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Journal articles on the topic 'GRAS/Dietary compounds'
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Maharao, Neha V., and Phillip M. Gerk. "Use of GRAS or dietary compounds to improve the oral bioavailability of buprenorphine." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 33, no. 1 (January 2018): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.099.
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Maharao, Neha V., Anand A. Joshi, and Phillip M. Gerk. "Inhibition of glucuronidation and oxidative metabolism of buprenorphine using GRAS compounds or dietary constituents/supplements:in vitroproof of concept." Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 38, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2050.
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Zhang, Zhenxian, and Phillip M. Gerk. "Effects of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and dietary compounds on phenylephrine metabolism in LS180 human intestinal cells." Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 39, no. 9 (November 2018): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2162.
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Maharao, Neha V., and Phillip M. Gerk. "Determining the potency of inhibition of five GRAS or dietary compounds to inhibit the oxidative and conjugative metabolism of buprenorphine." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 33, no. 1 (January 2018): S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.181.
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Lobo, Carmélia Isabel Vitorino, Ana Carolina Urbano de Araújo Lopes, and Marlise Inêz Klein. "Compounds with Distinct Targets Present Diverse Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Efficacy against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans, and Combinations of Compounds Potentiate Their Effect." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050340.
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Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans interact synergistically in biofilms associated with a severe form of dental caries. Their synergism is driven by dietary sucrose. Thus, it is necessary to devise strategies to hinder the development of those biofilms and prevent cavities. Six compounds [tt-farnesol (sesquiterpene alcohol that decreases the bacterium acidogenicity and aciduricity and a quorum sensing fungal molecule), myricetin (flavonoid that interferes with S. mutans exopolysaccharides production), two 2’-hydroxychalcones and 4’-hydroxychalcone (intermediate metabolites for flavonoids), compound 1771 (inhibitor of lipoteichoic synthase in Gram-positive bacteria)] with targets in both fungus and bacterium and their products were investigated for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against single-species cultures. The compounds and concentrations effective on single-species biofilms were tested alone and combined with or without fluoride to control initial and pre-formed dual-species biofilms. All the selected treatments eliminated both species on initial biofilms. In contrast, some combinations eliminated the bacterium and others the fungus in pre-formed biofilms. The combinations 4’-hydroxychalcone+tt-farnesol+myricetin, 4’-hydroxychalcone+tt-farnesol+fluoride, and all compounds together with fluoride were effective against both species in pre-formed biofilms. Therefore, combinations of compounds with distinct targets can prevent C. albicans and S. mutans dual-species biofilm build-up in vitro.
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Ferreira-Santos, Pedro, Helder Badim, Ângelo C. Salvador, Armando J. D. Silvestre, Sónia A. O. Santos, Sílvia M. Rocha, Ana M. Sousa, et al. "Chemical Characterization of Sambucus nigra L. Flowers Aqueous Extract and Its Biological Implications." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081222.
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The main goal of this study was to chemically characterize an aqueous S. nigra flower extract and validate it as a bioactive agent. The elderflower aqueous extraction was performed at different temperatures (50, 70 and 90 °C). The extract obtained at 90 °C exhibited the highest phenolic content and antiradical activity. Therefore, this extract was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-MS, which allowed the identification of 46 compounds, being quercetin and chlorogenic acid derivatives representative of 86% of the total of phenolic compounds identified in hydrophilic fraction of the aqueous extract. Naringenin (27.2%) was the major compound present in the lipophilic fraction. The antiproliferative effects of the S. nigra extract were evaluated using the colon cancer cell lines RKO, HCT-116, Caco-2 and the extract’s antigenotoxic potential was evaluated by the Comet assay in RKO cells. The RKO cells were the most susceptible to S. nigra flower extract (IC50 = 1250 µg mL−1). Moreover, the extract showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. These results show that S. nigra-based extracts can be an important dietary source of bioactive phenolic compounds that contribute to health-span improving life quality, demonstrating their potential as nutraceutical, functional foods and/or cosmetic components for therapeutic purposes.
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Mézes, Miklós, and Márta Erdélyi. "Az élelmiszerek rosttartalmának antioxidáns hatása." Orvosi Hetilap 159, no. 18 (May 2018): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2018.30953.
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Abstract: Antioxidants have some health benefit, but up to now there was less attention paid to the antioxidant properties of dietary fibre. The antioxidant effect of dietary fibre is based on the polyphenol compounds bound to polysaccharide complexes, which are released in the gut and functioning as antioxidants. Another type of antioxidant, calcium fructoborate was also isolated from plant cell wall. It has a marked antioxidant capacity, however, its active component is not a polyphenol, but the boron. There are lots of food plants which have relatively high antioxidant dietary fibre content, thus they support the antioxidant defence of the gastrointestinal tract, and consequently the whole body. The important ones in human nutrition are for instance cereal grains, cabbage, grape pomace, coffee bean or guava. There are different polyphenol compounds in the antioxidant dietary fibres in the plants, therefore their antioxidant capacity varies, but it is approximately equivalent to 50–100 mg DL-α-tocopherol per gram. This antioxidant capacity is considerable, and would be suitable for the prevention of some, oxidative stress-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis or other cardiovascular diseases, and colorectal carcinoma. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(18): 709–712.
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Saoudi, Soulef, Seddik Khennouf, and Nozha Mayouf. "Identification and quantification of fruit phenolic compounds of Malus communis." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 6-s (December 15, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6-s.3264.
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Malus communis (apple) is fruits belong to family Rosaseae. Apple is important source of phytochemicals substance, which has good effect in human health and antioxidant activity. The aim of this work is to identify the polyphenols compounds and the antioxidant activity of Malus communis. The analyses phytochemicals of polyphenols is estimated by UPLC method. The flavonoids content were determinate by the Aluminum chloride method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS and reducing power. The results suggested that Malus communis have high content of sugars, tannin (795 ± 0.05 mg D- glucose equivalents per gram dry weight, 31.38 ± 0.006 mg tannic acid equivalents per gram dry weight and important amount of flavonoids 5.08 ± 0.001 mg quercetin equivalents per gram of dry weight) respectively. The chromatogram of apple demonstrated that this fruits contain various substances such as Gallic acid and Chlorogenic acid. The extract exerted good effect in antioxidant activity. Apple can scavenge free radicals ABTS and DPPH with values of IC50 (0.64 ± 0.02, 0.60 ± 0.03 mg/ml respectively). Finally the consumption dietary of fruits can reduce the risk the chronic disease.
Keywords: Malus communis, UPLC, tannin, flavonoids, antioxidant activity.
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Guillamón, Enrique, Pedro Andreo-Martínez, Nuria Mut-Salud, Juristo Fonollá, and Alberto Baños. "Beneficial Effects of Organosulfur Compounds from Allium cepa on Gut Health: A Systematic Review." Foods 10, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081680.
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Dietary changes affect the composition and structure of gut microbiota (GM) in animals and humans. One of the beneficial effects of consuming products derived from plants is the positive influence on immunity and gastrointestinal health. Species belonging to the genus Allium contain many organosulfur compounds (OSCs) that have been widely studied showing their biological properties and beneficial effects on intestinal health and GM. This is the first systematic review of OSCs from Allium performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and it is based on the evidence that we found in literature about the benefits on the GM and intestinal health demonstrated by OSCs from Allium, and specifically from onion. OSCs from Allium cepa have shown a significant antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the intake of OSCs from onion was able to modulate the composition of GM, increasing the beneficial bacterial populations in animal models. Moreover, the beneficial effects observed in murine models of colitis suggest that these compounds could be suitable candidates for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or reverse the dysbiosis caused by a high-fat diet (HFD). Despite the evidence found both in vitro and in vivo, we have not found any article that tested OSCs different from allicin in clinical trials or dietary intervention studies in humans. In this sense, it would be interesting to conduct new research that tests the benefits of these compounds in human GM.
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Lang, Undine E., Christoph Beglinger, Nina Schweinfurth, Marc Walter, and Stefan Borgwardt. "Nutritional Aspects of Depression." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 37, no. 3 (2015): 1029–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430229.
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Several nutrition, food and dietary compounds have been suggested to be involved in the onset and maintenance of depressive disorders and in the severity of depressive symptoms. Nutritional compounds might modulate depression associated biomarkers and parallel the development of depression, obesity and diabetes. In this context, recent studies revealed new mediators of both energy homeostasis and mood changes (i.e. IGF-1, NPY, BDNF, ghrelin, leptin, CCK, GLP-1, AGE, glucose metabolism and microbiota) acting in gut brain circuits. In this context several healthy foods such as olive oil, fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, poultry, dairy and unprocessed meat have been inversely associated with depression risk and even have been postulated to improve depressive symptoms. In contrast, unhealthy western dietary patterns including the consumption of sweetened beverage, refined food, fried food, processed meat, refined grain, and high fat diary, biscuits, snacking and pastries have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies. However, it is always difficult to conclude a real prospective causal relationship from these mostly retrospective studies as depressed individuals might also change their eating habits secondarily to their depression. Additionally specific selected nutritional compounds, e.g. calcium, chromium, folate, PUFAs, vitamin D, B12, zinc, magnesium and D-serine have been postulated to be used as ad-on strategies in antidepressant treatment. In this context, dietary and lifestyle interventions may be a desirable, effective, pragmatical and non-stigmatizing prevention and treatment strategy for depression. At last, several medications (pioglitazone, metformin, exenatide, atorvastatin, gram-negative antibiotics), which have traditionally been used to treat metabolic disorders showed a certain potential to treat depression in first randomized controlled clinical trials.
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Abiraami, Valli S., and S. Uma Gowrie. "Sprouts as functional food- an approach towards the identification of natural antibiotic resistance breakers." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (February 15, 2019): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2240.
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Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. Investigation studies related to discovery of novel antibiotics to deal with antibacterial resistance from natural edible food products have been one of the significant research interests in recent years. The main objective of the study is to identify the bioactive compounds having the natural antibiotic resistance breaking property, by giving scientific validation to the existing bioactive compounds present in the sprouts and recommending the horse gram and mixed sprouts as a natural dietary supplement, a measure for the management of the disease, Shigellosis. Qualitative screening of the phytoconstituents (using different solvent extracts) and quantitative analysis of the primary and secondary phytoconstituents were carried out in methanol and aqueous extracts of the horse gram and mixed sprouts (fresh and dried) using standard protocols in two different samples- horse gram sprouts (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and mixed sprouts of combination (Cicer arietinum L. (Chick pea), Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (horse gram) and Vigna radiata (L.). Antibacterial activity of both the samples against human pathogens namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri were studied. In horse gram and mixed sprouts, maximum zone of inhibitions were shown by Shigella flexneri, a food and water borne pathogen leading to outbreaks of Shigellosis, a major public health concern. Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum of antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinolones. The bactericidal action of Ciprofloxacin is by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase and topoisomerase IV, which are required for bacterial DNA replication. Phytochemical characterization (FTIR and GC-MS) and antibacterial studies proved the presence of essential phytoconstituents like terpenoids, fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins. Several bioactive compounds obtained from GC-MS analysis were screened for Ciprofloxacin antibiotic resistance. The specific phytoconstituents, DL-Proline from horse gram sprouts and Geranyl geraniol from mixed sprouts was tend to act as novel antibiotic resistance breakers which was proved through in silico docking.
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Ringø, Einar. "The effect of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) on aerobic bacterial populations associated with the intestinal epithelial mucosa of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-177.
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Populations of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), were estimated using the dilution plate technique. The gastrointestinal bacterial flora of fish fed an unsupplemented diet was dominated by Gram-negative bacteria of the genera Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Cytophaga, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio, and Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Kurthia, Lactobacillus, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. The composition of the indigenous aerobic bacterial flora in the digestive tract, and especially the microorganisms isolated from the midgut and hindgut regions, was affected by inclusion of 1% chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in the diet. Many of the Gram-negative bacterial genera and some of the Gram-positive bacterial genera were not detectable in the Cr2O3-fed fish. The midgut and hindgut regions in the Cr2O3-fed fish were dominated by Gram-positive microorganisms of the genera Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. It is suggested that the increased accumulation of Cr2O3 in the alimentary tract, as dietary compounds are removed, affects the attachment sites for the gastrointestinal microflora or affects the gut epithelium directly.Key words: chromic oxide, aerobic bacterial flora, Arctic charr.
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Chaliha, Mridusmita, Anh Dao Thi Phan Phan, Hung Trieu Hong, Geraldine McGuire, Michael E. Netzel, and Yasmina Sultanbawa. "Exploring the Nutritional and Functional Properties of Two Understudied Australian Endemic Plants: Diploglottis bracteata and Syzigium aqueum." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036093.
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Despite the growing national and international interest for Australian traditional plant foods, information on nutritional and functional properties of many endemic species is limited. This restricts their incorporation in food, beverage and nutraceutical applications. This pilot study explored the phytochemical profiles and antimicrobial activity of two Australian endemic fruits: Diploglottis bracteata and Syzigium aqueum, to explore their marketability. Profiling of major bioactive phytochemicals showed the presence of 3 anthocyanins in S. aqueum (delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside) and four carotenoids in D. bracteata (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene). The total carotenoid content was comparable to that of orange coloured carrots, an important dietary source of carotenoids. Elemental analysis revealed that, compared to blueberry (a popular dietary source), D. bracteata had 4.5 times higher potassium, and 3.7 times higher magnesium content. Calcium levels of S. aqueum was 4.9 times higher than blueberry. Methanol, acetone and water extracts of both fruits were analysed for total phenolic content (TPC) and antimicrobial activity. TPC of D. bracteata and S. aqueum methanolic extracts were 2.9 and 1.4 mg gallic acid equivalents/g FW which is in the same range as blueberry, a popular dietary source of bioactive phenolic compounds. Antimicrobial analysis showed methanol, acetone and water extracts of both fruits have strong inhibitory effects against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, but no effects against fungi (Candida albicans). These promising initial results, diverse phytochemical profiles and strong antibacterial activity, warrant further investigation.
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Luo, Wenhong, Catharina Y. W. Ang, Thomas C. Schmitt, and Joseph M. Betz. "Determination of Salicin and Related Compounds in Botanical Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 4 (July 1, 1998): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.4.757.
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Abstract A sensitive and reliable method is described for quantitative determination of salicin (including salicyl alcohol) and salicylic acid in botanical dietary supplements by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with wavelength-programmed fluorescence detection. One gram sample material was extracted with 20 mL aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 5.0), which was heated in an 80C water bath for 30 min. After centrifugation and cooling of the extract to room temperature, the supernatant was diluted with additional buffer. A1 mL portion of diluted extract was mixed with 1 mL β-glucosidase solution (2 mg/mL) and incubated for 40 min in a 37C water bath. The extract was passed through a 0.45 μm syringe filter and analyzed by LC. Limits of quantitation for salicin and salicylic acid were 20 and 1 μg/g, respectively. Recoveries from samples fortified with salicin at 20,100, and 1000 μg/g and with salicylic acid at 5, 20, and 50 μg/g ranged from 85 to 110℅, with standard deviations less than 7℅.
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Semiadil, G., T. N. Barry, P. D. Muir, and J. Hodgson. "Dietary preferences of sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) offered browse, forage legume and grass species." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 1 (August 1995): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074554.
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SUMMARYGrazing sambar and red deer in New Zealand were offered a free choice of seven different plant species (forage legumes, browse and grasses) in 1992 and 1993 and dietary preference rankings were determined. Nutritive value of plants on offer and diet selected, plant height, plant species purity and stem diameter selected (browse only) were also determined. Total nitrogen (N) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were highest for red clover, lowest for grasses and intermediate for browse species (willow, poplar and lupin). Top dietary preference ranking was willow for sambar and red clover for red deer in both years, with Yorkshire fog and prairie grass being lowly preference ranked with both deer species. Sambar selected willow stems up to 38 mm in diameter and poplar stems up to 54 mm in diameter. When the plants were grouped into browse, grass and forage legume categories, both deer species showed a similar preference ranking for grasses. Relative to grasses, sambar showed a strong preference for browse and a low preference for forage legumes, whilst red deer showed a strong preference for forage legumes of high nutritive value and a very low preference for browse. It was calculated that sambar selected a total diet higher in condensed tannins and lignin but lower in nitrogen than that selected by red deer, with similar values for total fibre and OMD. Differences in dietary preference between the two deer species may be linked with the greater ability of sambar deer to neutralize some plant secondary compounds and their more efficient rumination pattern compared with red deer. Both sambar and red deer can be classified as intermediate feeders, having a similar preference for grasses, but differing preferences for forage legumes and browse.
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Hertzer, Cora, Stefan Kehraus, Nils Böhringer, Fontje Kaligis, Robert Bara, Dirk Erpenbeck, Gert Wörheide, Till F. Schäberle, Heike Wägele, and Gabriele M. König. "Antibacterial scalarane from Doriprismatica stellata nudibranchs (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia), egg ribbons, and their dietary sponge Spongia cf. agaricina (Demospongiae, Dictyoceratida)." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (July 3, 2020): 1596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.132.
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Investigations on the biochemical relationship between Doriprismatica stellata (Chromodorididae, Doridoidea) nudibranchs, their egg ribbons, and the associated dietary sponge Spongia cf. agaricina (Demospongiae, Porifera) led to the isolation of the structurally new scalarane-type sesterterpene 12-deacetoxy-4-demethyl-11,24-diacetoxy-3,4-methylenedeoxoscalarin, with an unprecedented position of the cyclopropane ring annelated to the ring A. Unlike other scalaranes, which are most often functionalized at C-12 of ring C, it bears two acetoxy groups at C-11 and C-24 instead. The compound was present in all three samples, supporting the dietary relationship between chromodorid nudibranchs of the genus Doriprismatica and scalarane-containing dictyoceratid sponges of the Spongiidae family. The results also indicate that D. stellata passes the scalarane metabolite on to its egg ribbons, most likely for protective purposes. The scalarane showed antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Arthrobacter crystallopoietes (DSM 20117) and Bacillus megaterium (DSM 32).
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Ilić, Tijana, Margarita Dodevska, Mirjana Marčetić, Dragana Božić, Igor Kodranov, and Bojana Vidović. "Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Goji Berries Cultivated in Serbia." Foods 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111614.
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Since the fruits of Lycium L. species (Fructus lycii, goji berries) are promoted as a “superfood” with plenty of health benefits, there is extensive research interest in their nutritional and phytochemical composition. In the present study, the nutritional value, minerals, fatty acid composition, and bioactive compounds of L. barbarum L., red, yellow, and black goji berry (L. ruthenicum Murray.) cultivated in Serbia were investigated. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of their methanol extracts were assessed. Red goji berry had the highest content of fats, dietary fiber, iron, total carotenoids, and 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG). The yellow goji berry extract showed the highest level of flavonoids and the most prominent antimicrobial (especially against Gram-negative bacteria) properties. The highest total phenolic content and the most potent antioxidant activity were observed for the extract of black goji berry. Therefore, all goji berries could be a valuable source of bioactive compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
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Silva, Bárbara Cardoso da Mata e., Norberto Mario Rodriguez, Mirton José Frota Morenz, Carlos Augusto De Miranda Gomide, Carlos Eugênio Martins, Domingos Sávio Campos Paciullo, Marco Antônio Sundfeld da Gama, and Fernando César Ferraz Lopes. "Fatty acid composition of milk from Holstein x Gyr cows grazing on marandu grass supplemented with concentrate containing sunflower oil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 6 (November 30, 2018): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2581.
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The inclusion of plant oils in the diets of grazing cows represents a promising nutritional strategy for the production of milk naturally enriched with bioactive compounds, such as rumenic (cis-9, trans-11 CLA), vaccenic (trans-11 C18:1) and oleic (cis-9 C18:1) acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with sunflower oil (SO) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of milk from Holstein x Gyr dairy cows grazing on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu under rotational stocking. Sixteen multiparous cows with 185±10 days in milk received a concentrate containing 0% (control) or 15% SO on a dry matter basis in a randomized block design with two replications (paddocks). The results were analyzed with mixed models (P ? 0.05) using repeated measurements over time, as represented by sampling days 14, 35 and 62 (periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively). In any period, an effect of SO supplementation was observed on milk production, pasture dry matter intake and nutrients intake, whereas the concentrations of most milk FA were altered in SO-fed cows. In particular, dietary supplementation with SO resulted in the production of milk enriched with FA beneficial to human health (rumenic, vaccenic and oleic acids) and with lower levels of hypercholesterolemic lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. This positive effect on the nutritional quality of milk fat was more noticeable from the 40th to 43rd days of sunflower oil supplementation.
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Kane, Ali, Nabeel Al-Sharafi, and Sabah Hamad. "Could the Vitacel R200 improve the Immune Response and Hemato-Biochemical Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila?" International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 10, no. 03 (September 25, 2020): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.10.3.4.
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The fermentable fiber, Vitacel R200 is industrial compound cellulose exerting many beneficial health effects at the hosts. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerling (120 ± 4.5 grams) were fed dietary 1% (10 g/kg feed) Vitacel R200 for 7 weeks, then challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Two weeks after the challenge, hemato-biochemical and immune parameters in the challenged fish were studied. The lysozyme and complement activity, as well as, white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb%), percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil in the fish fed Vitacel were significantly increased compared with the control group. Furthermore, the serum total protein, albumin, Na+, K+, P, and Ca++ concentrations in the fish fed diet containing 1% Vitacel were significantly increased, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as, cortisol, cholesterol, and glucose concentration were significantly decreased in comparison to the control group. These results concluded that dietary Vitacel could improve the hemato-biochemical and immune parameters, as well as, the stress response in O. mykiss infected with A. hydrophila.
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Gray, Dean E., George E. Rottinghaus, H. E. Gene Garrett, and Stephen G. Pallardy. "Simultaneous Determination of the Predominant Hyperforins and Hypericins in St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) by Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.4.944.
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Abstract Hypericin and hyperforin are believed to be among the active constituents in common St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Presently, dietary supplements are generally standardized to contain specified levels of hypericin and hyperforin, and the related compounds, pseudohypericin and adhyperforin. A rapid method was developed for simultaneous determination of these 4 active constituents by liquid chromatography (LC). A 1 g portion of dried, finely ground leaf/flower sample is extracted with 20 mL methanol for 2 h. A 0.6 mL aliquot of the crude extract is combined with 5.4 mL acetonitrile–methanol (9 + 1) and passed through a mixed solid-phase cleanup column. The eluate is examined by LC for hyperforin, adhyperforin, hypericin, and pseudohypericin on a Hypersil reversed-phase column by using simultaneous ultraviolet (284 nm) and fluorescence detection (excitation, 470 nm; emission, 590 nm). The compounds are easily separated isocratically within 8 min with a mobile phase of acetonitrile–aqueous 0.1M triethylammonium acetate (8 + 2). Average recoveries of hyperforin and adhyperforin were 101.9 and 98.4%, respectively, for 3 sample mixtures containing concentrations ranging from approximately 0.2 to 1.5% combined hyperforins per gram dry weight. Average relative standard deviation (RSD) values for hyperforin and adhyperforin for all 3 mixtures were 18.9 and 18.0%, respectively. Average recoveries of hypericin and pseudohypericin were 88.6 and 93.3% respectively, from 3 sample mixtures containing concentrations ranging from approximately 0.2 to 0.4% combined hypericins per gram dry weight. Average RSD values for hypericin and pseudohypericin for all 3 mixtures were 3.8 and 4.2%, respectively.
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Lewis, John E., Steven E. Atlas, Oscar L. Higuera, Andrea Fiallo, Ammar Rasul, Ashar Farooqi, Olga Kromo, et al. "The Effect of a Hydrolyzed Polysaccharide Dietary Supplement on Biomarkers in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (May 3, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1751583.
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The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a hydrolyzed polysaccharide, Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound (RBAC), on biomarkers in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A 90-day randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial examined the effect of RBAC on complete blood count, liver enzymes, lipids, oxidative stress markers, cytokines, and growth factors. Twenty-three adults with NAFLD were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the two study conditions (n=12 RBAC and n=11 placebo) and consumed 1 gram/day of either compound for 90 days. Subjects were assessed at baseline and 45 and 90 days. No adverse effects were reported. Alkaline phosphatase significantly decreased (−3.1%; SD=19.9; F[1,19]=5.1, p=0.03) in the RBAC group compared to the placebo group. The percentages of monocytes (17.9%; SD=18.3; F[1,19]=5.9, p=0.02) and eosinophils (30.6%; SD=30.5; F[1,19]=12.3, p<0.01) increased in the RBAC group. IFN-γ (156%; SD=131.8; F[1,19]=4.2, p=0.06) and IL-18 (29.1%; SD=64; F[1,19]=5.3, p=0.03) increased in the RBAC group compared to the placebo group. Other improvements were noted for platelets, neutrophils, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, γ-glutamyl transferase, and 4-hydroxynonenal. RBAC had beneficial effects on several biomarkers that adds to the known immunomodulatory activities of RBAC, which may be promising for people with NAFLD.
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Seiwert, Nina, Janine Adam, Pablo Steinberg, Stefan Wirtz, Tanja Schwerdtle, Petra Adams-Quack, Nadine Hövelmeyer, Bernd Kaina, Sebastian Foersch, and Jörg Fahrer. "Chronic intestinal inflammation drives colorectal tumor formation triggered by dietary heme iron in vivo." Archives of Toxicology 95, no. 7 (May 12, 2021): 2507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03064-6.
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AbstractThe consumption of red meat is associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). Multiple lines of evidence suggest that heme iron as abundant constituent of red meat is responsible for its carcinogenic potential. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood and particularly the role of intestinal inflammation has not been investigated. To address this important issue, we analyzed the impact of heme iron (0.25 µmol/g diet) on the intestinal microbiota, gut inflammation and colorectal tumor formation in mice. An iron-balanced diet with ferric citrate (0.25 µmol/g diet) was used as reference. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that dietary heme reduced α-diversity and caused a persistent intestinal dysbiosis, with a continuous increase in gram-negative Proteobacteria. This was linked to chronic gut inflammation and hyperproliferation of the intestinal epithelium as attested by mini-endoscopy, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Dietary heme triggered the infiltration of myeloid cells into colorectal mucosa with an increased level of COX-2 positive cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry-based phenotyping demonstrated an increased number of T cells and B cells in the lamina propria following heme intake, while γδ-T cells were reduced in the intraepithelial compartment. Dietary heme iron catalyzed formation of fecal N-nitroso compounds and was genotoxic in intestinal epithelial cells, yet suppressed intestinal apoptosis as evidenced by confocal microscopy and western blot analysis. Finally, a chemically induced CRC mouse model showed persistent intestinal dysbiosis, chronic gut inflammation and increased colorectal tumorigenesis following heme iron intake. Altogether, this study unveiled intestinal inflammation as important driver in heme iron-associated colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Lewis, John E., Steven E. Atlas, Oscar L. Higuera, Andrea Fiallo, Ammar Rasul, Ashar Farooqi, Olga Kromo, et al. "Corrigendum to “The Effect of a Hydrolyzed Polysaccharide Dietary Supplement on Biomarkers in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease”." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (April 7, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9575878.
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The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a hydrolyzed polysaccharide, Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound (RBAC), on biomarkers in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A 90-day randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial examined the effect of RBAC on complete blood count, liver enzymes, lipids, oxidative stress markers, cytokines, and growth factors. Twenty-three adults with NAFLD were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the two study conditions (n = 12 RBAC and n = 11 placebo) and consumed 1 gram/day of either compound for 90 days. Subjects were assessed at baseline and 45 and 90 days. No adverse effects were reported. Alkaline phosphatase significantly decreased (−3.1%; SD = 19.9; F[1, 19] = 5.1, p=0.03) in the RBAC group compared to placebo. Percent monocytes (17.9%; SD = 18.3; F[1, 19] = 5.9, p=0.02) and percent eosinophils (30.6%; SD = 30.5; F[1, 19] = 12.3, p<0.01) increased in the RBAC group. IFN-γ (156%; SD = 131.8; F[1, 19] = 4.2, p=0.06) and IL-18 (29.1%; SD = 64; F[1, 19] = 5.3, p=0.03) increased in the RBAC group compared to placebo. Other improvements were noted for platelets, neutrophils, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, γ-glutamyl transferase, and 4-hydroxynonenal. RBAC had beneficial effects on several biomarkers that add to the known immunomodulatory activities of RBAC, which may be promising for people with NAFLD. This trial is registered with NCT02568787.
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Zięba, Piotr, Agnieszka Sękara, Emilia Bernaś, Agata Krakowska, Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja, Edward Kunicki, Małgorzata Suchanek, and Bożena Muszyńska. "Supplementation with Magnesium Salts—A Strategy to Increase Nutraceutical Value of Pleurotus djamor Fruiting Bodies." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 3273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113273.
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The use of substrates supplemented with minerals is a promising strategy for increasing the nutraceutical value of Pleurotus spp. The current research was performed to analyze the effect of substrate supplementation with magnesium (Mg) salts on the Mg content, biomass, and chemical composition of pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) fruiting bodies. Before inoculation, substrate was supplemented with MgCl2 × 6 H2O and MgSO4, both salts were applied at three concentrations: 210, 420, and 4200 mg of Mg per 2 kg of substrate. The harvest period included three flushes. Substrate supplementation with 4200 mg of Mg caused the most significant decrease in mushroom productivity, of about 28% for both Mg salts. The dry matter content in fruiting bodies was significantly lower in the treatment in which 210 mg of Mg was applied as MgSO4 in comparison to the control. Supplementation effectively increased the Mg content in fruiting bodies of P. djamor by 19–85% depending on the treatment, and significantly affected the level of remaining bioelements and anions. One hundred grams of pink oyster fruiting bodies, supplemented with Mg salts, provides more than 20% of the Mg dietary value recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); thus, supplementation can be an effective technique for producing mushrooms that are rich in dietary Mg. Although P. djamor grown in supplemented substrate showed lower productivity, this was evident only in the fresh weight because the differences in dry weight were negligible. Mg supplementation increased the antioxidant activity of the fruiting bodies, phenolic compounds, and some amino acids, including L-tryptophan, and vitamins (thiamine and l-ascorbic acid).
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HSU, CHEN H., SANJEEVKUMAR R. PATEL, and ERIC W. YOUNG. "New Phosphate Binding Agents." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, no. 6 (June 1999): 1274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v1061274.
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Abstract. Several prior studies suggest that ferric compounds bind dietary phosphate and possess clinical potential as phosphate binding agents. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure the effect of several ferric compounds on intestinal phosphate binding and absorption. Balance studies lasting 2 to 4 wk were performed in normal and azotemic (achieved by subtotal nephrectomy) rats maintained on a 1.02% phosphorus diet supplemented with ferric salts (formulated to 0.95% Fe) or no ferric salt (control). In rats with normal renal function (average creatinine clearance, 4.0 ml/min per kg), the average net intestinal absorption of phosphate over all balance periods was 103.3 mg/d for the control group versus 84.7 mg/d for the ferric citrate group (P < 0.005). In the azotemic rats (average creatinine clearance, 3.3 ml/min per kg), the average net intestinal absorption of phosphate over all balance periods was significantly lower for the three ferric groups than the control groups (P ≤ 0.02): 95.3 mg/d for the control group versus 75.6 mg/d for the ferric ammonium citrate-treated group (P = 0.058), 77.0 mg/d for the ferric citrate-treated group (P = 0.057), and 62.5 mg/d for the ferric chloride-treated group (P < 0.002). Urinary phosphate excretion fell, sometimes to an even greater extent than did intestinal absorption, yielding no net reduction in phosphate balance in these growing, young animals with relatively preserved renal function. Calcium balance was largely unaffected by the ferric compounds. There were trends toward decreased serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone concentrations and increased iron and hematocrit in the ferric-treated azotemic groups. All tested ferric compounds were well tolerated, but animal growth was stunted in the ferric chloride animals compared with the control group. Phosphate binding was estimated at 85 to 180 mg per gram of elemental iron, which is comparable to other phosphate binding agents. Ferric salts decrease net intestinal phosphate absorption and hold promise for the treatment of phosphate retention in patients with renal failure.
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Matthies, Anastasia, Thomas Clavel, Michael Gütschow, Wolfram Engst, Dirk Haller, Michael Blaut, and Annett Braune. "Conversion of Daidzein and Genistein by an Anaerobic Bacterium Newly Isolated from the Mouse Intestine." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 15 (June 6, 2008): 4847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00555-08.
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ABSTRACT The metabolism of isoflavones by gut bacteria plays a key role in the availability and bioactivation of these compounds in the intestine. Daidzein and genistein are the most common dietary soy isoflavones. While daidzein conversion yielding equol has been known for some time, the corresponding formation of 5-hydroxy-equol from genistein has not been reported previously. We isolated a strictly anaerobic bacterium (Mt1B8) from the mouse intestine which converted daidzein via dihydrodaidzein to equol as well as genistein via dihydrogenistein to 5-hydroxy-equol. Strain Mt1B8 was a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium identified as a member of the Coriobacteriaceae. Strain Mt1B8 also transformed dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein to equol and 5-hydroxy-equol, respectively. The conversion of daidzein, genistein, dihydrodaidzein, and dihydrogenistein in the stationary growth phase depended on preincubation with the corresponding isoflavonoid, indicating enzyme induction. Moreover, dihydrogenistein was transformed even more rapidly in the stationary phase when strain Mt1B8 was grown on either genistein or daidzein. Growing the cells on daidzein also enabled conversion of genistein. This suggests that the same enzymes are involved in the conversion of the two isoflavones.
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Paudel, Keshab Raj. "Pharmacological effects of traditional herbal plant garlic (Allium sativum): A review." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 3, no. 4 (September 16, 2015): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i4.13375.
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This study aimed to review the different pharmacological effects of garlic. Garlic, Allium sativum, is a herbal plant which has been used in different food preparations since long time. Many studies have shown that allicin is the main compound in garlic which is generated from alliin with the help of alliinase enzyme and is responsible for many pharmacological effects. Different studies have shown that garlic has pharmacological effects such as antihypertensive, antihypercholesterolaemic, antiplatelet, hypoglycaemic, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, etc. However, studies in the literature havesome confl icting fi ndings and meta-analyses are also slightly different for different effects. Despite these fi ndings, most of the studies, including meta-analyses, have shown signifi cant antihypertensive and hypolipidaemic effects of garlic. Based on the data in the literature, regular dietary consumption of raw garlic, two to four grams, equivalent to one clove of garlic, or 600-900 mg garlic powder per day, if not contraindicated, may be effective for different benefi cialpharmacological effects.Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 4, Oct.-Dec., 2014Page: 158-161
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Szabó, A., J. Nagy, J. Bokor, H. Fébel, R. Romvári, D. Jónás, D. Mezőszentgyörgyi, and P. Horn. "Clinical chemistry of farmed red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) yearling hinds reared on grass or <i>papillonaceous</i> pasture paddocks in Hungary." Archives Animal Breeding 56, no. 1 (October 10, 2013): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-56-043.
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Abstract. Yearling red deer (Cervus elaphus) hinds of identical initial body weight were reared on a monocotyledonous grass (group 1) or on a papillonaceous plant pasture (group 2) for 212 days. At the end of the experiment (when deer were shot) blood was taken from ten animals of each group for serum biochemical analysis. Hinds of group 2 provided higher final body weight (90±3.5 vs. 101±6.6 kg) and higher daily body weight gain (105.7±10.7 vs. 153.8±26.8 g/day). Within serum nitrogenous compounds group 2 provided higher total protein concentrations, while from the lipids only serum triglyceride levels were higher in this group. Serum potassium was in both groups higher than the reference range with a superposed slight hyperkalaemia in group 2. Higher lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities were found in group 2 and lower aspartate aminotransferase activity values. Inorganic phosphate concentration showed a significant difference (group 1 provides higher values). Results refer to an expressed venison growth as a result of the rich dietary protein supply of group 2. Findings were evaluated as well with discriminant factor analysis, outlining the relative importance of the single blood biochemical parameters in shaping the inter-group differences.
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Buranakarl, C., S. Thammacharoen, S. Semsirmboon, S. Sutayatram, S. Chanpongsang, N. Chaiyabutr, and K. Katoh. "Effects of replacement of para-grass with oil palm compounds on body weight, food intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen functions and blood parameters in goats." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0069.
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Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with oil palm frond (leaf) (OPF) with and without oil palm meal (OPM) on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation and growth performance in goats.Methods: Six female crossbred goats were fed for 28 days of 3 diet treatments; 100% paragrass (T1); 50% para-grass + 50% OPF (T2), and 30% para-grass + 50% OPF + 20% OPM (T3). Body weight, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and urine volume, food intake, dry matter intake and water intake were measured daily. Nutrient digestibility was determined from five consecutive days of last week in each diet. Ruminal fluid, urine and blood were collected at the end for determination of rumen protozoa and volatile fatty acid contents, urinary allantoin excretion, blood cell count and chemistry profiles.Results: Goats fed T2 and T3 showed higher dry matter and nutrients intakes while protein digestibility was suppressed compared with those for T1. Crude fat digestibility declined in T2 but maintained after adding the OPM (T3). High fat intake by giving OPF and OPM corresponded to a higher ruminal acetate/propionate ratio (C2/C3) and serum cholesterol level. An increased urinary allantoin/creatinine ratio was found in T2 and T3 compared with T1, implying an increased number of ruminal microbes.Conclusion: Increased dry matter intake in T2 and T3 suggested that oil palm by-products are partly useful as a replacement for para-grass in goats. Replacement with the by-products increased plasma cholesterol level, which suggested that these products are a useful energy source. Changes in rumen parameters suggested an increased microbial number and activity suitable for acetate production. However, the limited digestibility of protein implies that addition of high protein feeds may be recommended to increase body weight gain of goats.
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Mukhopadhyay, S., J. Basak, M. Kar, S. Mandal, and A. Mukhopadhyay. "The role of iron chelation activity of wheat grass juice in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 7012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.7012.
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7012 Background: A pilot study with wheat grass juice in major thalassaemia patients was done by a group of clinicians in IPGMR, Chandigarh, India. We performed a study of 200 patients of intermediate thalassaemia with wheat grass juice and found 80% patients becoming transfusion independent. During the study in majority of the patients, serum ferritin level was significantly less as compared to pretreatment values. The aim of our study was to see the effect of wheat grass juice in reducing Ferritin level in myelodysplastic syndrome and also do the biochemical analysis of the wheat grass juice. Methods: During period from January 2003 to December 2007 we selected 20 patients of transfusion dependent myelodysplastic syndrome in the oncology department of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute. The age range of the patients was 42 years to 72 years (median 55 years). The fresh leaves of 5–7-day-old wheat grasss including stems were made fresh juice and had given 30 mL of juice daily to all 20 patients for continuous 6 months. Wheat grass juice was analyzed by column chromatography and found to be rich in oxalic and malic acid which might have some role in dietary absorption of iron from intestine. Beside that the wheat grass juice was found to contain two unique active ingredients with iron chelating property which was performed by deoxyribose degradation assay. We compared aqueous soluble extract of 5–7-day-old plant and dose-dependent study showed a significant iron chelating activity of crude extract in comparison to known standard iron chelator desferroxamine (DFO). The active compounds of crude extract of wheat grass may chelate catalytic iron in iron overload disorders when taking systematic dose. Result: The mean serum Ferritin level of the patients was 2,250 (range 650–4,800) before wheat grass treatment. The mean reduced to 950 (range 68–1680) (p < 0.0001). The performance status was improved from 60% to 80% (Karnofsky) after wheat grass treatment. The mean interval between transfusions was found increased. Conclusions: Wheat grass juice is an effective iron chelator and its use in reducing serum ferritin should be encouraged in myelodysplastic syndrome and other diseases where repeated blood transfusion is required. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Dehghani, Naghmeh, Mohsen Afsharmanesh, Mohammad Salarmoini, and Hadi Ebrahimnejad. "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil as an alternative for antibiotic in quail diet1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 7 (May 22, 2019): 2901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz179.
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Abstract The thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil was assessed as antibiotic growth promoter replacement in quail chick diet and in vitro test. In total, 250-d-old Japanese quail chicks (mixed sex) were allocated into 5 dietary treatments of 5 replications (6 females and 4 males in each cage with the size of 40× 90× 25 cm) under a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were included the control diet, control diet without any additive, control diet plus 100 ppm flavophospholipol as an antibiotic growth promoter, control diet plus 200 ppm TVE, control diet plus 300 ppm TVE, and control diet plus 400 ppm T. vulgaris essential (TVE) oil. Feed intake, BW gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), organs weight, morphology of intestine, serum lipids, and microbial population were measured on day 35. Lipid oxidation of stored muscle tissue was measured by TBARS test. GC–MS assay, DPPH method, and well diffusion method were evaluated for determination of components, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, respectively. FCR improved significantly in 400 ppm TVE compared with 200 and 300 ppm TVE (P < 0.05). The serum triglyceride decreased significantly in both sexes receiving 400 ppm TVE compared with control. Villi height increased significantly in duodenum accompanied by decreasing crypt dept at all TVE levels compared with control and antibiotic. The breast muscle tissue of quail fed on 300 and 400 ppm TVE reduced the rate of oxidation during refrigerated storage compared with control. Thymol was the main component (35.40%) of the thymus oil. The considerable antioxidant activity of TVE was identified by IC50 of 58.48 µg/mL. Moreover, zones of growth inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli were numerically greater in different doses of TVE than antibiotics. Therefore, The TVE is suitable alternative component for antibiotic growth promoters by dosing consideration. However, it is possible that antibiotic resistance would increase for these natural compounds along the time.
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Caron, Emilie, Jean-Luc Desseyn, Luce Sergent, Nana Bartke, Marie-Odile Husson, Alain Duhamel, and Frédéric Gottrand. "Impact of fish oils on the outcomes of a mouse model of acutePseudomonas aeruginosapulmonary infection." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 2 (January 7, 2015): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003705.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosais an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium that causes pneumonia in immunocompromised humans and severe pulmonary damage in patients with cystic fibrosis. Imbalanced fatty acid incorporation in membranes, including increased arachidonic acid and decreased DHA concentrations, is known to play a critical role in chronic inflammation associated with bacterial infection. Other lipids, such as EPA and alkylglycerols, are also known to play a role in inflammation, particularly by stimulating the immune system, decreasing inflammation and inhibiting bacterial growth. In this context, the goal of the present study was to assess the effect of dietary DHA/EPA, in a 2:1 ratio, and alkylglycerols, as natural compounds extracted from oils of rays and chimeras, respectively, on the inflammatory reaction induced byP. aeruginosapulmonary infection in mice. To this end, mice were fed with a control diet or isolipidic, isoenergetic diets prepared with oils enriched in DHA/EPA (2:1) or alkylglycerols for 5 weeks before the induction of acuteP. aeruginosalung infection by endotracheal instillation. In our model, DHA/EPA (2:1) significantly improved the survival of mice after infection, which was associated with the acceleration of bacterial clearance and the resolution of inflammation leading to the improvement of pulmonary injuries. By contrast, alkylglycerols did not affect the outcomes ofP. aeruginosainfection. Our findings suggest that supplementation with ray oil enriched in DHA/EPA (2:1) can be considered as a preventive treatment for patients at risk forP. aeruginosainfection.
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Ngaffo, Carine M. N., Simplice B. Tankeo, Michel-Gael F. Guefack, Paul Nayim, Brice E. N. Wamba, Victor Kuete, and Armelle T. Mbaveng. "Phytochemical analysis and antibiotic-modulating activity of Cocos nucifera, Glycine max and Musa sapientum methanol extracts against multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria." Investigational Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology 4, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31183/imcp.2020.00053.
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Background: The rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is occurring worldwide, endangering the efficacy of antibiotics, which have transformed medicine and saved millions of lives. Antibiotic-resistant infections are already widespread in the Sub-Saharan Africa and across the globe. To extend the search for new and more efficient antimicrobial drugs from natural sources, this work has been carried out to study the phytochemical composition and the antibacterial activities of some Cameroonian dietary plants (Cocos nucifera, Glycine max and Musa sapientum) against several MDR Gram-negative strains including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Providencia stuartii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa species expressing efflux pumps. Methods: Phytochemical screening of plant extracts was performed using qualitative standard methods and the antimicrobial assays of these extracts alone and in combination with antibiotics were done using serial 96-wells microplate dilution essays. Results: Each plant extract contained at least three mean classes of secondary metabolites. Glycine max, epicarps, leaves and bark of C. nucifera as well as mesocarps of M. sapientum contained each alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and triterpenes. Moreover, steroids were also found in G. max, steroids and saponins in epicarps and saponins in bark of C. nucifera. Meanwhile epicarps from M. sapientum contained only polyphenols, flavonoids and saponins. Antibacterial assays showed that different parts of C. nucifera were more active than other extracts. Their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varied from 128 to 2048 µg/mL. The bark part presented the highest antibacterial potential inhibiting the growth of 90% of strains with significant activity (100≤MIC≤512 µg/mL) against 50% of them (three E. coli, four E. aerogenes and three K. pneumoniae). It showed bactericidal effects (MBC/MIC≤4) on 45% of the same bacterial species. It was followed by epicarps and leaves parts which exhibited an inhibitory power against 75% and 60% of bacteria with significant activity on 40% and 20% of them respectively. They also showed bactericidal effects on E. coli ATCC8739 for epicarps extract and E. coli ATCC8739 and P. stuartii NEA16 for leaves extract. Extracts from G. max were less active and those from mesocarps and epicarps of M. sapientum did not showed any activity on all studied bacteria. Bark and epicarps extracts of C. nucifera potentiated the activities of all used antibiotics against at least 70% of bacteria while leaves extract exhibited this effect improving the activities of 67% of antibiotics with improvement activity factors (IAF) ranging from 2 to 256 suggesting that they contain bioactive compounds which could be considered as efflux pumps inhibitors. Extracts from G. max, epicarps and mesocarps of M. sapientum enhanced the inhibitory potential of 56%, 34% and 23% of antibiotics respectively against at least 70% of studied bacteria. These increases of activities also characterize synergistic effects between antibiotics and bioactive compounds of plants. Conclusion: The findings of this work suggest that infections by resistant bacteria can be treated using different parts of C. nucifera as an alternative to commonly used antibiotics.
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Chibisa, Gwinyai E., Cody Ream, and Allison Stevens. "PSVI-8 Effects of feeding ensiled or dried grape pomace on measures of nitrogen utilization in backgrounding cattle." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.746.
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Abstract Because of its content of polyphenolic compounds, feeding grape pomace (GP) could alter nitrogen (N) utilization in cattle in a manner that limits urinary N excretion and, thus, reactive N emissions. However, the preservation method used for GP, whose shelf-life is limited when fresh, could potentially cause changes in the bioactivity of the polyphenolic compounds. This study evaluated the effects of feeding either ensiled or sun-dried GP on ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) and plasma urea-N (PUN) concentrations, and route of N excretion in backgrounding cattle. Six ruminally-cannulated beef heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were (DM basis): 1) a typical backgrounding diet (CON), 2) CON + 15% ensiled GP, and 3) CON + 15% sun-dried GP. Grape pomace partially replaced triticale silage in the diet. Ruminal fluid (d 19 at 3 h post-feeding), blood (d 21 at 3 h post-feeding), and fecal grab and spot urine samples (d 19 at 0900, 1500, and 2100; d 20 at 0300, 1200, and 1800 h; d 21 at 0000 and 0600 h) were collected and analyzed for metabolites. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.48) on N intake, and ruminal NH3-N and PUN concentrations. Urine N (g/d and % of N intake) and urea-N (g/d) output were lower (P < 0.01) for heifers fed GP-containing diets than the CON diet. However, fecal N excretion (g/d and % of N intake) was greater (P = 0.01) for heifers fed GP-containing diets than the CON diet. In summary, although there was no diet effect ruminal NH3-N and PUN concentrations, feeding GP irrespective of preservation method, was effective in changing the route of N excretion from urine to feces, which is beneficial from an environmental standpoint.
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Shi, Xiao-chen, Ai Jin, Jian Sun, Jing-jing Tian, Hong Ji, Li-qiao Chen, and Zhen-yu Du. "The protein-sparing effect of α-lipoic acid in juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus: effects on lipolysis, fatty acid β-oxidation and protein synthesis." British Journal of Nutrition 120, no. 9 (September 10, 2018): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451800226x.
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AbstractTo investigate the protein-sparing effect of α-lipoic acid (LA), experimental fish (initial body weight: 18·99 (sd 1·82) g) were fed on a 0, 600 or 1200 mg/kg α-LA diet for 56 d, and hepatocytes were treated with 20 μm compound C, the inhibitor of AMP kinase α (AMPKα), treated for 30 min before α-LA treatment for 24 h. LA significantly decreased lipid content of the whole body and other tissues (P<0·05), and it also promoted protein deposition in vivo (P<0·05). Further, dietary LA significantly decreased the TAG content of serum and increased the NEFA content of serum (P<0·05); however, there were no significant differences among all groups in the hepatopancreas and muscle (P>0·05). Consistent with results from the experiment in vitro, LA activated phosphorylation of AMPKα and notably increased the protein content of adipose TAG lipase in intraperitoneal fat, hepatopancreas and muscle in vivo (P<0·05). Meanwhile, LA significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation in the same three areas, and LA also obviously down-regulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in amino acid catabolism in muscle (P<0·05). Besides, it was observed that LA significantly activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in muscle of experimental fish (P<0·05). LA could promote lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation via increasing energy supply from lipid catabolism, and then, it could economise on the protein from energy production to increase protein deposition in grass carp. Besides, LA might directly promote protein synthesis through activating the mTOR pathway.
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Selma, María V., Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán, David Beltrán, Rocio García-Villalba, and Juan C. Espín. "Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens sp. nov., a urolithin-producing bacterium isolated from the human gut." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_7 (July 1, 2014): 2346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.055095-0.
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Urolithins are dibenzopyranone metabolites that exert anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and are produced by the gut microbiota from the dietary polyphenols ellagic acid (EA) and ellagitannins. However, the bacteria involved in this process remain unknown. We report here a novel bacterium, strain CEBAS 1/15PT, capable of metabolizing EA to urolithins, that was isolated from healthy human faeces and characterized by determining phenotypic, biochemical and molecular methods. The strain was related to Gordonibacter pamelaeae 7-10-1-bT, the type and only reported strain of the only species of the genus Gordonibacter, with about 97 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity; they were both obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming, Gram-stain-positive, short-rods/coccobacilli and metabolized only small numbers of carbon sources. l-Fucose, d-fructose, turanose, d-galacturonic acid and α-ketobutyric acid were metabolized by strain CEBAS 1/15PT, while G. pamelaeae was negative for metabolism of these compounds. The whole-cell fatty acids consisted predominantly of saturated fatty acids (70 %); strain CEBAS 1/15PT differed significantly from G. pamelaeae in the major fatty acid, which was C18 : 1ω9c, while anteiso-C15 : 0 was the major component for G. pamelaeae . The presence of a number of different fatty acid peaks, especially C19 : 0 cyclo and C18 : 1ω6c, was also indicative of distinct species. Six glycolipids (GL1–6) were recognized, while, in G. pamelaeae, only four glycolipids were described. On the basis of these data, the novel species Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens sp. nov. is described, with strain CEBAS 1/15PT ( = DSM 27213T = CCUG 64261T) as the type strain.
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Magangana, Tandokazi Pamela, Nokwanda P. Makunga, Chris la Grange, Maria A. Stander, Olaniyi Amos Fawole, and Umezuruike Linus Opara. "Blanching Pre-Treatment Promotes High Yields, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, Enzyme Inactivation and Antibacterial Activity of ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate Peel Extracts at Three Different Harvest Maturities." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071119.
Full textAbstract:
‘Wonderful’ pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel contains a wide range of phytochemicals including vitamins, dietary fibre, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties. Yet, it is often used as animal feed or discarded in landfills, which is not the best eco-friendly way to utilize this phenolic-rich bioresource. Finding novel ways of utilizing pomegranate peel waste could prove a more profitable and eco-friendlier alternative that is far more beneficial to the economy. Adding a blanching pre-treatment step at optimal conditions prior to processing of pomegranate peel aids in the inactivation of quality changing enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), which are accountable for the degradation reactions that cause breakdown of nutrients and phytochemicals. This study aimed to determine the effect of blanching at 80 °C for 3 min on the yield, polyphenol content, antioxidant properties, enzyme inactivation, and antibacterial activity of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate peel ethanolic extracts from three different harvest maturities (unripe, ripe, and over ripe), including a comprehensive characterization and quantification using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The blanched unripe peel extracts exhibited the highest total phenolic content, total tannin content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) at 14.0 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry mass (DM), 1.0 mg GAE/g DM, 359.1 µmol Trolox/g DM, 912.2 µmol Trolox/g DM and 802.5 µmol Trolox/g DM, respectively. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PPO and POD activity of all blanched pomegranate peel extracts. The blanched unripe peel extracts had the lowest PPO activity at 0.2 U/g fresh weight (FW), with a 70% PPO inactivation compared to ripe and over ripe harvest, whereas the highest POD inactivation was recorded at 67% in over ripe peel extracts. All blanched peel extracts, irrespective of harvest maturity, had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values at 160 µg/mL against all four bacteria strains tested, which included two Gram-positive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli 11775 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883). A total of 25 metabolites including phenolic acids (4), organic acids (1), flavonoids (4), ellagitannins (13), and other polyphenols (3) in all three pomegranate peel samples were tentatively identified after LC-MS profiling. The blanched unripe peel extracts showed significantly higher punicalin α and β, β punicalagin, catechin, epicatechin content at 414 mg/g, and 678 mg/g, 151 mg/g, 229 mg/g, respectively, compared to peel extracts from other harvest maturities. This study provides supportive information for the commercial utilization of pomegranate fruit peel as source of value-added ingredients for the development of novel food, cosmetics, and pharmacological products.
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Rossi, Paola, Daniela Buonocore, Elisa Altobelli, Federico Brandalise, Valentina Cesaroni, Davide Iozzi, Elena Savino, and Fulvio Marzatico. "Improving Training Condition Assessment in Endurance Cyclists: Effects ofGanoderma lucidumandOphiocordyceps sinensisDietary Supplementation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/979613.
Full textAbstract:
The main reasons for taking daily dietary supplements are to maintain good health, to improve homeostasis, and to create conditions for reducing the risk of disease. Due to growing market demand, the search for effective, nontoxic, natural compounds with antioxidant and ergogenic properties has increasingly become a matter of interest. This paper describes how a specific combination of fungal supplements can help improve the performance of endurance athletes. We report the effects of a brief 3-month trial of two fungal supplements,Ganoderma lucidumandCordyceps sinensis(3 capsules ofO. sinensisand 2 capsules ofG. lucidumper day), in 7 healthy male volunteers, aged between 30 and 40 years, who are all amateur cyclists that participate in “Gran Fondo” cycling races. This trial investigated the effects of fungal supplements on the level of physical fitness of the athletes by monitoring and comparing the following biomarkers just before and after physical exertion: the testosterone/cortisol ratio in the saliva and oxidative stress (DPPH free radical scavenging activity). A decrease of more than 30% in the testosterone/cortisol ratio after race compared to before race was considered as a risk factor for nonfunctional overreaching (NFO) or the overtraining syndrome (OTS). The results show that, after 3 months of supplementation, the testosterone/cortisol ratio changed in a statistically significant manner, thereby protecting the athletes from NFO and OTS. Antioxidant activity was measured by quantifying the scavenging ability of the human serum on the synthetic free radical DPPH. After 3 months of fungal supplementation, the data demonstrate an increased scavenger capacity of free radicals in the athletes’ serum after the race, thereby protecting the athletes from oxidative stress.
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Kolot, Carina, Ana Rodriguez-Mateos, Rodrigo Feliciano, Katharina Bottermann, and Wilhelm Stahl. "Bioavailability of naringenin chalcone in humans after ingestion of cherry tomatoes." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 90, no. 5-6 (October 2020): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000574.
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Abstract. Chalcones are a type of flavonoids characterized by an α-β unsaturated structural element which may react with thiol groups to activate pathways such as the Nrf2-Keap-1 system. Naringenin chalcone is abundant in the diet but little is known about its bioavailability. In this work, the bioavailability of naringenin chalcone from tomatoes was investigated in a group of healthy men (n=10). After ingestion of 600 grams of tomatoes providing a single dose of 17.3 mg naringenin chalcone, 0.2 mg of naringenin, and 195 mg naringin plasma levels of free and conjugated naringenin and naringenin chalcone (glucuronide and sulfate) were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS at 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 h post-consumption. Plasma levels of conjugated naringenin increased to about 12 nmol/L with a maximum at about 3 h. Concentrations of free naringenin hardly elevated above baseline. Plasma levels of free and conjugated naringenin chalcone significantly increased. A maximum of the conjugated chalcone was reached at about 3 h after ingestion with an average concentration of about 0.5 nmol/L. No free chalcone was detectable at baseline but low amounts of the unconjugated compound could be detected with an average maximum of 0.8 nmol/L at about 1 h after ingestion. The data demonstrate that naringenin chalcone is bioavailable in humans from cherry tomatoes as a dietary source. However, availability is poor and intramolecular cyclisation as well as extended metabolism likely contribute to the inactivation of the reactive alpha-beta unsaturated reactive center as well as the excretion of the biologically active molecule, respectively.
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Mukhopadhyay, Soma, Ashis Mukhopadhyay, Pinaki Ranjan Gupta, Manoj Kar, and Arpita Ghosh. "The Role of Iron Chelation Activity of Wheat Grass Juice in Blood Transfusion Requirement of Intermediate Thalassaemia." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3829.3829.
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Abstract Background: Previously it was thought that the chlorophyll of wheat grass (Triticum astevum) may be the substitute of haemoglobin of RBC having resemblance of similar structure. A group of Austrelian scientists tried to prove that wheat grass juice increases the foetal haemoglobin level 3–5 folds in intermediate thalassaemia patients. A pilot study with wheat grass juice in major thalassaemia patients were done by Dr. Marwa et al in IPGMR, Chandigarh, India. But there is no satisfactory explanation behind the reduced blood transfusion requirements after consumption of wheat grass juice for a long period. The aim of our study was to see the effect of wheat grass juice in blood transfusion requirement in intermediate thalassaemia patients and also do the biochemical analysis of the wheat grass juice. Material & Methods: During period from January 2003 to December 2006 we selected 200 intermediate thalassaemia patients (E-thalassaemia, E-Beta & Sickle thal) in the paediatric oncology department of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute. The age range of the patients was 1 year to 35 years (median age 18 years). The different types of thalasssaemia were E-Beta Thalassaemia 80% (160 patients), E-Thalassaemia 15% (30 patients) and Sickle Thalassaemia 5% (10 patients). When the wheat grasses were 5–7 days old, the fresh leaves including steams were made fresh juice and had given 30ml of juice daily to all our 200 patients for continuous 6 months. Wheat grass juice was analysed by column chromatography and found to be rich in oxalic acid and malic acid which might have some role in dietary absorption of iron from intestine. Beside that the wheat grass juice was found to contain a unique iron chelating property which was performed by deoxyribose degradation assay. We compared aqueous soluble extract of 5–7th day plant and our dose dependant study showed a significant iron chelating activity of crude extract in comparison to known standard iron chelator desferroxamine (DFO). The active compounds of crude extract of wheat grass may chelate catalytic iron in iron overload disorders when taking systematic dose. Result: The mean levels of haemoglobin before starting wheat grass juice were 6.2gm%. After 6months of wheat grass therapy the mean value for haemoglobin was 7.8gm% (pvalue <. 005). Twenty four patients (12%) require blood transfusion (haemoglobin < 6gm%). The performance status was improved from 60% to 80% (Karnofsky) after wheat grass treatment. The ferritin level of all patients before the study was found to be decreased significantly after wheat grass juice consumption. The mean interval between transfusion were found increased. Being a natural potent iron chelator and H2O2 quencher, it prevents the hydroxyl radical production by Fenton reaction in the RBC. Thus it may prevent the breakdown of plasma membrane of RBC and haemoglobin level becomes stable for a prolonged period. Conclusion: We may conclude that wheat grass juice is an effective alternative of blood transfusion. It’s use in intermediate thalassaemia patients should be encouraged.
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MANNINEN, M., M. HONKAVAARA, and L. JAUHIAINEN. "Effects of grass-red clover silage digestibility and concentrate protein concentration on performance, carcass value, eating quality and economy of finishing Hereford bulls reared in cold conditions." Agricultural and Food Science 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611797215691.
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The aim of the present experiment was to study the effects of (1) digestibility of grass-red clover silage (GCS) and (2) concentrate protein concentration on the performance, eating quality and economy of Hereford bulls during a six months pre-slaughter period, and reared in cold indoor facilities. Thirty-one bulls with an initial live weight (LW) of 289 kg were selected for a 2 ~ 2 factorial design experiment consisting of two primary growth GCSs harvested at different maturities (in vitro digestible organic matter (OM) in dry matter (DM), D value: Early-cut, E, 750 g kg-1 DM; Late-cut, L, 699 g kg-1 DM) and two concentrate crude protein concentrations (Medium, M, 170 g kg-1 DM; High, H, 210 g kg-1 DM). The concentrate comprised milled barley and pelleted commercial protein compound and was offered daily on average 3.2 kg DM, including 0.45 and 1.13 kg of rapeseed cake in M and H, respectively. Grass-red clover silage was offered ad libitum. The target cold carcass weight was 330 kg.The proportion of concentrate of the total daily DM intake averaged 0.337 during the entire experiment. Treatments had no effect on the daily intake of GCS, total intake of DM, DM intake kg-1 LW0.75 and metabolizable energy averaging 6.0 and 9.4 kg DM, 97.4 g and 109.4 MJ, respectively. The digestibility of dietary OM and neutral detergent fibre was lower (p < 0.05, 0.733 vs. 0.769 and 0.625 vs. 0.665) on diet L than on diet E. The animals on diet E tended to consume daily on average 1.29 kg less (p < 0.10) DM kg-1 net weight gain than those on diet L. The time to achieve the target carcass weight was on average 18 days longer (p < 0.01) on diet L than on diet E. During the entire experiment the LW gain averaged 1795 and 1609 g d-1 (p < 0.01) on diets E and L, respectively. The concentrate protein concentration did not affect animal performance. Treatments had no significant effect on the kill-out proportion, EUROP carcass conformation and carcass fat classification which averaged 537 g kg-1, 6.5 and 3.6, respectively. The eating quality of the tested loins was good. Treatments had only a minor effect on the yield of valuable cuts. It is concluded that the digestibility of silage is important since the early-cut silage improved the growth rate and shortened the finishing period of bulls significantly compared with those fed late-cut silage. The lower yield and, thus, higher unit cost of early.cut silage may, however, invalidate its superiority compared with the late.cut silage. There was no benefit from using concentrate of high protein concentration.;
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"Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Niacinamide and Niacin1." International Journal of Toxicology 24, no. 5_suppl (September 2005): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810500434183.
Full textAbstract:
Niacinamide (aka nicotinamide) and Niacin (aka nicotinic acid) are heterocyclic aromatic compounds which function in cosmetics primarily as hair and skin conditioning agents. Niacinamide is used in around 30 cosmetic formulations including shampoos, hair tonics, skin moisturizers, and cleansing formulations. Niacin is used in a few similar product types. The concentration of use of Niacinamide varies from a low of 0.0001% in night preparations to a high of 3% in body and hand creams, lotions, powders and sprays. Niacin concentrations of use range from 0.01% in body and hand creams, lotions, powders and sprays to 0.1% in paste masks (mud packs). Both ingredients are accepted for use in cosmetics in Japan and the European Union. Both are GRAS direct food additives and nutrient and/or dietary supplements. Niacinamide may be used in clinical treatment of hypercholesteremia and Niacin in prevention of pellegra and treatment of certain psychological disorders. Both ingredients are readily absorbed from skin, blood, and the intestines and widely distribute throughout the body. Metabolites include N1-methylnicotinamide and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide. Excretion is primarily through the urinary tract. While Niacinamide ismore toxic than Niacinin acute toxicity studies, both are relatively non-toxic. Short-term oral, parenteral, or dermal toxicity studies did not identify significant irreversible effects. Niacinamide, evaluated in an in vitro test to predict ocular irritation, was not an acute ocular hazard. Animal testing of Niacinamide in rabbits in actual formulations produced mostly non-irritant reactions, with only some marginally irritating responses. Skin irritation tests of up to 2.5% Niacinamide in rabbits produced only marginal irritation. Skin sensitization tests of Niacinamide at 5% during induction and 20% during challenge were negative in guinea pigs. Neither cosmetic ingredient was mutagenic in Ames tests, with or without metabolic activation. Niacinamide and Niacin at 2 mg/ml were negative in a chromosome aberration test in Chinese hamster ovary cells, but did produce large structural chromosome aberrations at 3 mg/ml. Niacinamide induced sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells, but Niacin did not. Under certain circumstances, Niacinamide can cause an increase in unscheduled DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes treated with UV or a nitrosoguanidine compound. Niacinamide itself was not carcinogenic when administered (1%) in the drinking water of mice. No data on the carcinogenic effect of Niacin were available. Niacinamide can moderate the induction of tumors by established carcinogens. Niacinamide in combination with streptozotocin (a nitrosourea compound) or with heliotrine (a pyrrolizidine alkaloid), produced pancreatic islet tumors. On the other hand, Niacinamide reduced the renal adenomas produced by streptozotocin; and intestinal and bladder tumors induced by a preparation of bracken fern. Niacinamide evaluated in in vitro test systems did affect development, but Niacinamide reduced the reproductive/developmental toxicity of 2-aminonicotinamide-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole hydrochloride and urethane. Clinical testing of Niacinamide produced no stinging sensation at concentrations up to 10%, use tests produced no irritation at concentrations up to 5%, and a 21-day cumulative irritation test at concentrations up to 5% resulted in no irritancy. Niacinamide was not a sensitizer, nor was it a photosensitizer. The CIR Expert Panel considered that Niacinamide and Niacin are sufficiently similar from a toxicologic standpoint to combine the available data and reach a conclusion on the safety of both as cosmetic ingredients. Overall, these ingredients are non-toxic at levels considerably higher than would be experienced in cosmetic products. Clinical testing confirms that these ingredients are not significant skin irritants, sensitizers or photosensitizers. While certain formulations were marginal to slight ocular irritants, other formulations were not. Niacinamide, while not carcinogenic alone, can modulate the induction of tumors by certain established carcinogens. The Panel noted that the doses in these studies are high relative to the low concentrations at which Niacinamide is used in cosmetic formulations. In neither case (tumor protection or tumor promotion) are these findings considered relevant to the use of Niacinamide at its current low concentrations of use in cosmetics. Both ingredients were considered safe as used in cosmetics.
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Orlandi, Tiago, Claudio Antonio Pozo, Mariana Patrícia Mezzomo, and Gilberto Vilmar Kozloski. "Acacia mearnsii tannin extract as a feed additive: impact on feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen excretion by sheep fed a tropical grass-based diet." Ciência Rural 50, no. 9 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200095.
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract (TA) on nutrients intake and digestibility, and nitrogen (N) retention by sheep given a tropical grass-based diet. The trial was conducted with six castrated male sheep in a cross-over design in two 21-days experimental periods. The sheep were housed in metabolic cages and offered Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon dactylon) ad libitum plus concentrate at a rate of 12 g of dry matter (DM)/kg body weight (BW). The treatments were concentrate without (Control) or with 10 g TA/kg DM (Tannin). Concentration of TA in the diet was 3.8 g/kg DM and did not affect the feed intake or apparent digestibility. The TA decreased the true digestibility of n compounds (P<0.05) whereas did not impact the N retention, microbial N flow to the small intestine or the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis. In conclusion, a low dietary concentration of TA did not impact the nutrients supply and N use by sheep fed with a tropical grass-based diet.
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Bhatia, Saurabh, Arun Sharma, Celia Bertha Vargas De La Cruz, Bhupal Chaugule, and Ahmed Al-Harrasi. "Nutraceutical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Properties of Pyropia vietnamensis (Tanaka et Pham-Hong Ho) J.E. Sutherl. et Monotilla." Current Bioactive Compounds 16 (February 27, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407216666200227094935.
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Background: Pyropia genus is one of the most nutritionally rich marine algae which contain various bioactive compounds. Among Indian Pyropia species, Pyropia vietnamensis (P. vietnamensis) which was earlier known as Porphyra vietnamensis has recently documented with various reports. Present work is designed to evaulavte the radical scavenging, nutraceutical and microbicidal properties of Pyropia vietnamensis. Methods: P. vietnamensis was collected from the coastal region of Maharashtra namely Harihareshwar. Dried algal material was extracted with different solvents. Nutritional parameters such as fatty acids, minerals, dietary fibers, vitamins, lipids, ash content and protein were measured as per the standard protocol (WHO guidelines). Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric procedures were used to estimate total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Free radical scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide and superoxide anion (O2¯) assays. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by in vitro microdilution procedure to estimate minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bacterial concentration, against Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris). Results: Nutritional analysis revealed that Pyropia vietnamensis contained considerable amount of dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrate, methyl palmitate, magnesium, sulphur and sodium. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of methanolic fractions (913±21.7, 128±11.7) were more than aqueous fraction (841±21.2, 3.7±11.1). Aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions showed significant antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (65.5±1.2 µg/mL, 68.3±1.6 µg/mL), nitric oxide (71.5±3.5 µg/mL, 52.3±1.9 µg/mL), and O2¯ (50.6±1.02 µg/mL, 62.1±1.03µg/mL) free radicals. Aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest total antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration as 110–490 μg/mL and minimum bacterial concentration as 248–689 μg/mL against one Gram positive and three Gram negative microorganisms. Conclusion: Aqueous, ethyl acetate, and methanolic fractions of Pyropia vietnamensis exhibited good antimicrobial spectrum and antioxidant activity. This could be useful in preventing various oxidative stresses and pathogenic microbial strains.
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"ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF CITRUS LEMON PEELS ENCAPSULATED IN PVA." Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, July 6, 2019, 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34302/crpjfst/2019.11.2.9.
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In this study, waste lemon peels were converted into a dietary supplement. Lemon peels were used because of the abundance of phytochemicals present in it and also they are easily available throughout the year. To improve the therapeutic efficacy, we used Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as a nanocarrier of lemon peel methanolic extract. The lemon peel extract was encapsulated in PVA by the solvent evaporation method, to improve the solubility and stability of the compounds in the extract. Characterization of the prepared lime peel nanoformulation (LP-NF) was done by Scanning Electron Microscope, Zeta potential and Fourier Transform Infrared techniques. The antioxidant assays like DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay and hydrogen peroxide assay showed a high scavenging activity when compared with commercial supplement with the IC50 value of 24 ± 0.05 and 26.07 ± 0.11 respectively. The Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli showed a zone of inhibition of 18 mm indicating the antibacterial property of LP-NF. The percentage release of the nanoformulation from sodium alginate beads was calculated and it showed the release of nanoparticle up to 83% after 7 hours in PBS at pH 7.4
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"Rice Bran Ragi Pancakes Instant Mix." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 5 (January 30, 2020): 914–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d9186.018520.
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The present study shows different compositions for developing an instant gluten free pancake mix having rice bran, ragi and sugar as main ingredients. Rice bran is a byproduct obtained by milling of paddy and constitutes about 10% of total weight of paddy. It consists of 12 – 15% of proteins and is a very good source of amino acid and bioactive compounds like tocopherols, tocotrienols and hypoallergenic protein which is very important and desirable in infant formulation. It seems that taking 85 grams of full-fat rice bran per day lowers total cholesterol by 8% and more over contains antioxidant activity. Ragi, comonly called finger millet is known to be as powerhouse of nutrients and is mostly used in rural population of south india. Unlike other cereals ragi has a very high levels of calcium, antioxidants and phytochemicals. The glucose levels in blood of diabetic patients is controlled by total dietary fiber present. It is most commonly converted to flour and then used to make the final product more tasty, attractive and consistent. Sugar is the natural sweetner obtained from sugarcane without the use of chemicals. It is very substantial in minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium and potassium. It is used to provide burst of energy and also used to boost mood. Pancakes are flat cakes which are prepared from starch based batter and in this study the starch based ingredients are replaced by gluten free ragi flour.
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"Final Report of the Safety Assessment of L-Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Sodium Ascorbate, and Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate as Used in Cosmetics1." International Journal of Toxicology 24, no. 2_suppl (March 2005): 51–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810590953851.
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L-Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Sodium Ascorbate, and Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate function in cosmetic formulations primarily as antioxidants. Ascorbic Acid is commonly called Vitamin C. Ascorbic Acid is used as an antioxidant and pH adjuster in a large variety of cosmetic formulations, over 3/4 of which were hair dyes and colors at concentrations between 0.3% and 0.6%. For other uses, the reported concentrations were either very low (<0.01%) or in the 5% to 10% range. Calcium Ascorbate and Magnesium Ascorbate are described as antioxidants and skin conditioning agents— miscellaneous for use in cosmetics, but are not currently used. Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate functions as an antioxidant in cosmetic products and is used at concentrations ranging from 0.01 % to 3 %. Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate functions as an antioxidant in cosmetics and was reported being used at concentrations from 0.001 % to 3%. Sodium Ascorbate also functions as an antioxidant in cosmetics at concentrations from 0.0003% to 0.3%. Related ingredients (Ascorbyl Palmitate, Ascorbyl Dipalmitate, Ascorbyl Stearate, Erythorbic Acid, and Sodium Erythorbate) have been previously reviewed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel and found “to be safe for use as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of good use.” Ascorbic Acid is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substance for use as a chemical preservative in foods and as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement. Calcium Ascorbate and Sodium Ascorbate are listed as GRAS substances for use as chemical preservatives. L-Ascorbic Acid is readily and reversibly oxidized to L-dehydroascorbic acid and both forms exist in equilibrium in the body. Permeation rates of Ascorbic Acid through whole and stripped mouse skin were 3.43 ± 0.74 /xg/cm2/h and 33.2 ± 5.2 /xg/cm2/h. Acute oral and parenteral studies in mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, and cats demonstrated little toxicity. Ascorbic Acid and Sodium Ascorbate acted as a nitrosation inhibitor in several food and cosmetic product studies. No compound-related clinical signs or gross or microscopic pathological effects were observed in either mice, rats, or guinea pigs in short-term studies. Male guinea pigs fed a control basal diet and given up to 250 mg Ascorbic Acid orally for 20 weeks had similar hemoglobin, blood glucose, serum iron, liver iron, and liver glycogen levels compared to control values. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were fed diets containing up to 100,000 ppm Ascorbic Acid for 13 weeks with little toxicity. Chronic Ascorbic Acid feeding studies showed toxic effects at dosages above 25 mg/kg body weight (bw) in rats and guinea pigs. Groups of male and female rats given daily doses up to 2000 mg/kg bw Ascorbic Acid for 2 years had no macro- or microscopically detectable toxic lesions. Mice given Ascorbic Acid subcutaneous and intravenous daily doses (500 to 1000 mg/kg bw) for 7 days had no changes in appetite, weight gain, and general behavior; and histological examination of various organs showed no changes. Ascorbic Acid was a photoprotectant when applied to mice and pig skin before exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The inhibition of UV-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity was also noted. Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate administration immediately after exposure in hairless mice significantly delayed skin tumor formation and hyperplasia induced by chronic exposure to UV radiation. Pregnant mice and rats were given daily oral doses of Ascorbic Acid up to 1000 mg/kg bw with no indications of adult-toxic, teratogenic, or fetotoxic effects. Ascorbic Acid and Sodium Ascorbate were not genotoxic in several bacterial and mammalian test systems, consistent with the antioxidant properties of these chemicals. In the presence of certain enzyme systems or metal ions, evidence of genotoxicity was seen. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a 2-year oral carcinogenesis bioassay of Ascorbic Acid (25,000 and 50,000 ppm) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Ascorbic Acid was not carcinogenic in either sex of both rats and mice. Inhibition of carcinogenesis and tumor growth related to Ascorbic Acid's antioxidant properties has been reported. Sodium Ascorbate has been shown to promote the development of urinary carcinomas in two-stage carcinogenesis studies. Dermal application of Ascorbic Acid to patients with radiation dermatitis and burn victims had no adverse effects. Ascorbic Acid was a photoprotectant in clinical human UV studies at doses well above the minimal erythema dose (MED). An opaque cream containing 5% Ascorbic Acid did not induce dermal sensitization in 103 human subjects. A product containing 10% Ascorbic Acid was nonirritant in a 4-day minicumulative patch assay on human skin and a facial treatment containing10%Ascorbic Acid was not a contact sensitizer in a maximization assay on 26 humans. Because of the structural and functional similarities of these ingredients, the Panel believes that the data on one ingredient can be extrapolated to all of them. The Expert Panel attributed the finding that Ascorbic Acid was genotoxic in these few assay systems due to the presence of other chemicals, e.g., metals, or certain enzyme systems, which effectively convert Ascorbic Acid's antioxidant action to that of a pro-oxidant. When Ascorbic Acid acts as an antioxidant, the Panel concluded that Ascorbic Acid is not genotoxic. Supporting this view were the carcinogenicity studies conducted by the NTP, which demonstrated no evidence of carcinogenicity. Ascorbic Acid was found to effectively inhibit nitrosamine yield in several test systems. The Panel did review studies in which Sodium Ascorbate acted as a tumor promoter in animals. These results were considered to be related to the concentration of sodium ions and the pH of urine in the test animals. Similar effects were seen with sodium bicarbonate. Because of the concern that certain metal ions may combine with these ingredients to produce pro-oxidant activity, the Panel cautioned formulators to be certain that these ingredients are acting as antioxidants in cosmetic formulations. The Panel believed that the clinical experience in which Ascorbic Acid was used on damaged skin with no adverse effects and the repeat-insult patch test (RIPT) using 5% Ascorbic Acid with negative results supports the finding that this group of ingredients does not present a risk of skin sensitization. These data coupled with an absence of reports in the clinical literature of Ascorbic Acid sensitization strongly support the safety of these ingredients.