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Journal articles on the topic 'Grate boiler'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

JANČAUSKAS, Adolfas, and Kęstutis BUINEVIČIUS. "Grate-Firing Boilers Grate Movement Impact onto NOx, SO2 Emissions." Mechanics 26, no. 6 (December 7, 2020): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.26.6.26034.

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Measurements of pollutant concentrations in the flue gases of a biofuel boiler show that pollutants concentrations fluctuate by 10-100% and more at short time intervals. Large fluctuations in concentrations hinder the effective application of pollution reduction measures. During the research, flue gas composition measurements were performed in 4 MW, 8 MW industrial biofuel boilers and 20 kW experimental model. The results of the research showed that the change of CO, NO, NO2, SO2, H2S, O2 and particulate matter concentrations is related to the periodicity of the boiler grate movement. During the movement of the grate, the surface of the fuel bed is mechanically disrupted. The different composition of the fuel layers is mixed and this affects the changes in the concentration of combustion products. The clarity of the concentration fluctuations depends on the emissions, the type of fuel and the combustion parameters.

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2

Eidensten, L., J. Yan, and G. Svedberg. "Biomass Externally Fired Gas Turbine Cogeneration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816691.

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This paper is a presentation of a systematic study on externally fired gas turbine cogeneration fueled by biomass. The gas turbine is coupled in series with a biomass combustion furnace in which the gas turbine exhaust is used to support combustion. Three cogeneration systems have been simulated. They are systems without a gas turbine, with a non-top-fired gas turbine, and a top-fired gas turbine. For all systems, three types of combustion equipment have been selected: circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, grate fired steam boiler, and grate fired hot water boiler. The sizes of biomass furnaces have been chosen as 20 MW and 100 MW fuel inputs. The total efficiencies based on electricity plus process heat, electrical efficiencies, and the power-to-heat ratios for various alternatives have been calculated. For each of the cogeneration systems, part-load performance with varying biomass fuel input is presented. Systems with CFB boilers have a higher total efficiency and electrical efficiency than other systems when a top-fired gas turbine is added. However, the systems with grate fired steam boilers allow higher combustion temperature in the furnace than CFB boilers do. Therefore, a top combustor may not be needed when high temperature is already available. Only one low-grade fuel system is then needed and the gas turbine can operate with a very clean working medium.

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3

Krawczyk, Piotr, Krzysztof Badyda, Jacek Szczygieł, and Szczepan Młynarz. "Investigation of exhaust gas temperature distribution within a furnace of a stoker fired boiler as a function of its operating parameters." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0018.

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Abstract Distribution of the exhaust gas temperature within the furnace of a grate boiler greatly depends on its operating parameters such as output. It has a considerably different character than temperature distributions in other types of boilers (with pulverised or fluidised bed), as it varies considerably across the chamber. Results presented in this paper have been obtained through research of a grate-fired hot water boiler with a nominal rating of some 30 MW. Measurements have been taken by introducing temperature sensors into prearranged openings placed in the boiler side walls. Investigation has been carried out for different output levels. Tests involved thermocouples in ceramic coating and aspirated thermocouples. The latter were used to eliminate influence of radiative heat transfer on measured results. Values obtained with both methods have been cross-checked.

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4

Nowak, Krzysztof, and Sławomir Rabczak. "Co-Combustion of Biomass with Coal in Grate Water Boilers at Low Load Boiler Operation." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 2520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092520.

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Environmental protection, and in particular air protection against pollution, is an extremely important element of the global policy of many countries. The problem of air pollution is particularly important in Poland, where the heating market is one of the largest in Europe and is based in 74% on the use of fossil fuels, in particular hard coal. One of the technological solutions for the implementation of cleaner fuels is the co-combustion of coal and biomass. This process enables the reduction of harmful pollutants such as CO2, SO2, and can be implemented in existing boilers. Heating boilers achieve the highest design efficiency during optimal load at the level of 85–95% of nominal power. Under such conditions, heat production is most efficient. During operation, boilers are often started, extinguished or run below rated output, resulting in increased emissions. This publication presents the results of measurements of efficiency and concentrations of pollutants in the WR water boiler during operation below the technical minimum. Hard coal was cofired in the boiler with biomass of wood origin. It was noted that the amount of biomass had a significant impact on the boiler efficiency and pollutant emission. Based on the research, it was also noted that it was possible to make a qualitative prediction of these parameters. The obtained results are an introduction to a deeper analysis and further research on the correlation between the amount of biomass and boiler power and the efficiency and concentration of pollutants.

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5

Sheng, Ji Sheng, Biao Bing Wang, and Wen Jian Li. "A Study on Structural Characteristics of Biomass Briquette Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.211.

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According to the experimental analysis on characteristics and combustion law of the biomass briquette, it designs the biomass briquette boiler based on the detailed thermodynamic calculation to promote the boiler’s combustion and thermal efficiency. The boiler adopts the chain grate stoker which strengthens the combustion intensity of the hearth. The longer the hearth becomes, the more intense the combustion of the biomass briquette is, so that the biomass briquette boiler of thermo performance design has helped realize such goals.

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6

Senchuk, M. P. "Combined scheme of solid fuel combustion in low power boilers." Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply 35 (December 27, 2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2020.35.6-14.

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Different constructive schemes of solid fuel combustion in heating boilers up to 100 kW with the analysis of their efficiency depending on the quality of the burned solid fuel are considered. It is established that low-power solid fuel boilers with various types of combustion devices depending on the characteristics of the burned fuel and the accepted level of service are used in heat supply systems of premises, buildings and structures: from simple furnaces with manual maintenance to automated combustion devices of complex design. Mostly pre-prepared high-quality fuel is used for combustion: fuel pellets, briquettes, high-quality coal, the high cost of which significantly increases operating costs. In order to reduce capital and operating costs, it is advisable to introduce relatively inexpensive models of low-power heating boilers with an acceptable level of mechanization of combustion technology of cheap fuel, including local, with minimal costs for its preparation. The design of a heating water boiler with a semi-mechanical furnace and a technological scheme of combustion is proposed, which combines the processes of drying, gasification and combustion of fuel in a shaft with a clamping grate and combustion of coke in a layer on a moving grate. It is noted that the periodic supply of fuel in the furnace with a moving grate is maintained the stability of the combustion process in the combustion chamber, in the period between cleaning of ash and slag, without significant changes in the composition of above-layer gases. Due to the smooth movement of the next portion of hot coke from the fuel shaft to the combustion chamber on the rotating grate, conditions are created to maintain the uniformity of the boiler with the normative indicators. A reduction in harmful emissions in the exhaust gases was achieved during the combustion of the reaction fuel by passing a secondary blast of air through a collector and directing it to the combustion zone of light substances at the outlet of the clamping grate. Analytical equations for determining the size of the combustion zone according to the regime and design parameters of the combustion process are given. The efficiency of application of the combined (shaft-layer) technological scheme in low-power boilers was tested during testing of combustion of different quality coal in a semi-mechanical furnace with a rotating grate in the electric coal boiler with a heat output of 50 kW for railway carriages.

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7

Zhao, Ying, Ning Wang, Qiu Luan Chen, Tie Cheng Wang, Wen Yi Liu, Qiang Lu, and Chang Qing Dong. "Numerical Simulation of Gas Flow in a 48 t/h Biomass Fired Grate Boiler with Inner Dust Removal Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.391.

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This paper presents the numerical simulation of a 48t/h biomass fired grate boiler with an inner boiler dust removal device located in the third pass. The results show that the inner dust removal device can correct the decline of the gas flow in the passes effectively on the basis of dust separation. The best air flow ratio of RPA: RSA: RIAis = 4: 4: 2 correspondingly. Therefore, the new inner dust removal device should be applied in current commercial biomass boilers to improve their operation performance.

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8

Zhao, Ying, Tie Cheng Wang, Ning Wang, Qiu Luan Chen, Zhi Hua Ge, Qiang Lu, and Chang Qing Dong. "Verification of Model Reliability in a Double-Grate Biomass Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.406.

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A double-grate biomass direct-fired boiler is designed and modified with connected reciprocating grate and oscillation grate based on a 48t/h boiler current operation status. Ribbon and smoke are used in the cold experiments which are based on the reformed hot conditions to verify the model reliability. To have well comparison with the model result, the air ratio and inlet angle of the second air are changed and used to obtain the characteristics of the flow field of the actual grate boiler furnace. And it is the best working condition that the ratio of the air distribution primary air: second air: ignition air is 4: 4: 2, frontwall second air: backwall second air is 5: 5, the inlet angle of the frontwall second air rises 10°, the inlet angle of the backwall second air is in equilibrium position.

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9

Lv, Wei, Xiao Nan Zhang, Rui Yang Li, Zhong Xia Zhao, Xi Yu Lin, Chao Cheng, and Jian Wei Han. "Biomass Boiler Exhaust Gas Temperature Factors Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1981.

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The problems of the high exhaust gas temperature in the biomass boiler which moves normally are analyzed, and the anti-balance method to get the boiler efficiency is used to get the relationship between the exhaust gas temperature and the boiler efficiency. Greater exhaust gas heat loss, smaller the boiler efficiency. According to 35t/h biomass grate boiler, the factors which affect exhaust gas temperature are analyzed and summarized

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10

Li, Minghao. "The Economical Operation of Coal Chain Grate Boiler." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 170 (July 2018): 042056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/170/4/042056.

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11

Montgomery, Melanie, Kristian V. Dahl, Flemming B. Grumsen, Frederik B. Kværndrup, and John Hald. "Nitridation of grate in a biomass‐fired boiler." Materials and Corrosion 70, no. 8 (April 2, 2019): 1461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810630.

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12

Kær, Søren K. "Numerical modelling of a straw-fired grate boiler." Fuel 83, no. 9 (June 2004): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2003.12.003.

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13

Zhang, Zhi Ying, and Jia Hua Lu. "The Design of a Device for Burning Biomass as Straw and Brushwood." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.264.

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A special hand-grate boiler burning biomass of straw and brushwood with natural ventilation is introduced. The tested thermal efficiency of the boiler is higher than 61% and has good potential of energy saving and environmental protection, thus meets the need of heat supply under operation condition. A wide market of the boiler in remote regions is expected.

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14

Chengguo, Fu, Feng Yipeng, Tian Yishui, Liang Mingchao, and Zhang Zhengchuan. "Design of a 1 t/h Biomass Chain Boiler and ιts Fuel Adaptability Analysis." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 13, no. 5 (2020): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.135.17.

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The arch is an important component of a biomass boiler. Initial arch design of most boilers is generally gained through manual computation, thus resulting in uncertain reasonability of flue gas flow. Moreover, biomass fuels in the market have instable characteristics, which influence the utilization of biomass energies considerably. To address the problems concerning reasonable flue gas flow caused by the collaborative design of arch and air staging and the combustion adaptability of fuels, a cold modeling experiment of a 1 t/h biomass boiler under different staged air distribution ratios when the rear arch coverage varies was conducted using Fluent software in this study after thermal performance computation and initial structural design of grate and furnace. Furthermore, a boiler performance test based on main fuels and a combustion adaptation test of auxiliary fuels were also performed. The experiments show that the best flue gas flow in the furnace is achieved when the rear arch coverage is 60% and the primary–secondary air distribution ratio is 4:6. The mean boiler efficiency and the mean boiler heat output are 81.26% and 715.76 kW/h by using Pinus koraiensis pellets, wood–straw mixed pellets, and cotton straw briquettes as main fuels; and the tested pollutant emissions are in compliance with the limits of the national standard. The results of the combustion adaptation test reveal that the excessive particle size, the high ash content and the relatively low calorific value of biomass molded fuels are all against the combustion of biomass boilers. Fuel upgrading based on washing process and other methods is suggested. This study can provide references to the performance optimization of traditional small-scale biomass chain heating boilers.

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15

Swat, Marek. "Innovative Method for the Combustion of Glycerol Fraction in Solid Fuel Grate Boiler." Solid State Phenomena 237 (August 2015): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.237.301.

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The possibility of the economic utilisation of the glycerine phase and soaps will decide on the profitability of biofuel production technologies. A concept of using waste glycerol fraction, which is a by-product of esterification, as an energy source in a typical solid fuel grate boiler is investigated. Based on studies of the combustion of glycerol fraction in an adapted commercial boiler, it was found that the combustion process of glycerol fraction is very different from the combustion of solid fuels. Established technology for fuel delivery (injection into the combustion chamber) determines the dynamics of the combustion process and the intensity of oxidation, and its effects can be controlled by the characteristics of the injection of glycerol phase. It is possible to use glycerol fraction as an alternative fuel that is neutral for the environment (CO2 emission factor = 0) in a typical solid fuel grate boiler.

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16

Orang, Naz, Honghi Tran, Andy Jones, and F. Donald Jones. "Operating parameters affecting the thermal performance of biomass boilers." August 2017 16, no. 08 (2017): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj16.8.453.

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Operating data of a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) boiler and three stoker grate (SG) biomass boilers from different pulp mills were analyzed over a 2-year period. The results show that in all cases, the thermal performance decreases markedly from 5.5 to 4 lb steam/lb dry biomass as the feedstock moisture content increases from 40% to 60%. The BFB boiler had better thermal performance, although it operated in a higher moisture content range compared with the SG boilers. Multivariate analysis was also performed on one of the SG boilers to determine operating parameters that affect thermal performance. The results show that furnace temperature, oil flow rate, and induced draft fan current positively correlate with thermal performance, while the feedstock moisture content, total air flow, and excess oxygen (O2) negatively correlate with thermal performance. This implies that when making modifications to improve thermal performance, it is important to take into account correlations among various parameters. In some cases, one positively correlated parameter might cause an increase in a negatively correlated parameter. The net effect might be a decrease in thermal performance.

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17

Zheng, Kai Xuan, He Shun Chen, Bin Yi, Bao Hui Wen, Hang Zhou Yuan, and Sheng Yong Liu. "Experiment and Analysis on Temperature Distribution of Straw Double-Grate Briquette Boiler Furnace-Tank." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1673.

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Under 4 different conditions (the smallest air door αpy =1.60, the smaller air door αpy =2.20, the larger air door αpy =3.16 and the largest air door αpy =4.41), the double fire grates boiler designed by the author have been tested. The corresponding result is that the temperature distribution appears similar law in height, depth and width. Secure, stabile and economical operation of the boiler has been realized on the better work state (between condition 2 and condition 3). It will be an important type of straw briquette boiler. It lays foundation for optimization design of burning equipment and running adjustment.

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18

Razmjoo, Narges, Hamid Sefidari, and Michael Strand. "Characterization of hot gas in a 4MW reciprocating grate boiler." Fuel Processing Technology 124 (August 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.011.

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19

Maj, Izabella, and Piotr Ostrowski. "Recommendations for the process of biomass and waste gasification in a rotary reactor." E3S Web of Conferences 82 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198201010.

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The paper presents a technology for biomass and waste gasification/pyrolysis with use of flue gas as a converting agent. This technology includes a rotary reactor that operates continuously and is integrated with a power boiler, for example WR-25 type grate boiler. Process gas (syngas) as well as possible char being a result of the process are combustible and can be recirculated to the boiler’s combustion chamber. The paper presents laboratory research of selected biomass and waste: Refuse derived fuel (RDF), wood chips, nut shells, sewage sludge, coal sludge, mixture of 50% coal sludge with 50% RDF. Basing on the laboratory research a calculation procedure was developed to determine an industrial-size process parameters. The procedure allows to calculate how much fuel can be gasified/converted in a rotary reactor and the reactor’s dimension: inner diameter Dwr and length Lr.

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20

Ahn, Joon, and Jun Hwan Jang. "Combustion characteristics of a 16 step grate-firing wood pellet boiler." Renewable Energy 129 (December 2018): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.015.

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21

Diaz-Mateus, Fabian Andrey, Helver Crispiniano Alvarez-Castro, and Arlex Chaves-Guerrero. "CFD simulation of sugarcane bagasse combustion in an industrial grate boiler." DYNA 85, no. 204 (January 1, 2018): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v85n204.65601.

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La simulación de una caldera industrial en CFD se realiza, usualmente, por etapas debido al gran tamaño y a los diferentes fenómenos físicos que ocurren dentro del equipo. En este trabajo, la simulación de una caldera industrial de parrilla se realiza en tres etapas, la primera es el circuito de aire primario, la segunda es el circuito de aire secundario y la tercera corresponde a la caldera. La combustión de bagazo de caña es un fenómeno complejo que involucra vaporización de la humedad, devolatilización y combustión del carbón, de forma que para evaluar esos fenómenos las partículas de bagazo fueron modeladas en un marco Euleriano-Lagrangiano. Las simulaciones fueron desarrolladas en el software comercial ANSYS FLUENT y la tasa de devolatilización fue programada en lenguaje C como una función definida por el usuario. Cuando los resultados de las simulaciones se compararon con datos experimentales, se observó una concordancia satisfactoria. Se realizaron simulaciones con modificaciones en las entradas de aire primario y secundario buscando optimizar el funcionamiento de la caldera y los resultados de esas simulaciones presentaron una mejoría significativa en los parámetros de combustión.

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22

Ryabov, Georgy, Dmitry Litoun, and Eduard Dik. "Agglomeration of bed material: Influence on efficiency of biofuel fluidized bed boiler." Thermal Science 7, no. 1 (2003): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0301005r.

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The successful design and operation of a fluidized bed combustor requires the ability to control and mitigate ash-related problems. The main ash-related problem of biomass filing boiler is agglomeration. The fluidized bed boiler with steam capacity of 66 t/h (4 MPa, 440 ?C) was started up at the Arkhangelsk Paper-Pi dp-Plant in 2001. This boiler was manufactured by the Russian companies "Energosofin" and "Belenergomash" and installed instead of the existing boiler with mechanical grate. Some constructional elements and steam drum of existing boiler remained unchanged. The primary air fan was installed past the common air fan, which supply part of the air into 24 secondary airports. First operating period shows that the bed material is expanded and then operator should increase the primary air rate, and the boiler efficiency dramatically decreases. Tills paper presents some results of our investigations of fuel, bed and fly ash chemical compositions and other characteristics. Special experiments were carried out to optimize the bed drain flow rate. The influence of secondly air supply improvement on mixing with the main flow and boiler efficiency are given.

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23

Kraszkiewicz, Artur, and Ignacy Niedziółka. "Selected parameters of maize straw briquettes combustion." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181001013.

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An analysis of the process of burning briquettes made of maize straw was performed. A number of traits have been evaluated, including physical characteristics of the fuel through parameters describing combustion kinetics as well as products and combustion efficiency. The study was conducted in a grate boiler, during which the differentiating factor was the air velocity flowing to the boiler. It was observed that the obtained values of the considered parameters were different, particularly temperature of the flue gas and the amount of CO and SO2 in the flue gas.

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24

ORUMBAYEV, Rakhimzhan K., Andrey A. KIBARIN, Balzhan T. BAKHTIYAR, Arman S. KASSIMOV, and Maxim S. KOROBKOV. "RESEARCH OF COMBUSTION MODES DURING LAYER-BURNING OF SHUBARKUL COAL ON THE FIRE GRATE WITH THE HAND FURNACE OF THE KSVR-0.43 HOT WATER BOILER." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 36 (December 20, 2020): 856–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.871_periodico36_pgs_856_870.pdf.

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Experience shows that the trend towards using solid fuels in the energy sector of Kazakhstan will be implemented for a rather long time. At the same time, the global trend is currently tightening environmental requirements. They set the task to continue improving coal combustion efficiency and minimize emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This article aims to conduct complex thermal engineering tests of the KCVr-0.43 hot water boiler. For this, the following measurement and control tools were used: the standard boiler room secondary devices, an industrial gas analyzer Testo-350, a control (reading) module Testo-454 with temperature probes and a Pitot tube, a soot number meter Testo-308, a temperature meter 2TPM1, a portable liquid flow meter Vzlet-PRC and a stopwatch. All they had valid verification and calibration certificates. An analysis of the gas composition and technical parameters of the KCVr-0.43 hot water boiler in the investigated operation mode with Shubarkul coal during a long-term test showed that it seems possible to operate boilers of this series under low load conditions without boosting air and fuel. They can reduce emissions of toxic NOx and greenhouse gases CO2 into the atmosphere. In this case, burning Shubarkul coal without forcing through the air is characterized by significant carbon monoxide CO emissions. The formed nitrogen oxides NOx decompose in reactions with CO with the formation of molecular nitrogen and oxygen. Burning, coke residue in the layer, coal-burning stages, emissions of harmful substances.

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25

ORANG, NAZ, and HONGHI TRAN. "Effect of feedstock moisture content on biomass boiler operation." October 2015 14, no. 10 (November 1, 2015): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.10.629.

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Burning feedstock with high and constantly varying moisture content is a challenge in the operationof the stoker-grate type biomass boilers in pulp and paper mills. A fundamental study was performed, using a thermogravimetric combustor controlled at different temperatures, to systematically investigate the effect of moisture content on the combustion behavior of several woody biomasses. The results show that combustion occurred through three stages: drying, devolatilization, and char burning. Increasing the moisture content of the sample above 30% significantly increased the drying time and the time to ignition of the sample. Moisture content, however, had only a small effect on the devolatilization rate and virtually no effect on the char burning rate. Furnace temperature had a great effect on combustion. Samples containing 40% moisture could still ignite and burn readily at 800°C, but they took a much longer time to ignite at 500°C and did not ignite at 400°C. These results imply that in biomass boiler operation, the high moisture content in feedstock delays combustion and causes the furnace temperature to decrease. The low temperature, in turn, suppresses combustion, further decreasing the furnace temperature and causing more delay in combustion. This downward spiral will eventually lead to a boiler blackout unless the biomass feed rate is significantly reduced or the auxiliary fuel (natural gas and fuel oil) flow rate cofired in the boiler is increased to keep the furnace temperature high.

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26

Narayanan, K. V., and E. Natarajan . "Cofiring of Coal and Biomass in a Travelling Grate Boiler in India." Journal of Applied Sciences 6, no. 9 (April 15, 2006): 1924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2006.1924.1928.

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27

Kubica, Krystyna, Marcin Jewiarz, Robert Kubica, and Andrzej Szlęk. "Straw Combustion: Pilot and Laboratory Studies on a Straw-Fired Grate Boiler." Energy & Fuels 30, no. 6 (January 22, 2016): 4405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02693.

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28

Junga, Robert, Janusz Pospolita, Patrycja Niemiec, and Maciej Dudek. "The assessment of the fuel additive impact on moving grate boiler efficiency." Journal of the Energy Institute 92, no. 6 (December 2019): 1807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2018.12.001.

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29

Jančauskas, Adolfas, and Kęstutis Buinevičius. "Combination of Primary Measures on Flue Gas Emissions in Grate-Firing Biofuel Boiler." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040793.

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Increasingly stringent limits for NOx and SO2 emission are forcing the investigation of new reduction methods. This study was conducted to determine the combination of primary measures, i.e., flue gas recirculation (FGR) and excess air effects on sulfur, nitrogen and hydrocarbon emissions, in boiler flue gas. Experimental research was performed using an experimental, small-scale (20 kW) model of an industrial biofuel boiler. During combustion of sunflower seed hulls at different FGR ratios and incomplete combustion regimes, the composition of flue gas (NO, NO2, N2O, HCN, NH3, SO2, SO3, H2S, CO, and CxHy) was compared, allowing an explanation of the determinants of emission concentration changes to be provided. Increasing the flue gas recirculation ratio in the primary air had a positive effect on reducing NOX and CO with certain organic compounds. However, an opposite effect on SO2 was observed. NOX and SO2 concentrations were found to be approximately 500 mg/m3 and 150 mg/m3 under a regular combustion regime. When the FGR ratio of 50% NOX concentration decreased by 110 mg/m3, the SO2 concentration increased by 60 mg/m3. The incomplete combustion regime reduced NOX concentration by 70 mg/m3, whereas SO2 concentration increased by 100 mg/m3. The influence of primary measures presented an unclear relationship to hydrocarbon emissions, with concentrations not exceeding 18 mg/m3.

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30

Zhang, Hengli, Chunjiang Yu, Zhongyang Luo, and Yu’an Li. "Investigation of Ash Deposition Dynamic Process in an Industrial Biomass CFB Boiler Burning High-Alkali and Low-Chlorine Fuel." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051092.

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The circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler is a mainstream technology of biomass combustion generation in China. The high flue gas flow rate and relatively low combustion temperature of CFB make the deposition process different from that of a grate furnace. The dynamic deposition process of biomass ash needs further research, especially in industrial CFB boilers. In this study, a temperature-controlled ash deposit probe was used to sample the deposits in a 12 MW CFB boiler. Through the analysis of multiple deposit samples with different deposition times, the changes in micromorphology and chemical composition of the deposits in each deposition stage can be observed more distinctively. The initial deposits mainly consist of particles smaller than 2 μm, caused by thermophoretic deposition. The second stage is the condensation of alkali metal. Different from the condensation of KCl reported by most previous literatures, KOH is found in deposits in place of KCl. Then, it reacts with SO2, O2 and H2O to form K2SO4. In the third stage, the higher outer layer temperature of deposits reduces the condensation rate of KOH significantly. Meanwhile, the rougher surface of deposits allowed more calcium salts in fly ash to deposit through inertial impact. Thus, the elemental composition of deposits surface shows an overall trend of K decreasing and Ca increasing.

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Zadravec, Tomas, Chungen Yin, Filip Kokalj, Niko Samec, and Boštjan Rajh. "The impacts of different profiles of the grate inlet conditions on freeboard CFD in a waste wood-fired grate boiler." Applied Energy 268 (June 2020): 115055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115055.

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Wu, Si Ke, Bo Lou, Xiao Cong Wang, and Kuo Ma. "The Catastrophe Mechanism of Flashover in Biomass Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (February 2014): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.76.

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The flashover phenomenon in biomass boiler causes serious damages to the equipments performance as well as security of people due to people are not clear about biomass boiler running, and thus preventing flashover from happening has a positive significance on boiler running. The characteristics of biomass fuel particles have been analyzed at first, and then simplifying the structure of boiler in order to model conveniently. This essay focus on justifying the stability of combustion system of biomass boiler with catastrophe theory in combination with the measured and calculated data, it demonstrates that swallowtail catastrophe conforms to the flashover mechanism. By building energy equation, conducting dimensionless treatment and carrying out the swallowtail catastrophe research method, the instability point is obtained. The gained critical flashover temperature of hot smoke layer is 686.71°C which is similar to predecessors studies, Then changing the parameters values for the sake of calculating different hot gas layer temperatures. The higher the hot gas layer temperature is, more hazardous the flashover tends to be. The research reveals that increasing the initial temperature of air or aggrandizing area of fire grate (larger than 3.36m2) contribute to increase flashover temperatures. However, augment of vapor heat and heat transfer area have the opposite effects.

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33

Lillieblad, L., A. Szpila, M. Strand, J. Pagels, K. Rupar-Gadd, A. Gudmundsson, E. Swietlicki, M. Bohgard, and M. Sanati. "Boiler Operation Influence on the Emissions of Submicrometer-Sized Particles and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Biomass-Fired Grate Boilers." Energy & Fuels 18, no. 2 (March 2004): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef0300444.

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34

Price, M. E., and M. D. Chilton. "The Fort Dunlop Combined Heat and Power Plant." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power Engineering 203, no. 3 (August 1989): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_024_02.

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The paper describes the combination of a large medium-speed diesel engine with a conventional chain grate boiler at the Fort Dunlop combined heat and power (CHP) station. The CHP station is situated in Birmingham, England, and is owned and operated by the Midlands Electricity Board (MEB). A detailed description of the plant is given including the combination of both the water and gas systems.

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35

Pöykiö, Risto, Hannu Rönkkömäki, Hannu Nurmesniemi, Paavo Perämäki, Konstantin Popov, and Ilkka Välimäki. "Release of metals from grate-fired boiler cyclone ash at different pH values." Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/095422908x384114.

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36

Zhang, Xiaohui, Qun Chen, Richard Bradford, Vida Sharifi, and Jim Swithenbank. "Experimental investigation and mathematical modelling of wood combustion in a moving grate boiler." Fuel Processing Technology 91, no. 11 (November 2010): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.05.026.

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Murko, Vasily I., Victor I. Karpenok, Vasily I. Fedyaev, Dmitry A. Chernykh, Evgeny N. Zelikov, Andrey V. Solovyov, and Alexander M. Zhavoronkov. "Test Results of Fuel Additive in the Boiler with Grate Firing of Coal." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering & Technologies 10, no. 8 (December 2017): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1999-494x-2017-10-8-993-999.

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Shi, HongWei, and Dong Wang. "Numerical Simulation of Nitrogen Oxide Emission Characteristics of a Retrofitted Chain Grate Boiler." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 53, no. 4 (September 2017): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-017-0841-3.

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39

Kraszkiewicz, Artur, Artur Przywara, Magdalena Kachel-Jakubowska, and Edmund Lorencowicz. "Combustion of Plant Biomass Pellets on the Grate of a Low Power Boiler." Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 7 (2015): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.12.007.

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40

PETHE, SAMIT J., PAUL W. CLONINGER, RYAN R. SHORTREED, and KEN M. HARDISON. "Boiler retrofit improves efficiency and increases biomass firing rates." March 2021 20, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj20.3.173.

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Domtar’s fluff pulp mill in Plymouth, NC, USA, operates two biomass/hog fuel fired boilers (HFBs). For energy consolidation and reliability improvement, Domtar wanted to decommission the No. 1 HFB and refurbish/retrofit the No. 2 HFB. The No. 2 HFB was designed to burn pulverized coal and/or biomass on a traveling grate. The steaming capacity was 500,000 lb/h from coal and 400,000 lb/h from biomass. However, it had never sustained this design biomass steaming rate. As the sole power boiler, the No. 2 HFB would need to sustain 400,000 lb/h of biomass steam during peak loads. An extensive evaluation by a combustion and boiler technologies supplier was undertaken. The evaluation involved field testing, analysis, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and it identified several bottle-necks and deficiencies to achieving the No. 2 HFB’s biomass steam goal. These bottlenecks included an inadequate combustion system; insufficient heat capture; excessive combustion air temperature; inadequate sweetwater con-denser (SWC) capacity; and limited induced draft fan capacity. To address the identified deficiencies, various upgrades were engineered and implemented. These upgrades included modern pneumatic fuel distributors; a modern sidewall, interlaced overfire air (OFA) system; a new, larger economizer; modified feedwater piping to increase SWC capacity; replacement of the scrubber with a dry electro-static precipitator; and upgraded boiler controls. With the deployment of these upgrades, the No. 2 HFB achieved the targeted biomass steaming rate of 400,000 lb/h, along with lowered stack gas and combustion air temperatures. All mandated emissions limit tests at 500,000 lb/h of steam with 400,000 lb/h of biomass steam were passed, and Domtar reports a 10% reduction in fuel firing rates, which represents significant fuel savings. In addition, the mill was able to decommission the No. 1 HFB, which has substantially lowered operating and maintenance costs.

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Duo, Wenli, Ibrahim Karidio, Larry Cross, and Bob Ericksen. "Combustion and Emission Performance of a Hog Fuel Fluidized Bed Boiler With Addition of Tire Derived Fuel." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 129, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2424958.

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Salt-laden hog fuel (wood waste) is burnt in a fluidized bed boiler converted from a traveling grate boiler to generate steam for a specialty paper mill. The converted boiler has a design capacity of 156t∕h of steam from hog and actual generation has varied from 76% to 107% of the design capacity. The conversion has resulted in more stable operation, more complete combustion, less ash production, reduced boiler maintenance, and lower fossil fuel consumption. Tire derived fuel (TDF) is used as a supplementary fuel. With an energy content of 31GJ∕t for TDF, as compared to 8GJ∕t for wet hog, addition of 2%–5% TDF by weight increased the bed temperature by an average of 55°C, stabilized and improved the combustion of low quality hog and high moisture content sludge. The impact of TDF addition was studied in detail. Stack emissions were tested and bottom and flyash samples were analyzed. Although TDF contains an average of 1.6% zinc and 9.2% steel wire by weight, addition of TDF did not affect total particulate emissions from the boiler. SO2 emissions were increased due to the high sulfur content of TDF (1.4%), while NOx emissions were reduced. A good correlation was obtained from the test results, showing that the addition of TDF resulted in a reduction in both the total formation and the stack emissions of dioxins and furans.

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42

Simanjuntak, Melvin Emil. "STUDI NUMERIK 2D PEMBAKARAN CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT PADA TUNGKU BOILER." INOVTEK POLBENG 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/ip.v8i2.754.

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Cangkang kelapa sawit dengan nilai kalor 2770 kkal/kg mempunyai potensi sebagai bahan bakar boiler. Komposisi cangkang kelapa sawit meliputi kadar air 9,7%; gas volatil 67%; karbon tetap 21,2%; abu 2,1%; karbon 47,62 %; hidrogen 6,2%; oksigen 43,38%; nitrogen 0,7% dan sulfur 0,00% dalam kondisi air dry base. Penelitian ini adalah simulasi numerik 2 dimensi menggunakan software Flic yang digunakan untuk pembakaran partikel yang besar pada grate berjalan dan dipadukan dengan software Fluent untuk melihat karakteristik pembakaran pada ruang bakar boiler. Penelitian ini menggunakan kelebihan udara 30%, udara primer 70% dan udara sekunder 30%. Diameter cangkang diasumsikan 15 mm. Konsumsi cangkang pada pembakaran sebanyak 6395 kg/jam. Kecepatan bed bervariasi sebesar 5 – 8 m/jam. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan temperatur gas panas di daerah superheater sekitar 1093 – 1464 K, diperoleh juga kontur spesies gas hasil pembakaran.

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Ferreira, D. J. O., J. H. Sosa Arnao, B. C. Moreira, L. P. Rangel, and S. W. Park. "THE IMPACT OF RADIATION IN THE GAS COMBUSTION MODEL FOR SUGARCANE BAGASSE GRATE BOILER." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 33, no. 3 (September 2016): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20160333s20150143.

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44

Wang, Jing, Helen H. Lou, Fengling Yang, and Fangqin Cheng. "Numerical simulation of a decoupling and Re-burning combinative Low-NOx coal grate boiler." Journal of Cleaner Production 188 (July 2018): 977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.019.

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45

Chen, Heng, Peiyuan Pan, Jian Jiao, Yungang Wang, and Qinxin Zhao. "Low-temperature ash deposition and dewpoint corrosion of a coal-fired travelling grate boiler." Applied Thermal Engineering 117 (May 2017): 752–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.02.052.

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46

Modliński, Norbert. "Numerical simulation of SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction) process in coal fired grate boiler." Energy 92 (December 2015): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.124.

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47

Hosseini Rahdar, Mohammad, and Fuzhan Nasiri. "Operation Adaptation of Moving Bed Biomass Combustors under Various Waste Fuel Conditions." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 6352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236352.

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This paper analyzes a moving grate biomass boiler operating with three alternative waste fuels, including biomass pellets, wood waste, and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from a combination of thermal, economic, and environmental perspectives. The focus of this paper is on system functionality adaptation to retrofit the current systems operational conditions. A one-dimensional numerical bed model integrated with a black-box overbed model was developed to carefully investigate the fuel bed’s thermal characteristics, as well as the boiler’s output. According to the results, the system operates more efficiently under the biomass pellets feeding and annually generates 548 GJ heat, while it drops significantly in other scenarios. The system was economically evaluated based on a 25-year life cycle cost analysis. Subsequently, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 36% was calculated for biomass pellets, while the value reduced by 50% and 27% regarding wood waste and RDF, respectively. The fuel cost was identified as the main contributor to the total life cycle cost of the heating system, regardless of which feeding fuel was utilized. A long-term environmental impacts assessment of the boiler operation emerged, to show how plant-based fuels can significantly decrease the impacts of climate change that have originated from fossil fuel usage. The current study concludes that all the proposed scenarios are feasible to different degrees, and can extensively benefit a diverse set of energy sectors.

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48

Wang, Ning, Qin Liang Tan, Da Long Jiang, Ying Zhao, Xiao Ying Hu, and Chang Qing Dong. "Modeling of Gas Flow in a Biomass-Fired Grate Boiler with Inner Dust Removal Device." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2480.

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A mathematical model is developed for the gas flow in a biomass-fired grate boiler with inner dust removal device, with the purpose to optimize the combustion condition. The distribution of gas flow is determined by the air flow ratio and the optimization is realized by the particular simulation. The optimal air flow is obtained by the analysis of various air flow ratios, via the comparison of flow characteristics and turbulence kinetic energy. The results of the numerical simulation show that the optimum air flow can help the sufficient the mixing and burnout of combustible in the furnace. It clearly indicates that the numerical simulation can be an effective tool for the practical guidance.

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Strand, Michael. "Particulate and CO Emissions from a Moving-Grate Boiler Fired with Sulfur-Doped Woody Fuel." Energy & Fuels 21, no. 6 (November 2007): 3653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef700248f.

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50

Zhou, Anqi, Yaojie Tu, Hongpeng Xu, Yang Wenming, Feiyang Zhao, Siah Keng Boon, and Prabakaran Subbaiah. "Numerical investigation the effect of air supply on the biomass combustion in the grate boiler." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.088.

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