Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grassland Biome'
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Silva, Beatriz Kelly Guedes da. "Disponibilidade de biomassa e caracterização da caatinga sob manejo agroecológico." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/567.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Caatinga occupies about 11% of the national territory, covering the states of Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí and Minas Gerais. Native pastures have great importance for the world's livestock, particularly for the production of small ruminants in the Northeast. This work aimed to characterize the vegetation of Caatinga under agroecologica management, the same being discussed in theoretical and scientific paper for publication. The theoretical framework is reported descriptions of the Brazilian semiarid region in which highlights the vegetation characteristics of the Caatinga with forage potential and discusses its use in periods of drought and rain over the years. Also reports agroecologica features that help comes a better handling of the animals that feed on forage species in the Caatinga, addressing floristic structuring and phytosociological characterization for sustainable management, even in periods of drought. The paper depicts the study of the availability of dry matter, floristic composition and frequency, and the similarity of species of plant areas of Caatinga under agroecologica management. In this study, it raised the availability of dry matter, which showed variations in the periods influenced by the function of vegetation resilience of rain the previous cycle, with maximum peaks of dry matter, 1.005 kg DM / 0,25m² and 1.042 kg MS / 0,25m² respectively in October and April. In that experiment it was observed that the most frequent species were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Poaceae. To evaluate the similarity of species with the highest similarity were suaveolens Mesosphaeru (lavender), Tribulus terrestris L. (bull's head), Borreria verticillata (old head), Mimosa hostilis Benth (Jurema), Sida sp (mauve) and Aristida adscensionis L. (cocksfoot grass)
A caatinga ocupa cerca de 11% do território nacional, abrangendo os Estados da Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí e Minas Gerais. As pastagens nativas têm grande importância para a pecuária mundial, em especial para a produção de pequenos ruminantes do Nordeste. Esta dissertação objetivou caracterizar a vegetação da Caatinga sob manejo agroecológico, sendo o mesmo discutido em referencial teórico e um artigo cientifico para publicação. No referencial teórico é relatado descrições sobre a região semiárida brasileira no qual evidencia as características da vegetação da Caatinga com potencial forrageiro e aborda sua utilização nos períodos de seca e de chuva no decorrer dos anos. Relata ainda as características agroecológicas que vem auxiliar um melhor manejo dos animais que se alimentam de espécies forrageiras na Caatinga, abordando estruturações florísticas e fitossociológicas para caracterização de um manejo sustentável, mesmo em períodos de estiagem. O artigo científico retrata o estudo da disponibilidade de matéria seca, composição florística e frequência, e a similaridade de espécies de áreas vegetais da Caatinga sob manejo agroecológico. Nesse estudo, foi levantada a disponibilidade de matéria seca, que apresentou variações nos períodos por influência da resiliência da vegetação em função das chuvas do ciclo anterior, tendo picos de máximo de matéria seca, de 1,005 kg MS/0,25m² e de 1,042 kg MS/0,25m² respectivamente nos meses de outubro e abril. No referido experimento observou-se que as espécies mais frequentes foram as Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae e Poaceae. Para avaliação de similaridade as espécies que apresentaram maior similaridade foram as Mesosphaeru suaveolens (alfazema), Tribulus terrestris L.(cabeça de touro), Borreria verticillata (cabeça de velho), Mimosa hostilis Benth (jurema-preta), Sida sp (malva) e Aristida adscensionis L. (capim panasco)
2017-03-09
Guerini, Filho Marildo. "Estimativas de variáveis biofísicas de vegetação campestre sob manejo pastoril por meio de sensoriamento remoto." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/185286.
Full textThe Pampa Biome represents approximately 63% of the territory in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, characterized by the high biodiversity of plant species and its predominantly rural formation. As a result of the continuous incorporation of exotic species, monocultures and excessive cattle production, the Pampa Biome fields are rapidly being degraded, fragmented and decharacterized. Biomass is one of the strategic biophysical variables of interest in studies of prevention, monitoring and estimates of the country vegetation. The main objective of this study is to contribute to the development of new strategies for the proper management and monitoring of the country vegetation and to infer multivariate linear regression to estimate the biomass of the natural grassland in native fields from remote data and field data. The evaluations were carried out in an area belonging to the Federal University of Santa Maria, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Pastoral management correspond to two accumulated thermal sums in days of 375 and 750 degrees-days (GD), which determined the intervals between grazing. The remote data used came from MSI image of Sentinel-2 Satellite and spectroradiometer data with amplitude of 350-2500 nm. It was verified that the two techniques presented satisfactory results, in which regressions with adjusted r² of 0.65 were estimated to estimate green biomass and regressions with adjusted r²> 0.61 for total biomass and dry biomass. In this way, the study verified that it is possible to minimize the field efforts to assist in the monitoring, organization and conservation of the natural grassland in native fields of the Pampa Biome using remote sensing data as a management tool seeking the sustainability of these complex natural environments.
Cravey, Suzanne Perritt. "Are pesticides a factor in bird declines? /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://www.orwapif.org/pdf/pesticides%5Fbirds.pdf.
Full textAndrade, Bianca Ott. "Interação solo-vegetação campestre:estudos de caso em diferentes escalas ecológicas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148772.
Full textWhereas in temperate regions the abiotic-biotic relationship is well-known, in the tropics and subtropics our understanding is still preliminary. There is an urgent need to determine abiotic factors that control vegetation patterns in order to give support to restoration and conservation approaches. The present thesis analyses the relationship between abiotic factors and grassland vegetation in three original research papers (chapters I, II and III) and a review paper (chapter IV). In the first three papers, vegetation variance in response to abiotic factors was analyzed at different ecological scales; and in the fourth, the variance in biotic and abiotic factors in response to degradation process was discussed with a more applied view. Thus in this thesis the aim is to answer the following questions: (I) Which differences can be found in functional plant traits and allocation strategies within species at different levels of water and nutrient availability?; (II) How variable are physical and chemical parameters in different spatial scales; and are there soil parameters that can more accurately explain plant distribution in different spatial scales? (III) How much of RS grassland vegetation variance can be explained by soil and climatic properties; and which climatic and soil properties better explain these vegetation patterns? In chapter IV a conceptual model of grassland degradation is presented and applied to Rio Grande do Sul (RS) grasslands. To address these questions I used species-level data in a calcareous grassland in Germany (chapter I); community-level data in six sites in RS, South Brazilian grasslands (chapter II and III); and a review of literature studies concerning RS grassland degradation and restorability (chapter IV). The results showed that: (I) at a intraspecific level, the study species showed two allocation strategies in relation to resource stress, while the responses of individual traits to the soil treatments were consistent across species; (II) soil parameters variation are related to the measurement scale applied and the vegetation variance often responds to different soil parameters at different scales; (III) climatic and soil properties explained 45% of vegetation variance between biomes in RS grasslands and the main factors controlling its variance are annual precipitation and percent aluminum saturation; and (IV) the conceptual model is displayed as biotic and abiotic changes along the axes and can serve as a general framework to study degradation and restorability of tropical and subtropical grasslands, and further it may facilitate decisions on alternative management and conservation. As a general conclusion, the grassland vegetation responds to changes in the environment in different scales and may use different strategies to overcome environmental selective forces and degradation process. The understanding of this relationship is of high importance to facilitate decisions on alternative management and conservation.
Pustilnik, Nataliia. "Investigating future land use scenarios: consequences for food production and grassland preservation in the steppe biome, Orenburg province of Southwestern Russia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-187083.
Full textThurow, Juliana Muliterno. "Avaliação bio-econômica da produção de bovinos de corte em sistemas baseados em pastagem natural." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149095.
Full textThis work was based on the results of an experiment conducted for five years (2003-2008), at Estação Experimental Campanha, Fundação de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul in natural grasslands of the Pampas Biome. Treatments consisted of four levels of forage allowance (FA) 4, 8, 12 and 16 kg of DMGF/100 kg of LW and a System (SYS) comprising three areas with complementary managements (natural grassland 12% FA, deferred natural grassland and improved natural pasture by fertilization and oversowing of winter cultivated species). Grazing method was continuous, with variable stocking rate, using four Braford steers as testers. The design was a completely randomized block with repeated measures in time (years) and two repetitions of area. The variables related to primary production showed positive and linear response to the increase in forage allowance. The average daily gain in the summer and spring were described by linear regression with a break point in forage allowance of 10.1%. In the autumn, the response was quadratic with maximum value at 14% FA, while in winter it was linear, being necessary to ensure a forage allowance of 12% to assure animal maintainance. The stocking rate showed a decreasing linear response in the summer and spring. The economic analysis of treatments determined the highest total production cost, net income and gross margin considering all the costs for treatment "SYS". In addition, it was responsible for increased productivity and therefore easily reached the point of economical equilibrium of the total production cost. Thus, among the possibilities tested the "SYS" was the best economic alternative for growing and fattening cattle on natural grassland. To rearing and finishing exclusively on natural grassland, the best economical alternative is the use of 12% of forage on offer all year round. Considering the possibility indicated by the "SYS" and using simulations for production systems for growing and finishing steers and fattening cows, the improvement of 25% of the natural pasture area shows the alternative of greater economic efficiency.
Freitas, Elisete Maria de. "Campos de solos arenosos do Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul:aspectos florísticos e adaptativos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26295.
Full textExtensive grassland areas in southwestern Rio grande do Sul, belonging to the Pampa Biome, are found in sandy soils that are susceptible to sandy patch process. In these grasslands, the prevailing conditions are water shortage, excessive irradiation, extreme temperatures, low fertility and cattle grazing. The objectives of this study were: to know the floristic diversity at grassland undergoing sandy patch process; to evaluate changes in exposed and plant-covered soil, considering time (one year) and vegetal cover (high, intermediary and low) as determining factors. Native grassland areas, located at Alegrete, Manoel Viana and São Francisco de Assis municipalities, were surveyed for the construction of a floristic list. The quantitative survey was carried out at three grassland areas under different managements (heavy-grazing, moderately-grazing and grazing-excluded) in November 2007 and December 2008, using 36 permanent sampling units at the excluded grassland area and 24 at each grazed grassland area. For each sampled species we registered absolute cover, adaptative strategies and habit. We registered 343 species, pertaining to 52 families, with two new citations for Rio Grande do Sul (Eragrostis articulata and Eragrostis leucosticte) and one for Brazil (Croton lorentzii). Among these species, 89.5% showed one or more adaptations as response to the stress-driving factors. The presence of adaptative characters at grazed grasslands and grazing-excluded grasslands seems to characterize sandy-soil grasslands species, since they share common climatic and edaphic conditions. The three grassland areas differ in species composition and abundance. The moderately-grazed area showed characteristics common to both other areas, indicating the influence of grazing on grassland formation physiognomy and species composition. Vegetation dynamics in grazed grasslands was influenced by time and vegetal cover. At the excluded grassland, variation in species composition and abundance occurred only according to the cover gradient. The sandy patch process advances faster in grazed areas than in grazing-excluded areas, due to higher soil cover values in the latter. Elements such as rain and wind also contribute to the enlargement of sandy patches over time, especially at sites presenting low soil cover values. In order to hamper the sandy patch process at these grasslands, we suggest measures such as cattle removal and use of soil-fixing equipments, associated to the use of native plant species that potentially resist the process.
Silva, Graziela Har Minervini. "Efeito de diferentes intensidades de pastejo ao banco de sementes do solo em campos no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131883.
Full textGrassland ecosystems co-evolved with disturbances such as fire and herbivory, and these factors are important for emergence and maintenance of community features areas. After disturbances, the seeds that persist in the soil contribute to regeneration processes. However, increasing conversion of natural grasslands into areas of intensive use (agriculture and exotic tree plantations), as well as overgrazing make the study of the regeneration of grassland vegetation after these severe disturbances an important research topic. Our knowledge on the role of the soil seed bank (SSB) in grassland biomes in the southern hemisphere still is incipient. The majority of studies realized in South American grassland compared the SSB between grazed and abandoned areas, and few consider different intensities of grazing, despite clear effects of different grazing intensities on vegetation composition and structure. In view of this, in this study, the SSB was evaluated in a grassland experiment under different intensities of grazing in two seasons (spring and autumn), using the seedling emergence method. In spring, a survey of the established vegetation was conducted to evaluate the similarity with the SSB. In total, we found 103 species in the SSB and 162 in established vegetation. The SSB was mostly composed of ruderal species. Grass species dominant in aboveground vegetation were largely absent in the SSB. Significant differences regarding SSB richness and density were only found between the treatment with higher intensity of grazing and the others, and overall composition did not differ among treatments. In general, the similarity between the SSB and established vegetation was low. Our results indicate that the SSB has a limited role in the recovery of natural grassland vegetation after more severe disturbances. Apparently, the intensity of management does not have a very large impact on the SSB or on the similarity between SSB and established vegetation. Nevertheless, the SSB is important for storage the natural characteristics of environments, adding functions to the regeneration of the plant community.
Hübel, Ingo. "Influência da monocultura de eucalipto sobre a vegetação campestre em área de Pampa no sul do Brasil." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2009. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7067.
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A implantação de monoculturas de eucalipto é muito criticada e tratada como responsável pela degradação do solo e por importantes mudanças biológicas. No Rio Grande do Sul a conservação dos campos se limita basicamente às Áreas de Preservação Permanente – APP, que prevêem a preservação de uma faixa de 30 m de vegetação ciliar a partir dos cursos d’água e também de áreas de reserva legal. Este estudo investiga as possíveis mudanças na diversidade, composição e abundância de espécies vegetais campestres em função da proximidade com plantações de eucalipto. O estudo foi realizado na fazenda Formosa, situada no município de São Gabriel, RS. Foram escolhidas três áreas com interface entre monocultura de eucalipto e campo e três áreas de campo sem plantio de eucalipto (controle). Um total de 120 parcelas fixas de 1 m x 1 m foi aleatorizado em transecções lineares a 5 e 30 m a partir da borda do eucalipto e do limite da APP nas áreas controle. Com auxílio de um quadro gradeado de 10 em 10 cm foi feito o levantamento da cobertura-abundância de todas as espécies vasculares presentes, além do levantamento de fatores de ambiente. No inventário foram encontradas 145 espécies vegetais campestres. A riqueza e diversidade de espécies apresentaram o mesmo padrão para as áreas com eucalipto, sendo que na monocultura a riqueza foi maior na borda e menor no interior em relação à APP adjacente, que apresentou riqueza intermediária e não diferiu entre si nas distâncias a partir da borda. Esse gradiente não é observado para áreas sem eucalipto. Em conjunto estes resultados sugerem um efeito da monocultura sobre a diversidade de espécies adjacente. A composição e abundância-cobertura de espécies variaram significativamente entre os ambientes avaliados. Fatores de ambiente como umidade relativa, compactação do solo e inclinação do terreno foram importantes na determinação da composição e abundância-cobertura de espécies nas APPs. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que apenas a manutenção de APPs com áreas de vegetação campestre não garante a manutenção da integridade biológica dos campos.
The establishment of monocultures of eucalyptus is criticized and regarded as responsible for soil degradation and significant biological changes. In Rio Grande do Sul, south Brazil, the conservation of grasslands is confined to areas of permanent preservation - APP's, defined by current legislation as the riparian vegetation extending 30 m from both sides of watercourses. This study investigates the possible changes induced by eucalyptus plantations on adjacent grassland APPs. The study was conducted in Formosa ranch, located in the municipality of São Gabriel, RS. Three areas with the interface between eucalyptus plantations and grassland APPs, and three other areas without eucalyptus plantations (control areas) were chosen for the study. A total of 120 1 m2 plots were randomized along linear transects established at 5 and 30 m from the edge of the APP both to the APP itself and towards the plantation interior (in areas with plantations) or towards grasslands outside APPs (in control areas). A grid of 10 by 10 cm was used to assess the cover-abundance of all vascular species present at each plot revealing a total of 145 plant species. The richness and diversity of species showed the same trend for areas with eucalyptus: inside plantations species richness was greater in the edge, while in the adjacent APP species richness did not present a clear distance gradient. Such a distinction between APPs and areas distant from APPs was not detected in control areas. In conjunction these results suggest a possible effect of the plantation upon the species richness of adjacent APPs. The composition and coverage-abundance varied significantly among the areas studied . Environmental factors such as soil humidity and compaction, and relief slope were important in determining the composition and abundance of species in APPs. This study shows that the maintenance of APPs do not suffice to preserve the integrity of grassland vegetation.
Oliveira, Tamara Esteves de. "Dinâmica da produção de alimentos no bioma pampa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163288.
Full textThis study analyzed the food production dynamics in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and its consequences for the changes in the natural grassland areas in the Pampa Biome. To this end, data for land use in the municipalities of Pampa Biome were collected from the Agricultural Censuses of 1975, 1985, 1995/1996 and 2006 as well as the food production data presented at the municipal agricultural and livestock reports published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). To analyze the dynamics of the natural grasslands area of natural pastures, the micro-regions were compared every 10 years, the relative growth rate. The comparison between the municipalities was made by the adjusted mean the area allocated for the categories of land use. All municipalities were ranked as the area of the categories in its territory and its location by Multidimensional Scaling Not Metric (NMDS). The influence of the biome on land use was analyzed by ENVIFIT and the difference between the categories by PERMANOVA in Pampa Biome R. In software, there was a 26% decrease in natural pastures since 1975, presenting decrease of up to 12.5% between 1975 and 1985. Noteworthy are the rates of crops and artificial forest in which to temporary crops showed considerable growth from 1985 to 2005. The influence of the Pampa biome in the composition of land use categories remained between 14 and 15%, with significant differences between municipalities in the Pampa biome in all the years analyzed. Over time, it observed a significant movement of temporary crops and artificial forests that mainly between 1995 and 2005 begin to integrate the biome landscape. To face the challenge of maintaining agro-ecological activities threatened biomes in Brazil should invest in surveillance, developing monitoring systems capable of detecting subtle changes in land use. Moreover, the production of food in this state showed an increase in the amount produced. High growth for soy produced, being homogeneously distributed across the state was observed. Rice declined on the amount produced in the northern state and a significant concentration in the south and west of the state border. Cattle kept its stable herd with great concentration on the western border. Forestry grew in almost every state, with its production centered in the southeastern region of the state. The crops analyzed contributed to the state's GDP and are able, today and in the future, to meet the caloric demands of Rio Grande do Sul in the event purposes, if the current features of the gaucho agribusiness are maintained. These crops, soybean was the one that provided calories and financial return to the state, being able to meet local demand and provide surplus for exports. In all crops, except corn, increasing the amount of calories available was related to the increased planted area, requiring greater investments and incentives to increase crop yields.
Schossler, Daniela Schmidt. "Identificação de serviços ecossistêmicos de campos naturais no Bioma Pampa e valoração do estoque de carbono do solo utilizando a metodologia TESSA." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2016. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3215.
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Os serviços ecossistêmicos (SEs) são considerados os benefícios que as pessoas recebem da natureza como qualidade da água e provisão de alimentos. A valoração como forma de subsídio ao pagamento por estes serviços pode auxiliar na mitigação dos fatores de degradação de um dos ecossistemas campestres mais importantes do mundo, os campos naturais do Pampa. O objetivo deste trabalho é adaptar à realidade deste bioma a metodologia TESSA (Toolkit for Ecossistem Service – Site-based Assessment) que é um conjunto de ferramentas que avalia e monitora os SEs com baixo investimento. O estudo foi realizado em duas propriedades certificadas pela Alianza del Pastizal no município de Lavras do Sul, RS, Brasil, sendo uma denominada de Conservada (CO) e a outra Em Recuperação (ER). A pesquisa quantitativa foi feita através da coleta de amostras de biodiversidade, massa de forragem e de solo, deformadas e indeformadas, nas profundidades de 0 - 5cm, 5 - 10cm e 10 -20 cm, em três transectas em toposequência (topo, encosta e baixada). A pesquisa qualitativa sobre os principais SEs e suas importâncias foi aplicada em pesquisadores da Embrapa Pecuária Sul e produtores do Sindicato Rural de Lavras do Sul na forma de workshops. Todos os dados foram submetidos a análise de componentes principais (ACP) e os dados de Estoque de Carbono e Valoração Econômica foram determinados por uma análise de duas vias seguida de pós teste de Bonferroni (p<0,05). Os testes de ACP foram feitos com as médias de cada toposequência com os resultados de cobertura absoluta das espécies encontradas, solo descoberto, altura, massa de forragem, carbono orgânico, densidade do solo, Ph, H+Al, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, potássio e Índice de Shannon e Pielou. Os resultados geraram 5 componentes principais, na qual o componente principal 1 explicou 99,6 % dos resultados, com os índices de massa de forragem e altura da pastagem, mostrando a correlação direta da conservação dos serviços ecossistêmicos com o histórico de uso destas áreas. Os resultados qualitativos mostraram que dentre os principais SEs percebidos pelos produtores e pesquisadores estão ambiente nativo, qualidade da água, qualidade da carne, modo de vida e beleza cênica, com exceção do carbono que foi citado apenas pelos pesquisadores. Como principais ameaças à conservação da biodiversidade estão sucessão familiar, infraestrutura, reforma agrária, ações do governo e a presença de espécies invasoras. No teor de COS na camada de 20 cm do solo foi encontrada diferença significativa tanto entre as duas propriedades como entre as toposequências. Os resultados transformados em dólares no mercado voluntário possibilitaram chegar à valores médios de U$ 359,32.ha-1 (74,85 ton.ha-1 CO2 equivalente x U$4,8) para CO e U$ 250,38.ha-1 para o ER. O mercado de carbono é voluntário, portanto seu valor poderá ser “qualquer valor acordado”, mas sua utilidade está em demonstrar as diferenças entre as áreas estudadas. A diferença de valores entre as duas propriedades é de U$108,94. As políticas públicas devem ser norteadas a partir das ameaças percebidas. O teor de C org dos campos naturais nas propriedades analisadas está atrelado ao histórico e manejo pecuário adotado. Os dados indicam que estes ecossistemas com boas práticas de manejo contêm estoques importantes de COS e, portanto, sua conservação é relevante para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas. Sugere-se, neste trabalho, que os valores para projetos de pagamento pelos serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por estes produtores pecuários seja ou pela diferença do Estoque de Carbono ou pela diferença entre o custo de oportunidade do arrendamento da terra, de U$ 140, comparado com alternativas produtivas de maior rentabilidade.
The ecosystem services are considered the benefits which the people got from nature. The evaluation of this services can aid in the mitigation of the factors of degradation from one of grasslands ecosystems more important of the world, the natural fields of Pampa. This work aims to adapt this biome into the reality to the methodology TESSA (Toolkit for Ecossistem Service – Site-based Assessment) a set of tools that acess and monitor ES, with low investment. For this purpose were chosen two certificated farms by Alianza del Pastizal in Lavras do Sul city, RS, Brazil. The amount was done through of samples of biodiverty, forage mass and soil, unshaped and shaped,in the depth of 0 - 5cm, 5 - 10cm e 10 -20 cm in two farms, called of Preserved (P) and in Recovering (R). They were chosen three transects on toposequence (top, encost and low), open trenches and collected. The qualitative research was done with researches from Embrapa Pecuária Sul and livestocks farmers from the Rural Sindicate of Lavras do Sul I the way of workshops were day pointed the main ES and graduated the importance. All data were subimited to Analysis of the Main Components (AMC) and the data of carbon stock and Economic Evaluation were determinated by an analysis of two ways followed by posttest of Bonferroni (p<0,05). The test of AMC with average from each toposequence with the results of absolute covering of each species found, uncovered soil, hight, forage mass, organic carbon, soil density, Ph, H + Al, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and Shannon and Pielou index had as result the main component 1 that explained 99,6% of the results, with the forage mass index and hight of grassland, showing the direct correlation of conservation of environmental services with the good practices of management in this ecosystem. The qualitative results showed that among the main ES noticed by farmers and researches are native environment, water quality, meet quality, way of life and the beauty of landscape, except the carbon, that wasn’t mentioned by farmers. As main threats to the conservation of biodiversity are the familiar succession, infrastructure, land reform, governmental actions and presence of invader species. The carbon organic amount in the layer of 20cm of soil was found significate difference either between the two farms or between the topo sequences. The results turned in to dollars in the volunteer market made possible to get to the average values of U$ 359,00 to the preserved grasslands and U$ 250,00. The carbon market is volunteer, therefore its value might be “any dealt value” but its utility is in demonstrate the differences between two farms studied. The difference of values between two farms is of U$ 108,00. The public policies must be led since from the threats noticed. The amount of organic carbon of natural grasslands in the farms analyzed is engaged to the historical and management livestock adopted. The data indicate that these ecosystems with good livestock management have good important stocks, therefore its conservation is relevant to the mitigation of climate changes. It is suggested in this paper that the values for the ecosystem service payment projects provided by these livestock farmers are or the Carbon Stock (U$ 108,00) of the difference or the difference between the opportunity cost of the land lease, from U$ 140, compared with production of more profitable alternatives.
Alves, Suélen da Silva. "CULTIVO DE EUCALYPTUS REDUZ A DIVERSIDADE DA HERPETOFAUNA EM ÁREA DE CAMPO NO SUL DO BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5321.
Full textThe expansion of forestation on grassland ecosystems has dramatically changed the landscape, as well as affected the biodiversity and the sustainability of these ecosystems around the world. Grasslands of southern South America hold high diversity and several cases of endemism, but historically are insufficiently protected in conservation units and experience drastic reduction due to cultivation of exotic trees as eucalyptus, black wattle and pine. Grasslands of Pampa biome in Brazilian territory are restricted to the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where recent estimates indicate that the grassyfields will disappear within the next few decades if the current scenario of changes in the productive matrix is maintained. In order to contribute with subsidies to conservation of grasslands ecosystems, the goal of this Dissertation was to study the spatial patterns in the distribution of herpetofauna (i.e. amphibians and reptiles), as well as environmental variables associated with native grasslands and eucalyptus plantation in the Pampa biome, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Thus, native grasslands and eucalyptus crops were characterized and compared regarding species richness, taxonomic composition, and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, using pitfall traps during eight sampling months (September 2012 to April 2013). The communities of amphibians and reptiles studied responded negatively to the replacement of native grasslands by arboreal crops because they were dominated by a few species in eucalyptus cultivation . Through nesting analysis and similarity tests, we recorded that reptiles responded strongly to habitat modification, since the community recorded in eucalypt was an impoverished subset of that recorded in native pasture, being still dominated by species commonly abundant in degraded areas. Amphibians responded strongly regarding species abundance and keenly to species richness, but did not respond to the gradient regarding taxonomic composition of the community. The environmental variables most strongly related to the pattern of segregation observed between native grasslands and eucalyptus cultivation were the percentage of low cover vegetation on soil and brightness. Our results indicate that eucalyptus forestation profoundly modify the structure of undergrowth vegetation, typical of grassland ecosystems and essential to the biology of several habitat-specialist species, including rare species. In this context, we emphasize that the habitat loss due to expanding forestation on grasslands configures a serious threat to conservation of the herpetofauna of the Pampa biome. Such effects can be minimized only after the adoption of specifically committed environmental policies to the conservation of grasslands ecosystems, until now so neglected.
A expansão da silvicultura sobre os ecossistemas campestres tem alterado dramaticamente a paisagem, bem como afetado a biodiversidade e a sustentabilidade desses ecossistemas ao redor do mundo. Os campos do sul da América do Sul detêm alta diversidade biológica e inúmeros casos de endemismos, mas historicamente são insuficientemente protegidos em Unidades de Conservação e experimentam drástica redução devido ao plantio de exóticas como o eucalipto, a acácia-negra e pinus. Os campos do bioma Pampa em território brasileiro estão restritos ao estado do Rio Grande do Sul, onde estimativas recentes apontam que estes desaparecerão dentro das próximas décadas se o corrente cenário de mudanças na matriz produtiva for mantido. A fim de contribuir com subsídios à preservação dos ecossistemas campestres, o objetivo dessa Dissertação foi estudar os padrões espaciais da distribuição da herpetofauna (i.e. anfíbios e répteis), bem como de variáveis ambientais associadas, em campo nativo e plantio de eucalipto localizados no bioma Pampa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Assim, campos nativos e cultivos de eucalipto foram caracterizados e comparados quanto à riqueza de espécies, composição taxonômica e abundância de anfíbios e répteis, utilizando armadilhas de interceptação e queda durante oito meses de coleta (setembro de 2012 à abril de 2013). As comunidades de anfíbios e répteis estudadas responderam negativamente à substituição dos campos nativos por cultivos arbóreos, pois foram dominadas por poucas espécies no cultivo de eucalipto. Através da análise de aninhamento e teste de similaridade, evidenciamos que os répteis responderam fortemente à alteração do hábitat, já que a comunidade registrada no eucalipto foi um subconjunto empobrecido daquela registrada no campo nativo, sendo ainda dominada por espécies comumente abundantes em áreas degradadas. Anfíbios responderam fortemente quanto à abundância das espécies e sutilmente quanto à riqueza específica, mas não responderam ao gradiente quanto à composição taxonômica da comunidade. As variáveis ambientais mais fortemente relacionadas ao padrão de segregação observado entre o campo nativo e o cultivo de eucalipto foram a porcentagem de vegetação rasteira recobrindo o solo e a luminosidade. Nossos resultados indicam que o cultivo de eucalipto altera profundamente a estrutura da vegetação rasteira, típica do ecossistema campestre e imprescindível à biologia de inúmeras espécies habitatespecialistas, incluindo espécies raras. Nesse sentido, enfatizamos que a perda de hábitat campestre devido à expansão da silvicultura configura séria ameaça à conservação da herpetofauna do bioma Pampa. Tais efeitos poderão ser minimizados somente após a adoção de políticas públicas ambientais especificamente comprometidas com a conservação dos ecossistemas campestres, até então negligenciados.
Rosa, Marina Comerlatto da. "BIOGEOGRAFIA DA ESTEPE DOS CAMPOS GERAIS DO PARANÁ." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2015. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/576.
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‘Souhtern Grasslands’ is the biogeographical term assigned by the Brazilian Governmentto the natural field extensions present in the Mata Atlântica and Pampa Domains that correspond to the biogeographical provinces ‘Paranaense’ and ‘Pampeana’, respectivelly. The spatial delineation of the Campos District in the Paranaense Province, within the southern portion of the Atlantic Forest Domain comprises the native grasslands of State of Parana (‘Campos Gerais’, ‘Campos de Guarapuava’ and ‘Campos de Palmas’) Santa Catarina (‘Campos de Palmas’ / ‘Água Doce’ and ‘Planalto de Lages’), and Rio Grande do Sul (‘Campos de Cima da Serra’). Despite their homogeneous appearance, ‘Souhtern Grasslands’ may show significant differences in their composition depending on the environmental conditions and the evolution of the flora in the two provinces involved. In this sense, to elucidate the biogeographic relationships of native grasslands of the ‘Campos Gerais’ in Paranaense Province means establish whether the plant communities comprise marginal areas of geographic scale or, conversely, compound species dispersal center, or even species routes from dispersion centers out of ‘Campos Gerais’. This study therefore aims to determine the biogeographical relationships among remnants of native grasslands in the Escarpa Devoniana Environmental Protection Area. For this, we used a presence/absence matrix composed by 414 species from phytosociological data, and 1,375 species from floristic surveys from nine plant communities: CPI - Piraí da Serra, EGU - Guartelá State Park, SJ – São João River, CPG - Pitangui Valley, CAP – Capão da Onça, FG / BP - Furnas Gêmeas and Buraco do Padre, CIA - IAPAR Model Farm, EVV - Vila Velha State Park, and CBN – Ponte dos Arcos. Just two of them are within protect areas. It were calculated the Biogeographycal Similarity Coefficient as well Harrison and Wilson & Schmida beta diversity indices. Once there was lack of spatial autocorrelation (Moran Correlogram), for the floristic similarity calculation we used multivariate statistical analysis. The contemporary vegetation is a confluence between marginal areas of the geographical range of southern grasslands and northern subtropical savannah (Cerrado Domain). There were no evidences of this region as a dispersion center nor corridor between other dispersion centers in the Mata Atlântica Domain. Ecotonal areas lead to biodiversity increase as well point out their extreme vulnerability to climate or anthropogenic disturbances.
Campos Sulinos é o termo biogeográfico atribuído pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente às extensões campestres presentes nos biomas Mata Atlântica e Pampa, correspondendo às províncias biogeográficas Paranaense e Pampeana, respectivamente. A delimitação espacial fitofisionômica do Distrito dos Campos na Província Paranaense, contida integralmente na porção austral do Bioma Mata Atlântica compreende os campos nativos do Estado do Paraná (Campos Gerais, Campos de Guarapuava e Campos de Palmas) Santa Catarina (Campos de Palmas /Água Doce e Planalto de Lages) e Rio Grande do Sul (Campos de Cima da Serra). Apesar da aparência homogênea, os Campos Sulinos podem apresentar expressivas diferenças em sua composição, dependendo das condições ambientais e da evolução da flora nas duas províncias envolvidas. Neste sentido, elucidar as relações biogeográficas dos campos nativos dos Campos Gerais na Província Paranaense, envolveu estabelecer se as fitocenoses constituem área marginal de amplitude geográfica ou, ao contrário, centro de dispersão de espécies, ou ainda rotas percorridas por espécies oriundas de centros de dispersão fora dos Campos Gerais. Este estudo pretende, portanto, determinar as relações biogeográficas a partir de remanescentes de campos nativos contidos na APA da Escarpa Devoniana. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma matriz de presença/ausência composta por 414 espécies oriundas de dados fitossociológicos e 1.375 espécies constantes de levantamentos florísticos de nove fitocenoses: CPI - Piraí da Serra, EGU - Parque Estadual do Guartelá, SJ - rio São João, CPG - Vale do Pitangui e Alagados, CAP - Capão da Onça, FG/BP - Furnas Gêmeas e Buraco do Padre, CIA - Fazenda Modelo do IAPAR, EVV - Parque Estadual de Vila Velha e CBN - Ponte dos Arcos, sendo duas em unidades de conservação de proteção integral. Calculou-se o Coeficiente de Semelhança Biogeográfica bem como os índices de diversidade beta de Harrison e de Wilson e Schmida. Verificada a inexistência de autocorrelação espacial entre as fitocenoses (Correlograma de Moran), para o cálculo de similaridade florística utilizou-se análise estatística multivariada. Os campos nativos na região constituem a confluência ecotonal das áreas marginais de amplitude geográfica setentrional da Estepe gramíneo-lenhosa e austral da Savana gramíneo-lenhosa (Bioma Cerrado). Não foram encontradas evidências que suportem a região como sendo centro de dispersão de espécies, tampouco corredor entre dois centros de dispersão no Bioma Mata Atlântica. Áreas ecotonais propiciam um aumento na biodiversidade ao mesmo tempo que apontam comunidades em extrema vulnerabilidade a distúrbios climáticos ou antrópicos.
Silva, Guilherme Oyarzabal da. "Análise comparativa da fauna de aranhas de solo em áreas de campo com e sem pastejo no Pampa gaúcho." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163719.
Full textPampa is a savanna-like biome, exclusively of Neotropical region, lying in southern part o South America, covering Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The climate is hot temperate and humid, with annual temperatures ranging of 0° C in winter and higher than 24° C in summer. The increase of disturbance at Pampa began around 300 years after Europian colonization and the advent of agriculture, silviculture, uncontrolled fire management and creation of dairy and beef cattle. Even livestock causing loss of vegetal heterogeneity and fauna diversity, it is a widely recommended methodology for sustainable management of Pampa. With studies more focused in forage properties and beef production than diversity maintenance, the Pampa conservation has been neglected. Monitoring different livestock methodologies are necessary to improve knowledge of how diversity of plants and animals change during this impact. Thus, using great ecological models, like spiders, are necessary to test hypotheses and different managements. Spiders are quick settlers, great dispersers, generalist predators and are much correlated with vegetal structure. Susceptible to biotic and abiotic impacts, spiders are great environmental quality meters, being easy to sample and to measure abundance, diversity and richness. This study was conduct at Ibirapuitã River Environmental Federal Protection Area “Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA do Rio Ibirapuitã” in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Six plots, of one hectare each, were distributed in pars in three farms. Each pair is constituted of a closed plot, a fenced plots since August 2012, with total exclusion of cattle graze; and a opened plot with only poles in the corners to demarcate the place, and cattle have free access for graze. Our main expectative is that abundance, richness, biomass and composition of arenofauna will be different when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. Ground dwelling spiders were sampled with Pitfall traps in springs of 2011, 2012 and 2013, and seasonally in autumn (May), winter (September) and spring (November) 2015 and summer (February) 2016. Statistical analyses were performed using Stundents’ Test, ANOVA and ANOSIM. Linyphiidae and Lycosidae were the most abundant and richer families. Results of 2011, 2012 and 2013 were no significant different in spider abundance and richness when grazed and ungrazed plots were compared. However, raw data suggest higher values of abundance in grazed areas than ungrazed ones. In 2015/2016 samples, spider abundance and richness were not significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas. Raw data suggest that grazed areas abundance and richness was higher than in ungrazed though. Although summer was the richer season in general, winter was the richer season separately in grazed and ungrazed areas. Despite the previous results, abundance of the most abundant species were significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas in general and in each season. Spider biomass was not significant different in any year when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. However, biomass of most abundant species were significant different seasonally and in each season in 2015/2016. Grazed and ungrazed areas are still very similar even after almost four years of cattle exclusion in terms of spider abundance and biomass. Only most abundant species demonstrate a significant difference between grazed and ungrazed areas in terms of abundance and biomass, with higher values in grazed plots.
Redin, Cristina Gouvêa. "Relação solo-vegetação em ecótono campo-floresta no bioma pampa." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2017. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/13333.
Full textEstudos que avaliem a relação entre flora e variáveis ambientais são extremamente válidos, principalmente em áreas de ecótono para fins de conservação. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar influências das variáveis ambientais em fitofisionomias campo e floresta a fim de contribuir para elaboração de futuros planos de manejo e recuperação, respeitando o domínio das fitofisionomias. O estudo foi desenvolvido em dois hortos localizados em São Gabriel, RS, o Horto Cerro do Batovi (HFCB), apenas com vegetação campestre e o Horto Santa Olga (HFSO), com campo e floresta. Ao longo de oito topossequências dispostas em vegetação campestre, quatro em cada horto, realizou-se a classificação dos solos em topo, meia encosta e baixada do relevo. Após foram coletadas amostras com estrutura preservada, de cada horizonte do perfil, para análises das propriedades físicas do solo (densidade do solo, Ks, porosidade do solo, CCPMP e AD), e amostras com estrutura não preservada para análises químicas e de granulometria. Também foi quantificada a abundância de cada espécie herbáceo-arbustiva em unidades amostrais de 1 m², sendo quatro unidades em cada topossequência avaliada, distribuídas nas três posições do relevo. Com o intuito de verificar a abundância natural de δ13C ‰ na vegetação, foram coletadas amostras de material vegetal nas três posições do relevo em cada topossequência. No HFSO além do campo, a vegetação florestal foi avaliada em dois fragmentos. No primeiro fragmento (FFI) localizado em terraço fluvial, foram alocadas 40 unidades amostrais (100 m²) e 40 subunidades (4 m²) para inventário dos estratos arbóreo e regenerante. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em quatro pontos. No segundo fragmento (FFII), localizado em topossequência, foram alocadas 20 unidades amostrais (100 m²) e 20 subunidades (4 m²), as amostras de solo foram coletadas em quatro pontos. A vegetação florestal e campestre foi caracterizada por meio de análises florísticas, fitossociológicas e estruturais. As topossequências foram caracterizadas mediante propriedades físicas, químicas e morfológicas do solo. Para inferir sobre as possíveis relações flora-solo-relevo foram realizadas análises estatísticas multivariadas (PCA e CCA). A fim de verificar mudanças vegetacionais nas áreas de estudo, duas séries temporais foram elaboradas, contemplando 15 anos. As análises vegetacionais mostraram diferenças entre os hortos, o HFSO apresentou maior frequência de espécies cespitosas, bem como agrupamentos de indivíduos florestais em meio ao campo e matas ciliares. No HFCB a vegetação ciliar é composta naturalmente por campo. Esses resultados corrobam com as respostas de δ 13C ‰ o material coletado no HFCB, o qual indicou predominância de espécies C3, e no HFSO uma mistura de táxons C3 e C4. A vegetação florestal ocorreu relacionada com maior umidade e fertilidade do solo, especialmente em áreas de baixada, porém auxiliada por afloramentos rochosos ocorreu em topo e meia encosta do relevo. Espécies pertencentes às famílias Cyperaceae, Isoetaceae, Apiaceae, Juncaceae, relacionaram-se com condições de baixada do relevo. Durante 15 anos, verificou-se expansão dos fragmentos florestais no HFSO, porém no HFCB não ocorreram mudanças na fitofisionomia, demonstrando que a vegetação campestre ocorre naturalmente no ambiente ripário.
Lipinski, Victor Mendes. "ESTRUTURA ESPACIAL DE COMUNIDADES DE ANUROS DE DUAS REGIÕES FISIOGRÁFICAS DO BIOMA PAMPA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5299.
Full textIn this study, we sampled two anuran communities in two physiographic regions of the Pampa biome, Serra do Sudeste and Depressão Central, were made monthly campaigns during the period between September 2011 and August 2012 where there were registered 25 species of frogs. Scinax granulatus, Physalaemus gracilis e Pseudis minuta were the most abundant species in the Serra do Sudeste, while Dendropsophus minutus, D. sanborni and Scinax squalirostris were the most abundant of the Depressão Central. We recorded 15 species of frogs in the larval stage and four reproductive modes classified as generalists. Ordination analysis showed a segregation among the two physiographic regions, related to anurofauna with a difference of 65% between them. The influence of environmental descriptors and physicochemical variables of water in the structure of the two communities showed that the set of variables, pH, number of extracts of emergent vegetation and temperature were important in structuring the community of Depressão Central, as dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity number of extracts of emergent vegetation, hydroperiod and percentage of vegetation cover were important factors structuring the community of Serra do Sudeste. However the abundance and richness of the Serra do Sudeste community showed no significant relation with the variables tested and the distance between the puddles did not influence the structure of both communities.
Neste estudo, foram amostradas duas comunidades de anuros em duas regiões fisiográficas do bioma Pampa, a Serra do Sudeste e a Depressão Central, nestas, foram realizadas campanhas mensais durante o período de setembro de 2011 a agosto de 2012 onde foram registradas 25 espécies de anuros. Scinax granulatus, Physalaemus gracilis e Pseudis minuta foram as espécies mais abundantes na Serra do Sudeste, enquanto Dendropsophus minutus, D. sanborni e Scinax squalirostris foram as mais abundantes da Depressão Central. Foram registrados 15 espécies de anuros em estágio larval e quatro modos reprodutivos generalistas. A análise de ordenação mostrou uma segregação quanto a anurofauna das duas regiões fisiográficas e uma diferença de 65% entre elas. A influência dos descritores ambientais e das variáveis físico-químicas da água na estrutura das duas comunidades mostrou que o conjunto de variáveis, pH, número de extratos de vegetação emergente e temperatura foram importantes na estruturação da comunidade da Depressão Central, já o oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica número de extratos de vegetação emergente, hidroperíodo e porcentagem de cobertura vegetal foram importantes estruturadores da comunidade da Serra do Sudeste. A abundância e a riqueza de anuros da Serra do Sudeste não apresentou relação significativa com as variáveis testadas e a distância entre as poças não influenciou na estrutura das mesmas.
Viana, Aline. "Morfologia e anatomia foliar de espécies de angiospermas com ocorrência nos campos de areais do bioma pampa." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3800.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
(Morphology and foliar anatomy of angiosperm species occurring in the sand fields of the Pampa biome). Part of the vegetation in the southwest of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) is classified as sand fields, phytophysiognomy of the Pampa with sandy soils, susceptible to the natural process of sandstone, intensified by anthropic action. This process has contributed to a reduction in the biological diversity of the biome and is even more worrisome for species with restricted occurrence and/or the threat of extinction. The objective of this work was to characterize the leaf blade morphoanatomy of 20 angiosperm species of the sand fields, of which 8 are considered endangered, seeking to identify strategies that allow adaptation to the rural environment. To this end, individuals from different populations of each species were collected in sand-field regions of the Pampa biome. Leaf blades in frontal view were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy (LM), and transverse sections (TS) in LM. Microchemical tests were also performed in TS observed in LM. It was observed that, although they belong to distinct phylogenetic groups, many of the studied species share characteristics which can be interpreted as adaptive strategies, such as trichomes covering the entire leaf surface, stomata on both sides, compact mesophyll, druses, secretory channels, phenolic compounds, and mucilage. We conclude that these species, occurring in sand-field regions, have characteristics that confer adaptation to dry environments and/or water deficits. In this way, we emphasize the importance of the creation of conservation units in the sand-field region, aiming to preserve these species.
(Morfologia e anatomia foliar de espécies de angiospermas com ocorrência nos campos de areais do bioma pampa). Parte da vegetação do sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) é classificada como campos de areais, fitofisionomia do Pampa que ocorre sobre solos arenosos, suscetíveis ao processo natural de arenização, intensificado pela ação antrópica. Esse processo tem contribuído para a redução da biodiversidade do bioma, sendo ainda mais preocupante para espécies com ocorrência restrita e/ou ameaçadas de extinção. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a morfoanatomia da lâmina foliar de 20 espécies de angiospermas dos campos de areais do RS, das quais oito são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção, buscando identificar estratégias adaptativas ao ambiente campestre. Para isso, indivíduos de diferentes populações de cada espécie foram coletados nos municípios de Alegrete, Manoel Viana e São Francisco de Assis, RS. Lâminas foliares em vista frontal foram analisadas com microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de luz (ML) e em secção transversal (ST) em ML, e testes microquímicos das ST. Foi possível observar que, apesar de pertencerem a grupos filogenéticos distintos, muitas das espécies estudadas compartilham características, que podem ser interpretadas como estratégias adaptativas, destacando-se: tricomas tectores cobrindo toda a superfície foliar, estômatos em ambas as faces, mesofilo compacto, drusas, canais secretores, compostos fenólicos e mucilagem. Concluímos que essas espécies com ocorrência aos campos de areais possuem características adaptativas ao ambiente seco e/ou para déficits de água. Dessa forma, ressaltamos a importância da criação de unidades de conservação na região dos campos arenosos, visando à preservação dessas espécies.
Menezes, Luciana da Silva. "Variação na composição de comunidades vegetais campestres ao longo do litoral sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104792.
Full textThe coastal region of southern Brazil is inserted into the Pampa biome and its natural vegetation presents a mosaic of formations, including areas of grasslands used for cattle grazing. The coastal grasslands represent one of the Pampa biome physiognomies most converted to other uses. In this region a few floristic isolated studies were recently conducted, while ecological studies about the interaction of vegetation with environmental and spatial variables are even rarer. We aimed to realize a broad descriptive and ecological study of the vegetation of the coastal sandy grasslands along 536 km in southern Brazil. We sampled 16 areas distributed along the coastal plain, with 15 plots of 1 m² per area. The species were classified according to their growth forms, origin and degree of threat. Also climate, soil characteristics and geographic coordinates for each area were observed. By using multivariate analyzes (ordination and variation partitioning) we verified the relative contribution of environment and space for variation in species composition between areas. We found 221 species, from which 14 were exotic and two threatened. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum and Paspalum pumilum were some of the most important species characterizing the areas. Most of the vegetation cover is by prostrate species of grasses, which is related to the presence of grazing in all areas. The change in community composition between areas is mostly related, to changing in climatic variables, as well as to space, since both vary together. We observed that despite the homogeneity in the soil conditions, in fine scale we could observe the influence of the soil in community variation. The coastal grasslands have a unique physiognomy, but the remnant areas are vulnerable, mainly by landscape fragmentation. Management practices, especially livestock, should consider the fragility of the soil of this region, adopting lower stocking levels to contribute to the preservation of the last fragments of this formation.
Barnes, Mallory L., M. Susan Moran, Russell L. Scott, Thomas E. Kolb, Guillermo E. Ponce-Campos, David J. P. Moore, Morgan A. Ross, Bhaskar Mitra, and Sabina Dore. "Vegetation productivity responds to sub-annual climate conditions across semiarid biomes." WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/616989.
Full textSantos, Caroline da Silva. "Comportamento ingestivo de éguas com potro ao pé e garanhões da raça crioula em campo nativo do bioma pampa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/128885.
Full textThe present study aimed to evaluate the ingestive behavior of horses under native grassland. The experiment was conducted in Santana do Livramento/RS, in the physiography region of biome Pampa, conducted during the period of March-April 2013 in the Cabanha Yvituhatã. The experiment was conducted in three paddocks of native grassland, with measurement of the variables of the pasture at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment in area inhabited by sheep, cattle and horses. Three paddocks were utilized, where the animals were observed in herd, out of reproduction time, during 12 hours daily, with two replicates for each animal and each paddock, being these animals composed of three stallions, three mares with foal of a month and three other mares with foal of three months. Two observers did the collect that simulates the animals bite in each paddock observed, measuring the pasture with stick and making registers of the animal behavior every 5 minutes. The daily time of animal grazing in low, médium and high extract was analyzed. It was also observed the animals steps, idling time, time in the trough of salt and the water consumption. There were no significant differences in the grazing time between the distinct categories of animals. The animals had preference for pasture of better nutritional quality. The foals, of 1 month and 3 months, suckled with the same intensity. No differences between animal categories were observed when the rate of bites per minute was compared.
Goldas, Camila da Silva. "Distúrbio por fogo nos campos sulinos: artrópodes e hemiptera como bioindicadores." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/117899.
Full textDisturbances are events that modify processes and biodiversity present in an ecosystem. These changes lead to an ecological succession process, where the time to return to pre-disturbance state is called resilience. Bioindicators are tools widely used to understand these relationships between disturbances and ecosystems. Grasslands are highly diverse ecosystems and fire disturbance is an important factor there, responsible for shaping their distribution and ecological properties. Arthropods are key biodiversity components, and have fast responses to disturbances. These characteristics make them important tools for biodiversity monitoring. Among arthropods, the order Hemiptera is recurrently used as a bioindicators of disturbance, because their diversity is directly linked to vegetation diversity. This study explored the effects of fire on the arthropod community, which is the theme of the first chapter of this dissertation, and in the second chapter, aspects of taxonomic and functional diversity of the order Hemiptera (Heteroptera and Auchenorryncha) were used to understand the fire effects on the grasslands. Fire experiment was conducted at Estação Agronômica Experimental da UFRGS in Eldorado do Sul. I installed seven blocks of experimental units (two plots of 10 x 10 m) and one plot of each were burned in December 2009. Samplings occurred in four periods: before fire and one, six and 12 months after fire. I used pitfall traps in the soil (five per plot), and in vegetation we use sweep net (four transects in each plot). Arthropods collected were identified into orders. I classified the order Hemiptera adults in families and the young in suborders, and for each individual i measured functional morphological attributes. From the first chapter we conclude that the arthropod assemblage responds to environmental changes caused by fire, with distinct responses among arthropod orders and between the vegetation and ground levels. On the ground, arthropod community resilience is slower than for vegetation arthropods, probably due to a delay in the comeback of the litter soil layer which is subsequent to the regeneration of the vegetation, through deposition of dead organic matter. In the second chapter I conclude that the effects caused by fire affected the Hemiptera community, increasing abundance and diversity of this group. For functional attributes, the sucking apparatus was selected most in burned areas. The developmental period of the organisms, either adult or immature, seems to have been more strongly selected by fire-induced changes.
Jacoboski, Lucilene Inês. "Respostas de comunidades de aves ao florestamento dos campos sulinos : integrando diversidade taxonômica, filogenética e funcional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180589.
Full textThe afforestation of southern grasslands of South America including the Pampa grasslands are changing the local landscape and leading to reduction of bird populations. Knowledge about the effect of afforestation on the avifauna of the southern South American grasslands is limited to richness and composition of species. In addition to filling gaps considering different indices to evaluate responses of the bird communities to the afforestation of the grasslands (Chapters 2 and 3), in this thesis we also evaluated whether Permanent Preservation Areas located within eucalyptus plantations are functional for the local avifauna, making a comparison with grazed grasslands areas (Chapter 1). In Chapter 1 we recorded a difference in species composition between areas due mainly to changes in height and density of vegetation. In chapters 2 and 3 we evaluated different components of diversity (taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional), considering possible effects of grasslands afforestation on them. Our results demonstrate differentiated responses among components, while afforestation leads to a reduction in taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic and functional diversity do not demonstrate negative responses In chapter 2 however, we observe that grasslands afforestation leads to a loss of evolutionary distinctiveness, thus benefiting species that have diversified recently. In chapter 3, despite the reduction in taxonomic diversity, there was no reduction in functional diversity in planted areas. Furthermore, the association of some functional traits with the post-cut areas indicates the plasticity of some species that return to these areas soon after cut the plantations. In general our results indicate that the maintenance of grasslands mosaics of different heights maximize the local biodiversity of birds and highlight the importance of the protection of grasslands areas. In addition, we have seen that considering different components of diversity that incorporate information on species is important because they can tell, for example, how many extinctions a community can support until important functions are lost.
Bolioli, Anaclara Guido. "Suscetibilidade de comunidades campestres à invasão por plantas exóticas invasoras." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/141815.
Full textThe general aim of this thesis was to investigate different 1 issues associated 2 with plant invasion process to understand the mechanisms, impacts and 3 community recovery, by employing different methodological strategies such as 4 observational studies, removal experiments and a literature review. The results 5 from Chapter 1 showed how the interactions between climate and landscape 6 structure can determine the level of invasion of South Brazilian grasslands, 7 highlighting that invasion is mainly related to high road density, less native 8 grassland cover and increased aridity. Furthermore, it was confirmed that 9 Eragrostis plana is the most important invasive species in the South Brazilian 10 grasslands. However, the results from the experiment of Chapter 2 showed that its 11 invasion could not be explained by the species richness or functional group 12 composition in the community. Eragrostis plana invasion was associated with the 13 disturbance effect caused by the amount of removed biomass. Thus, grassland 14 communities may be resistant to E. plana invasion until some disturbance 15 increases their vulnerability. Moreover, by comparing invaded, removed and non16 invaded communities, the experimental results of Chapter 3 highlighted the 17 ecological impact of E. plana invasion, in terms of richness reduction and native 18 species cover. However, although removals methods reduced the cover of the 19 invasive species, they were not enough to locally extinct it. Moreover, after three 20 years of the invasive removal, communities became different from invaded ones 21 but not resembling non-invaded references, which suggest that community 22 recovery may require restoration strategies. Although removal experiments have 23 been useful to investigate certain issues associated with invasion process, there are important limitations to consider, as was shown in Chapter 1 2 and 3. For this 2 purpose, our systematic review presented in Chapter 4 discussed the potential of 3 removal methods for assessing community resistance and recovery from invasion. 4 There, we showed that most of the studies did not use adequate controls in 5 removal experiments, which can lead to confounding effects. Thus, we developed 6 suggestions to be considered in experimental designs to advance the 7 methodological technique of removals. The information generated in this thesis can 8 contribute to the understanding of plant invasion process in South Brazilian 9 grasslands and, consequently, aid to management, conservation and restoration of 10 invaded communities by acquiring a critical sense in experimental designs.
Moraes, Júlia Rodegheiro de. "Alterações nos atributos microbiológicos do solo e nos estoques de carbono decorrentes do cultivo de eucalipto no Bioma Pampa." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2436.
Full textIn southerm Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, cultivation of eucalyptus forests have been growed in the last few years, raising questions about possible impacts on local biome, characterized by herbaceous and shrub vegetation. This study aimed to evaluate soil microbial and carbon stocks changes due to eucalyptus cultivation in Pampa Biome. The evaluated soils were: Udalfs and Typic Udorthents derived from igneous plutonic rocks (granites), Lithic Udorthents derived from metamorphic rocks (schists and quartzites), and Udolls/Uderts derived from sedimentary rocks (shales and siltstones). Vegetation covers were homogeneous Eucaliptus saligna (7 years old) and native grassland. In each area three soil pits were opened with no less than 50cm deep. Pedogenetic horizons were identified and soil morphology was described. Disturbed and non disturbed soil samples were collected, the A horizon in 5cm intervals. Chemical attributes (exchangeable cations, potential acidity, water and SMP pH, total organic carbon and nitrogen) and physical attributes (particle size and coarse fractions) were determined for classification purposes. Soil bulk density was determined for soil profile carbon stocks calculation. In the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15cm A horizon layers, the organic matter granulometric fractionation was performed for quantification of carbon and nitrogen in labile (POC and PN) and mineral associated (MOC and MN) fractions, as well as carbon management index (CMI). In the 0-5 and 5-10cm layers soil microbial biomass, microbial C (Cmic) and microbial N (Nmic), soil basal respiration, metabolic coefficient, and Cmic/TOC, Nmic/TN, Cmic/Nmic rates were determined. Compared to the native grassland, the seven years cultivation of eucalyptus did not modify soil carbon stocks of the profiles. Carbon stocks decrease in order Udolls/Uderts > Lithic Udorthents > Udalfs = Typic Udorthents. Labile fraction stocks (POC and PN) of the Udolls/Uderts were increased in the 0-5 and 5-10cm layers. Mineral associated fractions (MOC and MN) remained unaltered in all soils. TOC and TN distribution in the labile (POC/TOC and PN/TN) and stable (MON/TOC and MN/TN) fractions were modified only in the 5-10cm layer of the Udolls/Uderts. Carbon management indexes, except in Lithic Udorthents, indicate that eucalyptus cultivation did not decrease the organic matter quality and stocks in the soils. Soil microbial activity and biomass were not altered in comparison to the native grassland, with the exception of microbial carbon in the 5-10cm layer of the Typic Udorthents.
Na região sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul o plantio de eucalipto tem se intensificado nos últimos anos, levantando questões sobre os possíveis impactos que essa atividade possa causar sobre o bioma local, caracterizado por predomínio de vegetação herbácea e arbustiva. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações nos atributos microbiológicos e nos estoques de carbono do solo pela introdução do cultivo de eucalipto no Bioma Pampa. Os solos avaliados foram: Argissolo Amarelo e Neossolo Regolítico, desenvolvidos de rochas ígneas plutônicas (granitos), Neossolo Litólico, desenvolvido de rochas metamórficas (xistos e quartzitos), e Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico, desenvolvido de rochas sedimentares (siltitos). As coberturas vegetais selecionadas foram: área de cultivo homogêneo de Eucaliptus saligna (7 anos) e área de campo nativo. Em cada solo e tipo de cobertura foram abertas três trincheiras até a profundidade mínima de 50 cm. Os horizontes pedogenéticos foram identificados e descritos morfologicamente, coletando-se amostras deformadas e indeformadas, sendo o horizonte A estratificado de 5 em 5 cm. Em todos os horizontes e camadas avaliaram-se os atributos químicos (cátions trocáveis, acidez potencial, P disponível, pH em água e em SMP, C orgânico e N total) e físicos (granulometria e frações da amostra total) para fins de classificação e a densidade do solo para o cálculo dos estoques de carbono no perfil. Nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-15 cm do horizonte A realizou-se o fracionamento físico granulométrico da matéria orgânica, quantificando-se teores, estoques e distribuição de carbono e nitrogênio total nas frações lábil (COP e NP) e associada aos minerais (CAM e NAM) e o índice de manejo de carbono (IMC). Nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10cm, avaliou-se biomassa microbiana do solo, C microbiano (Cmic) e N microbiano (Nmic), respiração basal do solo, coeficiente metabólico, relações Cmic/COT, Nmic/NT, Cmic/Nmic. Em comparação ao campo nativo, o cultivo do eucalipto no bioma Pampa, após sete anos, não alterou os estoques totais de carbono (COT) no perfil dos solos avaliados. O COT na camada de 0-50cm decresceu na seqüência Chernossolo/Vertissolo > Neossolo Litólico > Argissolo Amarelo = Neossolo Regolítico. O estoque da fração lábil (COP e NP) do Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico foi aumentado nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10cm. A fração associada aos minerais (CAM e NAM) manteve-se inalterada em todos os solos. A distribuição do COT e NT nas frações lábil (COP/COT e NP/NT) e na fração estável (CAM/COT e NAM/NT) somente foi modificada na camada 5-10 cm do Chernossolo-Vertissolo Ebânico. Os índices de manejo de carbono, à exceção do Neossolo Regolítico, indicam que o sistema do cultivo de eucalipto não reduziu os estoques de matéria orgânica e a qualidade desses solos. A atividade e a biomassa microbiana do solo não se mostraram alterada em comparação ao campo nativo, com exceção do carbono microbiano na camada de 5-10 cm do Neossolo Regolítico.
Gwate, Onalenna. "Modelling plant water use of the grassland and thicket biomes in the eastern cape, South Africa: towards an improved understanding of the impact of invasive alien plants on soil chemistry, biomass production and evapotranspiration." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54800.
Full textEllery, William Nolan. "Classification of vegetation of the South African grassland biome." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22708.
Full textThe aim of the study was to develop understanding of the relationships between vegetation types of the grassland biome of South Africa and the environment, with an emphasis on structural and functional characteristics. The grassland biome in South Africa has traditionally been divided into 'pure' grasslands, assumed to be climatically determined, and 'false' grasslands of recent anthropogenic origin. A review of literature from several disciplines including palaeobotany, archaeology, ecology and biogeography indicates that this is not a valid distinction. It is clear that the distribution of the grassland biome as a whole is poorly understood, but the general correlation between the distribution of biomes and climate elsewhere in the world suggests that this warrants more detailed investigation. A water balance approach was used to develop climatic incices that both predict the distribution of grasslands, and are easy to interpret biologically. The indices are the mean. number of days per annum when moisture is available for plant growth, tbe mean temperature on days when moisture is available for plant growth (wet season temperature),. and the mean temperature when moisture is not available for plant growth (dry season temperature). Based on these three.indices the grassland biome in South Africa call be distinguished from neighbouring biomes. The fynbos and succulent karoo biomes have rainfall in winter. The grassland, nama-karoo and savanna biomes have' rainfall in summer. The forest biome experiences rainfall throughout the year. Of the summer rainfall biomes, the quantity of water available in the grassland biome b greater than in the nama-woo, similar to savanna, but less than forest. Grasslands experience cooler dry season temperatures than savannas. The localised distribution of woody plants within the. grassland biome suggests that it is the effect of climate on the fire regime that may be of overriding importance h'l determining the distribution of the biome as a whole. Woody elements are restricted to sites that are either protected from fire, or experience fires of lower intensity than sites that support- grassland, The unifying feature of the grassland biome is its proneness to fire. The presence of a warm, moist season promotes plant production and leads to a high standing crop close to the ground. The prolonged dry season causes vegetation to dry out annually, rendering it flammable. More arid biomes have plants more widely spaced, making it difficult for fire to spread. In more mesic biomes where rainfall is less sea.sonal than in the grasslands or savannas, fuels do not dry out sufficiently to ignite, A number of additional climatic features may promote burning in the grassland biome, It has the highest lightning density of all South Africa's biomes. 'tVarm, dry 'berg' winds desiccate fuels and 1 omote burning in the more mesic grasslands, The 'curing' of the grass sward due to dry season frost and temperature drop is important in establishing early dry season flammability. Savanna trees are fire tolerant, but they appear sensitive to the cold temperatures prevaient in the grassland biome in. the dry season, The relationship between the distribution of functional characters of grassland plants and environmental conditions was investigated. The distincrion between sweetveld, mixed veld and sourveld was recognised as one of the most Important functional features of South Africa's grasslands, The distribution of these vegetation types was examined in detail. Sweetveld occurs In warm, dry areas; sourveld in cool, moist areas. There Is overlap between these tyP.Js that Is dependant on soil nutrient status. Sweetveld that occurs in climatic conditions that would be expected to support mixed veld and sourveld, is on soils derived from basic parent material, including basalt, dolerite, gabbro and norite. Similarly, sourveld that occurs in areas that climatically would be expected to support sweetveld, is on soils derived from acid parent material such as sandstone and quartzite .. Soil nutrients that are most highly correlated to the occurrence of these three veld types are phosphoms availability and an index of nitrogen mineralization potential. 'l'here is an increase in bot; available phosphorus and the index of readily mineralizable nitrogen from sourveld to mixed veld to sweetveld. These features am inc01).10111tedinto a conceptual model that relates the distribution of these grassland types to carbon and nitrogen metabolism, with the role of phosphorus either similar to nitrogen, or else it may act indirectly by affecting the. rate of nitrogen mineralization, Nitrogen mineralization OCcursat lower water availability than carbon assimilation, and its temperature optimum is higher than that of carbon assimilation. Where nitrogen mineralization is favoured ielative to carbon assimilation, sweetveld is likely to (}C(.1\Xr. Where carbon assimilation is. favoured relative to; nitrogen mineralization, sourveld is likely to occur ....Soil texture affects the balance between these two processes in the degree to wm.r;h it protects soil organic matter, and thereforv the size of the nitrogen and ph_QSPllO_rOll.S pools. Changes in the rlj,stribution of South Africa's b~\omesfor a scenario of climate change are predicted using the biome model developed in this study. This illustrates the value of developing predictive models.
MT2017
Matsika, Ruwadzano. "Land-cover change: threats to the grassland biome of South Africa." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/4759.
Full textVan, Oudtshoorn Frits. "The evaluation of various reseeding methods for restoring old croplands in the Highveld region of South Africa." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1689.
Full textAgriculture, Animal Health & Human Ecology
M. Tech. (Nature Conservation)
JANOUŠKOVÁ, Lucie. "CHARAKTERISTIKA ROZMÍSTĚNÍ BIOMŮ NA ZEMI - VZDĚLÁVACÍ PROGRAM PRO ZŠ A SŠ." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85479.
Full textBotha, Monique. "Arthropod and plant diversity of maize agro-ecosystems in the grassland and savanna biomes of South Africa / Monique Botha." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10831.
Full textMSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
Wentzel, Dorithea Maria. "Kwasizabantu : a spatial development framework and detail design." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24388.
Full textDissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Architecture
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