Academic literature on the topic 'Grassland Biome'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Grassland Biome.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Grassland Biome"
1
Woodward, F. I., M. R. Lomas, and C. K. Kelly. "Global climate and the distribution of plant biomes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1450 (October 29, 2004): 1465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1525.
Full textAbstract:
Biomes are areas of vegetation that are characterized by the same life–form. Traditional definitions of biomes have also included either geographical or climatic descriptors. This approach describes a wide range of biomes that can be correlated with characteristic climatic conditions, or climatic envelopes. The application of remote sensing technology to the frequent observation of biomes has led to a move away from the often subjective definition of biomes to one that is objective. Carefully characterized observations of life–form, by satellite, have been used to reconsider biome classification and their climatic envelopes. Five major tree biomes can be recognized by satellites based on leaf longevity and morphology: needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf evergreen, needleleaf deciduous, broadleaf cold deciduous and broadleaf drought deciduous. Observations indicate that broadleaf drought deciduous vegetation grades substantially into broadleaf evergreen vegetation. The needleleaf deciduous biome occurs in the world's coldest climates, where summer drought and therefore a drought deciduous biome are absent. Traditional biome definitions are quite static, implying no change in their life–form composition with time, within their particular climatic envelopes. However, this is not the case where there has been global ingress of grasslands and croplands into forested vegetation. The global spread of grasses, a new super–biome, was probably initiated 30–45 Myr ago by an increase in global aridity, and was driven by the natural spread of the disturbances of fire and animal grazing. These disturbances have been further extended over the Holocene era by human activities that have increased the land areas available for domestic animal grazing and for growing crops. The current situation is that grasses now occur in most, if not all biomes, and in many areas they dominate and define the biome. Croplands are also increasing, defining a new and relatively recent component to the grassland super–biome. In the case of both grassland and croplands, various forms of disturbance, particularly frequent disturbance, lead to continued range extensions of the biomes.
2
STILLER, M. "Revision of Elginus Theron (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with the description of two new genera and comments on the grassland leafhopper fauna in South Africa." Zootaxa 2135, no. 1 (June 18, 2009): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2135.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The previously monotypic South African leafhopper genus, Elginus Theron, 1975, is revised. Its type species, E. saltus (Naudé, 1926), is redescribed, and the following 24 species are described as new: E. acutus, E. bispinus, E. cavatus, E. contradens, E. cultellus, E. denticulatus, E. dexteruncus, E. eccentricus, E. extrinsecus, E. falcatus, E. furcillatus, E. latus, E. levilobus, E. matarei, E. minutulus, E. recavus, E. malotiensis, E. oriens, E. semialatus, E. theroni, E. tortuosus, E. tubulus, E. unispinus and E. vulgaris. A key is provided for the identification mainly of males. These species are all grass-feeding and assigned to the tribe Paralimnini of the Deltocephalinae. Two new genera and species are described, namely Micropedeticus ochrus gen.n. & sp.n. in the tribe Paralimnini, from the Grassland Biome and Theronus priapus gen.n. & sp.n. in the tribe Deltocephalini, from the Fynbos Biome. Most species of Elginus and Micropedeticus are more common in the Grassland Biome in climax grassland under lower grazing pressure. Species of Elginus in the Fynbos Biome are more migratory and colonize new habitats such as grasses that appear after fire. These three genera are endemic to the Grassland and Fynbos Biomes of South Africa. A brief discussion on leafhoppers associated with grasses in the Fynbos, Grassland and Savanna Biomes of South Africa, is provided.
3
Dröse, William, Luciana Regina Podgaiski, Adriano Cavalleri, Rodrigo Machado Feitosa, and Milton Mendonça Jr. "Ground-Dwelling and Vegetation Ant Fauna in Southern Brazilian Grasslands." Sociobiology 64, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i4.1795.
Full textAbstract:
Non-forest ecosystems, as natural grasslands from Southern Brazil, are still neglected in conservation policies. Measuring their biodiversity is one of the main steps to generate management strategies for these habitats. This study aims to (i) describe grassland ant richness and composition in Rio Grande do Sul state, and (ii) compare ant communities sampled on the ground and in grassland vegetation, adding to our knowledge of habitat use patterns and vegetation associated species. Six sites were sampled, three belonging to the Pampa biome and three in highland region from the Atlantic Forest biome. Ant fauna was collected once per year in summer during four years in each site with pitfalls traps and sweeping nets. Overall, 29,812 ant individuals were sampled belonging to eight subfamilies, 30 genera e 106 species. The grasslands of Pampa accumulated 91 species and 45 exclusive species, while highland grasslands summed up 61 species and only 15 exclusive species. Species composition differs between biomes as well as between sampling methods. Ant communities sampled from vegetation represented a clear subset of the fauna sampled with pitfall traps, and indication analysis showed only two species associated with this stratum: Myrmelachista gallicola and Pseudomyrmex nr. flavidulus. This study highlights the importance of Southern Brazilian grasslands and the need for specific conservation strategies for the natural grasslands from each biome.
4
Herrero, Hannah Victoria, and Jane Southworth. "Special Issue on Dynamics of the Global Savanna and Grasslands Biomes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 8043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228043.
Full text
5
Rocha, Nájila Souza da, Pâmela S. Käfer, Drazen Skokovic, Gustavo Veeck, Lucas Ribeiro Diaz, Eduardo André Kaiser, Cibelle Machado Carvalho, et al. "The Influence of Land Surface Temperature in Evapotranspiration Estimated by the S-SEBI Model." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101059.
Full textAbstract:
Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the least understood components of the hydrological cycle. Its applications are varied, from agricultural, ecological and hydrological monitoring, to control of the evolution of climate change. The goal of this work was to analyze the influence that uncertainties in the estimate of land surface temperature (Ts) can cause on ET estimates by S-SEBI model in the Pampa biome area. Also, the specificities of native grassland of Pampa biome related to energy balance were analyzed. The results indicate that the daily evapotranspiration is higher when the pixel Ts is lower, which also shows the influence of land use on the variability of ET. The results demonstrated that the S-SEBI is less dependent on Ts estimation than other models reported in the literature, such as the SEBS, which not exceed 0.5 mm/day in grasslands. The evapotranspiration variability between forest and grassland were lower than expected, demonstrating that the Pampa biome have in Rio Grande do Sul the same importance that forests regarding to the processes of the hydrological cycle, since it covers 63% of the State.
6
Wu, Shupu, Xin Gao, Jiaqiang Lei, Na Zhou, and Yongdong Wang. "Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Their Driving Factors in the Desert/Grassland Biome Transition Zone of the Sahel Region of Africa." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 4119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244119.
Full textAbstract:
The ecological system of the desert/grassland biome transition zone is fragile and extremely sensitive to climate change and human activities. Analyzing the relationships between vegetation, climate factors (precipitation and temperature), and human activities in this zone can inform us about vegetation succession rules and driving mechanisms. Here, we used Landsat series images to study changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over this zone in the Sahel region of Africa. We selected 6315 sampling points for machine-learning training, across four types: desert, desert/grassland biome transition zone, grassland, and water bodies. We then extracted the range of the desert/grassland biome transition zone using the random forest method. We used Global Inventory Monitoring and Modelling Studies (GIMMS) data and the fifth-generation atmospheric reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) meteorological assimilation data to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of NDVI and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation). We used the multiple regression residual method to analyze the contributions of human activities and climate change to NDVI. The cellular automation (CA)-Markov model was used to predict the spatial position of the desert/grassland biome transition zone. From 1982 to 2015, the NDVI and temperature increased; no distinct trend was found for precipitation. The climate change and NDVI change trends both showed spatial stratified heterogeneity. Temperature and precipitation had a significant impact on NDVI in the desert/grassland biome transition zone; precipitation and NDVI were positively correlated, and temperature and NDVI were negatively correlated. Both human activities and climate factors influenced vegetation changes. The contribution rates of human activities and climate factors to the increase in vegetation were 97.7% and 48.1%, respectively. Human activities and climate factors together contributed 47.5% to this increase. The CA-Markov model predicted that the area of the desert/grassland biome transition zone in the Sahel region will expand northward and southward in the next 30 years.
7
Hoogakker, B. A. A., R. S. Smith, J. S. Singarayer, R. Marchant, I. C. Prentice, J. R. M. Allen, R. S. Anderson, et al. "Terrestrial biosphere changes over the last 120 kyr." Climate of the Past 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-51-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A new global synthesis and biomization of long (> 40 kyr) pollen-data records is presented and used with simulations from the HadCM3 and FAMOUS climate models and the BIOME4 vegetation model to analyse the dynamics of the global terrestrial biosphere and carbon storage over the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Simulated biome distributions using BIOME4 driven by HadCM3 and FAMOUS at the global scale over time generally agree well with those inferred from pollen data. Global average areas of grassland and dry shrubland, desert, and tundra biomes show large-scale increases during the Last Glacial Maximum, between ca. 64 and 74 ka BP and cool substages of Marine Isotope Stage 5, at the expense of the tropical forest, warm-temperate forest, and temperate forest biomes. These changes are reflected in BIOME4 simulations of global net primary productivity, showing good agreement between the two models. Such changes are likely to affect terrestrial carbon storage, which in turn influences the stable carbon isotopic composition of seawater as terrestrial carbon is depleted in 13C.
8
Donovan, Victoria M., Carissa L. Wonkka, and Dirac Twidwell. "Surging wildfire activity in a grassland biome." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 12 (June 16, 2017): 5986–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl072901.
Full text
9
You, Yongfa, Siyuan Wang, Yuanxu Ma, Xiaoyue Wang, and Weihua Liu. "Improved Modeling of Gross Primary Productivity of Alpine Grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau Using the Biome-BGC Model." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111287.
Full textAbstract:
The ability of process-based biogeochemical models in estimating the gross primary productivity (GPP) of alpine vegetation is largely hampered by the poor representation of phenology and insufficient calibration of model parameters. The development of remote sensing technology and the eddy covariance (EC) technique has made it possible to overcome this dilemma. In this study, we have incorporated remotely sensed phenology into the Biome-BGC model and calibrated its parameters to improve the modeling of GPP of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Specifically, we first used the remotely sensed phenology to modify the original meteorological-based phenology module in the Biome-BGC to better prescribe the phenological states within the model. Then, based on the GPP derived from EC measurements, we combined the global sensitivity analysis method and the simulated annealing optimization algorithm to effectively calibrate the ecophysiological parameters of the Biome-BGC model. Finally, we simulated the GPP of alpine grasslands on the TP from 1982 to 2015 based on the Biome-BGC model after a phenology module modification and parameter calibration. The results indicate that the improved Biome-BGC model effectively overcomes the limitations of the original Biome-BGC model and is able to reproduce the seasonal dynamics and magnitude of GPP in alpine grasslands. Meanwhile, the simulated results also reveal that the GPP of alpine grasslands on the TP has increased significantly from 1982 to 2015 and shows a large spatial heterogeneity, with a mean of 289.8 gC/m2/yr or 305.8 TgC/yr. Our study demonstrates that the incorporation of remotely sensed phenology into the Biome-BGC model and the use of EC measurements to calibrate model parameters can effectively overcome the limitations of its application in alpine grassland ecosystems, which is important for detecting trends in vegetation productivity. This approach could also be upscaled to regional and global scales.
10
Hidy, Dóra, Zoltán Barcza, Hrvoje Marjanović, Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever, Laura Dobor, Györgyi Gelybó, Nándor Fodor, et al. "Terrestrial ecosystem process model Biome-BGCMuSo v4.0: summary of improvements and new modeling possibilities." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 12 (December 7, 2016): 4405–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4405-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The process-based biogeochemical model Biome-BGC was enhanced to improve its ability to simulate carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles of various terrestrial ecosystems under contrasting management activities. Biome-BGC version 4.1.1 was used as a base model. Improvements included addition of new modules such as the multilayer soil module, implementation of processes related to soil moisture and nitrogen balance, soil-moisture-related plant senescence, and phenological development. Vegetation management modules with annually varying options were also implemented to simulate management practices of grasslands (mowing, grazing), croplands (ploughing, fertilizer application, planting, harvesting), and forests (thinning). New carbon and nitrogen pools have been defined to simulate yield and soft stem development of herbaceous ecosystems. The model version containing all developments is referred to as Biome-BGCMuSo (Biome-BGC with multilayer soil module; in this paper, Biome-BGCMuSo v4.0 is documented). Case studies on a managed forest, cropland, and grassland are presented to demonstrate the effect of model developments on the simulation of plant growth as well as on carbon and water balance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grassland Biome"
1
Silva, Beatriz Kelly Guedes da. "Disponibilidade de biomassa e caracterização da caatinga sob manejo agroecológico." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/567.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-09T15:24:50Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
BeatrizKGS_DISSERT.pdf: 721873 bytes, checksum: 2d3282574ae4e81147c9d077f6efb0ad (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T15:24:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BeatrizKGS_DISSERT.pdf: 721873 bytes, checksum: 2d3282574ae4e81147c9d077f6efb0ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Caatinga occupies about 11% of the national territory, covering the states of Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí and Minas Gerais. Native pastures have great importance for the world's livestock, particularly for the production of small ruminants in the Northeast. This work aimed to characterize the vegetation of Caatinga under agroecologica management, the same being discussed in theoretical and scientific paper for publication. The theoretical framework is reported descriptions of the Brazilian semiarid region in which highlights the vegetation characteristics of the Caatinga with forage potential and discusses its use in periods of drought and rain over the years. Also reports agroecologica features that help comes a better handling of the animals that feed on forage species in the Caatinga, addressing floristic structuring and phytosociological characterization for sustainable management, even in periods of drought. The paper depicts the study of the availability of dry matter, floristic composition and frequency, and the similarity of species of plant areas of Caatinga under agroecologica management. In this study, it raised the availability of dry matter, which showed variations in the periods influenced by the function of vegetation resilience of rain the previous cycle, with maximum peaks of dry matter, 1.005 kg DM / 0,25m² and 1.042 kg MS / 0,25m² respectively in October and April. In that experiment it was observed that the most frequent species were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Poaceae. To evaluate the similarity of species with the highest similarity were suaveolens Mesosphaeru (lavender), Tribulus terrestris L. (bull's head), Borreria verticillata (old head), Mimosa hostilis Benth (Jurema), Sida sp (mauve) and Aristida adscensionis L. (cocksfoot grass)
A caatinga ocupa cerca de 11% do território nacional, abrangendo os Estados da Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí e Minas Gerais. As pastagens nativas têm grande importância para a pecuária mundial, em especial para a produção de pequenos ruminantes do Nordeste. Esta dissertação objetivou caracterizar a vegetação da Caatinga sob manejo agroecológico, sendo o mesmo discutido em referencial teórico e um artigo cientifico para publicação. No referencial teórico é relatado descrições sobre a região semiárida brasileira no qual evidencia as características da vegetação da Caatinga com potencial forrageiro e aborda sua utilização nos períodos de seca e de chuva no decorrer dos anos. Relata ainda as características agroecológicas que vem auxiliar um melhor manejo dos animais que se alimentam de espécies forrageiras na Caatinga, abordando estruturações florísticas e fitossociológicas para caracterização de um manejo sustentável, mesmo em períodos de estiagem. O artigo científico retrata o estudo da disponibilidade de matéria seca, composição florística e frequência, e a similaridade de espécies de áreas vegetais da Caatinga sob manejo agroecológico. Nesse estudo, foi levantada a disponibilidade de matéria seca, que apresentou variações nos períodos por influência da resiliência da vegetação em função das chuvas do ciclo anterior, tendo picos de máximo de matéria seca, de 1,005 kg MS/0,25m² e de 1,042 kg MS/0,25m² respectivamente nos meses de outubro e abril. No referido experimento observou-se que as espécies mais frequentes foram as Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae e Poaceae. Para avaliação de similaridade as espécies que apresentaram maior similaridade foram as Mesosphaeru suaveolens (alfazema), Tribulus terrestris L.(cabeça de touro), Borreria verticillata (cabeça de velho), Mimosa hostilis Benth (jurema-preta), Sida sp (malva) e Aristida adscensionis L. (capim panasco)
2017-03-09
2
Guerini, Filho Marildo. "Estimativas de variáveis biofísicas de vegetação campestre sob manejo pastoril por meio de sensoriamento remoto." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/185286.
Full textAbstract:
O Bioma Pampa representa aproximadamente 63% do território do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil caracteriza-se pela alta biodiversidade de espécies vegetais e por sua formação predominantemente campestre. Em função da contínua incorporação de espécies exóticas, monoculturas e a práticas por vezes inadequadas de manejo pastoril para produção pecuária, os campos do Bioma Pampa estão rapidamente sendo degradados, fragmentados e descaracterizados. A Biomassa é uma das variáveis biofísicas estratégicas de interesse em estudos de controle, monitoramento e estimativas da vegetação campestre. O objetivo principal deste estudo é contribuir no desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de manejo e monitoramento adequados da vegetação campestre e inferir regressão linear multivariada para estimar a biomassa dos campos nativos a partir de dados remotos e dados de campo. As avaliações foram realizadas em área pertencente à Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, localizada na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Os manejos pastoris correspondem a duas somas térmicas acumuladas, em dias, de 375 e 750 graus-dias (GD), que determinaram os intervalos entre pastoreio. Os dados remotos utilizados foram oriundos de imagem MSI do Satélite Sentinel-2 e dados de espectrorradiômetro com amplitude de 350-2500 nm. Verificou-se que as duas técnicas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, em que inferiu-se regressões com r²ajustado = 0.65 para estimar biomassa verde e regressões com r²ajustado = 0.61 para biomassa total e biomassa senescente. Desta forma, o estudo verificou que é possível minimizar os esforços de campo para auxiliar no monitoramento, organização e conservação dos campos nativos do Bioma Pampa utilizando dados de sensoriamento remoto como ferramenta de manejo buscando a sustentabilidade destes complexos ambientes naturais.The Pampa Biome represents approximately 63% of the territory in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, characterized by the high biodiversity of plant species and its predominantly rural formation. As a result of the continuous incorporation of exotic species, monocultures and excessive cattle production, the Pampa Biome fields are rapidly being degraded, fragmented and decharacterized. Biomass is one of the strategic biophysical variables of interest in studies of prevention, monitoring and estimates of the country vegetation. The main objective of this study is to contribute to the development of new strategies for the proper management and monitoring of the country vegetation and to infer multivariate linear regression to estimate the biomass of the natural grassland in native fields from remote data and field data. The evaluations were carried out in an area belonging to the Federal University of Santa Maria, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Pastoral management correspond to two accumulated thermal sums in days of 375 and 750 degrees-days (GD), which determined the intervals between grazing. The remote data used came from MSI image of Sentinel-2 Satellite and spectroradiometer data with amplitude of 350-2500 nm. It was verified that the two techniques presented satisfactory results, in which regressions with adjusted r² of 0.65 were estimated to estimate green biomass and regressions with adjusted r²> 0.61 for total biomass and dry biomass. In this way, the study verified that it is possible to minimize the field efforts to assist in the monitoring, organization and conservation of the natural grassland in native fields of the Pampa Biome using remote sensing data as a management tool seeking the sustainability of these complex natural environments.
3
Cravey, Suzanne Perritt. "Are pesticides a factor in bird declines? /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://www.orwapif.org/pdf/pesticides%5Fbirds.pdf.
Full text
4
Andrade, Bianca Ott. "Interação solo-vegetação campestre:estudos de caso em diferentes escalas ecológicas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148772.
Full textAbstract:
Enquanto em regiões temperadas o conhecimento sobre a relação solo-vegetação é consolidado, nos trópicos e subtrópicos é preliminar. É urgente a necessidade de se determinar os fatores abióticos que controlam padrões vegetacionais visando dar suporte a estudos de recuperação e conservação. O presente estudo analisa a relação entre fatores abióticos e vegetação campestre na forma de três artigos científicos (capítulos I, II e III) e um artigo de revisão (capítulo IV). Nos primeiros três artigos, analisou-se a variância da vegetação em diferentes escalas ecológicas; e no artigo de revisão, discutiu-se de forma aplicada a variância de fatores bióticos e abióticos em resposta à degradação. Dessa forma, a presente tese objetivou responder as seguintes questões: (I) Que diferenças podem ser observadas dentro de uma mesma espécie quanto à funcionalidade e suas estratégias de alocação sob diferentes graus de disponibilidade de recursos?; (II) Quão variáveis são as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo em diferentes escalas espaciais; e existem propriedades dos solos que podem explicar com maior precisão a distribuição das espécies em diferentes escalas espaciais? (III) Que porcentagem de variância da vegetação pode ser explicada por propriedades pedológicas e climáticas; e quais características de solo e clima melhor explicam esses padrões de vegetação? No capítulo IV é apresentado um modelo conceitual sobre degradação dos campos e sua aplicação aos campos do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Para responder as questões acima usei dados ao nível de espécie de campos calcáreos da Alemanha (capítulo I); dados ao nível de comunidade em seis áreas campestres do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil (capítulos II e III); e através da revisão de literatura relacionada à degradação, quanto à capacidade de recuperação dos campos do RS (capítulo IV). Os resultados evidenciaram que: (I) dentro de espécies ficaram evidentes duas estratégias frente à limitação de recursos, enquanto a resposta dos atributos aos diferentes tratamentos se mostrou constante; (II) a variação dos parâmetros do solo relaciona-se à escala espacial aplicada e a variância da vegetação geralmente responde a diferentes parâmetros de solo em diferentes escalas; (III) 45% da variância da vegetação entre biomas nos campos do RS foi explicada por características pedológicas e climáticas, sendo em grande parte governada pela precipitação anual e a porcentagem de saturação por alumínio do solo; e (IV) o modelo conceitual apresenta variações ao longo de dois eixos (biótico e abiótico) e poderá servir de suporte a estudos de conservação e recuperação de campos tropicais e suptropicais, bem como facilitar a tomada de decisões quanto ao manejo e conservação. Como conclusão geral, verificou-se que a vegetação campestre responde a variações ambientais em diferentes escalas espaciais e pode adotar diferentes estratégias para sobrepor filtros ambientais e processos de degradação. O entendimento da relação entre a vegetação e o meio abiótico é de grande importância para tomada de decisões quanto ao emprego de formas alternativas de manejo e conservação.Whereas in temperate regions the abiotic-biotic relationship is well-known, in the tropics and subtropics our understanding is still preliminary. There is an urgent need to determine abiotic factors that control vegetation patterns in order to give support to restoration and conservation approaches. The present thesis analyses the relationship between abiotic factors and grassland vegetation in three original research papers (chapters I, II and III) and a review paper (chapter IV). In the first three papers, vegetation variance in response to abiotic factors was analyzed at different ecological scales; and in the fourth, the variance in biotic and abiotic factors in response to degradation process was discussed with a more applied view. Thus in this thesis the aim is to answer the following questions: (I) Which differences can be found in functional plant traits and allocation strategies within species at different levels of water and nutrient availability?; (II) How variable are physical and chemical parameters in different spatial scales; and are there soil parameters that can more accurately explain plant distribution in different spatial scales? (III) How much of RS grassland vegetation variance can be explained by soil and climatic properties; and which climatic and soil properties better explain these vegetation patterns? In chapter IV a conceptual model of grassland degradation is presented and applied to Rio Grande do Sul (RS) grasslands. To address these questions I used species-level data in a calcareous grassland in Germany (chapter I); community-level data in six sites in RS, South Brazilian grasslands (chapter II and III); and a review of literature studies concerning RS grassland degradation and restorability (chapter IV). The results showed that: (I) at a intraspecific level, the study species showed two allocation strategies in relation to resource stress, while the responses of individual traits to the soil treatments were consistent across species; (II) soil parameters variation are related to the measurement scale applied and the vegetation variance often responds to different soil parameters at different scales; (III) climatic and soil properties explained 45% of vegetation variance between biomes in RS grasslands and the main factors controlling its variance are annual precipitation and percent aluminum saturation; and (IV) the conceptual model is displayed as biotic and abiotic changes along the axes and can serve as a general framework to study degradation and restorability of tropical and subtropical grasslands, and further it may facilitate decisions on alternative management and conservation. As a general conclusion, the grassland vegetation responds to changes in the environment in different scales and may use different strategies to overcome environmental selective forces and degradation process. The understanding of this relationship is of high importance to facilitate decisions on alternative management and conservation.
5
Pustilnik, Nataliia. "Investigating future land use scenarios: consequences for food production and grassland preservation in the steppe biome, Orenburg province of Southwestern Russia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-187083.
Full textAbstract:
Many land systems experience massive ecological pressure due to ongoing land use changes for the increasing demand for food, but also need to sustain essential ecosystem services. Computer-based model scenarios help to anticipate the consequences of different socio-economic future transition pathways for humans and nature and evaluate trade-offs between various demands on land. In many grassland ecosystems, the processes of agricultural abandonment in less attractive regions coexist with agricultural intensification in others. At the same time, the ecological value of natural grassland is rarely considered in decision making. By using the CLUMondo land use modelling framework I mapped the future composition of the land system of Orenburg province under five socio-economic scenarios with different ranges of food production intensification. The outcomes allowed me to identify hotspot areas for arable land expansion, grassland restoration, and agricultural abandonment. Most agricultural expansion is prevalent in three scenarios with high ambition for food production, and, without active policy interventions, some natural grassland areas in northern parts of the province are likely to be converted to cropland. In a scenario with low demand for food production, large areas in southern parts could be abandoned creating good opportunities for grassland restoration on former cropland, but possibly having negative socio-economic consequences, such as people’s migration to northern parts of the province. In a scenario with lesser ambition for crop production, but an increase in meat production, agricultural abandonment is less widespread and will even include some additional conversion of cropland to pasture. With appropriate policies aimed at supporting sustainable grazing practices (together with favourable global socio-economic conditions), such scenario can provide an opportunity for satisfying demands for food, providing livelihoods, and ensuring the flow of ecosystem services by grassland ecosystems.
6
Thurow, Juliana Muliterno. "Avaliação bio-econômica da produção de bovinos de corte em sistemas baseados em pastagem natural." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149095.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho foi baseado nos resultados de um experimento conduzido por cinco anos (2003 a 2008), na Estação Experimental Campanha da Fundação de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em pastagem natural do Bioma Pampa. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis de oferta diária de forragem de 4, 8, 12 e 16 kg de MSFV 100 kg PV-1 dia-1 e um Sistema (SIS) formado por três áreas com manejos complementares (pastagem natural sob oferta de forragem de 12%, pastagem natural diferida e pastagem natural melhorada por fertilização e sobressemeadura de espécies hibernais). Como animais testers foram utilizados quatro novilhos Braford. O delineamento foi o de blocos completamente casualizados com medidas repetidas no tempo e duas repetições de área. As variáveis relacionadas a produção primária demonstraram resposta positiva e linear ao incremento das ofertas de forragem. Os ganhos médios diários no verão e na primavera foram descritos por uma equação linear e única com ponto de estabilização máximo na oferta de forragem de 10,1%. Já no outono, a resposta foi quadrática com valor máximo na oferta de forragem de 14%, enquanto no inverno foi linear, sendo necessário garantir uma oferta de forragem mínima de 12% para a manutenção do peso dos animais. A taxa de lotação apresentou resposta linear e descrescente no verão e na primavera. A análise econômica dos tratamentos determinou o maior custo total de produção, receita líquida operacional e margem bruta considerando a totalidade dos custos para o tratamento “SIS”. Além disso, foi responsável pela maior produtividade e, portanto facilmente atingiu o ponto de equilíbrio do custo total de produção. Desse modo, dentre as possibilidades testadas o “SIS” foi a melhor alternativa econômica de forrageamento para recria e terminação de bovinos em pastagem natural. Para recria e terminação, exclusivamente em pastagem natural, a melhor alternativa econômica é a manutenção de uma oferta de 12%. Considerando a possibilidade indicada pelo “SIS”, e simulando diferentes proporções de pastagem melhorada, para a recria e terminação de novilhos e engorda de vacas, o melhoramento de 25% da área de pastagem natural mostra ser a alternativa de maior eficiência econômica.This work was based on the results of an experiment conducted for five years (2003-2008), at Estação Experimental Campanha, Fundação de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul in natural grasslands of the Pampas Biome. Treatments consisted of four levels of forage allowance (FA) 4, 8, 12 and 16 kg of DMGF/100 kg of LW and a System (SYS) comprising three areas with complementary managements (natural grassland 12% FA, deferred natural grassland and improved natural pasture by fertilization and oversowing of winter cultivated species). Grazing method was continuous, with variable stocking rate, using four Braford steers as testers. The design was a completely randomized block with repeated measures in time (years) and two repetitions of area. The variables related to primary production showed positive and linear response to the increase in forage allowance. The average daily gain in the summer and spring were described by linear regression with a break point in forage allowance of 10.1%. In the autumn, the response was quadratic with maximum value at 14% FA, while in winter it was linear, being necessary to ensure a forage allowance of 12% to assure animal maintainance. The stocking rate showed a decreasing linear response in the summer and spring. The economic analysis of treatments determined the highest total production cost, net income and gross margin considering all the costs for treatment "SYS". In addition, it was responsible for increased productivity and therefore easily reached the point of economical equilibrium of the total production cost. Thus, among the possibilities tested the "SYS" was the best economic alternative for growing and fattening cattle on natural grassland. To rearing and finishing exclusively on natural grassland, the best economical alternative is the use of 12% of forage on offer all year round. Considering the possibility indicated by the "SYS" and using simulations for production systems for growing and finishing steers and fattening cows, the improvement of 25% of the natural pasture area shows the alternative of greater economic efficiency.
7
Freitas, Elisete Maria de. "Campos de solos arenosos do Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul:aspectos florísticos e adaptativos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26295.
Full textAbstract:
Extensas áreas de campo do sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, no Bioma Pampa, ocorrem sobre solos arenosos suscetíveis ao processo de arenização. Nesses campos predominam condições de déficit hídrico, irradiação intensa, temperaturas extremas, baixa fertilidade do solo e uso pecuário. O estudo teve como objetivos, conhecer a diversidade florística dos campos com arenização; analisar os principais tipos de estratégias adaptativas apresentadas pelas espécies e as proporções em que essas adaptações ocorrem nas proximidades do areal, em um campo pastejado e em um campo excluído de pastejo; avaliar as mudanças nas proporções de área ocupada por solo exposto e por vegetação, considerando os fatores tempo (um ano) e cobertura vegetal (alta, intermediária e baixa). Áreas de campos nativos com arenização dos municípios de Alegrete, Manoel Viana e São Francisco de Assis foram percorridas para o levantamento florístico. O levantamento quantitativo foi realizado em três áreas de campos sob diferentes manejos (pastejo intenso, pastejo moderado e exclusão de pastejo) em novembro de 2007 e dezembro de 2008. Foram 36 unidades amostrais permanentes no campo excluído e 24 em cada campo pastejado. Para cada espécie amostrada foi registrada a cobertura absoluta, as estratégias adaptativas apresentadas e o respectivo hábito. Foram registradas 343 espécies pertencentes a 52 famílias, com duas novas citações para o Rio Grande do Sul: Eragrostis articulata e Eragrostis leucosticta e uma para o Brasil: Croton lorentzii. 89,5% do total das espécies apresentaram uma ou mais adaptações como resposta aos fatores de estresse. A presença de caracteres adaptativos no campo pastejado e no campo sem pastejo parece caracterizar as espécies dos campos de solos arenosos, cujas condições climáticas e edáficas são comuns. Os três campos diferem em composição e abundância das espécies. O campo com pastejo intermediário apresentou características de ambos os outros, indicando que há influência do pastejo na composição de espécies e na fisionomia dos campos. A dinâmica da vegetação nos campos pastejados foi influenciada tanto pelo tempo quanto pela cobertura vegetal. No campo excluído ocorreu variação na composição e abundância de espécies apenas conforme o gradiente de cobertura. O processo de arenização avança numa escala maior nas áreas pastejadas que no campo excluído, pois neste as áreas de maior cobertura vegetal tiveram menor influência do processo de arenização. Fatores como chuva e vento também contribuem para o aumento das áreas arenizadas ao longo do tempo, especialmente nos locais de menor cobertura vegetal. Para retardar o processo de arenização desses campos são sugeridas medidas como a retirada do gado das áreas atingidas e a utilização de materiais que impessam o deslocamento do solo, associadas à utilização de espécies nativas com potencial de resistência ao processo.Extensive grassland areas in southwestern Rio grande do Sul, belonging to the Pampa Biome, are found in sandy soils that are susceptible to sandy patch process. In these grasslands, the prevailing conditions are water shortage, excessive irradiation, extreme temperatures, low fertility and cattle grazing. The objectives of this study were: to know the floristic diversity at grassland undergoing sandy patch process; to evaluate changes in exposed and plant-covered soil, considering time (one year) and vegetal cover (high, intermediary and low) as determining factors. Native grassland areas, located at Alegrete, Manoel Viana and São Francisco de Assis municipalities, were surveyed for the construction of a floristic list. The quantitative survey was carried out at three grassland areas under different managements (heavy-grazing, moderately-grazing and grazing-excluded) in November 2007 and December 2008, using 36 permanent sampling units at the excluded grassland area and 24 at each grazed grassland area. For each sampled species we registered absolute cover, adaptative strategies and habit. We registered 343 species, pertaining to 52 families, with two new citations for Rio Grande do Sul (Eragrostis articulata and Eragrostis leucosticte) and one for Brazil (Croton lorentzii). Among these species, 89.5% showed one or more adaptations as response to the stress-driving factors. The presence of adaptative characters at grazed grasslands and grazing-excluded grasslands seems to characterize sandy-soil grasslands species, since they share common climatic and edaphic conditions. The three grassland areas differ in species composition and abundance. The moderately-grazed area showed characteristics common to both other areas, indicating the influence of grazing on grassland formation physiognomy and species composition. Vegetation dynamics in grazed grasslands was influenced by time and vegetal cover. At the excluded grassland, variation in species composition and abundance occurred only according to the cover gradient. The sandy patch process advances faster in grazed areas than in grazing-excluded areas, due to higher soil cover values in the latter. Elements such as rain and wind also contribute to the enlargement of sandy patches over time, especially at sites presenting low soil cover values. In order to hamper the sandy patch process at these grasslands, we suggest measures such as cattle removal and use of soil-fixing equipments, associated to the use of native plant species that potentially resist the process.
8
Silva, Graziela Har Minervini. "Efeito de diferentes intensidades de pastejo ao banco de sementes do solo em campos no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131883.
Full textAbstract:
Os ecossistemas campestres co-evoluíram com distúrbios como a herbivoria e o fogo. Assim, estes fatores são importantes no surgimento e manutenção de características da comunidade, podendo modificar os processos de sucessão. Em áreas perturbadas, as sementes que persistem no solo participam da regeneração natural. Diante da alta taxa de conversão dos campos nativos no sul do Brasil em áreas de uso intensivo (lavoura ou plantios de espécies arbóreas), bem como do manejo pastoril com alta pressão animal, aumenta o interesse em estudos relacionados ao banco de sementes do solo (BSS), buscando compreender a sua função nas comunidades vegetais e na regeneração de áreas degradadas. O conhecimento já existente sobre BSS em biomas campestres do hemisfério sul ainda é incipiente. Grande parte dos trabalhos feitos em campos sul-americanos compararam o BSS entre áreas de vegetação pastejadas e áreas abandonadas, sendo poucos os que utilizaram diferentes intensidades de pastejo, apesar de efeitos claros de diferentes intensidades de pastejo sobre a composição e estrutura da vegetação. Em vista disto, foi avaliado, neste trabalho, o BSS em um experimento em campo submetido a diferentes intensidades de pastejo, em duas estações (primavera e outono), utilizando o método de emergência de plântulas. Também foi feito o levantamento da vegetação estabelecida para avaliar a similaridade com o BSS. Em total, foram encontradas 103 espécies no BSS e 162 na vegetação estabelecida. No BSS, a porcentagem de espécies de caráter ruderal foi alta. Diferenças significativas em termos de densidade e riqueza do BSS foram encontradas somente entre o tratamento com maior intensidade de pastejo e os demais. De forma geral, a semelhança entre o BSS e a vegetação estabelecida foi baixa. Assim, estes resultados indicam que o BSS tem um papel limitado na recuperação da vegetação campestre típica após distúrbios mais severos e que, aparentemente, a intensidade do manejo não tem um impacto muito grande para o BSS. Apesar disso, o BSS é importante pelo armazenamento das características naturais dos ambientes, agregando funções à regeneração da comunidade vegetal.Grassland ecosystems co-evolved with disturbances such as fire and herbivory, and these factors are important for emergence and maintenance of community features areas. After disturbances, the seeds that persist in the soil contribute to regeneration processes. However, increasing conversion of natural grasslands into areas of intensive use (agriculture and exotic tree plantations), as well as overgrazing make the study of the regeneration of grassland vegetation after these severe disturbances an important research topic. Our knowledge on the role of the soil seed bank (SSB) in grassland biomes in the southern hemisphere still is incipient. The majority of studies realized in South American grassland compared the SSB between grazed and abandoned areas, and few consider different intensities of grazing, despite clear effects of different grazing intensities on vegetation composition and structure. In view of this, in this study, the SSB was evaluated in a grassland experiment under different intensities of grazing in two seasons (spring and autumn), using the seedling emergence method. In spring, a survey of the established vegetation was conducted to evaluate the similarity with the SSB. In total, we found 103 species in the SSB and 162 in established vegetation. The SSB was mostly composed of ruderal species. Grass species dominant in aboveground vegetation were largely absent in the SSB. Significant differences regarding SSB richness and density were only found between the treatment with higher intensity of grazing and the others, and overall composition did not differ among treatments. In general, the similarity between the SSB and established vegetation was low. Our results indicate that the SSB has a limited role in the recovery of natural grassland vegetation after more severe disturbances. Apparently, the intensity of management does not have a very large impact on the SSB or on the similarity between SSB and established vegetation. Nevertheless, the SSB is important for storage the natural characteristics of environments, adding functions to the regeneration of the plant community.
9
Hübel, Ingo. "Influência da monocultura de eucalipto sobre a vegetação campestre em área de Pampa no sul do Brasil." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2009. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7067.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-05-21T16:23:31Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Ingo Hübel_.pdf: 3839162 bytes, checksum: 96ef72eff66abad33169ea566c1b3c53 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T16:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ingo Hübel_.pdf: 3839162 bytes, checksum: 96ef72eff66abad33169ea566c1b3c53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-29
Aracruz Celulose S/A
A implantação de monoculturas de eucalipto é muito criticada e tratada como responsável pela degradação do solo e por importantes mudanças biológicas. No Rio Grande do Sul a conservação dos campos se limita basicamente às Áreas de Preservação Permanente – APP, que prevêem a preservação de uma faixa de 30 m de vegetação ciliar a partir dos cursos d’água e também de áreas de reserva legal. Este estudo investiga as possíveis mudanças na diversidade, composição e abundância de espécies vegetais campestres em função da proximidade com plantações de eucalipto. O estudo foi realizado na fazenda Formosa, situada no município de São Gabriel, RS. Foram escolhidas três áreas com interface entre monocultura de eucalipto e campo e três áreas de campo sem plantio de eucalipto (controle). Um total de 120 parcelas fixas de 1 m x 1 m foi aleatorizado em transecções lineares a 5 e 30 m a partir da borda do eucalipto e do limite da APP nas áreas controle. Com auxílio de um quadro gradeado de 10 em 10 cm foi feito o levantamento da cobertura-abundância de todas as espécies vasculares presentes, além do levantamento de fatores de ambiente. No inventário foram encontradas 145 espécies vegetais campestres. A riqueza e diversidade de espécies apresentaram o mesmo padrão para as áreas com eucalipto, sendo que na monocultura a riqueza foi maior na borda e menor no interior em relação à APP adjacente, que apresentou riqueza intermediária e não diferiu entre si nas distâncias a partir da borda. Esse gradiente não é observado para áreas sem eucalipto. Em conjunto estes resultados sugerem um efeito da monocultura sobre a diversidade de espécies adjacente. A composição e abundância-cobertura de espécies variaram significativamente entre os ambientes avaliados. Fatores de ambiente como umidade relativa, compactação do solo e inclinação do terreno foram importantes na determinação da composição e abundância-cobertura de espécies nas APPs. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que apenas a manutenção de APPs com áreas de vegetação campestre não garante a manutenção da integridade biológica dos campos.
The establishment of monocultures of eucalyptus is criticized and regarded as responsible for soil degradation and significant biological changes. In Rio Grande do Sul, south Brazil, the conservation of grasslands is confined to areas of permanent preservation - APP's, defined by current legislation as the riparian vegetation extending 30 m from both sides of watercourses. This study investigates the possible changes induced by eucalyptus plantations on adjacent grassland APPs. The study was conducted in Formosa ranch, located in the municipality of São Gabriel, RS. Three areas with the interface between eucalyptus plantations and grassland APPs, and three other areas without eucalyptus plantations (control areas) were chosen for the study. A total of 120 1 m2 plots were randomized along linear transects established at 5 and 30 m from the edge of the APP both to the APP itself and towards the plantation interior (in areas with plantations) or towards grasslands outside APPs (in control areas). A grid of 10 by 10 cm was used to assess the cover-abundance of all vascular species present at each plot revealing a total of 145 plant species. The richness and diversity of species showed the same trend for areas with eucalyptus: inside plantations species richness was greater in the edge, while in the adjacent APP species richness did not present a clear distance gradient. Such a distinction between APPs and areas distant from APPs was not detected in control areas. In conjunction these results suggest a possible effect of the plantation upon the species richness of adjacent APPs. The composition and coverage-abundance varied significantly among the areas studied . Environmental factors such as soil humidity and compaction, and relief slope were important in determining the composition and abundance of species in APPs. This study shows that the maintenance of APPs do not suffice to preserve the integrity of grassland vegetation.
10
Oliveira, Tamara Esteves de. "Dinâmica da produção de alimentos no bioma pampa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163288.
Full textAbstract:
Esse estudo analisou a dinâmica da produção de alimentos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e suas consequências para as alterações nas áreas de pastagens naturais no Bioma Pampa. Para tanto, foram analisadas as mudanças no uso da terra nos municípios conforme os Censos Agropecuários de 1975, 1985, 1995/1996 e 2006 e da produção de alimentos de acordo com os relatórios de produção agrícola e pecuária municipais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Para analisar as variações na área das culturas e quantidade produzida foi calculado um índice de crescimento relativo. Os municípios foram ordenados conforme a área das categorias em seu território e sua localização por Escalonamento Multidimensional Não Métrico (NMDS). A influência do bioma sobre o uso da terra foi analisada por ENVIFIT e a diferença entre as categorias por PERMANOVA, no software R. No Bioma Pampa ocorreu um decréscimo de 26% nas pastagens naturais desde 1975, apresentando decréscimo de até 12.5%, entre 1975 e 1985. Destacam-se as taxas das lavouras e matas artificiais, em que para lavouras temporárias, apresentaram um crescimento considerável de 1985 para 2005. A influência do Bioma Pampa na composição das categorias de uso da terra manteve-se entre 14 e 15%, havendo diferença entre municípios localizados no Bioma Pampa em todos os anos analisados. Ao longo do tempo foi possível observar uma movimentação significativa das lavouras temporárias e das matas artificiais que principalmente entre 1995 e 2005 começam a integrar a paisagem do bioma. Para enfrentar o desafio de manter atividades agroecológicas em biomas ameaçados o Brasil deve investir em fiscalização, desenvolvendo sistemas de monitoramento capazes de detectar sutis alterações no uso da terra. Por outro lado, a produção de alimentos nesse estado apresentou crescimento na quantidade produzida. Foi observado um crescimento elevado na quantidade produzida de soja, sendo distribuição homogênea em todo o estado. O arroz apresentou redução na quantidade produzida no norte do estado e uma concentração expressiva nas regiões sul e fronteira oeste do estado. Os bovinos mantiveram seu rebanho estável com grande concentração na fronteira oeste. A silvicultura apresentou crescimento em praticamente todo estado, estando sua produção centrada na região sudeste do estado. As lavouras analisadas contribuíram para o PIB do estado e são capazes, hoje e no futuro, de suprir as demandas calóricas do Rio Grande do Sul em caso de necessidades, caso sejam mantidas as características atuais do agronegócio gaúcho. Dessas culturas, a soja foi a que mais disponibilizou calorias e retorno financeiro ao estado, sendo capaz de suprir a demanda local e oferecer excedentes para a exportação. Em todas as culturas, com exceção do milho, o aumento da quantidade de calorias disponibilizadas esteve relacionado ao aumento da área plantada, demandando maiores investimentos e incentivos ao incremento do rendimento das culturas.This study analyzed the food production dynamics in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and its consequences for the changes in the natural grassland areas in the Pampa Biome. To this end, data for land use in the municipalities of Pampa Biome were collected from the Agricultural Censuses of 1975, 1985, 1995/1996 and 2006 as well as the food production data presented at the municipal agricultural and livestock reports published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). To analyze the dynamics of the natural grasslands area of natural pastures, the micro-regions were compared every 10 years, the relative growth rate. The comparison between the municipalities was made by the adjusted mean the area allocated for the categories of land use. All municipalities were ranked as the area of the categories in its territory and its location by Multidimensional Scaling Not Metric (NMDS). The influence of the biome on land use was analyzed by ENVIFIT and the difference between the categories by PERMANOVA in Pampa Biome R. In software, there was a 26% decrease in natural pastures since 1975, presenting decrease of up to 12.5% between 1975 and 1985. Noteworthy are the rates of crops and artificial forest in which to temporary crops showed considerable growth from 1985 to 2005. The influence of the Pampa biome in the composition of land use categories remained between 14 and 15%, with significant differences between municipalities in the Pampa biome in all the years analyzed. Over time, it observed a significant movement of temporary crops and artificial forests that mainly between 1995 and 2005 begin to integrate the biome landscape. To face the challenge of maintaining agro-ecological activities threatened biomes in Brazil should invest in surveillance, developing monitoring systems capable of detecting subtle changes in land use. Moreover, the production of food in this state showed an increase in the amount produced. High growth for soy produced, being homogeneously distributed across the state was observed. Rice declined on the amount produced in the northern state and a significant concentration in the south and west of the state border. Cattle kept its stable herd with great concentration on the western border. Forestry grew in almost every state, with its production centered in the southeastern region of the state. The crops analyzed contributed to the state's GDP and are able, today and in the future, to meet the caloric demands of Rio Grande do Sul in the event purposes, if the current features of the gaucho agribusiness are maintained. These crops, soybean was the one that provided calories and financial return to the state, being able to meet local demand and provide surplus for exports. In all crops, except corn, increasing the amount of calories available was related to the increased planted area, requiring greater investments and incentives to increase crop yields.
Books on the topic "Grassland Biome"
3
Hollar, Sherman. Investigating Earth's desert, grassland, and rainforest biomes. New York, NY: Britannica Educational Pub., 2012.
Find full text
9
Perspectives in Grassland Ecology: Results and Applications of the US/IBP Grassland Biome Study. Springer, 2012.
Find full text
10
French, N. R. Perspectives in Grassland Ecology: Results And Applications Of The Us/Ibp Grassland Biome Study. Springer, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grassland Biome"
1
Goldammer, J. G., and S. R. Peñafiel. "Fire in the Pine-Grassland Biomes of Tropical and Subtropical Asia." In Ecological Studies, 45–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75395-4_4.
Full text
2
de Carvalho, Camila Rodrigues, Alice Ferreira-D’Silva, Soraya Sander Amorim, and Luiz Henrique Rosa. "Diversity, Ecology, and Bioprospecting of Endophytic Fungi in the Brazilian Biomes of Rupestrian Grasslands, Caatinga, Pampa, and Pantanal." In Neotropical Endophytic Fungi, 151–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53506-3_8.
Full text
3
Parton, William J., and Stephen J. Del Grosso. "The Shortgrass Steppe and Ecosystem Modeling." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Ecological modeling has played a key role in scientific investigations of the SGS LTER during the past several decades. The SGS LTER site, focused initially on the Central Plains Experimental Range (CPER), was the main grassland research site for the Grassland Biome component of the U.S. IBP effort (Lauenroth et al., this volume, chapter 1). Initial development of ecosystem models occurred from 1 970 to 1 975 as p art of t he I BP . All the U.S. I BP projects (grassland, tundra, desert, deciduous forest, and coniferous forest biomes) included research on the development of ecosystem models, with the goals of using models to help formulate and interpret field experiments, and of projecting the impact of changes in management practices on ecosystem dynamics. Models were developed as part of the Grassland Biome project (Bledsoe et al., 1971; Innis, 1978), and included modeling specialists who worked with research biologists on the development and formulation of the ecosystem models. The modeling activities of t he U.S. IBP Grassland Biome project included developing the ELM Grassland model (Innis, 1978). The ELM model was a complex process-oriented model that was intended to be used at all the Grassland Biome sites in the United States. This model was developed by postdoctoral fellows who were to formulate the different submodels, and then link the submodels using software that was developed as part of the program. The submodels included a plant production submodel, a cattle production submodel, a linked nutrient cycling and soil organic matter submodel, a grasshopper dynamics submodel, and a soil temperature and water submodel. Biophysical and biological data from the different sites were collected to develop and test the model. Model development was constrained by lack of knowledge about the biological processes that control ecosystem behavior, and by lack of appropriate data to test the ability of the model to simulate ecosystem responses to changes in grazing and fertility management practices. However, the ELM Grassland model was quite successful at investigating the interactions of different components of the ecosystem, and at helping to formulate new research efforts.
4
Li, Frank Yonghong, Yun Jäschke, Ke Guo, and Karsten Wesche. "Grasslands of China." In Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes, 773–84. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.12120-7.
Full text
5
Brown, Leslie Robert, and Hugo Bezuidenhout. "Grassland Vegetation of Southern Africa." In Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes, 814–26. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11960-8.
Full text
6
Nelson, Jay T., Mari K. Reeves, Fred Amidon, and Stephen E. Miller. "Hawaiʻi Wet Grassland and Shrubland." In Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes, 900–922. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11962-1.
Full text
7
DiPaolo, Dominic A. "Grassland and Shrublands—An Overview." In Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes, 414–23. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.12456-x.
Full text
8
Török, Péter, Iwona Dembicz, Zora Dajić-Stevanović, and Anna Kuzemko. "Grasslands of Eastern Europe." In Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes, 703–13. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.12042-1.
Full text
9
Boch, Steffen, Idoia Biurrun, and John Rodwell. "Grasslands of Western Europe." In Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes, 678–88. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.12095-0.
Full text
10
Goodin, Douglas G., and Philip A. Fay. "Climate Variability in Tallgrass Prairie at Multiple Timescales: Konza Prairie Biological Station." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0038.
Full textAbstract:
Climate is a fundamental driver of ecosystem structure and function (Prentice et al. 1992). Historically, North American grassland and forest biomes have fluctuated across the landscape in step with century- to millennialscale climate variability (Axelrod 1985; Ritchie 1986). Climate variability of at decadal scale, such as the severe drought of the 1930s in the Central Plains of North America, caused major shifts in grassland plant community composition (Weaver 1954, 1968). However, on a year-to-year basis, climate variability is more likely to affect net primary productivity (NPP; Briggs and Knapp 1995; Knapp et al. 1998; Briggs and Knapp 2001). This is especially true for grasslands, which have recently been shown to display greater variability in net primary production in response to climate variability than forest, desert, or arctic/alpine systems (Knapp and Smith 2001). Although the basic relationships among interannual variability in rainfall, temperature, and grassland NPP have been well studied (Sala et al. 1988; Knapp et al. 1998; Alward et al. 1999), the linkages to major causes of climate variability at quasi-quintennial (~5 years) or interdecadal (~10 year) timescales in the North American continental interior, such as solar activity cycles, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the North Pacific Index (NP), are less well understood. In this chapter, we will examine how interannual, quasi-quintennial, and interdecadal variation in annual precipitation and mean annual temperature at a tallgrass prairie site (Konza Prairie Biological Station) may be related to indexes of solar activity, ENSO, NAO, and NP, and in turn how these indexes may be related to aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). Specifically, we present (1) period-spectrum analyses to characterize the predominant timescales of temperature and precipitation variability at Konza Prairie, (2) correlation analyses of quantitative indexes of the major atmospheric processes with Konza temperature and precipitation records, and (3) the implications of variation in major atmospheric processes for seasonal and interannual patterns of ANPP. The Konza Prairie Biological Station (KNZ), which lies in the Flint Hills (39º05' N, 96º35' W), is a 1.6-million-ha region spanning eastern Kansas from the Nebraska border to northeastern Oklahoma (figure 20.1). This region is the largest remaining tract of unbroken tallgrass prairie in North America (Samson and Knopf 1994) and falls in the more mesic eastern portion of the Central Plains grasslands.