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Journal articles on the topic 'Grass grub'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Mundy, D. C., P. A. Alspach, and J. Dufay. "Grass grub damage and mycorrhizal colonisation of grapevine rootstocks." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4279.

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Field observations and a grower survey during 2002/2003 indicated that grass grub larvae might be responsible for the death of young grape vines In November 2003 a pot trial was established to determine whether grass grab larvae feeding caused sufficient root damage to account for observed vine deaths The experiments also evaluated whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonisation of grape vine roots was affected by grass grub feeding Grass grub damage was found on the belowground portion of the trunk and was proportional to the numbers of grubs present However root and shoot weight and

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2

Townsend, R. J., J. E. Dunbar, and T. A. Jackson. "Grass grub distribution on the upper West Coast defined by soil sampling and pheromone trapping." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5681.

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The New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) is distributed throughout the South Island but surprisingly has not been recorded west of Reefton In 2006 pasture damage from rootfeeding scarab larvae on the West Coast initially attributed to grass grub was found to be caused by manuka beetles Pyronota spp Winter surveys during 20082012 between Karamea and Hokitika confirmed that most damage patches were caused by manuka beetle larvae but there was a small localised population of C zealandica associated with Westport airport and golf course In 2012 a network of phenolbaited pheromone traps w

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3

Bughrara, Suleiman S., David R. Smitley, and David Cappaert. "European Chafer Grub Feeding on Warm-season and Cool-season Turfgrasses, Native Prairie Grasses, and Pennsylvania Sedge." HortTechnology 18, no. 3 (January 2008): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.3.329.

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Six grass species representing vegetative and seeded types of native, warm-season and cool-season grasses, and pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica) were evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to root-feeding grubs of european chafer (Rhizotrogus majalis). Potted bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), buffalograss (Buchlöe dactyloides), zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and pennsylvania sedge grown in a greenhouse were infested at the root zone with 84 grubs per 0.1 m2 or 182 grubs per

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4

Popay, A. J., R. J. Townsend, and L. R. Fletcher. "The effect of endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) in meadow fescue on grass grub larvae." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6052.

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Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) population density mean larval weight and visible damage were lower in meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) infected with the endophyte Neotyphodium uncinatum (E) than in uninfected meadow fescue (E) in an unreplicated field trial In two bioassays third instar grass grubs ate all meadow fescue E roots but significantly less of the E roots Larvae fed E roots lost weight at the same rate as unfed control larvae Larvae given a choice between maize and either E or E meadow fescue in a pot trial consumed 33 more of the maize in the E treatment than in the E treatment

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5

Wright, D. A., J. Swaminathan, M. Blaser, and T. A. Jackson. "Carrot seed coating with bacteria for seedling protection from grass grub damage." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4278.

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Carrot seedlings are susceptible to damage from grass grub larvae The biological control bacterium Serratia entomophila was applied to the surface of carrot seeds via pelleting or as a biopolymer seed coating and the activity against grass grubs determined in pot trials Seedling mortality caused by grass grub larvae was significantly reduced (Plt;005) in two trials from 88 and 64 in untreated pots to 26 and 13 in pots containing pelleted seed and 7 and 16 in pots containing biopolymercoated seed Shelf life studies showed formulations were stable at 4C for at least eight weeks and for two weeks

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6

Kard, Bradford M. R., and Fred P. Hain. "CHEMICAL1 CONTROL OF THREE WHITE GRUB SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) ATTACKING FRASER FIR CHRISTMAS TREES IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS." Journal of Entomological Science 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-22.1.84.

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Field experiments were conducted in 1982, 1983, and 1984 to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides for controlling white grubs infesting Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees and pastureland scheduled for fir plantings, and to evaluate insecticide phytotoxicity. The white grub complex consisted primarily of three species: Pyllophaga anxia (LeConte) Glasgow, P. fusca (Froelich) Glasgow, and Polyphylla comes Casey. Mean pretreatment white grub population densities ranged from 20.8 to 77.8 grubs per m2. Isazophos, diazinon, carbofuran, carbaryl, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos

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7

Wrenn, N. R., R. A. McGhie, and R. P. Pottinger. "Evaluation of terbufos for grass grub control." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9463.

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8

Heffernan, P. M., T. A. Jackson, C. B. Dyson, and D. J. Saville. "Sequential sampling of grass grub,Costelytra zealandica." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 35, no. 3 (July 1992): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1992.10427507.

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9

Patchett, B. J., R. B. Chapman, L. R. Fletcher, and S. R. Gooneratne. "Root loline concentration in endophyteinfected meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) is increased by grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) attack." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6844.

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The larvae of New Zealand grass grub are economically important subterranean pests of pastures Some endophyteinfected meadow fescues contain loline alkaloids in the roots which can protect the plant from insect attack Loline concentrations in the roots of meadow fescue ecotypes in autumn were similar to concentrations in shoots of the same line Loline concentrations in the roots of the meadow fescue ecotypes exposed to grass grub were significantly higher (P

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10

Zydenbos, S. M., R. J. Townsend, P. M. S. Lane, S. Mansfield, M. O?Callaghan, C. Van_Koten, and T. A. Jackson. "Effect of Serratia entomophila and diazinon applied with seed against grass grub populations on the North Island volcanic plateau." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5919.

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The bacterial biocontrol agent Serratia entomophila and the insecticide diazinon were applied as separate granular formulations with ryegrass seed and compared with a seedonly control treatment on three pastures of different ages and composition on the North Island volcanic plateau In the first 2 years diazinon and S entomophila significantly reduced healthy grass grub populations compared with the control However by the third year populations in the diazinon treatments had recovered and were significantly higher than in S entomophila or control plots Grass grub populations were reduced by dis

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11

Van_Toor, R., and K. M. Stewart. "Insecticide control of grass grub larvae in swedes." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9480.

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12

Atkinson, D. S., and M. W. Slay. "Winter management of grass grub(Costelytra zealandia(white))." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 4 (December 1994): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1994.9513094.

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13

Townsend, R. J., T. A. Jackson, C. M. Ferguson, J. R. Proffitt, M. W. A. Slay, J. Swaminathan, S. Day, E. M. Gerard, M. O'Callaghan, and V. W. Johnson. "Establishment of Serratia entomophila after application of a new formulation for grass grub control." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6927.

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The bacterium Serratia entomophila is a naturally occurring pathogen causing amber disease of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) A novel granular formulation of S entomophila Bioshieldtrade; was applied to 18 pasture sites in a largescale programme to demonstrate efficacy against grass grub No significant difficulties were encountered in application of the granules through conventional machinery There were high populations of the applied bacteria in soil within the first week of application and within 6 weeks of application there was an average of 3 x 104 viable S entomophila o

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14

Young, S. D., R. J. Townsend, and M. O?Callaghan. "Bacterial entomopathogens improve cereal establishment in the presence of grass grub larvae." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4798.

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Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) larvae can damage or kill establishing cereal seedlings Two entomopathogenic bacteria applied as seed coatings were investigated as a means of protecting emerging wheat seedlings Seeds coated with Serratia entomophila or Yersinia sp nov were planted outdoors in pots containing grass grub larvae at rates equivalent to 70 and 140 larvae/m2 Seedling establishment was significantly increased in both bacterial treatments compared to untreated controls with S entomophilacoated seed having the higher establishment rate 94 at both larval densities although this was n

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15

Young, S. D., R. J. Townsend, J. Swaminathan, and M. O'Callaghan. "Serratia entomophilacoated seed to improve ryegrass establishment in the presence of grass grubs." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6573.

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The entomopathogenic bacterium Serratia entomophila is an alternative to chemical control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) and is applied in a granule formulation to established pastures Treatment of seed with microbial inoculants is an ideal mechanism for delivery and establishment of microbial control agents into the plant root zone where soil dwelling pests such as grass grub are located Seed treatment with S entomophila was tested in three glasshouse pot trials for its ability to protect germinating ryegrass seedlings from grass grub damage A range of larval densities was used and mic

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16

Popay, A. J., and B. A. Tapper. "Endophyte effects on consumption of seed and germinated seedlings of ryegrass and fescue by grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) larvae." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 353–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3168.

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Tall fescue, meadow fescue and ryegrass seeds with and without endophyte infection were fed to third-instar grass grub to determine the relative effects of different endophytes on consumption. Treatments were: tall fescue without endophyte or infected with four novel endophytes (AR514, AR542, AR584, ES), meadow fescue without endophyte or infected with Neotyphodium uncinatum and perennial ryegrass infected with a novel endophyte AR37. Grass grub larvae were initially given hard seed but when they failed to eat this, moist soil was added to allow seed to soften and germinate. After 7 days, all

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17

Mansfield, Sarah, Richard J. Chynoweth, Mark R. H. Hurst, Alasdair Noble, Sue M. Zydenbos, and Maureen O'Callaghan. "Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 6 (2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17176.

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Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila)

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18

Stewart, K. M., and R. F. Van_Toor. "Control of grass grub by four types of roller." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 39 (January 8, 1986): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1986.39.9384.

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19

Van_Toor, R. F., and K. M. Stewart. "The time of rolling for control of grass grub." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 39 (January 8, 1986): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1986.39.9385.

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20

Van_Toor, R. F., C. M. Ferguson, and B. I. P. Barratt. "Evaluation of mob stocking for control of grass grub." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 42 (January 8, 1989): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1989.42.10995.

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21

O'Callaghan, M., and T. A. Jackson. "Adult grass grub dispersal of Serratia entomophila." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11138.

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22

Barlow, N. D., T. A. Jackson, and R. J. Townsend. "Predicting Canterbury grass grub outbreaks: the role of temperature." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 49 (August 1, 1996): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1996.49.11452.

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23

Lauren, D. R., R. F. Henzell, and N. R. Wrenn. "Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) population trends following insecticide applications." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 33, no. 1 (January 1990): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1990.10430673.

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24

East, R., and B. E. Willoughby. "Control of grass grub beetles in blueberries with pyrethroid insecticides." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9495.

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25

Sutherland, O. R. W., J. J. Dymock, G. A. Lane, and G. B. Russell. "Silene vulgaris: a new grass grub resistant plant." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 42 (January 8, 1989): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1989.42.11003.

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26

Cliffe, A., G. Kerse, C. Canty, R. Wrenn, and G. Barker. "Residual effects of controlled release chlorpyrifos against grass grub larvae." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 43 (January 8, 1990): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1990.43.10906.

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27

Jackson, T. A., and R. J. Townsend. "Two-year grass grub cause damage in midsummer in Canterbury." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11137.

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28

Qureshi, M. S., T. A. Jackson, R. J. Townsend, and D. J. Saville. "Toxicity of neem and pyrethrum extracts to adult grass grub." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3956.

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Grass grub Costelytra zealandica larvae damage pastures and crops by root feeding while the adult beetles can be serious defoliators of a wide range of plants Control of this pest with botanical insecticides has received little attention The objectives of this study were to investigate the direct effects of neem and pyrethrum extracts on the adult beetle A laboratory bioassay was used to test the acute and chronic effects of the botanicals over a range of doses by treating a food source (Pittosporum tenuifolium) with the extracts Pyrethrum had the faster action; at all doses beetles were kille

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29

Lauren, D. R., R. F. Henzell, and N. R. Wrenn. "Control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) adults with soil insecticides." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 33, no. 1 (January 1990): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1990.10430674.

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30

Unelius, C. R., R. J. Townsend, D. C. Mundy, L. M. Manning, T. A. Jackson, and D. M. Suckling. "Comparisons of traps and lures for monitoring grass grub Costelytra zealandica." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6845.

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Phenol the attractant pheromone of adult males of the native New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica (White) is produced in the beetles as the result of bacterial degradation of tyrosine A lure consisting of a resin impregnated with phenol has been widely used to monitor male beetle flight activity The present formulation is highly attractive for the first week in the field but then loses activity rapidly A number of phenolcontaining formulations were tested to improve the lure A new formulation gave lower catches that were more stable with time producing data more suitable for population

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31

Miln, A. J., A. Byett, and N. A. Thomson. "Differences in susceptibility of grass grub in Taranaki to organophosphate insecticides." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9464.

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32

Blank, R. H., M. H. Olson, and D. S. Bell. "Soil-applied lindane to protect kiwifruit from grass grub beetle attack." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9479.

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33

O'Callaghan, M., and T. A. Jackson. "Serratia entomophila for control of grass grub in strawberries." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (January 8, 1988): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9867.

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34

Gaynor, D. L., G. A. Lane, D. R. Biggs, and O. R. W. Sutherland. "Measurement of grass grub resistance of bean in a controlled environment." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, no. 1 (January 1986): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10426128.

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35

Stewart, K. M., R. F. van Toor, and S. F. Crosbie. "Control of grass grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with rollers of different design." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 16, no. 2 (April 1988): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425630.

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36

Van_Toor, R. F., and K. M. Stewart. "Comparison of a grooved and smooth roller for control of grass grub." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 40 (January 8, 1987): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1987.40.9969.

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37

Jackson, T. A., and R. J. Townsend. "Grass grub damage in irrigated and dryland pastures near Carew, mid Canterbury." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 44 (January 8, 1991): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1991.44.10835.

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38

Richards, N. K., T. R. Glare, and D. C. A. Hall. "Genetic variation in grass grub, Costelytra zealandica, from several regions." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 50 (August 1, 1997): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11327.

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39

Johnson, V. W., J. Pearson, and T. A. Jackson. "Formulation of Serratia entomophila for biological control of grass grub." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3752.

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Cultures of the bacterium Serratia entomophila (Enterobacteriaceae) have been applied as the biological control product Invade for the control of grass grub for more than a decade However the use of the bacterium is limited by the specific requirements of the live microbial cultures for distribution and delivery The cultures must be maintained under refrigeration and applied through a modified seed drill To overcome these problems we have developed a system for stabilising the bacterium in a biopolymer matrix which can then be incorporated into claybased granules The resulting formulation can

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40

Prestidge, R. A., S. Van Der Zijpp, and D. Badan. "Effects of plant species and fertilisers on grass grub larvae,Costelytra zealandica." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1985.10430446.

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41

Van den Bosch, J., J. R. Caradus, G. A. Lane, D. L. Gaynor, and J. J. Dymock. "Screening white clover for resistance to grass grub in a controlled environment." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 3 (September 1995): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1995.9513134.

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42

Stewart, K. M. "Control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) by cultivation in spring or summer." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, no. 1 (January 1986): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10426129.

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43

Lura, Charles L., and Paul E. Nyren. "Some Effects of a White Grub Infestation on Northern Mixed-Grass Prairie." Journal of Range Management 45, no. 4 (July 1992): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003081.

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44

O'Callaghan, Maureen, Trevor A. Jackson, and Travis R. Glare. "Serratia entomophilabacteriophages: host range determination and preliminary characterization." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-152.

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Eight bacteriophages specific to Serratia entomophila, a commercially available bacterial pathogen of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica), were characterized by host range determination, morphology and restriction endonuclease patterns of DNA. Phages were originally isolated from grass grub larvae and fermenter broth where phages had disrupted large-scale production of S. entomophila. Seven of the phages (CW1–CW5, BC, and BT) had heads similar in size (approximately 60 × 60 nm) and long noncontractile tails (185 × 10 nm). Phage AgRP8 (P8) had a smaller head and a short tail stru

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45

Klein, M. G., and P. G. Allsopp. "Artificial Diets for Third Instar Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.4.585.

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Of four diets tested, one based on lima beans and casein was selected as the best and easiest for rearing third instars of Japanse beetles, Popillia japonica Newman. The diet gave the best survival and heaviest pupae and was previously used for rearing larvae of the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (White).

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46

Hurst, Mark R. H., Travis R. Glare, and Trevor A. Jackson. "Cloning Serratia entomophila Antifeeding Genes—a Putative Defective Prophage Active against the Grass Grub Costelytra zealandica." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 15 (August 1, 2004): 5116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.15.5116-5128.2004.

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ABSTRACT Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans (Enterobacteriaceae) cause amber disease in the grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in New Zealand. Larval disease symptoms include cessation of feeding, clearance of the gut, amber coloration, and eventual death. A 155-kb plasmid, pADAP, carries the genes sepA, sepB, and sepC, which are essential for production of amber disease symptoms. Transposon insertions in any of the sep genes in pADAP abolish gut clearance but not cessation of feeding, indicating the presence of an antifeeding g

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47

Brownbridge, M., R. J. Townsend, T. L. Nelson, B. Gicquel, and M. Gengos. "Susceptibility of redheaded cockchafer Adoryphorus couloni in New Zealand to Metarhizium anisopliae strain DATF001 (Chaferguard)." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4830.

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The Australian pasture pest Adoryphorus couloni (redheaded cockchafer RHCC) continues to slowly spread from the Port Hills and Banks Peninsula through Christchurch towards productive agricultural land on the Canterbury Plains There are currently no products chemical or biological registered in New Zealand to control this pest In Christchurch several parks used extensively for human recreation were badly damaged by RHCC grubs in the autumn/early winter of 2008 and had to be treated with chemical insecticides (diazinon) Laboratory trials were thus carried out to assess the susceptibility of New

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48

Sen, Anindito, Daria Rybakova, Mark R. H. Hurst, and Alok K. Mitra. "Structural Study of the Serratia entomophila Antifeeding Prophage: Three-Dimensional Structure of the Helical Sheath." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 17 (July 2, 2010): 4522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00224-10.

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ABSTRACT The sheath of the Serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage, which is pathogenic to the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica, is a 3-fold helix formed by a 4-fold symmetric repeating motif disposed around a helical inner tube. This structure, determined by electron microscopy and image processing, is distinct from that of the other known morphologically similar bacteriophage sheaths.

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Van_Toor, R. F. "Economics of using a grooved roller for control of grass grub in Southland." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (January 8, 1988): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9906.

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Willoughby, B. E., M. F. Hawke, and R. A. Prestidge. "Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) populations under Pinus radiata agroforestry." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 45 (January 8, 1992): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1992.45.11264.

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