate, different mass ratios of bismuth nitrate/melamine were used to fabricate these catalysts, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2-physisorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis analysis, and photoluminescence (PL). The catalytic properties of composites were evaluated by photodegrading tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under visible light irradiation. Among these catalysts, Bi2O2CO3(1.5)/g-C3N4 showed the highest catalytic activity, which was more than 16 times greater than the pristine g-C3N4 material. The improved photocatalytic properties of Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4 may be due to the formation of a heterojunction between Bi2O2CO3 and g-C3N4, leading to the effective separation of photo-induced carriers and the enhanced absorption of visible light. Furthermore, the Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4 composites had considerable catalytic stability, which was a key element for their potential applications.

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Chen, Jiashuo, Ziyang Zhang, and Nuo Chen. "Performance study of erbium-doped modified graphite-phase carbon nitride catalyzed degradation of RhB." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 21 (December 4, 2022): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v21i.3189.

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In order to improve the photocatalytic ability of graphite-phase carbon nitride, Er was selected as a precursor to modify graphite-phase carbon nitride, and the graphite-phase carbon nitride composite (Er/g-C3N4) doped with rare earth (Er) was prepared by thermal polymerization. The results showed that the 0.5% Er/ g-C3N4 composite had strong visible light absorption. The results showed that the 0.5% Er/ g-C3N4 catalyst had a good visible light absorption and the 0.5% Er/ g-C3N4 catalyst had a better degradation effect on RhB.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)'

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