Journal articles: 'Grassland Biome'

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Woodward, F. I., M. R. Lomas, and C. K. Kelly. "Global climate and the distribution of plant biomes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1450 (October 29, 2004): 1465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1525.

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Biomes are areas of vegetation that are characterized by the same life–form. Traditional definitions of biomes have also included either geographical or climatic descriptors. This approach describes a wide range of biomes that can be correlated with characteristic climatic conditions, or climatic envelopes. The application of remote sensing technology to the frequent observation of biomes has led to a move away from the often subjective definition of biomes to one that is objective. Carefully characterized observations of life–form, by satellite, have been used to reconsider biome classification and their climatic envelopes. Five major tree biomes can be recognized by satellites based on leaf longevity and morphology: needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf evergreen, needleleaf deciduous, broadleaf cold deciduous and broadleaf drought deciduous. Observations indicate that broadleaf drought deciduous vegetation grades substantially into broadleaf evergreen vegetation. The needleleaf deciduous biome occurs in the world's coldest climates, where summer drought and therefore a drought deciduous biome are absent. Traditional biome definitions are quite static, implying no change in their life–form composition with time, within their particular climatic envelopes. However, this is not the case where there has been global ingress of grasslands and croplands into forested vegetation. The global spread of grasses, a new super–biome, was probably initiated 30–45 Myr ago by an increase in global aridity, and was driven by the natural spread of the disturbances of fire and animal grazing. These disturbances have been further extended over the Holocene era by human activities that have increased the land areas available for domestic animal grazing and for growing crops. The current situation is that grasses now occur in most, if not all biomes, and in many areas they dominate and define the biome. Croplands are also increasing, defining a new and relatively recent component to the grassland super–biome. In the case of both grassland and croplands, various forms of disturbance, particularly frequent disturbance, lead to continued range extensions of the biomes.

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STILLER, M. "Revision of Elginus Theron (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with the description of two new genera and comments on the grassland leafhopper fauna in South Africa." Zootaxa 2135, no. 1 (June 18, 2009): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2135.1.1.

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The previously monotypic South African leafhopper genus, Elginus Theron, 1975, is revised. Its type species, E. saltus (Naudé, 1926), is redescribed, and the following 24 species are described as new: E. acutus, E. bispinus, E. cavatus, E. contradens, E. cultellus, E. denticulatus, E. dexteruncus, E. eccentricus, E. extrinsecus, E. falcatus, E. furcillatus, E. latus, E. levilobus, E. matarei, E. minutulus, E. recavus, E. malotiensis, E. oriens, E. semialatus, E. theroni, E. tortuosus, E. tubulus, E. unispinus and E. vulgaris. A key is provided for the identification mainly of males. These species are all grass-feeding and assigned to the tribe Paralimnini of the Deltocephalinae. Two new genera and species are described, namely Micropedeticus ochrus gen.n. & sp.n. in the tribe Paralimnini, from the Grassland Biome and Theronus priapus gen.n. & sp.n. in the tribe Deltocephalini, from the Fynbos Biome. Most species of Elginus and Micropedeticus are more common in the Grassland Biome in climax grassland under lower grazing pressure. Species of Elginus in the Fynbos Biome are more migratory and colonize new habitats such as grasses that appear after fire. These three genera are endemic to the Grassland and Fynbos Biomes of South Africa. A brief discussion on leafhoppers associated with grasses in the Fynbos, Grassland and Savanna Biomes of South Africa, is provided.

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Dröse, William, Luciana Regina Podgaiski, Adriano Cavalleri, Rodrigo Machado Feitosa, and Milton Mendonça Jr. "Ground-Dwelling and Vegetation Ant Fauna in Southern Brazilian Grasslands." Sociobiology 64, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i4.1795.

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Non-forest ecosystems, as natural grasslands from Southern Brazil, are still neglected in conservation policies. Measuring their biodiversity is one of the main steps to generate management strategies for these habitats. This study aims to (i) describe grassland ant richness and composition in Rio Grande do Sul state, and (ii) compare ant communities sampled on the ground and in grassland vegetation, adding to our knowledge of habitat use patterns and vegetation associated species. Six sites were sampled, three belonging to the Pampa biome and three in highland region from the Atlantic Forest biome. Ant fauna was collected once per year in summer during four years in each site with pitfalls traps and sweeping nets. Overall, 29,812 ant individuals were sampled belonging to eight subfamilies, 30 genera e 106 species. The grasslands of Pampa accumulated 91 species and 45 exclusive species, while highland grasslands summed up 61 species and only 15 exclusive species. Species composition differs between biomes as well as between sampling methods. Ant communities sampled from vegetation represented a clear subset of the fauna sampled with pitfall traps, and indication analysis showed only two species associated with this stratum: Myrmelachista gallicola and Pseudomyrmex nr. flavidulus. This study highlights the importance of Southern Brazilian grasslands and the need for specific conservation strategies for the natural grasslands from each biome.

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Herrero, Hannah Victoria, and Jane Southworth. "Special Issue on Dynamics of the Global Savanna and Grasslands Biomes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 8043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228043.

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Rocha, Nájila Souza da, Pâmela S. Käfer, Drazen Skokovic, Gustavo Veeck, Lucas Ribeiro Diaz, Eduardo André Kaiser, Cibelle Machado Carvalho, et al. "The Influence of Land Surface Temperature in Evapotranspiration Estimated by the S-SEBI Model." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101059.

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Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the least understood components of the hydrological cycle. Its applications are varied, from agricultural, ecological and hydrological monitoring, to control of the evolution of climate change. The goal of this work was to analyze the influence that uncertainties in the estimate of land surface temperature (Ts) can cause on ET estimates by S-SEBI model in the Pampa biome area. Also, the specificities of native grassland of Pampa biome related to energy balance were analyzed. The results indicate that the daily evapotranspiration is higher when the pixel Ts is lower, which also shows the influence of land use on the variability of ET. The results demonstrated that the S-SEBI is less dependent on Ts estimation than other models reported in the literature, such as the SEBS, which not exceed 0.5 mm/day in grasslands. The evapotranspiration variability between forest and grassland were lower than expected, demonstrating that the Pampa biome have in Rio Grande do Sul the same importance that forests regarding to the processes of the hydrological cycle, since it covers 63% of the State.

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Wu, Shupu, Xin Gao, Jiaqiang Lei, Na Zhou, and Yongdong Wang. "Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Their Driving Factors in the Desert/Grassland Biome Transition Zone of the Sahel Region of Africa." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 4119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244119.

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The ecological system of the desert/grassland biome transition zone is fragile and extremely sensitive to climate change and human activities. Analyzing the relationships between vegetation, climate factors (precipitation and temperature), and human activities in this zone can inform us about vegetation succession rules and driving mechanisms. Here, we used Landsat series images to study changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over this zone in the Sahel region of Africa. We selected 6315 sampling points for machine-learning training, across four types: desert, desert/grassland biome transition zone, grassland, and water bodies. We then extracted the range of the desert/grassland biome transition zone using the random forest method. We used Global Inventory Monitoring and Modelling Studies (GIMMS) data and the fifth-generation atmospheric reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) meteorological assimilation data to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of NDVI and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation). We used the multiple regression residual method to analyze the contributions of human activities and climate change to NDVI. The cellular automation (CA)-Markov model was used to predict the spatial position of the desert/grassland biome transition zone. From 1982 to 2015, the NDVI and temperature increased; no distinct trend was found for precipitation. The climate change and NDVI change trends both showed spatial stratified heterogeneity. Temperature and precipitation had a significant impact on NDVI in the desert/grassland biome transition zone; precipitation and NDVI were positively correlated, and temperature and NDVI were negatively correlated. Both human activities and climate factors influenced vegetation changes. The contribution rates of human activities and climate factors to the increase in vegetation were 97.7% and 48.1%, respectively. Human activities and climate factors together contributed 47.5% to this increase. The CA-Markov model predicted that the area of the desert/grassland biome transition zone in the Sahel region will expand northward and southward in the next 30 years.

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Hoogakker, B. A. A., R. S. Smith, J. S. Singarayer, R. Marchant, I. C. Prentice, J. R. M. Allen, R. S. Anderson, et al. "Terrestrial biosphere changes over the last 120 kyr." Climate of the Past 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-51-2016.

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Abstract. A new global synthesis and biomization of long (> 40 kyr) pollen-data records is presented and used with simulations from the HadCM3 and FAMOUS climate models and the BIOME4 vegetation model to analyse the dynamics of the global terrestrial biosphere and carbon storage over the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Simulated biome distributions using BIOME4 driven by HadCM3 and FAMOUS at the global scale over time generally agree well with those inferred from pollen data. Global average areas of grassland and dry shrubland, desert, and tundra biomes show large-scale increases during the Last Glacial Maximum, between ca. 64 and 74 ka BP and cool substages of Marine Isotope Stage 5, at the expense of the tropical forest, warm-temperate forest, and temperate forest biomes. These changes are reflected in BIOME4 simulations of global net primary productivity, showing good agreement between the two models. Such changes are likely to affect terrestrial carbon storage, which in turn influences the stable carbon isotopic composition of seawater as terrestrial carbon is depleted in 13C.

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Donovan, Victoria M., Carissa L. Wonkka, and Dirac Twidwell. "Surging wildfire activity in a grassland biome." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 12 (June 16, 2017): 5986–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl072901.

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You, Yongfa, Siyuan Wang, Yuanxu Ma, Xiaoyue Wang, and Weihua Liu. "Improved Modeling of Gross Primary Productivity of Alpine Grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau Using the Biome-BGC Model." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111287.

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The ability of process-based biogeochemical models in estimating the gross primary productivity (GPP) of alpine vegetation is largely hampered by the poor representation of phenology and insufficient calibration of model parameters. The development of remote sensing technology and the eddy covariance (EC) technique has made it possible to overcome this dilemma. In this study, we have incorporated remotely sensed phenology into the Biome-BGC model and calibrated its parameters to improve the modeling of GPP of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Specifically, we first used the remotely sensed phenology to modify the original meteorological-based phenology module in the Biome-BGC to better prescribe the phenological states within the model. Then, based on the GPP derived from EC measurements, we combined the global sensitivity analysis method and the simulated annealing optimization algorithm to effectively calibrate the ecophysiological parameters of the Biome-BGC model. Finally, we simulated the GPP of alpine grasslands on the TP from 1982 to 2015 based on the Biome-BGC model after a phenology module modification and parameter calibration. The results indicate that the improved Biome-BGC model effectively overcomes the limitations of the original Biome-BGC model and is able to reproduce the seasonal dynamics and magnitude of GPP in alpine grasslands. Meanwhile, the simulated results also reveal that the GPP of alpine grasslands on the TP has increased significantly from 1982 to 2015 and shows a large spatial heterogeneity, with a mean of 289.8 gC/m2/yr or 305.8 TgC/yr. Our study demonstrates that the incorporation of remotely sensed phenology into the Biome-BGC model and the use of EC measurements to calibrate model parameters can effectively overcome the limitations of its application in alpine grassland ecosystems, which is important for detecting trends in vegetation productivity. This approach could also be upscaled to regional and global scales.

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Hidy, Dóra, Zoltán Barcza, Hrvoje Marjanović, Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever, Laura Dobor, Györgyi Gelybó, Nándor Fodor, et al. "Terrestrial ecosystem process model Biome-BGCMuSo v4.0: summary of improvements and new modeling possibilities." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 12 (December 7, 2016): 4405–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4405-2016.

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Abstract. The process-based biogeochemical model Biome-BGC was enhanced to improve its ability to simulate carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles of various terrestrial ecosystems under contrasting management activities. Biome-BGC version 4.1.1 was used as a base model. Improvements included addition of new modules such as the multilayer soil module, implementation of processes related to soil moisture and nitrogen balance, soil-moisture-related plant senescence, and phenological development. Vegetation management modules with annually varying options were also implemented to simulate management practices of grasslands (mowing, grazing), croplands (ploughing, fertilizer application, planting, harvesting), and forests (thinning). New carbon and nitrogen pools have been defined to simulate yield and soft stem development of herbaceous ecosystems. The model version containing all developments is referred to as Biome-BGCMuSo (Biome-BGC with multilayer soil module; in this paper, Biome-BGCMuSo v4.0 is documented). Case studies on a managed forest, cropland, and grassland are presented to demonstrate the effect of model developments on the simulation of plant growth as well as on carbon and water balance.

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STILLER, MICHAEL. "Four new South African monotypic grass-feeding leafhopper genera and a revision of Lecacis (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae)." Zootaxa 3126, no. 1 (December 12, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3126.1.1.

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Four new monotypic leafhopper genera in Deltocephalinae and their type species are described: Ochromelanus brachyphallus gen.n. & sp.n. (Deltocephalini), Teinopterus microphallus gen.n. & sp.n. (Paralimnini), Tytthuspilus onychophallus gen.n. & sp.n. (Paralimnini) and Umeqi okhahlamba gen.n. & sp.n. (Paralimnini). These genera and species are associated with grass mainly in the Fynbos and Grassland Biomes of South Africa. The revision of Lecacis Theron (Paralimnini) concerns the redescription of the male type species of L. platypennis, the new description of the female, and two new species. Lecacis species appear to be distributed somewhat randomly in the Grassland and Savanna Biome of South Africa.

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Huang, Xiaotao, Li Ma, Geping Luo, Chunbo Chen, Gangyong Li, Yang Yan, Huakun Zhou, Buqing Yao, and Zhen Ma. "Human appropriation of net primary production estimates in the Xinjiang grasslands." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0242478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242478.

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The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) was developed to estimate the intensity of human activities in natural ecosystems, which is still unclear in the Xinjiang grasslands. Using the Biome-Biogeochemical Cycle (Biome-BGC) grazing model in combination with field data, we assessed the HANPP and explored its spatiotemporal patterns in the Xinjiang grasslands. Our results showed that (1) the HANPP increased from 38 g C/m2/yr in 1979 to 88 g C/m2/yr in 2012, with an average annual increase of 1.47%. The HANPP was 80 g C/m2/yr, which represented 51% of the potential net primary production (NPPpot), and the HANPP efficiency was 70% in this region. (2) The areas with high HANPP values mainly occurred in northern Xinjiang and northwest of the Tianshan Mountains, while areas with low HANPP values mainly occurred in southern Xinjiang and southwest of the Tianshan Mountains. (3) Interannual variations in HANPP and NPPpot were significantly positively correlated (P<0.01). Interannual variations in HANPP efficiency and grazing intensity were negatively correlated (P<0.01). These results can help identify the complex impacts of human activities on grassland ecosystems and provide basic data for grassland management.

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Saito, M., S. Maksyutov, R. Hirata, and A. D. Richardson. "An empirical model simulating long-term diurnal CO<sub>2</sub> flux for diverse vegetation types." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 5 (October 9, 2008): 4001–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-4001-2008.

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Abstract. We present an empirical model for the estimation of diurnal variability in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE). The model is based on the use of a nonrectangular hyperbola for photosynthetic response of canopy and was constructed by using a dataset obtained from the AmeriFlux network and containing continuous eddy covariance CO2 flux from 26 ecosystems over seven biomes. The model uses simplified empirical expression of seasonal variability in biome-specific physiological parameters with air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and precipitation. The physiological parameters of maximum CO2 uptake rate by the canopy and ecosystem respiration had biome-specific responses to environmental variables. The estimated physiological parameters had reasonable magnitudes and seasonal variation and gave reasonable timing of the beginning and end of the growing season over various biomes, but they were less satisfactory for disturbed grassland and savanna than for forests. Comparison with observational data revealed that the diurnal cycle of NEE was generally well predicted all year round by the model. The model gave satisfactory results even for tundra, which had very small amplitudes of NEE variability. These results suggest that this model with biome-specific parameters will be applicable to numerous terrestrial biomes, particularly forest ones.

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Avenant, Nico. "The potential utility of rodents and other small mammals as indicators of ecosystem 'integrity' of South African grasslands." Wildlife Research 38, no. 7 (2011): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10223.

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Context The expansive grassland biome is one of the most extensively transformed in South Africa, yet no strategy for monitoring its integrity is in place. A grassland health program, incorporating different ecosystem levels, was recently initiated. The suitability of three taxonomic groups as indicators has been tested so far: vegetation (by calculating an ecological index value, El), insects (using the South African grassland scoring system, SAGraSS) and small mammals (this study). All of these methods aim to be rapid and easy to perform. Whereas SAGraSS still needs further refinement, several factors already indicate the importance of including small mammal community parameters in integrity assessments. Aims This contribution reports on more than 12 years of results from various studies on small mammals in the Free State Grasslands, with the aim of exploring the utility of small mammal survey for assessment of ecosystem integrity. Methods The hypothesis was based on the outcomes of several short-term studies conducted in the grassland biome. Combining all previous results, this paper re-evaluates the parameters of trap success, species richness, diversity, evenness and individual species as bio-indicators. Key results By combining data from many sites and years, the effect of seasonal and inter-annual variations in habitat and population parameters was diminished, and a more general picture of small mammal community structure revealed. New insights were gleaned into the status of several indicator species. By providing a summary of small mammal community parameter scores and indices, the study establishes a benchmark for future small mammal assessments and monitoring. To be effective, small mammal surveys in the grassland biome of southern Africa should be carried out in autumn and early winter. Conclusions This study suggests that small mammal species richness and diversity decline with habitat degradation; that the generalist rodent Mastomys coucha dominates community numbers at low ecological integrity; that the number of specialist species increases towards ecological climax; and that specific species act as indicators during the successional process. Implications This study should benefit the monitoring, conservation and management of grassland ecosystems, make environmental impact assessments more effective, and identify new topics for ecological research.

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Axelrod, Daniel I. "Rise of the grassland biome, central North America." Botanical Review 51, no. 2 (April 1985): 163–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02861083.

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Zhang, Y., M. Voigt, and H. Liu. "Contrasting responses of terrestrial ecosystem production to hot temperature extreme regimes between grassland and forest." Biogeosciences 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2015): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-549-2015.

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Abstract. During the past several decades, observational data have shown a faster increase in hot temperature extremes than the change in mean temperature. Increasingly high extreme temperatures are expected to affect terrestrial ecosystem function. The ecological impact of hot extremes on vegetation production, however, remains uncertain across biomes in natural climatic conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of hot temperature extremes on vegetation production by combining the MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data set and in situ climatic records during the period 2000 to 2009 from 12 long-term experimental sites across biomes and climate. Our results show that higher mean annual maximum temperatures (Tmax) greatly reduced grassland production, and yet enhanced forest production after removing the effect of precipitation. The relative decrease in vegetation production was 16% for arid grassland and 7% for mesic grassland, and the increase was 5% for forest. We also observed a significantly positive relationship between interannual aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and Tmax for the forest biome (R2 = 0.79, P < 0.001). This line of evidence suggests that hot temperature extremes lead to contrasting ecosystem-level responses of vegetation production between grassland and forest biomes. Given that many terrestrial ecosystem models use average daily temperature as input, predictions of ecosystem production should consider such contrasting responses to increasingly hot temperature extreme regimes associated with climate change.

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Zhang, Y., M. Voigt, and H. Liu. "Contrasting responses of terrestrial ecosystem production to hot temperature extreme regimes between grassland and forest." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 28, 2014): 5997–6017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-5997-2014.

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Abstract. Observational data during the past several decades show faster increase of hot temperature extremes over land than changes in mean temperature. Towards more extreme temperature is expected to affect terrestrial ecosystem function. However, the ecological impacts of hot extremes on vegetation production remain uncertain across biomes in natural climatic conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of hot temperature extremes on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) by combining MODIS EVI dataset and in situ climatic records during 2000 to 2009 from 12 long-term experimental sites across biomes and climates. Our results showed that higher mean annual maximum temperatures (Tmax) greatly reduced grassland production, and yet enhanced forest production after removing the effects of precipitation. Relative decreases in ANPP were 16% for arid grassland and 7% for mesic grassland, and the increase were 5% for forest. We also observed a significant positive relationship between interannual ANPP and Tmax for forest biome (R2 = 0.79, P < 0.001). This line of evidence suggests that hot temperature extreme leads to contrasting ecosystem-level response of vegetation production to warming climate between grassland and forest. Given that many terrestrial ecosystem models use average daily temperature as input, predictions of ecosystem production should consider these contrasting responses to more hot temperature extreme regimes associated with climate change.

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Behling, Hermann, and Marcelo Accioly Teixeira de Oliveira. "Evidence of a late glacial warming event and early Holocene cooling in the southern Brazilian coastal highlands." Quaternary Research 89, no. 1 (October 24, 2017): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.87.

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AbstractA high-resolution pollen record of the Atlantic rain forest (ARF) biome from the coastal Serra do Tabuleiro mountains of southern Brazil documents an 11,960 yr history of vegetation and climate change. A marked expansion of Weinmannia into the grassland vegetation marks the latter part of the Younger Dryas, reflecting warm and relatively wet conditions. Between 11,490 and 9110 cal yr BP, grasslands became dominant again, indicating a long cold and dry phase, probably in response to the stronger influence of cold South Atlantic seawater and to Antarctic cold fronts. Between 9110 and 2640 cal yr BP, four distinct phases with strong or moderate expansions of different ARF biome taxa were recorded, reflecting warmer and relatively dry conditions with changes in rainfall and length of the annual dry season. After 2640 cal yr BP, the modern ARF biome became established with high amounts of ferns, reflecting somewhat cooler and wetter conditions with a reduced annual dry season. In particular, after 1000 cal yr BP tree ferns increased, reflecting wetter conditions with no dry season.

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Rocha, N. S., P. S. Käfer, D. Skokovic, G. Veeck, L. R. Diaz, E. Kaiser, C. M. Carvalho, et al. "PAMPA BIOME ENVIRONMENTAL PARTICULARITIES REGARDING TO ENERGY BALANCE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W12-2020 (November 6, 2020): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w12-2020-477-2020.

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Abstract. Ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) has been quantified around the world by different methodologies to understand the energy balance, especially to control the evolution of climate change. It is known that the vegetation of the pampa biome is natural grasslands, it has a large variety of species (flora and fauna), however is it different in the environmental aspects related to the energy balance when compared to the grassland cultivated? In this study the objective was to analyze the environmental differences of the Pampa Biome related to the energy balance in comparison with the pastures cultivated in Barrax, Spain. In the first one the minimum daily ET is 0.99 mm/day, while in the second is 1.57 mm/day. However, the highest differences between the sites occur during the summer period, in the maximum daily ET, the maximum is 16.25 mm/day in Pampa and in Barrax is 7.31 mm/day. The results of this study have indicated that the characteristics of the Pampa biome, both in terms of soil and climatic issues and land use, generate differences in the energy balance when compared to similar vegetation in other regions of the world.

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Chauveau, Olivier, Tamara Pastori, Tatiana Teixeira Souza-Chies, and Lilian Eggers. "Overlooked diversity in Brazilian Cypella (Iridaceae, Iridoideae): four new taxa from the Río de la Plata grasslands." Phytotaxa 174, no. 1 (July 4, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.174.1.2.

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Three new species and one subspecies of Cypella are described for Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil: Cypella altouruguaya from northern RS, C. amplimaculata widely distributed across the state and C. rivularis restricted to southern RS, in grassland streams of the Pampa biome. Cypella hauthalii subsp. minuticristata is found in a central area of Rio Grande do Sul. The different taxa are described, illustrated and compared with related species. The resulting taxonomic framework shows that most of the species described for Cypella occur in the Río de la Plata grasslands, with various infrageneric taxa characterised by a high level of endemism, especially in the Subtropical Grasslands of Southern Brazil.

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MUNHOZ, C. B. R., and J. M. FELFILI. "FLORISTICS OF THE HERBACEOUS AND SUBSHRUB LAYER OF A MOIST GRASSLAND IN THE CERRADO BIOSPHERE RESERVE (ALTO PARAÍSO DE GOIÁS), BRAZIL." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 63, no. 2-3 (July 2006): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428606000539.

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The floristic composition of campo limpo úmido, a moist savanna grassland vegetation of the cerrado biome, is still little described, even though its herbs and subshrubs form a major component of the cerrado vegetation. The objective of this study was to characterize the floristic richness of the herbaceous and subshrub layer of a moist grassland at the Água Fria Farm, Alto Paraíso, Goiás State (14°04′8.83″S, 47°30′33.1″W). The principal use of such grasslands is to graze cattle; in addition, local people collect vast numbers of selected species of wild plants to sell for the decorative dried plant trade, or for their medicinal qualities. Little is known, however, about the sustainability of this extractivism. A survey of a 21 ha area, with intensive quarterly collections of herbarium specimens, was made from April 2000 to March 2001. Despite the small size of the study site it proved to be very rich floristically. A total of 207 species in 90 genera and 33 families was registered in the area. Thirty-one species not yet recorded in the checklist of the flora of the cerrado biome were found in this study, plus three that seem to be new to science. The richest families were Cyperaceae (30 species), Poaceae (28), Xyridaceae (23), Eriocaulaceae (20), Asteraceae (18), and Orchidaceae and Melastomataceae with 10 species each. These results suggest the need for more research on the moist grassland to provide overall estimates for the plant species richness of this widespread vegetation type and as a basis to help guide conservation and management policies.

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Gibbs Russell, G. E. "Preliminary floristic analysis of the major biomes in southern Africa." Bothalia 17, no. 2 (October 23, 1987): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v17i2.1038.

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Over 24 000 plant taxa are known to occur in the southern African flora, which is extraordinarily rich on a species/area basis. Lists of species and infraspecific taxa recorded for the six major biomes, Fynbos, Savanna,Grassland, Nama-Karoo, Succulent Karoo and Desert, were obtained from the PRECIS specimen database.These lists were analysed by numbers of unique and shared species and infraspecific taxa. by differential occurrence and life forms of large genera, and by differential occurrence of families. Each biome is floristically distinct except Nama-Karoo. The biomes form two main groupings, those with winter rainfall and those with summer rainfall. Succulent Karoo is most similar to Fynbos and Nama-Karoo is most similar to Savanna.

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Dos Santos de Carvalho, Ana Paula, Geisa Piovesan, and Ana Beatriz Barros de Morais. "Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of grassland areas in the Pampa biome, southern Brazil." Check List 11, no. 5 (October 19, 2015): 1772. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.5.1772.

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The temperate and subtropical grassland ecosystems are among the most threatened ecosystems in the world due to habitat loss. This study aimed to make a list of butterfly species present in native grassland fields in the city of Santa Maria, southern Brazil. The sampling field effort was 225 h using entomological nets, from 2009 to 2011. In total, 117 species of butterflies were recorded, distributed in six families and 18 subfamilies. Nymphalidae was the richest family, with 56 species, while Lycaenidae was the least rich family, with six species. Twenty species constitute new records for Santa Maria; while six of those are new records for the Central Depression Region of Rio Grande do Sul. In the face of global and local threats, it is urgent to increase efforts to study the biology and ecology of the grassland communities in order to provide support to biological conservation.

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Donovan, Victoria M., Carissa L. Wonkka, David A. Wedin, and Dirac Twidwell. "Land-Use Type as a Driver of Large Wildfire Occurrence in the U.S. Great Plains." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111869.

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Wildfire activity has surged in North America’s temperate grassland biome. Like many biomes, this system has undergone drastic land-use change over the last century; however, how various land-use types contribute to wildfire patterns in grassland systems is unclear. We determine if certain land-use types have a greater propensity for large wildfire in the U.S. Great Plains and how this changes given the percentage of land covered by a given land-use type. Almost 90% of the area burned in the Great Plains occurred in woody and grassland land-use types. Although grassland comprised the greatest area burned by large wildfires, woody vegetation burned disproportionately more than any other land-use type in the Great Plains. Wildfires were more likely to occur when woody vegetation composed greater than 20% of the landscape. Wildfires were unlikely to occur in croplands, pasture/hay fields, and developed areas. Although these patterns varied by region, wildfire was most likely to occur in woody vegetation and/or grassland in 13 of 14 ecoregions we assessed. Because woody vegetation is more conducive to extreme wildfire behaviour than other land-use types in the Great Plains, woody encroachment could pose a large risk for increasing wildfire exposure. Regional planning could leverage differential wildfire activity across land-uses to devise targeted approaches that decrease human exposure in a system prone to fire.

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Jacobs, A., L. Mojela, B. A. Summerell, and E. Venter. "Soil Fusarium survey in the grassland biome of South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 103 (March 2016): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.02.057.

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Henderson, L. "Alien InvasiveSalixspp. (Willows) in the Grassland Biome of South Africa." South African Forestry Journal 157, no. 1 (June 1991): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1991.9629105.

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Fourie, Louise, Mathieu Rouget, and Mervyn Lötter. "Landscape connectivity of the grassland biome in Mpumalanga, South Africa." Austral Ecology 40, no. 1 (August 12, 2014): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12169.

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Becker, Rafael Gustavo, Gabriela Paise, and Marco Aurélio Pizo. "A comparison of bird communities in natural and revegetated grasslands in south Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27, no. 3 (September 2019): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03544471.

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AbstractNatural grasslands are declining due to loss, fragmentation and degradation, resulting in the decline of grassland-associated bird species. The Pampas Biome in south Brazil is not exception to this worldwide trend, facing the expansion of croplands and afforestation with exotic tree plantations for cellulose production. To cope with the continuous degradation and loss of grasslands, restoration is an important conservation strategy, but basic information regarding the response of the fauna to restoration practices in southeastern South America grasslands is lacking. Here we compared the structure of bird communities in natural grasslands and revegetated grasslands after mining by planting native and exotic grasses. We sampled birds using 5-min point counts with unlimited radius in three replicates of each habitat (natural and revegetated grasslands; average size 22.2 ± 2.3 ha). We also compared the vegetation density between the two habitat types. The structure of bird communities at natural and revegetated grasslands differed, with natural grasslands presenting higher species richness (42 vs. 35 species) and abundance (1459 vs. 839 records) than revegetated areas, and also a distinct species composition. Ten of the 11 grassland species that were associated to one of the two habitat types occurred more frequently in natural grasslands, which had higher vegetation density than revegetated areas. Even a decade after the beginning of the restoration process, revegetated areas did not resemble natural grasslands in bird species richness, abundance, and composition. These results differed from another study conducted in the Brazilian Pampas in which native plant species were used to actively restore a grassland. Therefore, until we have additional studies addressing the use of exotic grasses for the recovery of bird communities in South America grasslands, we encourage greater representation of native plant species in restoration projects.

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Keller, E. D., W. T. Baisden, L. Timar, B. Mullan, and A. Clark. "Grassland production under global change scenarios for New Zealand pastoral agriculture." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 5 (October 16, 2014): 2359–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2359-2014.

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Abstract. We adapt and integrate the Biome-BGC and Land Use in Rural New Zealand models to simulate pastoral agriculture and to make land-use change, intensification of agricultural activity and climate change scenario projections of New Zealand's pasture production at time slices centred on 2020, 2050 and 2100, with comparison to a present-day baseline. Biome-BGC model parameters are optimised for pasture production in both dairy and sheep/beef farm systems, representing a new application of the Biome-BGC model. Results show up to a 10% increase in New Zealand's national pasture production in 2020 under intensification and a 1–2% increase by 2050 from economic factors driving land-use change. Climate change scenarios using statistically downscaled global climate models (GCMs) from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report also show national increases of 1–2% in 2050, with significant regional variations. Projected out to 2100, however, these scenarios are more sensitive to the type of pasture system and the severity of warming: dairy systems show an increase in production of 4% under mild change but a decline of 1% under a more extreme case, whereas sheep/beef production declines in both cases by 3 and 13%, respectively. Our results suggest that high-fertility systems such as dairying could be more resilient under future change, with dairy production increasing or only slightly declining in all of our scenarios. These are the first national-scale estimates using a model to evaluate the joint effects of climate change, CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedbacks on New Zealand's unique pastoral production systems that dominate the nation's agriculture and economy. Model results emphasise that CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedback effects are responsible for meaningful differences in agricultural systems. More broadly, we demonstrate that our model output enables analysis of decoupled land-use change scenarios: the Biome-BGC data products at a national or regional level can be re-sampled quickly and cost-effectively for specific land-use change scenarios and future projections.

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Keller, E. D., W. T. Baisden, L. Timar, B. Mullan, and A. Clark. "Grassland production under global change scenarios for New Zealand pastoral agriculture." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 12, 2014): 3307–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-3307-2014.

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Abstract. We adapt and integrate the Biome-BGC and Land Use in Rural New Zealand (LURNZ) models to simulate pastoral agriculture and to make land-use change, intensification and climate change scenario projections of New Zealand's pasture production at time slices centred on 2020, 2050 and 2100, with comparison to a present-day baseline. Biome-BGC model parameters are optimised for pasture production in both dairy and sheep/beef farm systems, representing a new application of the Biome-BGC model. Results show up to a 10% increase in New Zealand's national pasture production in 2020 under intensification and a 1–2% increase by 2050 from economic factors driving land-use change. Climate change scenarios using statistically downscaled global climate models (GCMs) from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) also show national increases of 1–2% in 2050, with significant regional variations. Projected out to 2100, however, these scenarios are more sensitive to the type of pasture system and the severity of warming: dairy systems show an increase in production of 4% under mild change but a decline of 1% under a more extreme case, whereas sheep/beef production declines in both cases by 3% and 13%, respectively. Our results suggest that high-fertility systems such as dairying could be more resilient under future change, with dairy production increasing or only slightly declining in all of our scenarios. These are the first national-scale estimates using a model to evaluate the joint effects of climate change, CO2 fertilisation and N-cycle feedbacks on New Zealand's unique pastoral production systems that dominate the nation's agriculture and economy. Model results emphasize that CO2 fertilisation and N cycle feedback effects are responsible for meaningful differences in agricultural systems. More broadly, we demonstrate that our model output enables analysis of Decoupled Land-Use Change Scenarios (DLUCS): the Biome-BGC data products at a national or regional level can be re-sampled quickly and cost-effectively for specific land-use change scenarios and future projections.

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Saito, M., S. Maksyutov, R. Hirata, and A. D. Richardson. "An empirical model simulating diurnal and seasonal CO<sub>2</sub> flux for diverse vegetation types and climate conditions." Biogeosciences 6, no. 4 (April 16, 2009): 585–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-585-2009.

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Abstract. We present an empirical model for the estimation of diurnal variability in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in various biomes. The model is based on the use of a simple saturated function for photosynthetic response of the canopy, and was constructed using the AmeriFlux network dataset that contains continuous eddy covariance CO2 flux data obtained at 24 ecosystems sites from seven biomes. The physiological parameters of maximum CO2 uptake rate by the canopy and ecosystem respiration have biome-specific responses to environmental variables. The model uses simplified empirical expression of seasonal variability in biome-specific physiological parameters based on air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and annual precipitation. The model was validated using measurements of NEE derived from 10 AmeriFlux and four AsiaFlux ecosystem sites. The predicted NEE had reasonable magnitude and seasonal variation and gave adequate timing for the beginning and end of the growing season; the model explained 83–95% and 76–89% of the observed diurnal variations in NEE for the AmeriFlux and AsiaFlux ecosystem sites used for validation, respectively. The model however worked less satisfactorily in two deciduous broadleaf forests, a grassland, a savanna, and a tundra ecosystem sites where leaf area index changed rapidly. These results suggest that including additional plant physiological parameters may improve the model simulation performance in various areas of biomes.

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Zambatis, N. "Ferns and flowering plants of Klaserie Private Nature Reserve, eastern Transvaal: an annotated checklist." Bothalia 24, no. 1 (October 10, 1994): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v24i1.751.

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An annotated checklist of the plant taxa of the Klaserie Private Nature Reserve, eastern Transvaal Lowveld, is presented. Of the 618 infrageneric taxa recorded, six are pteridophytes and the remainder angiosperms. Of these, 161 are monocotyledons and 451 dicotyledons. Five of the latter are currently listed in the Red Data List of the Transvaal, two of which are first records for the Transvaal Lowveld. The vegetation of the reserve shows strong affinities with the Savanna Biome, and to a lesser degree, with the Grassland Biome.

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Dallafior, T. N., and A. Sesartic. "Global fungal spore emissions, review and synthesis of literature data." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 18, 2010): 8445–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-8445-2010.

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Abstract. The present paper summarizes fungal spore emission fluxes in different biomes. A literature study of more than 150 papers has been conducted and emission fluxes have been calculated based on 35 fungal spore concentration datasets. Biome area data has been derived from the World Resource Institute. Several assumptions and simplifications needed to be adopted while aggregating the data: results from different measurement methods have been treated equally, while diurnal and seasonal cycles have been neglected. Moreover flux data were aggregated to very coarse biome areas due to scarcity of data. Results show number fluxes per square meter and second of 3.13 for forest, 24.7 for shrub, 31.77 for crop, 0.03 for tundra, and 1.45 for grassland. No data were found for land ice. The annual mean global fluxes amount to 4×10−13 kg m−2 s−1 as the best estimates, and 2.2×10−13 kg m−2 s−1 and 8.9×10−13 kg m−2 s−1 as the low and high estimate, respectively.

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Sesartic, A., and T. N. Dallafior. "Global fungal spore emissions, review and synthesis of literature data." Biogeosciences 8, no. 5 (May 17, 2011): 1181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1181-2011.

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Abstract. The present paper summarizes fungal spore emission fluxes in different biomes. A literature study has been conducted and emission fluxes have been calculated based on 35 fungal spore concentration datasets. Biome area data has been derived from the World Resource Institute. Several assumptions and simplifications needed to be adopted while aggregating the data: results from different measurement methods have been treated equally, while diurnal and seasonal cycles have been neglected. Moreover flux data were aggregated to very coarse biome areas due to scarcity of data. Results show number fluxes per square meter and second of 194 for tropical and subtropical forests, 203 for all other forests, 1203 for shrub, 2509 for crop, 8 for tundra, and 165 for grassland. No data were found for land ice. The annual mean global fluxes amount to 1.69 × 10–11 kg m−2 s−1 as the best estimates, and 9.01 × 10–12 kg m−2 s−1 and 3.28 × 10–11 kg m−2 s−1 as the low and high estimate, respectively.

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Chang, Jinfeng, Philippe Ciais, Mario Herrero, Petr Havlik, Matteo Campioli, Xianzhou Zhang, Yongfei Bai, et al. "Combining livestock production information in a process-based vegetation model to reconstruct the history of grassland management." Biogeosciences 13, no. 12 (June 29, 2016): 3757–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3757-2016.

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Abstract. Grassland management type (grazed or mown) and intensity (intensive or extensive) play a crucial role in the greenhouse gas balance and surface energy budget of this biome, both at field scale and at large spatial scale. However, global gridded historical information on grassland management intensity is not available. Combining modelled grass-biomass productivity with statistics of the grass-biomass demand by livestock, we reconstruct gridded maps of grassland management intensity from 1901 to 2012. These maps include the minimum area of managed vs. maximum area of unmanaged grasslands and the fraction of mown vs. grazed area at a resolution of 0.5° by 0.5°. The grass-biomass demand is derived from a livestock dataset for 2000, extended to cover the period 1901–2012. The grass-biomass supply (i.e. forage grass from mown grassland and biomass grazed) is simulated by the process-based model ORCHIDEE-GM driven by historical climate change, rising CO2 concentration, and changes in nitrogen fertilization. The global area of managed grassland obtained in this study increases from 6.1 × 106 km2 in 1901 to 12.3 × 106 km2 in 2000, although the expansion pathway varies between different regions. ORCHIDEE-GM also simulated augmentation in global mean productivity and herbage-use efficiency over managed grassland during the 20th century, indicating a general intensification of grassland management at global scale but with regional differences. The gridded grassland management intensity maps are model dependent because they depend on modelled productivity. Thus specific attention was given to the evaluation of modelled productivity against a series of observations from site-level net primary productivity (NPP) measurements to two global satellite products of gross primary productivity (GPP) (MODIS-GPP and SIF data). Generally, ORCHIDEE-GM captures the spatial pattern, seasonal cycle, and interannual variability of grassland productivity at global scale well and thus is appropriate for global applications presented here.

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Kavwele, Cyrus M., Johnstone K. Kimanzi, and Mwangi J. Kinyanjui. "Impacts of Bush Encroachment on Wildlife Species Diversity, Composition, and Habitat Preference in Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Laikipia, Kenya." International Journal of Ecology 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5620125.

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Savannah ecosystems are currently facing a biome shift that changes grasslands to woody dominated landscapes, attributable to habitat degradation. In Ol Pejeta Conservancy (OPC), Euclea divinorum, an unpalatable and invasive woody species, is expanding to former savannah ecosystems with potential effects on herbivores key resources, wildlife species diversity, composition, and habitat use. We investigated wildlife species diversity, composition, and habitat preference or avoidance by wildlife in the conservancy. Infrared camera traps were deployed at the centroids of 2 km by 2 km, 50 cm above ground surface for 14 days and nights with 9 camera traps in each habitat type. Shannon wiener index revealed that wildlife species diversity was highest in E. divinorum dominated habitats and lowest in open grassland. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis revealed level of similarity in wildlife species composition between E. divinorum and mixed bushland. Jacobs index revealed that E. divinorum and mixed bushland were avoided by all guilds; however E. divinorum was significantly avoided while A. drepanolobium and open grassland were both preferred by all guilds. However, A. drepanolobium dominated habitats were significantly preferred compared to open grasslands. The findings are useful in management of sustainable ecosystems.

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Siebert, S. J., F. Siebert, and M. J. Du Toit. "The extended occurrence of Maputaland Woody Grassland further south in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Bothalia 41, no. 2 (December 17, 2011): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v41i2.77.

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The distinctiveness of Maputaland Woody Grassland lies within its richness of geoxylic suffrutices and herbaceous flora. Since it is well documented in the literature and easy to distinguish from other grassland types, it was possible to confirm a locality of this unique vegetation unit west of Richards Bay, where it probably forms the southernmost outlier population of this vegetation unit in the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Biome. Phytosociological data obtained from the study area were analysed to identify plant communities and subsequent mapping units. Floristic gradients obtained through ordination techniques revealed the relationship that exists between the Woody Grassland of the study area and the Maputaland Woody Grassland of Sileza Nature Reserve. This confirms the occurrence of Maputaland Woody Grassland at Richards Bay. Two of the plant communities identified from the Richards Bay site are distinctively different, despite previously being lumped together by different authorities as either Kwambonambi Grassland or Maputaland Woody Grassland.

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Malaguez, Edgard Gonçalves, Thaís Lopes Gonçalves, Bibiana Bastos Giudice, Ricardo Pedroso Oaigen, Deise Dalazen Castagnara, and Eduardo Bohrer De Azevedo. "MINERAL, PROTEIN, AND ENERGY SUPPLEMENTATION IN HEIFERS IN A NATIVE PAMPA BIOME PASTURE DURING WINTER." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 7, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v7i1.3519.

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This study evaluated the effect of different supplements during winter on the performance of heifers in a native Pampa biome field using deferred grazing and evaluated the economic viability of each treatment. A total of 124 heifers from Brangus and Angus breeds, 18 months old, and with an average weight of 301.6 kg were included in this experiment. The treatments applied were: control with only native grassland, native grassland + 80P mineral salt treatment (MS), native grassland + protein salt treatment (PS), and native grassland + protein/energy salt treatment (PES). Besides the productive, botanical, and bromatological characteristics of the pasture, the average daily gain and the live weight gain per hectare were evaluated. The economic viability of the treatments was evaluated through partial budgeting. Weight loss was observed in all treatments. However, only the PES treatment differed from the others, with an average daily gain of -0.046 kg dia-1 (p value 0.005). The MS treatment was the best regarding economic viability. Despite that, the smallest weight loss was observed in the PES treatment, which may be a determinant in the development and future performance of heifers. Despite the small net margin, this treatment did not incur additional costs to the system.

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STILLER, M. "A new leafhopper genus and four new species from the Grassland Biome of South Africa (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)." Zootaxa 2794, no. 1 (March 18, 2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2794.1.2.

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A new endemic deltocephaline leafhopper, Tetramelasma gen.n. is described from the Grassland Biome of South Africa, comprising four new species: T. litopyx sp. n., T. nodosatha sp. n., T. scolosatha sp. n. and T. tanyphysis sp. n. Two paired dark markings on the vertex of the head are striking features of this genus and it is found in association with a number of grass species usually at high altitudes in the Grassland Biome. Species of this genus are characterized in the male by a short, truncated plate with a dorsal sclerotized process, the aedeagus with a long, slender shaft that is fused with the connective. Tribal placement in Deltocephalini is based on the fusion between the aedeagus and connective. The style has the posterior apophysis short and hollow or elongate and somewhat serrated. Females are characterized by the sternite 7 that is deeply invaginated along the posterior margin or only with a shallow notch, semicircular and sclerotized laterally.

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Van Wyk, B.-E., P. A. Novellie, and C. M. Van Wyk. "Flora of the Zuurberg National Park. 1. Characterization of major vegetation units." Bothalia 18, no. 2 (October 23, 1988): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v18i2.1048.

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The distribution of major vegetation units or veld types in the Zuurberg National Park, situated on the eastern limits of the Fynbos Biome, is presented. Structural and floristic criteria are used to describe and map five basic units, namely Afromontane Forest, Subtropical Thicket, Mountain Fynbos, Grassy Fynbos and Grassland.

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Neves, A. K., T. S. Körting, L. M. G. Fonseca, C. D. Girolamo Neto, D. Wittich, G. A. O. P. Costa, and C. Heipke. "SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF BRAZILIAN SAVANNA VEGETATION USING HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION SATELLITE DATA AND U-NET." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-3-2020 (August 3, 2020): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-3-2020-505-2020.

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Abstract. Large-scale mapping of the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) vegetation using remote sensing images is still a challenge due to the high spatial variability and spectral similarity of the different characteristic vegetation types (physiognomies). In this paper, we report on semantic segmentation of the three major groups of physiognomies in the Cerrado biome (Grasslands, Savannas and Forests) using a fully convolutional neural network approach. The study area, which covers a Brazilian conservation unit, was divided into three regions to enable testing the approach in regions that were not used in the training phase. A WorldView-2 image was used in cross validation experiments, in which the average overall accuracy achieved with the pixel-wise classifications was 87.0%. The F-1 score values obtained with the approach for the classes Grassland, Savanna and Forest were of 0.81, 0.90 and 0.88, respectively. Visual assessment of the semantic segmentation outcomes was also performed and confirmed the quality of the results. It was observed that the confusion among classes occurs mainly in transition areas, where there are adjacent physiognomies if a scale of increasing density is considered, which agrees with previous studies on natural vegetation mapping for the Cerrado biome.

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O'Connor, T. G., and P. Kuyler. "Impact of land use on the biodiversity integrity of the moist sub-biome of the grassland biome, South Africa." Journal of Environmental Management 90, no. 1 (January 2009): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.10.012.

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Henderson, L. "Invasive, naturalized and casual alien plants in southern Africa: a summary based on the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas (SAPIA)." Bothalia 37, no. 2 (August 18, 2007): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v37i2.322.

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The primary objective of this publication is to provide an overview of the species identity, invasion status, geographical extent, and abundance of alien plants in South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho, based on field records from 1979 to the end of 2000. The dataset is all the species records for the study area in the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas (SAPIA) database during this time period. A total of 548 naturalized and casual alien plant species were catalogued and invasion was recorded almost throughout the study area. Most invasion, in terms of both species numbers and total species abundance, was recorded along the southern, southwestern and eastern coastal belts and in the adjacent interior. This area includes the whole of the Fynbos and Forest Biomes, and the moister eastern parts of the Grassland and Savanna Biomes. This study reinforces previous studies that the Fynbos Biome is the most extensively invaded vegetation type in South Africa but it also shows that parts of Savanna and Grassland are as heavily invaded as parts of the Fynbos. The Fabaceae is prominent in all biomes and Acacia with 17 listed species, accounts for a very large proportion of all invasion. Acacia mearmii was by far the most prominent invasive species in the study area, followed by A. saligna, Lantana camara, A. cyclops, Opuntia ficus-indica. Solarium mauritianum, Populus alba/xcanescens, Melia azedarach, A. dealbata and species of Prosopis.

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Morais, Vinícus Augusto, José Marcio de Mello, Carlos Rogério de Mello, Carlos Alberto Silva, and José Roberto Soares Scolforo. "Spatial distribution of the litter carbon stock in the Cerrado biome in Minas Gerais state, Brazil." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 5 (September 2017): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017415006917.

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ABSTRACT Litter corresponds to the layer of decomposing dead organic matter present on the soil surface. This layer is very important for nutrient cycling and contributes with organic matter accumulation in the soil, besides the carbon stock. The objective herein was to quantify the carbon biomass, both content and stock, and map the litter C-stock in the Cerrado biome, which is formed by Savanna Grassland (SG), Cerrado Stricto Sensu (CE) and Forest Savanna (FS), in Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. The data were collected in 26 fragments in Minas Gerais state, totaling 210 sampling locations. A variographic study was conducted and, for mapping, the ordinary kriging method was used for delimitation of homogeneous zones. It was possible to detect high variability in the carbon biomass, carbon content and C-stock in the Cerrado biome litter in Minas Gerais state. The carbon content presented lower variability, ranging from 40 to 44%, so that it is not responsible for explaining the variability of the litter C-stock. Savanna Grassland and Savanna Forest present, respectively, the lowest and highest C-stocks. C-stock presented a considerable spatial structure dependence, allowing to use the geostatistical procedures for mapping it in the Cerrado biome of the Minas Gerais state. The C-stock kriging map showed good accuracy, allowing to verify that the lowest C-stocks in the litter are found from the center to the northern of the Minas Gerais since the highest air temperatures are also verified in this direction.

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Hidy, Dora, Zoltán Barcza, László Haszpra, Galina Churkina, and Kristina Trusilova. "Parameter estimation for grassland carbon cycle using nonlinear inversion of Biome-BGC." Cereal Research Communications 35, no. 2 (June 2007): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/crc.35.2007.2.72.

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Butler, Don W., Roderick J. Fensham, Brett P. Murphy, Simon G. Haberle, Sarah J. Bury, and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Aborigine-managed forest, savanna and grassland: biome switching in montane eastern Australia." Journal of Biogeography 41, no. 8 (April 10, 2014): 1492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12306.

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HEISLER-WHITE, JANA L., JOHN M. BLAIR, EUGENE F. KELLY, KEITH HARMONEY, and ALAN K. KNAPP. "Contingent productivity responses to more extreme rainfall regimes across a grassland biome." Global Change Biology 15, no. 12 (December 2009): 2894–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01961.x.

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Perkins, L., G. J. Bredenkamp, and J. E. Granger. "Wetland vegetation of southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Bothalia 30, no. 2 (September 25, 2000): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v30i2.557.

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Vegetation data from southern KwaZulu-Natal were analysed. TWINSPAN classification separated the entire data set (547 releves) into five subsets. One subset, representing the vegetation of the wetlands of southern Kw aZulu-Natal, was further classified by Braun-Blanquet procedures. Eight plant communities and fourteen subcommunities were identified and described. The results can be integrated with existing phytosociological classifications of the Grassland Biome.

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LYRA, Andre de Arruda, Sin Chan CHOU, and Gilvan de Oliveira SAMPAIO. "Sensitivity of the Amazon biome to high resolution climate change projections." Acta Amazonica 46, no. 2 (June 2016): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201502225.

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ABSTRACT: Despite the reduction in deforestation rate in recent years, the impact of global warming by itself can cause changes in vegetation cover. The objective of this work was to investigate the possible changes on the major Brazilian biome, the Amazon Rainforest, under different climate change scenarios. The dynamic vegetation models may simulate changes in vegetation distribution and the biogeochemical processes due to climate change. Initially, the Inland dynamic vegetation model was forced with initial and boundary conditions provided by CFSR and the Eta regional climate model driven by the historical simulation of HadGEM2-ES. These simulations were validated using the Santarém tower data. In the second part, we assess the impact of a future climate change on the Amazon biome by applying the Inland model forced with regional climate change projections. The projections show that some areas of rainforest in the Amazon region are replaced by deciduous forest type and grassland in RCP4.5 scenario and only by grassland in RCP8.5 scenario at the end of this century. The model indicates a reduction of approximately 9% in the area of tropical forest in RCP4.5 scenario and a further reduction in the RCP8.5 scenario of about 50% in the eastern region of Amazon. Although the increase of CO2 atmospheric concentration may favour the growth of trees, the projections of Eta-HadGEM2-ES show increase of temperature and reduction of rainfall in the Amazon region, which caused the forest degradation in these simulations.

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Cruz, Jussara Cabral, Mirian Lago Valente, Carine Baggiotto, and Edner Baumhardt. "Qualitative characteristics of water resulting from the introduction of Eucalyptus silviculture in Pampa biome, RS." RBRH 21, no. 3 (September 2016): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.011616015.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to present the effect on surface water quality of the introduction of eucalyptus forestry in areas that were traditionally used for extensive cattle farming in the Pampa biome, by comparing two paired watersheds located in the municipality of Rosário do Sul, one of them used for forestry and the other in an anthropized natural grassland condition in the Pampa biome. For this purpose, every fifteen days the following parameters were collected and analyzed in two watersheds with different land uses (watershed with grassland and extensive livestock farming – GW and watershed with Eucalyptus - EW) between the months of August 2011 and August 2012: pH, EC, temperature, turbidity and concentrations of SO42-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, BOD5,20, SS, DS, alkalinity, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Water quality and land use parameters averages were compared using the t-Test to account for the land use and seasonality. It was concluded that the introduction of forestry activity together with the areas of environmental protection required by the Brazilian legislation (Permanent Preservation Areas - PPA plus Legal Reserve - LR), contributed to the increased concentrations of conductivity, dissolved solids, alkalinity and calcium, and the decreased concentrations of total coliforms and Escherichia coli.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Grassland Biome'

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