Academic literature on the topic 'Gräsmark'

Urbanization is a key driver of habitat loss, ecosystem degradation and has a great impact on biodiversity. Exploitation of buffer zones surrounding conservation areas and green structures in urban environment can affect biodiversity through reduced total area of habitat, increased edge effects and lost connectivity on a landscape level. The previous regional development plans for the Stockholm region, had the purpose of leaving large green structures undeveloped to secure core areas of great biological value by focusing on a dense city core. However, the latest regional development strategy puts stress on the green wedges by shifting the focal areas of the development into suburban regional city centers, in many cases close to the green wedges. The purpose of this study was to map habitat loss and changes in the total area of the Järva green wedge, west of Stockholm, caused by development of housing areas in previously sparsley exploited buffer zones, during the period 2000 – 2015. The study uses theories of landscape ecology, remote sensing and GIS to map and quantify habitat loss between 2000 and 2015. Two different birds were used as surrogate species, one grassland habitat specialist – Corncrake (Crex crex) and one forest habitat generalist – Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius). The two different surrogate species were used to identify how loss of two nature types could influence biodiversity and connectivity for a group of species. Documents and development plans on regional and local scale were also used to map and predict further habitat loss and exploitation of the green wedge until 2030. The result of the study shows that grassland habitat lost nearly twice the area than forest habitat due to development of housing areas during the period 2000 to 2015. A total of 1.3 km² of grassland and 0.7 km² forest habitat were replaced by housing areas during the fifteen years covered in the study, and the Järva green wedge will have lost a total of 3.84 km² buffer zones by the year 2030. The Corncrake and other grassland specialist species is likely to get most affected when grassland suffered the greatest habitat loss in the area. Even though the Eurasian jay has a key ecological function for the Oak forest in the Järva green wedge and relies on forest habitat for successful breeding, the loss of forest habitat will probably not affect the habitat generalist species in the same way. On a regional scale, the study suggests that habitat loss and fragmentation may affect grassland specialist species more than forest generalist species. The overall connectivity in the Järva green wedge is likely to get affected by a shrinking total area caused by narrowing of the green wedge until 2030. The function of the Järva green wedge as a dispersal corridor for biodiversity in the Stockholm region will most certainly get affected by further loss of buffer zones caused by exploitation of land for housing areas.

Kantzoner har en lång tradition i odlingslandskapet och används i dag som en miljöåtgärd som finansieras med ersättningar för att minska näringsläckage från åkrarna och bevara biologisk mångfald. Behovet av denna typ av åtgärder är en konsekvens av människans utnyttjande av naturen, där denna formats för att anpassa mänskliga behov med begränsad hänsyn för hur naturen påverkas av detta. Metoder för hållbar utveckling efterfrågas och med detta i åtanke tillägnas fokus i denna litteraturstudie kantzonernas potential att bidra med värden för både miljö och människa. Studien riktar sig mot möjligheten att skapa naturliga habitat där de mänskliga insatserna bidrar med positiva värden för naturen, samtidigt som hon kan ta del av de värden som produceras i kantzonen. Resultatet visar på att det finns en god möjlighet att producera biomassa samtidigt som produktionen i sig gynnar inbindningen av kol, minskar näringsläckage och ökar den biologiska mångfalden. Potentialen för kolinbindning beräknas vara 31% högre i gräsmarker jämfört med åkermark vilket genererar en möjlig kolinlagring på 95 ton/hektar. Kantzonerna kan även minska näringsläckagen då de uppmätts kunna bromsa 60-80% av det fosfor och 40-80% av det kvävet som passerar kantzonen. Vad gäller den biologiska mångfalden så kan kantzoner erbjuda habitat som kan härbärgera fler arter samt fler individer inom arterna.

Trenden för biologisk mångfald i världen är negativ och skogslevande arter är inget undantag. I denna studie undersöks den tätortsnära, kommunägda skogen Hallaholm i Åtvidaberg, Östergötland. Studien fastställer vilka naturtyper som finns i skogens olika delar och delområdena bedöms utifrån förekomst av de rödlistade arterna ekticka och tallticka samt av fasta strukturer som död ved, lavbeväxta träd, vedsvampar och hålträd. Därtill görs en bedömning av vilken betydelse områdets olika naturtyper har för regionens gröna infrastruktur. Naturtyperna är huvudsakligen ädellöv, triviallöv, tall, gran och gräsmark och studien visar att de högsta naturvärdena och även största betydelsen för grön infrastruktur finns bland ädellöv, triviallöv och gräsmark, till viss del även bland tall och de lägsta värdena finns bland gran. Fem förekomster av tallticka och tre fynd av ekticka är funna. Grundat på resultaten och den inhämtade kunskapen om Hallaholm föreslås åtgärder för att främja den biologiska mångfalden och områdets betydelse för närboendes rekreation.
The global trend for biological diversity is negative and that goes also for species living in the forest. This study is investigating the urban forest Hallaholm in Åtvidaberg, Östergötland, which is owned by the municipality. The study concludes the different habitat types which are present in different parts of the forest. The parts are assessed based on the presence of Fomitiporia robusta, Porodaedalea pini and of structures such as dead trees, lichen on trees, poroid fungi and hollow trees. There is also an assessment of the importance of the different habitat types for the green infrastructure in the region. The habitat types are mainly deciduous and broad-leaved deciduous forest, pine, spruce and grassland. This study shows that the highest ecological values and the greatest importance for green infrastructure is found among deciduous forest, broad-leaved deciduous forest and grassland, also partly among pine and the lowest values are found among spruce. New records of Fomitiporia robusta and Porodaedalea pini were noted. Measures on how to increase the biological diversity and the importance of the forest for recreational activities are suggested based on the results and on the collected knowledge of the forest.

När storskaliga och kväveintensiva jordbruk bredde ut sig växte många betesmarker ochängar igen. Detta medförde att hävdberoende växtarter minskade eller helt försvann. Föratt kunna växa och återkolonisera marker behöver många arter olika störningar. En sådanstörning kan vara bränning. Vid bränning ökar ljusinsläppet och även kvävemängden imarken minskar, vilket gynnar de hävdberoende växterna.Detta arbete har undersökt om bränning kan vara ett komplement eller alternativ till beteoch slåtter vid bevarande av den biologiska mångfalden hos växter. I studien inventeradesbrända och orörda kontrollytor på 11 st olika gräsmarker i Östergötland. Dessagräsmarker inkluderar vägrenar, ängar, åkerslänter och naturbetesmarker.Tre olika diversitetsindex användes för att svara på om diversiteten var högre på brändamarkerna. Resultatet visade att diversiteten var högre och artfördelningen var jämnare påde brända ytorna än på kontrollytorna. De arter som är beroende av hävd hade en markantstörre utbredning på de brända markerna än på kontrollytorna. Detta bekräftar hypotesenom att bränning är positivt för hävdberoende växter och att bränning kan vara ettkomplement eller alternativ till bete och slåtter vid bevarande av den biologiskamångfalden av växter i gräsmarker. Den framtida skötseln skulle kunna vara olikakombinationer av bränningar, bete och slåtter.För naturvården kan detta konstaterande få betydelse genom att offentliga och privatamarkägare kan börja bränna fler områden med vetskapen att detta gynnar hävdberoendearter som är hotade. Att bränna marker istället för att slåttra eller beta kan leda till attstörre arealer kan få den skötsel de kräver utan förändringar i den finansiella budgetenhos markägaren.

When the large-scale and nitrogen-intensive agriculture gained land many naturalpastures and meadows started to overgrow. This led to that many species dependent onopen land decreased or totally disappeared. To grow or re-colonize land many speciesneed some form of disturbance. Burning can be one of such disturbances. Burningincrease the light inlet and decrease the amount of nitrogen in the soil. Both of thesechanges will favor the open-land species.The aim of this study was to explore if burning could be a complement or alternative tograzing and mowing for preserving the biological diversity among plants in grasslands.The different kinds of grasslands that were inventoried include hard shoulders, meadows,field slopes and natural pastures. Both burned and control areas were inventoried at 11places. All of them were located in different habitats in Östergötland, Sweden.Three different diversity-indexes have been used to answer the question if diversity washigher on the burned areas than on the control surface. The result showed that both thediversity was higher and the distribution in species spread more evenly on the burnedareas. Species dependent on open land had a notably larger spreading on the burned areasthan on the control areas. This confirms the hypothesis that burning has a positive effecton open-land species and can be a complement or replacement for grazing or mowing inpreserving the biological diversity of plants in grasslands. The future care could bedifferent combinations of burning, grazing and mowing.To the conservation, this knowledge can have a great impact for both state and privatelandowners. Knowing that this method will favor the open-land species, more areas canbe burned. To burn, instead of mowing or grazing, can lead to that larger areas can havethe proper maintenance it requires, without changes in the financial budget of thelandowner.

Approximately 50 percent of all endangered species in Scandinavia are associated with old agricultural landscapes. During the agricultural industrialization of the past century the traditional practices and methods that created these environments have been phased out. This has brought on a serious decline and fragmentation of biomes that many endangered species depend on. Knowledge of traditional agricultural landscapes and their species dynamics is needed to make well informed decisions regarding their care and restoration. One way to acquire such knowledge is to study fossil plant remnants from old agricultural contexts. In this study sub-fossil Cyperaceae achenes were analyzed in an attempt to identify them. The achenes had been preserved in three Iron Age wells (80-980 AD) at the Gilltuna settlement in central Sweden and were found during an archeological investigation in 2010. The purpose of this study was to identify the achenes to species level, make conclusions about the ecology of the surrounding landscape, and construct simple species identification key as well as evaluate archaeobotany as an ecological tool. The identification attempt resulted in 14 determined species, which were in consistency with previous landscape analyses made using ecological species distribution. The resulting identification key is a suggestion, to be expanded in the future. This method can undoubtedly provide further knowledge of prehistoric and historical biomes, but in order to draw useful conclusions the identification technique further as well as knowledge of present regional ecology must be developed, especially concerning different Cyperaceae species‟ response to different kinds of stress.