Academic literature on the topic 'Grate boiler'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grate boiler"
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JANČAUSKAS, Adolfas, and Kęstutis BUINEVIČIUS. "Grate-Firing Boilers Grate Movement Impact onto NOx, SO2 Emissions." Mechanics 26, no. 6 (December 7, 2020): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.26.6.26034.
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Measurements of pollutant concentrations in the flue gases of a biofuel boiler show that pollutants concentrations fluctuate by 10-100% and more at short time intervals. Large fluctuations in concentrations hinder the effective application of pollution reduction measures. During the research, flue gas composition measurements were performed in 4 MW, 8 MW industrial biofuel boilers and 20 kW experimental model. The results of the research showed that the change of CO, NO, NO2, SO2, H2S, O2 and particulate matter concentrations is related to the periodicity of the boiler grate movement. During the movement of the grate, the surface of the fuel bed is mechanically disrupted. The different composition of the fuel layers is mixed and this affects the changes in the concentration of combustion products. The clarity of the concentration fluctuations depends on the emissions, the type of fuel and the combustion parameters.
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Eidensten, L., J. Yan, and G. Svedberg. "Biomass Externally Fired Gas Turbine Cogeneration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816691.
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This paper is a presentation of a systematic study on externally fired gas turbine cogeneration fueled by biomass. The gas turbine is coupled in series with a biomass combustion furnace in which the gas turbine exhaust is used to support combustion. Three cogeneration systems have been simulated. They are systems without a gas turbine, with a non-top-fired gas turbine, and a top-fired gas turbine. For all systems, three types of combustion equipment have been selected: circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, grate fired steam boiler, and grate fired hot water boiler. The sizes of biomass furnaces have been chosen as 20 MW and 100 MW fuel inputs. The total efficiencies based on electricity plus process heat, electrical efficiencies, and the power-to-heat ratios for various alternatives have been calculated. For each of the cogeneration systems, part-load performance with varying biomass fuel input is presented. Systems with CFB boilers have a higher total efficiency and electrical efficiency than other systems when a top-fired gas turbine is added. However, the systems with grate fired steam boilers allow higher combustion temperature in the furnace than CFB boilers do. Therefore, a top combustor may not be needed when high temperature is already available. Only one low-grade fuel system is then needed and the gas turbine can operate with a very clean working medium.
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Krawczyk, Piotr, Krzysztof Badyda, Jacek Szczygieł, and Szczepan Młynarz. "Investigation of exhaust gas temperature distribution within a furnace of a stoker fired boiler as a function of its operating parameters." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0018.
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Abstract Distribution of the exhaust gas temperature within the furnace of a grate boiler greatly depends on its operating parameters such as output. It has a considerably different character than temperature distributions in other types of boilers (with pulverised or fluidised bed), as it varies considerably across the chamber. Results presented in this paper have been obtained through research of a grate-fired hot water boiler with a nominal rating of some 30 MW. Measurements have been taken by introducing temperature sensors into prearranged openings placed in the boiler side walls. Investigation has been carried out for different output levels. Tests involved thermocouples in ceramic coating and aspirated thermocouples. The latter were used to eliminate influence of radiative heat transfer on measured results. Values obtained with both methods have been cross-checked.
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Nowak, Krzysztof, and Sławomir Rabczak. "Co-Combustion of Biomass with Coal in Grate Water Boilers at Low Load Boiler Operation." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 2520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092520.
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Environmental protection, and in particular air protection against pollution, is an extremely important element of the global policy of many countries. The problem of air pollution is particularly important in Poland, where the heating market is one of the largest in Europe and is based in 74% on the use of fossil fuels, in particular hard coal. One of the technological solutions for the implementation of cleaner fuels is the co-combustion of coal and biomass. This process enables the reduction of harmful pollutants such as CO2, SO2, and can be implemented in existing boilers. Heating boilers achieve the highest design efficiency during optimal load at the level of 85–95% of nominal power. Under such conditions, heat production is most efficient. During operation, boilers are often started, extinguished or run below rated output, resulting in increased emissions. This publication presents the results of measurements of efficiency and concentrations of pollutants in the WR water boiler during operation below the technical minimum. Hard coal was cofired in the boiler with biomass of wood origin. It was noted that the amount of biomass had a significant impact on the boiler efficiency and pollutant emission. Based on the research, it was also noted that it was possible to make a qualitative prediction of these parameters. The obtained results are an introduction to a deeper analysis and further research on the correlation between the amount of biomass and boiler power and the efficiency and concentration of pollutants.
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Sheng, Ji Sheng, Biao Bing Wang, and Wen Jian Li. "A Study on Structural Characteristics of Biomass Briquette Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.211.
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According to the experimental analysis on characteristics and combustion law of the biomass briquette, it designs the biomass briquette boiler based on the detailed thermodynamic calculation to promote the boiler’s combustion and thermal efficiency. The boiler adopts the chain grate stoker which strengthens the combustion intensity of the hearth. The longer the hearth becomes, the more intense the combustion of the biomass briquette is, so that the biomass briquette boiler of thermo performance design has helped realize such goals.
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Senchuk, M. P. "Combined scheme of solid fuel combustion in low power boilers." Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply 35 (December 27, 2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2020.35.6-14.
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Different constructive schemes of solid fuel combustion in heating boilers up to 100 kW with the analysis of their efficiency depending on the quality of the burned solid fuel are considered. It is established that low-power solid fuel boilers with various types of combustion devices depending on the characteristics of the burned fuel and the accepted level of service are used in heat supply systems of premises, buildings and structures: from simple furnaces with manual maintenance to automated combustion devices of complex design. Mostly pre-prepared high-quality fuel is used for combustion: fuel pellets, briquettes, high-quality coal, the high cost of which significantly increases operating costs. In order to reduce capital and operating costs, it is advisable to introduce relatively inexpensive models of low-power heating boilers with an acceptable level of mechanization of combustion technology of cheap fuel, including local, with minimal costs for its preparation. The design of a heating water boiler with a semi-mechanical furnace and a technological scheme of combustion is proposed, which combines the processes of drying, gasification and combustion of fuel in a shaft with a clamping grate and combustion of coke in a layer on a moving grate. It is noted that the periodic supply of fuel in the furnace with a moving grate is maintained the stability of the combustion process in the combustion chamber, in the period between cleaning of ash and slag, without significant changes in the composition of above-layer gases. Due to the smooth movement of the next portion of hot coke from the fuel shaft to the combustion chamber on the rotating grate, conditions are created to maintain the uniformity of the boiler with the normative indicators. A reduction in harmful emissions in the exhaust gases was achieved during the combustion of the reaction fuel by passing a secondary blast of air through a collector and directing it to the combustion zone of light substances at the outlet of the clamping grate. Analytical equations for determining the size of the combustion zone according to the regime and design parameters of the combustion process are given. The efficiency of application of the combined (shaft-layer) technological scheme in low-power boilers was tested during testing of combustion of different quality coal in a semi-mechanical furnace with a rotating grate in the electric coal boiler with a heat output of 50 kW for railway carriages.
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Zhao, Ying, Ning Wang, Qiu Luan Chen, Tie Cheng Wang, Wen Yi Liu, Qiang Lu, and Chang Qing Dong. "Numerical Simulation of Gas Flow in a 48 t/h Biomass Fired Grate Boiler with Inner Dust Removal Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.391.
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This paper presents the numerical simulation of a 48t/h biomass fired grate boiler with an inner boiler dust removal device located in the third pass. The results show that the inner dust removal device can correct the decline of the gas flow in the passes effectively on the basis of dust separation. The best air flow ratio of RPA: RSA: RIAis = 4: 4: 2 correspondingly. Therefore, the new inner dust removal device should be applied in current commercial biomass boilers to improve their operation performance.
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Zhao, Ying, Tie Cheng Wang, Ning Wang, Qiu Luan Chen, Zhi Hua Ge, Qiang Lu, and Chang Qing Dong. "Verification of Model Reliability in a Double-Grate Biomass Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.406.
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A double-grate biomass direct-fired boiler is designed and modified with connected reciprocating grate and oscillation grate based on a 48t/h boiler current operation status. Ribbon and smoke are used in the cold experiments which are based on the reformed hot conditions to verify the model reliability. To have well comparison with the model result, the air ratio and inlet angle of the second air are changed and used to obtain the characteristics of the flow field of the actual grate boiler furnace. And it is the best working condition that the ratio of the air distribution primary air: second air: ignition air is 4: 4: 2, frontwall second air: backwall second air is 5: 5, the inlet angle of the frontwall second air rises 10°, the inlet angle of the backwall second air is in equilibrium position.
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Lv, Wei, Xiao Nan Zhang, Rui Yang Li, Zhong Xia Zhao, Xi Yu Lin, Chao Cheng, and Jian Wei Han. "Biomass Boiler Exhaust Gas Temperature Factors Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1981.
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The problems of the high exhaust gas temperature in the biomass boiler which moves normally are analyzed, and the anti-balance method to get the boiler efficiency is used to get the relationship between the exhaust gas temperature and the boiler efficiency. Greater exhaust gas heat loss, smaller the boiler efficiency. According to 35t/h biomass grate boiler, the factors which affect exhaust gas temperature are analyzed and summarized
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Li, Minghao. "The Economical Operation of Coal Chain Grate Boiler." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 170 (July 2018): 042056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/170/4/042056.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Grate boiler"
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Thai, Shee Meng. "Neural network modelling and control of coal fired boiler plant." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2005. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/neural-network-modelling-and-control-of-coal-fired-boiler-plant(b5562ca0-e45e-44d8-aad2-ed2e3e114808).html.
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This thesis presents the development of a Neural Network Based Controller (NNBC) for chain grate stoker fired boilers. The objective of the controller was to increase combustion efficiency and maintain pollutant emissions below future medium term stringent legislation. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used to estimate future emissions from and control the combustion process. Initial tests at Casella CRE Ltd demonstrated the ability of ANNs to characterise the complex functional relationships which subsisted in the data set, and utilised previously gained knowledge to deliver predictions up to three minutes into the future. This technique was then built into a carefully designed control strategy that fundamentally mimicked the actions of an expert boiler operator, to control an industrial chain grate stoker at HM Prison Garth, Lancashire. Test results demonstrated that the developed novel NNBC was able to control the industrial stoker boiler plant to deliver the load demand whilst keeping the excess air level to a minimum. As a result the NNBC also managed to maintain the pollutant emissions within probable future limits for this size of boiler. This prototype controller would thus offer the industrial coal user with a means to improve the combustion efficiency on chain grate stokers as well as meeting medium term legislation limits on pollutant emissions that could be imposed by the European Commission.
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Hadjforoosh, Kambiz. "The effect of a magnesia based additive on fly ash deposition in a chain-grate boiler system." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1993. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19738/.
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Unlike in oil firing, the effective role of additives to alleviate deposition in coal fired power generation is still regarded with much scepticism and controversy amongst the power generators and boiler operators. The objectives of this research study were principally to explore the mechanisms involved in formation of coal ash deposits and thus determine the effectiveness of a magnesium based additive, namely Lycal 93HS, in reducing the bonding strength of ash deposits on boiler tube surfaces, by making them friable and easily removed by sootblowers during normal operation of the boiler. The experimental techniques developed involved visual, optical and scanning electron microscopy examination of a wide range of matured deposit samples collected over a period of two years, with and without injection of Lycal 93HS into the boilers at West Belfast power station. Specimen deposit samples "fashioned" into the form of Seger cones and "reconstituted" from their crushed, powder form were tested for their softening behaviour at elevated temperatures with and without further additions of Lycal 93HS. This technique was further used to evaluate the effect of Lycal 93HS on the softening behaviour of a range of coal ash components separated by high temperature ashing of coarse particles of coal as well as the bulk ash from the coarse and fine sizes of coal particles. The softening behaviour on heating and crystallisation tendency behaviour on cooling for a selected range of the ash components was investigated without and with additions of Lycal 93HS, using Hot-Stage Microscopy. The possibility of surface adhesion between the fly ash and injected Lycal 93HS within the boiler environment was investigated through a series of laboratory based Surface leaching experiments of deposit and particulate samples with and without injection of Lycal 93HS. The variation in concentration profiles of silicon, iron and magnesium within the collected solutions over a period of time were analysed, using Atomic Absorption Flame Spectroscopy. The elemental chemical composition of bulk deposit samples, the average high temperature ash and its separated components was carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence. Qualitative study of the mineralogy of low temperature ash, selected ash components, as well as a range of deposit samples with Lycal injection was conducted using X-Ray Diffractometry. The results of Lycal injection into a boiler were clearly evident from inspections of the boiler where Lycal injection over different periods of time had resulted in significantly cleaner boiler tube surfaces. Examination of deposit samples with Lycal injection showed lightly sintered, porous, friable textures compared to the highly sintered, fused and dense structures for samples without Lycal injection. The effect of Lycal on the softening behaviour of reconstituted deposit samples and various components of ash was shown to be dependent on their chemical composition, with iron oxide playing an important role. For a number of highly acidic ash components, additions of 5 and 10 mass% Lycal promoted crystallisation of their fluid melt, when cooled to specific temperatures. For the more ferriferous ash components, additions of 1 and 3 mass% Lycal enhanced the surface formation of spikes when their melts were cooled to specific temperatures. The results of leaching experiments showed that the initial magnesia concentrations were generally much higher for the deposit samples and fly ash particles from ash hoppers and grit arrestors with Lycal injection than those without.
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Soľár, Slavomír. "Roštový parní kotel s přirozenou cirkulací na spalování slámy z pšenice,žita a ječmene." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232154.
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The main aim of this diploma thesis is to proceed a design of grate steam boiler for grain straw combustion with 15,6 MJ/kg of fuel efficiency. Steam power of boiler is 15 t/h, pressure of overheated steam is 5 MPa, temperature of overheated steam is 415 °C and temperature of inlet water is 125 °C. The estimation is based on proportioning of draughts and segments of boiler and on thermal computation. Verification of divergence of thermal balance is going to constate accuracy of boiler design.
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Kozák, Tomáš. "Roštový kotel s přirozenou cirkulací na spalování dřevní štěpky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232155.
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The thesis is dedicated to the design of the steam boiler which burns wood chips, with a natural circulation of the water. It is a grate boiler, which produces 20 t/h of the steam. The output parameters of the steam are 420 °C and 5 MPa. The feedwater temperature is 125 ° C .The thesis gradually deals with stoichiometric calculations and determines the efficiency of the boiler. Then it describes the design of the fireplace and thermal calculations of each heat transfer surfaces. The appendix includes drawings of the boiler.
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Knichal, Jaroslav. "Kotle na spalování biomasy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228032.
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At present, people already fully aware of how expensive it is energy dependence on fossil fuels. Trying to reduce this dependence goes hand in hand with environmental limits, which restrict the production of dangerous compounds. Biomass is a fuel that does not create large amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide generated during combustion is in a closed cycle. Different types of biomass have different calorific value, and therefore different demands on the quantity needed to produce MWh. It is therefore necessary to choose the fuel with regard to the availability of in the site.
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Skotland, Christer Heen. "Measurement of temperature conditions in grate zone of a 1 MW wood-pellets boiler fired with high ash content wood-pellets." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12885.
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The combustion of biomass could in some cases lead to ash problems induced by high temperatures such as ash sintering, agglomeration and melting. The degrees of these problems depend on the fuel feedstock and are highly dependent on the amount of potassium, sodium and chlorine in the biomass. Straw, grass, bark, branches and wood residues are typical examples of biomass fuels that are connected to the mentioned ash problems.Addition of additives in the problematic fuels is a possible measure in order to reduce the ash problems. This project studies the effect of some additives in a problematic wood pellet fuel and wheat straw. The wood pellet consist of residues from the furniture industry in the Møre area in Norway, and is causing ash problems in several boilers using this fuel. The additives, clay, sewage sludge, marble sludge and paper sludge, are added in 3 to 10 percent addition in the problematic fuels. The melting temperatures of the resulting ash, as well as the sintering tendency of the different fuel and additive mixtures, are analyzed.Melting experiments showed that the melting temperature of wood and straw ash was drastically increased by adding sewage and marble sludge. Clay was more effective for wheat straw than wood pellet. Paper sludge increased the melting temperature to some extent for straw ash, but not for wood pellet.The sintering test revealed an increased sintering for wood pellet with sewage sludge, and a much higher slagging tendency for clay. Marble sludge effectively decreased the sintering of wood pellet ash, even at 1200 °C. Paper sludge did neither reduce the sintering. All additives showed a positive effect on the wheat straw ash sintering, with marble sludge as the indisputable best additive.The wood pellet, and pellet together with 4 and 8 percent addition of sewage sludge, is combusted in a 1.2 MW boiler to investigate if the sewage are able to reduce the sintering and agglomeration of the ash. The combustion rounds showed that addition of sewage sludge drastically increased the amount of sintered and agglomerated ash. The form of the ash changed from hard slag to more porous ash, but the formed ash was still too hard to not cause problems with the ash removal system.
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Nordström, Christoffer. "Experimentell studie av driftparametrar och deras inverkan på förbränningen hos en avfallseldad rosterpanna." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83476.
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Energiåtervinning av avfall genom förbränning är en av de dominerande metoderna i Sverige för att reducera mängden avfall. I Sverige förbränns cirka 6 miljoner ton avfall årligen och detta genererade år 2019 16 TWh värme och 2 TWh elektricitet. Värmevärdens värmeverk Källhagsverket i Avesta producerade 185 000 MWh fjärrvärme från avfallsförbränning via deras avfallseldade rosterpanna 2019. Källhagsverket har under de senaste säsongerna haft problem med mängden kolmonoxid (CO) som bildats från avfallsförbränningen, då de har haft överträdelser av dygnsmedelvärdet av kolmonoxid. Projektets syfte var att undersöka hur en stabil förbränning kan uppnås genom att undersöka bidragande orsaker till ofullständig förbränning och projektets mål var att reducera mängden kolmonoxid som bildas från avfallsförbränningen. Vid projektets början bedrevs en litteraturstudie för att skapa bättre förståelse för förbränning och avfallsförbränning i rosterpannor. Resultatet från denna litteraturstudie visade att de faktorer som kunde bidra till höga mängder bildad kolmonoxid var bland annat rosterpannans bränslebädd, luftfördelningen i pannan och pannans tillförda luftmängd. Metoden som applicerades för projektet utgick från arbetssättet för försöksplanering. Försöksplaneringsmetodiken kan sammanfattningsvis beskrivas som ett samlingsbegrepp för ett arbetssätt för metoder som möjliggör att ta fram slutsatser och samband hos en process olika faktorer. Källhagsverkets rosterpanna undersöktes och driftdata från tidigare driftsäsonger analyserades med hjälp av statistiska analyser i form av enkel linjär regressionsanalys och multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Resultatet från de statistiska analyserna visade att luftfaktorer såsom luftflöden och luftfördelning hade signifikans för mängden bildad kolmonoxid av pannan. Flertalet olika försök genomfördes för att identifiera faktorer som påverkade förbränningen, bildningen av kolmonoxid och pannans begränsningar. Försöken utfördes bland annat för att testa olika luftfördelningar hos pannan, ändra mängden tillförd torkluft och rosterhastighetsfördelningar. Efter dessa initiala försök bedrevs två större försök, ett 2-faktorförsök och ett försök där pannans sekundärluft fick reglera på syrehalten i stället för kolmonoxidmängden i rökgaserna. 2-faktorförsöket genomfördes där tre faktorer ändrades från en låg nivå till en hög nivå. Faktorerna var syrehalten i rökgaserna, sekundärluftsfördelningen mellan övre och nedre sekundärluftsregistret och sekundärluftsregleringen mellan främre och bakresekundärluftsregistret. Resultatet från de genomförda försöken visade att de signifikanta faktorerna för den bildade kolmonoxiden var syrehalten i rökgaserna, sekundärluftsfördelningen och primärluftsmängden hos torkzonen (roster 1) och förbränningszonen (roster 3). Resultatet visade även att kolmonoxidmängden och mängden kväveoxid kunde reduceras om sekundärluftsregleringen reglerade på syrehalten i rökgaserna i stället för kolmonoxiden. När sekundärluften reglerade på syrehalten reducerades mängden kolmonoxid med cirka 30 % och mängden kväveoxid reducerades med cirka 15 %. Det som gav mest effekt under projektet var att låta sekundärluften reglera på syrehalten (O2) i stället för kolmonoxiden (CO). Detta gav en kolmonoxid-minskning med cirka 30 % och reducerade även kväveoxid-utsläppen (NOx) med 15 %. Följande rekommendationer gavs för att reducera mängden bildad kolmonoxid: sekundärluftsreglering bör ske via syrehalten för att reducera mängden kolmonoxid och kväveoxid. minska luftöverskottet till nivåer med syrehalt på cirka 5,5 % – 6,0 %. Nyckelord: avfallsförbränning, rosterpanna, försöksplanering.Energy recovery of waste via waste incineration is one of the dominant methods in Sweden for reducing the amount of waste. In Sweden, approximately 6 million tonnes of waste are incinerated annually and in 2019 this generated 16 TWh of heat and 2 TWh of electricity. Värmevärden’s heating plant Källhagsverket in Avesta produced 185 000 MWh of district heating by waste incineration from their waste-fired grate boiler in 2019. In recent seasons, Källhagsverket has had problems with the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) formed from waste incineration, as they have violated the daily average value of carbon monoxide. The aim of the project was to investigate how a stable combustion can be achieved by investigating contributing causes of incomplete combustion and the project’s goal was to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide formed from the waste incineration. At the beginning of the project, a literature study was conducted to create a better understanding of combustion and waste combustion in grate boilers. The results from this literature study showed that the factors that can contribute to high amounts of carbon monoxide were, among other things, the fuel bed of the boiler, the air distribution in the boiler and the amount of air supplied to the boiler. The method applied to the project was based on the experimental design approach. The experimental planning methodology can in summary be described as a collective concept for a way of working regarding methods that makes it possible to draw conclusions and relationships between different factors in a process. Källhagsverket’s grate boiler was examined and operating data from previous operating seasons were analysed using statistical analyses in the form of simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the statistical analyses showed that air factors such as air flows and air distribution was significant for the amount of carbon monoxide formed in the boiler. Several different experiments were performed to identify factors that affected the combustion, the formation of carbon monoxide and the limitations of the boiler. Attempts included testing different air distributions at the boiler, changing the amount of drying air supplied and grate speed distributions. After these initial experiments, two larger experiments were conducted, a 2-factor experiment and an experiment where the boiler’s oxygen content operated as a the setpoint for the secondary air instead of the amount of carbon monoxide in the flue gases. The 2-factor experiment was carried out where three factors were changed from a low level to a high level and these factors were the oxygen content in the flue gases, the secondary air distribution between the upper and lower secondary air register and the secondary air distribution between the front and rear secondary air register. The results from the experiments showed that the significant factors for the carbon monoxide formed were the oxygen content in the flue gases, the secondary air distribution and the primary air flow of grate 1 and grate 3. The results also showed that the carbon monoxide content and the amount of nitric oxide could be reduced. When oxygen content operated as the setpoint for the secondary air the amount of carbon monoxide was reduced by about 30 % and the amount of nitric oxide was reduced by about 15 %. What resulted in the best results during the project was to let the oxygen content (O2) operate as the setpoint for the secondary air instead of carbon monoxide (CO). This resulted in a carbon monoxide reduction of about 30 % and also reduced nitric oxide (NOx) emissions by 15 %. The following recommendations that were given to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide formed: secondary air control should be done via the oxygen content to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. reduce the excess air to levels with an oxygen content of about 5.5 %. Keywords: waste combustion, grate boiler, design of experiments.
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Krejčiřík, Jiří. "Dvoukomorový roštový kotel pro spalování digestátu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401497.
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This master thesis deals with the properties of digestate in combustion, design of construction solution of digestate boiler and experimental verification of boiler parameters. The first chapter deals with the properties of digestate as a fuel. It is followed by a chapter dealing with the existing measured results on a similar boiler. This is followed by a stoichiometric calculation of the digestate boiler. The next chapter is devoted to combustion chamber models. This chapter is followed by a chapter with experimental verification of chamber models and combustion process tuning. The last chapter contains design of construction and operational measures.
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Pecháček, Michal. "Parní kotel na dřevní štěpku 25t/h, 5,5MPa, 475°C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230874.
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The work deals with design of steam grate boiler with a output of 25 t/h, parameters of steam output p = 5.5 MPa, t = 475 °C and a temperature of feed water 105 °C. It is a boiler with natural water circulation by evaporation surfaces. Wood biomass is boiler fuel. The proposal consists of stoichiometric calculations, determination of boiler efficiency, thermal calculations and determinion geometric parameters of the boiler and its heat transfer surfaces. The boiler drawing is a part of the work.
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Čech, Jaroslav. "Roštový kotel na spalování uhlí a nebo dřevní biomasy o parametrech 200 t / h 9,3 MPa, 520°C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232166.
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The aim of the work is the design of a grate boiler of 200 t . h-1 output, which will burn brown coal or wood chips. The work is divided into several parts. First, stoichiometric calculation and the calculations enthalpy of flue gases and air are performed. After calculating the heat balance and loss of the boiler was counted boiler efficiency. The design of individual heating surfaces is proposed and at the end are controlled the overall heat balance of the boiler. The calculation is supplemented by drawings.
Books on the topic "Grate boiler"
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American Railway Master Mechanics' Association. best proportion of flue and grate area in locomotives. [S.l: s.n., 1986.
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Great Britain. Energy Efficiency Office., Harwell Laboratory. Energy Technology Support Unit., and British Coal, eds. Energy efficient use of boilers using chain grate stokers. Harwell: ETSU, 1993.
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American Railway Master Mechanics' Association., ed. American Railway Master Mechanic's Association: Best proportion of flue and grate area in locomotives. [S.l: s.n., 1986.
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Kids, Delmy Coloring. Religious Easter Coloring Book Activity and Coloring Book: 55 Funny for Boys Ages 4-8 Rabbit, Egg, Rabbit, Easter Egg, Smartphone, Smartphone, Boiled Egg, Grave Picture Quiz Words and Coloring Book. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grate boiler"
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Wiriyaumpaiwong, Songchai, and Jindaporn Jamradloedluk. "Biomass Fired Grate Boiler for Small Industrial Heating System." In Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V), 2422–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_490.
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Yin, Chungen, Lasse Rosendahl, Søren K. Kær, Henrik Sørensen, Sønnik Clausen, Torben Hille, and Søren L. Hvid. "Modeling and Experiments of Biomass Combustion in a Large-scale Grate Boiler." In Challenges of Power Engineering and Environment, 1173–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_219.
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Janiuk, Tomasz, and Paweł D. Domański. "Evaluation of High Efficiency Operating Rules for Grate-Fired Boilers." In Challenges in Automation, Robotics and Measurement Techniques, 257–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29357-8_23.
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Jokiniemi, Jorma K., Jouni Pyykönen, Jussi Lyyränen, Pirita Mikkanen, and Esko I. Kauppinen. "Modelling Ash Deposition during the Combustion of Low Grade Fuels." In Applications of Advanced Technology to Ash-Related Problems in Boilers, 591–615. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9223-2_40.
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Staiger, B., S. Unterberger, R. Berger, and Klaus Hein. "Development of an air staging technology to reduce NOx-emissionsin grate fired boilers." In Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 309–18. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17383-40.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Grate boiler"
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Epelbaum, Greg, and Hanwei Zhang. "New Development in EfW Boiler Process Modeling: Fully Integrated CFD Model." In 15th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec15-3206.
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This paper focuses on a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) application to Energy-from-Waste (EfW) boiler systems, which are much smaller than utility boilers, but typically have more complicated design and performance issues due to the nature of their fuel: municipal solid waste (MSW). The majority of the commercially available CFD software packages have impressive capabilities in homogeneous flow modeling, which make them very suitable for gas fired boilers and with some reasonable simplifications to oil and pulverized coal fired boilers. But this is not the case for EfW boilers, especially mass-burn technology, where MSW combustion on the grate is the “heart” of the process. These boilers have two interacting phases: MSW burning on the grate and combustion products with entrained fly ash particles above the grate. This challenge has been recognized from the very first applications of CFD modeling in the EfW industry. This paper describes several approaches to numeric modeling of MSW boilers. In the most successful cases, two different models have been built: one for the grate combustion and another for the homogeneous gas flow, with back-and-forth iterations between these two models. Such an approach has given Covanta Energy (Covanta) a good start in its CFD modeling program. A number of models have been built, tested and validated, resulting in several successful project executions. However, some serious limitations have been found in this approach as explained in this paper. Recognizing these deficiencies, Covanta has recently made a new significant step in its CFD development program by creating an innovative, fully integrated CFD model that comprises solid fuel combustion on the grate, gaseous phase interactions above the grate, and the rest of the boiler. While this integrated model and its validation are still in progress, Covanta is moving forward on its application to on-going projects.
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Eidensten, Lars, Jinyue Yan, and Gunnar Svedberg. "Biomass Externally Fired Gas Turbine Cogeneration." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-345.
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This paper is a presentation of systematic study on externally fired gas turbine cogeneration fueled by biomass. The gas turbine is coupled in series with a biomass combustion furnace in which the gas turbine exhaust is used to support combustion. Three cogeneration systems have been simulated. They are systems without a gas turbine, with a non top-fired gas turbine, and a top-fired gas turbine. For all systems, three types of combustion equipment have been selected: circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, grate fired steam boiler and grate fired hot water boiler. The sizes of biomass furnaces have been chosen 20 MW and 100 MW fuel inputs. The total efficiencies based on electricity plus process heat, electrical efficiencies, and the power-to-heat ratios for various alternatives have been calculated. For each of the cogeneration systems, part load performance with varying biomass fuel input is presented. Systems with CFB boilers have a higher total efficiency and electrical efficiency than other systems when a top-fired gas turbine is added. However, the systems with grate fired steam boilers allow higher combustion temperature in the furnace than CFB boilers do. Therefore, a top combustor may not be needed when high temperature is already available. Only one low grade fuel system is then needed and the gas turbine can operate with very clean working medium.
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Sohnemann, Jens, Walter Schäfers, and Armin Main. "Waste Combustion Technology Developments for Large Scale Plants." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7035.
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For the waste disposal of urban areas and major cities at the North American market place rather large scale energy from waste (EfW) plants are needed. This implies a mechanical input of approx. 40 Mg/h [39.36 tn l./h] and thermal input by waste per unit of 110 MW [375.3 MBTU/h] and more. There are basic design criteria that feature large scale EfW plants: - Layout of boiler with horizontal or vertical orientation of convective part. - Top or bottom suspension of boiler. - Flexible design of stoker regarding large throughput figures and heating values of waste with water or air cooled grate bars. - Design and geometry of combustion furnace in order to optimize the flow pattern. - Optimization of boiler steel structure: integrated steel structure for boiler and boiler house enclosure. - Optimization of corrosion protection and maintainability of large scale boilers: cladding versus refractory lining. - Maintenance aspects of the boiler. The paper gives information on the pros and cons regarding the design features with special focus on optimized solutions for large scale EfW plants. For the core component of the combustion system — the grate — Fisia Babcock Environment (FBE) is using forward moving grates as well as roller grates. The moving grate in STEINMÜLLER design, which is used in the great majority of all our plants, has specific characteristics for providing uniform combustion and optimal burnout. The automatic combustion rate control system is the key component in the combustion process in order to receive good burn out quality in slag and flue gas as well as constant steam production and oxygen content of flue gas. This paper includes a detailed report on a modern control system with focus on a simple and efficient control structure. Besides these measures regarding the combustion process, this paper also reports about the respective aspects and concepts for the flue gas cleaning systems. In this field the FBE CIRCUSORB® process was presented in previous papers and is now compared with a multistage wet flue gas cleaning system. The latter is relevant in case of very low emission requirements.
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Thai, S. M., S. J. Wilcox, A. Z. S. Chong, and J. Ward. "Neural Network Modeling and Control of Stoker-Fired Boiler Plant." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35228.
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The work described in this paper aims to address the development of a Neural Network Based Controller (NNBC) to control chain grate stoker fired boilers. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used to estimate future emissions from and control the combustion process. The resultant ANNs were able to characterise the dynamics of the process and delivered rational multi-step-ahead predictions wth test data collected at an industrial chain grate stoker at HM Prison Garth, Lancashire. This technique was built into a carefully designed control strategy, to control the industrial stoker. Test results showed that the developed NNBC was able to optimise the industrial stoker boiler plant whilst delivering the load demand required and in so doing, the NNBC also managed to maintain low pollutant emissions.
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Wang, Q. C., and Y. H. Luo. "A Multifunctional Laboratory Fixed-Bed for Experimental Simulation of Chain-Grate Boiler." In 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2010.5449187.
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Geng, Liang, and Bai Yan. "Application of Foundation Fieldbus Technology in Chain Grate Boiler Automation Control System." In 2007 8th International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2007.4350577.
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Skrifvars, Bengt-Johan, Patrik Yrjas, Tor Laure´n, Mikko Hupa, and Martin Dittrich. "The A˚bo Akademi Database: Ash Behavior Measurements in Full-Scale Boilers." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78140.
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This poster paper presents an overview of the A˚bo Akademi full-scale boiler ash behavior measurement database. The database contains data from some 20 full-scale boiler measurement campaigns during which the ash behavior in the boiler has been monitored identically. The measurements have been done in 3 different bubbling fluidized bed boilers and 2 circulating fluidized bed boilers during 11 different campaigns. For comparison data from 2 pulverized fuel fired boilers as well as from 2 grate fired boilers have also been included. The data collection includes conventional analyses of the fuels or fuel mixes used during the measurements, ash deposition measurements performed with the air-cooled probe technique, chemical analyses of the collected deposits (front and back side separately, chemical analyses of the boiler fly ashes, and recordings of chosen relevant boiler operation parameters such as boiler load, air-distribution, and flue gas temperatures. The poster paper presents ash deposition data, so called Rate-of-build-up values (RBU, g/m2h) as a function of fuel mixes, probe surface temperatures and boiler type. The poster also presents compositional data of the collected deposits such as the chlorine content as a function of fuel mix and probe surface temperature.
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Dumbaugh, George D. "Burning Unprepared “Run of Mine” Coal to Efficiently Fire a Stoker Boiler." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60159.
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The successful burning of ROM (Run-of-Mine) Coal to efficiently fire a stoker boiler has been achieved by a new kind of vibrating grate. It has been permanently retrofitted under an existing stoker boiler at Southern Illinois University located in Carbondale. This grate has been available for productive use since June, 2007. The ROM Coal being burned is the high sulfur, bituminous, stoker type, which is 2″ (50mm) × 0″ in size, which usually varies in “fines” content from about 20 to 40%, and it has changing moisture contents that typically vary from 8 to 13%. The heat value varies from 9,000 to 12,500 BTU’s per lb.
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Pethe, Samit J., Chris Dayton, Marcel D. Berz, and Tim Peterson. "Elements of a Successful Waste-to-Energy Boiler Upgrade." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2373.
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Great River Energy operates a waste-to-energy plant in Elk River, Minnesota. The plant burns 850 tons per day of refuse derived fuel (RDF) in three boilers, and its three steam turbines can produce 32 MW of electricity. In the largest of the three units, the No. 3 Boiler, steam generation was restricted by carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission limits. The plant had an interest in improving the combustion performance of the unit, thereby allowing higher average RDF firing rates while staying within emissions compliance. The project was initiated by an engineering site visit and evaluation. The boiler had a history of unstable burning on the stoker grate, which required periodic natural gas co-firing to reduce CO levels. As an outcome to the evaluation, it was decided to install a new overfire air (OFA) system to improve burnout of combustible gases above the grate. Current and new OFA arrangements were evaluated via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. The results illustrated the limitations of the original OFA system (comprised of multiple rows of small OFA ports on the front and rear furnace walls), which generated inadequate mixing of air and combustible gases in the middle of the boiler. The modeling illustrated the advantages of large and fewer OFA nozzles placed on the side walls in an interlaced pattern, a configuration that has given excellent performance on over 45 biomass-fired boilers of similar design upgraded by Jansen Combustion and Boiler Technologies, Inc. (JANSEN). Installation of the new OFA system was completed in April of 2008. Subsequent testing of the No. 3 Boiler showed that it could reliably meet the state emission levels for CO and NOx (200 ppm and 250 ppm, respectively, corrected to 7% dry flue gas oxygen) while generating 24% more steam than a representative five month period prior to the upgrade. This paper describes the elements that led to a successful project, including: data collection, engineering analyses, CFD modeling, system design, equipment supply, installation, operator training, and startup assistance.
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Ribeiro, Pedro, José Teixeira, and Manuel Eduardo Ferreira. "Ash Sintering in a Biomass Pellet Boiler." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65246.
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The market for residential pellet burning equipments is well developed in some European countries like Germany, Austria and Italy and rapidly expanding in others. As a consequence the pellet production has also grown, although a large fraction is destined for industrial applications such as coal co-combustion. Due to the existence of chemical elements such as Na, K and Si, the pellet combustion can lead to agglomerated ashes on the grate of the burner causing problems for its proper operation. The present work aimed to study the influence of temperature and air flows in the ash agglomeration at the grate. For this purpose, it was assembled an experimental setup that, in a brief, description consists of: i) boiler, whose burner allows the regulation of the primary and secondary air flow, ii) variable flow exhaust gases extraction system, iii) controllable feeding system, iv) heat dissipation system, v) data acquisition and control system, vi) exhaust gases analysis system. The results indicate an increased formation of agglomerated ash with increasing of temperature. In addition, they also suggest the influence of excess air and primary air fraction in that formation, and the existence of an optimum working condition for high excess air and a primary air fraction of around 30%. The application of swirl in the secondary air improves both the flame stability and enables an efficient combustion into regions where the ash agglomeration is reduced. Moreover, they also show that there are other factors that influence the ash agglomeration, mostly related to the changing of the chemical elements ratio due to vaporization of the more volatile species.
Reports on the topic "Grate boiler"
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Chaparro, Rodrigo, Maria Netto, Patricio Mansilla, and Daniel Magallon. Energy Savings Insurance: Advances and Opportunities for Funding Small- and Medium-Sized Energy Efficiency and Distributed Generation Projects in Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002947.
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The Energy Savings Insurance Program seeks to promote investment in energy efficiency and distributed generation in Latin America, primarily through small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It focuses on developing an innovative scheme of guaranteed energy performance that mitigates project risk and generates investor confidence (ESI Model). The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) facilitates the development of the ESI Program in alliance with the National Development Banks (NDBs). The ESI Model includes a contract for the supply, installation, and maintenance of equipment for generating a stipulated amount of energy or energy savings over a specific time period; validation by an independent body; insurance coverage that backs the savings or the guaranteed energy generation; and project financing. This paper describes the main attributes of the ESI Model (the contract, the insurance, validation and financing), evaluates market potential and the most attractive technologies, and identifies the priority sectors for implementing projects in Chile. The most promising economic sectors were found to be the hospitality industry, food processing industry, grape growing/wine production, and the fishing industry, and the technologies of electric motors, boilers, air conditioning systems and photovoltaic solar generation. In each of these sectors, estimates were made of financing requirements as well as CO2 emission reductions that could be achieved.