Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gratin

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Gratin'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gratin"

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Arulmurugan, P., J. Venkatraman, and P. Saravanan. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Titanium Alloy TI-6AL-4V-SS316." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.287.

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Titanium and its alloys are being extensively research and are applied relatively in different field of dentistry in since 1970s. Inherent advantage like high strength, ductility, Low modules of plasticity, high corrosion resistance as titanium alloy (Ti 6A 4V ELI –SS316). It is also light weight and highly tolerant to damage by other the alloy content. It is iron are mixing so forming the corrosion resistance and magnetism effect. So to add aluminum, vanadium and carbon content increases and iron content was decrease the various percentage for metal matrix composite(MMC) methods and stainless steel ss316 add by using stir casting method, and to check the hardness test, corrosion test and chemical specification and mechanical properties of the materials. To avoid the bone cells loss and bone desorption. It has superior biocompatibility making it easy to gratin and attach to bone all which being accepted by the human body.
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Hodgson, D. C. "Review of Engineering Mechanics Volumes 1 and 2 Statics and Dynamics by P. Jansson and R. Gratin." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 35, no. 7 (July 1995): 1075–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(95)90001-2.

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USVA, K., M. SAARINEN, and J.-M. KATAJAJUURI. "Supply chain integrated LCA approach to assess environmental impacts of food production in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2009): 460–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5967.

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A process was started in the late 1990s to produce comprehensive environmental data on particular aspects of Finnish food production with the aim of analyzing the environmental impacts (at least climate change, acidification and eutrophication and some other impacts) of products and locating hot spots in production chains. A supply chain integrated life cycle assessment was carried out on fodder barley, hard cheese, oat flakes, potato flour, cream cheese potato gratin, beer, honey-marinated/sliced broiler fillet and greenhouse cucumber. Methodological improvements in assessing environmental impacts of food products were evaluated in relation to ISO14040 and 14044 standards. Methods improved, especially regarding quality of cultivation data and previously reported data from the literature, impact assessment and calculations for assessment of leaching from agriculture. As a generic conclusion on the share of contributions of the various phases of production chains to environmental impact: agriculture was the most important phase, especially in terms of eutrophication potential. Work in food LCA methodology has provided a sound base for future development in assessing environmental impacts of food products. In the future providing more and more environmental information on products for customers and consumers is setting new challenges for research.;
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Shapoval, O. V. "Grating and plasmon resonances in the scattering of light by finite silver nanostrip gratings." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 3 (September 25, 2012): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo15.03.200.

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An-Chung Chiang, An-Chung Chiang, and Yen-Yin Lin Yen-Yin Lin. "Line-narrowed electro-optic periodically-poled-lithium-niobate Q-switched laser with intra-cavity optical parametric oscillation using a grazing-incidence grating." Chinese Optics Letters 12, no. 4 (2014): 041401–41404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.041401.

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Zhuang Wei, 庄炜, 辛璟焘 Xin Jingtao, 张旭 Zhang Xu, 李红 Li Hong, and 祝连庆 Zhu Lianqing. "预写入标尺实现光纤光栅布拉格波长精确控制." Chinese Journal of Lasers 49, no. 6 (2022): 0606001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202249.0606001.

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Du, Hua, Hui Min Xie, Hai Chang Jiang, Li Jian Rong, Qi Ang Luo, Chang Zhi Gu, and Ya-Pu Zhao. "Strain Analysis on Porous TiNi SMA Using SEM Moiré Method." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.79.

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In this paper, a new technique for fabricating grating on the surface of porous TiNi SMA is proposed. The grating is directly written onto the surface of the specimen using the FIB milling. No photoresist is required during the lithography process. From the experimental results, it can be obviously seen that the grating fabricated by FIB milling has a better quality than that by electron beam lithography. Using the self-made FIB grating, the in-plane deformation of the porous TiNi SMA in microscale is studied by SEM moiré method. Moiré and the microscopical structures are synchronously observed, including microcracks, martensites and grain boundaries.
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Vereshchagin, Aleksandr, and Vasiliy Marin. "Effects of Humidity and the Content of Sprouted and Spoiled Buckwheat Grains on the Changes of Acid Number of Fat and Grain Acidity." Foods and Raw Materials 2, no. 1 (May 26, 2014): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4126.

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Abduraximov, U. A., Sh I. Mamatojiyev, and M. M. Usarkulova. "THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION OF HIGH-QUALITY GRAIN PRODUCTS FROM GRAIN." American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 02, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue05-09.

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Knowledge of the laws of events in the grain heap allows you to take the necessary science-based measures to ensure the quantity and quality of grain. The complexity of organizing the storage of kata batches of grain and grain products is due to their physiological and physicochemical properties. Grain is a living organism in which various life processes take place; the intensity of these processes depends on external environmental conditions. If the external environment has a positive effect on the metabolism of grain cells, it will inevitably lead to a decrease in quantity, deteriorating the quality of grain.
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Bin Yu, Bin Yu, Wei Jia Wei Jia, Changhe Zhou Changhe Zhou, Hongchao Cao Hongchao Cao, and Wenting Sun Wenting Sun. "Grating imaging scanning lithography." Chinese Optics Letters 11, no. 8 (2013): 080501–80503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.080501.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gratin"

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Zhang, Qinghong. "SINTERING BEHAVIOR AND PROPERTIES STUDY IN STOICHIOMETRIC BLENDING BaTiOs." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin971278607.

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Ottman, Michael. "Wheat and Barley Varieties for Arizona 2010." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147013.

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Ottman, Michael J. "Wheat and Barley Varieties for Arizona 2011." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/225875.

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Ottman, Michael J. "Wheat and Barley Varieties for Arizona 2012." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/248911.

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Ottman, Michael J. "Wheat and Barley Varieties for Arizona 2013." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305109.

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Kalumba, Denis. "Effect of grading and grain size on the friction characteristics of a sand/geotextile inteface." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32297.

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Geofabrics are incorporated in geotechnical engineering structures for various reasons and functions. This study addresses the reinforcement function whereby geotextiles are utilised as reinforcing elements in reinforced slopes and fills. It particularly focuses on the soil/geotextile interface behaviour. Geotextile reinforcements transfer a majority of the shear stress from the soil to the reinforcement and vice versa by friction. This interfacing ability manifested by the soil/geotextile frictional contact is very important in the performance of reinforced soil structures, and depends on the physical characteristics of the backfill as well as the geotextile. In this investigation, the interaction behaviour of geotextiles with sand is evaluated by conducting extensive laboratory interface tests both in direct shear and pull-out. A comprehensive test program was established to include a needle punched non-woven geotextile interacting with sands of different grading, grain size distributions and grain shapes namely; Cape Flats, Klipheuwel and Munich sands. The respective responses were primarily presented in terms of shear stress/horizontal displacement and pUll-out resistance/front displacement relationships; showing the frictional performance of the geotextile in these sands of different physical characteristics. Interface shear strength in both test methods was determined using Mohr-Coulomb's law. The ensuing shear strength values were compared with each other and with the direct shear strengths of the respective sands used in this investigation Specific emphasis and detailed analyses went into the pull-out experiments in which local displacements of the geotextile specimens were measured as the test progressed. The measurements enabled the study of the stretching characteristics of the geofabric in the different sands. Applying an extrapolation procedure to approximate the constantly changing deformation modulus of the geotextile as it stretched in the respective sands, allowed the back-prediction of the pull-out force/displacement relationship, and thus enabled the study of skin friction distribution along the geotextile specimen during pull-out. The effect of the grading and grain size on the development of the interface shear stress, the peak values, and the type of interface failure could be demonstrated. The analysis of the skin friction along the geotextile specimen led to the development of a generalised shear stress distribution graph which, if validated in further research, may be adopted in practical design situations. In a design example, it was shown that the assumption of interface shear parameters based on direct shear tests provides too optimistic a factor of safety. This study recommends the use of interface shear parameters derived from pull-out tests. The in-depth analysis of the tests in a variety of sands showed clearly that the shear stress is not uniformly distributed over the embedment length of the reinforcement. This skin friction drops dramatically from a peak value near the loaded end to zero at the free end in all investigated confinements.
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Beucia, Bermane. "Etudes de lien entre écrouissage/restauration et croissance de grains dans les polycristaux métalliques thermomécaniquement transformés." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD071/document.

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Depuis des décennies, le rôle joué par les joints de grains dans le comportement plastique des matériaux cristallins interroge mécaniciens, métallurgistes, spécialistes des matériaux. Après les avancées décisives de la plasticité individuelle des cristaux et de leur comportement collectif au sein d’agrégats, les effets complexes des interfaces sur le comportement effectif constituent l’enjeu restant à maîtriser. Car si les joints peuvent aussi bien être sites d’endommagement que réseau de consolidation dans une structure polycristalline, ils contribuent toujours fortement aux propriétés macroscopiques de cette dernière. Le travail réalisé est une contribution à l’étude du comportement des joints lors de traitements thermomécaniques induisant leur mobilité. On parle de migration.Nous avons étudié les caractéristiques essentielles de la migration de joints de grains à partir du mécanisme de SIBM (croissance de grains sans germination après faible déformation plastique). La migration des joints de grains sous recuit après déformation a été suivie in situ en MEB. Les évolutions microstructurales sont analysées en MEB et en AFM. Les principales forces et caractéristiques contribuant à la migration des joints sont étudiées. Pour les forces, un diagramme de migration reliant le déplacement des joints à l’énergie de courbure et à l’énergie stockée par déformation plastique a permis d’évaluer la pertinence de l’expression usuelle de la force motrice de migration et d’en discuter de possibles ajustements. Pour les caractéristiques, nous avons confirmé l’effet de surface de la gravure thermique et celui plus intrinsèque des jonctions triples sur la mobilité des joints de grains
For many decades, the role of grain boundaries in the plastic behavior of crystalline materials questions engineers, metallurgists, materials scientists. After the decisive progress in plasticity of individual crystals and for their collective behavior in aggregates, the complex effects of boundaries on the actual behavior are the remaining challenge to master. If boundaries can as well be considered as damage sites as strengthening network in a poly-crystalline structure, they always contribute greatly to the macroscopic properties of the latter. This work is a contribution to the study of the behavior of boundaries during thermomechanical treatments inducing mobility. We talk about migration.We studied the essential characteristics of the migration of grain boundaries from SIBM mechanism (Strain Induced Boundary Migration). The migration of grain boundaries under annealing after deformation was monitored in situ SEM. Microstructural changes are analyzed by SEM and AFM. The main strengths and characteristics contributing to the boundary migration are studied. For strengths, a migration diagram linking the displacements of grain boundaries to the curvature energy and the stored energy from plastic deformation allowed to assessing of the relevance of the usual expression for the migration driving force and to discussing possible adjustments. For characteristics, we confirmed the surface effect of the thermal grooving and the more intrinsic one of triple junctions on the mobility of grain boundaries
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Luca, Matthieu. "Quality Timber Strength Grading : A prediction of strength using scanned surface grain data and FE-analyses." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-14037.

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Goyal, Anchal. "Comportement mécanique d'un alliage d'aluminium à grains ultrafins. Analyse et modélisation du rôle exacerbé des joints de grains." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX091/document.

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Les alliages à grains ultrafins semblent prometteurs, au vu de leur forte résistance en traction et de la possibilité d'une mise en forme superplastique à basse température. Toutefois, leurs mécanismes de déformation, qui comportent une part plus ou moins forte de glissement aux joints de grains restent mal connus, et leurs performances en fatigue ont été peu étudiées. Ce travail vise à comparer et analyser le comportement viscoplastique et les mécanismes de déformation et d'endommagement en traction et en fatigue d’un alliage d’aluminium-magnésium "classique" et à grains ultrafins (600nm en moyenne) obtenu par déformation plastique sévère, selon le procédé ECAP.Des essais de relaxation, fluage et traction à diverses vitesses et températures ont permis de mesurer les évolutions des sensibilités à la vitesse en fonction de ces deux paramètres et de montrer: 1) que le raffinement microstructural accroît sensiblement la sensibilité à la vitesse 2) que ce paramètre augmente avec la vitesse de déformation 3) qu'il contrôle la ductilité du matériau à grains ultrafins, qui s'accroît donc à faible vitesse 4) que cette ductilité devient supérieure à celle du matériau classique lorsque la température s'élève. Les domaines de vitesse et température dans lesquels le raffinement microstructural accroît ou diminue la résistance en traction ont été délimités.Les mécanismes de déformation et d'endommagement des deux matériaux ont été étudiés au moyen d'essais de traction sous MEB accompagnés de mesures des champs de déformation par corrélation d'images à plusieurs échelles: méso et microscopique, grâce à des microgrilles d'or et sub-micrométrique, grâce à un mouchetis très fin obtenu par démouillage d'un film d'or. Le glissement aux joints est d'autant plus actif, dans les deux matériaux, que la température augmente et que la vitesse de déformation diminue. Dans l'alliage à grains ultrafins, il a un caractère coopératif et survient préférentiellement aux joints de forte désorientation. Les champs de déformation sont plus hétérogènes dans le matériau à grains ultrafins, où le taux de déformation dépasse 100% dans des bandes localisées.Un modèle éléments finis 2D intégrant, outre la viscoplasticité au sein des grains, un glissement visqueux des joints, a été identifié dans toute la gamme de température explorée et rend assez bien compte du comportement viscoplastique des deux matériaux et de la contribution beaucoup plus forte du glissement aux joints dans l'alliage à grains ultrafins. Il permet également de préciser comment évolue cette contribution au cours de l'écrouissage.Des essais de traction-compression à déformation plastique imposée ont permis d'étudier la plasticité cyclique et les mécanismes d'endommagement en fatigue oligocyclique et des essais à contrainte imposée, d'explorer la fatigue à grand nombre de cycles. Les essais ont été suivis d'observations des surfaces de rupture et d'une analyse statistique de l'endommagement en surface, ainsi que d'observations au MET des arrangements de dislocations. Les deux matériaux manifestent un durcissement cyclique, plus modeste dans l'alliage à grains ultrafins, qui présente, à forte amplitude, une croissance de ses grains. L'écrouissage isotrope prédomine dans l'alliage classique, où la densité de dislocations augmente fortement avec la plasticité cyclique, alors que l'écrouissage cinématique prédomine dans l'alliage à grains ultrafins, en raison de sa moindre aptitude à stocker des dislocations et de la plus grande hétérogénéité de sa déformation plastique. A même amplitude plastique, ce dernier a une durée de vie plus faible, en raison d'un amorçage bien plus rapide des fissures, à partir de particules intermétalliques. A contrainte imposée, le matériau a grain ultrafins a une durée de vie légèrement supérieure, grâce à une propagation plus lente des microfissures, dont le trajet est transgranulaire dans les plus gros grains et intergranulaire dans les plus petits
Ultrafine grained (UFG) alloys seem promising, based on their high tensile properties and the possibility of superplastic forming at relatively low temperature. However, their deformation mechanisms are not fully understood, and their performance in fatigue has not been thoroughly investigated. This work compares the viscoplastic behavior, and the deformation and damage mechanisms in tension and fatigue of a UFG Al-Mg alloy (600 nm mean grain size) obtained by severe plastic deformation (ECAP process) with that of its coarse-grained (CG) counterpart.The strain rate sensitivity (SRS) of both materials has been measured during creep, relaxation and tensile tests run at various strain rates and temperature. Microstructural refinement is shown to increase the SRS, which rises as the strain rate decreases, and controls the ductility. The UFG material becomes softer and more ductile than the CG material at high temperature. The temperature and strain rate domain for which the UFG alloy is stronger or softer has been determined.Tensile tests run in a SEM, with DIC measurements of strain fields at meso/ micro scales (using gold microgrids printed by electron beam lithography) and at sub-micron scale (using a superfine speckle obtained by film remodelling) have shown that grain boundary sliding is more and more active in both materials as the temperature rises and as the strain rate decreases. Grain boundary sliding is cooperative and occurs mostly at high-angle grain boundaries in the UFG alloy, where the strain field is more heterogeneous, and where very high strain levels (> 100%) are often observed in localized bands.A 2D finite element model taking into account the viscoplastic behaviour inside the grains, and viscous sliding at the grain boundaries has been identified other the whole temperature range investigated. It captures well the observed behaviours and the much larger contribution of grain boundary sliding in the UFG alloy. It also provides the evolution of this contribution during strain hardening.Plastic strain-controlled push-pull tests and stress-controlled push-pull tests were run to investigate the cyclic behaviour and damage mechanisms of the two materials in low and high-cycle fatigue. The tests were followed by fractographic observations, statistical analysis of surface damage, as well as TEM observations of dislocations arrangements. Both materials exhibit cyclic hardening, although it is more modest in the UFG alloy, in which grain growth occurs at high amplitude. While isotropic hardening predominates in the CG alloy where the density of dislocation strongly increases during cyclic tests, kinematic hardening predominates in the UFG alloy, because of its limited capacity to store dislocations and its more heterogeneous plastic deformation. For a given plastic strain range, the UFG alloy has a shorter fatigue life than its CG counterpart, because of a much easier crack initiation, mostly from intermetallic particles. For a given stress range, it has a slightly higher life, due to a slower development of microcracks, which have a transgranular path in the largest grains, with some intergranular growth within the smallest grains
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Dadiotis, Konstantinos. "Improving phase grating and absorption grating diffusers." Thesis, University of Salford, 2010. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26633/.

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This thesis investigates room acoustic diffusers based on number sequences, exploring their shortcomings and presents improvements. Standard Phase Grating Diffusers display frequencies where they act like flat plates and fail to diffuse. To overcome this, two new sequences (Luke and power residue) are introduced. The diffusers based on these sequences display extended frequency range compared to standard ones such as Quadratic Residue and Primitive Root Diffusers. Their performance is studied using Boundary Element Modelling which shows that they can avoid flat plate phenomena in the audible frequency range. Furthermore, it is shown that by taking advantage of their inner symmetries Quadratic Residue and Primitive Root Diffusers can be created from smaller components thus allowing for the flat plat effect to be mitigated. Next, Absorption Grating Diffusers are investigated. They consist of ideally absorbing and reflecting elements. For their implementation heavily damped Helmholtz Resonators are investigated showing that they give an approximation of the required distribution of admittance on the surface. Then the performance of ideal Absorption Grating Diffusers is investigated using Boundary Element Modelling. Even with idealised completely absorbing elements, the performance of the diffuser is shown not to achieve substantial diffusion. This arises because edge diffraction from the reflecting elements weakens at high frequencies. At frequencies where smaller elements are creating substantial scattering, larger elements are producing specular reflections. Furthermore, due to the lack of cancellation, the specular reflected lobe is insufficiently attenuated, because it can only be changed through absorption. Improvements to the original design are suggested. By changing reflective elements to reactive ones, scattering can be extended to higher frequencies. This allows for a range of frequencies were more reflecting elements display substantial dispersion. Also, implementing the absorbing elements using porous material in a shallow well allows some reflection, resulting in cancellation in the specular reflection lobe due to interference. Measurements of the scattered pressure distribution of absorption grating surfaces are carried out and then compared to Boundary Element Modelling simulations using surface admittance data measured in an impedance tube. The agreement between measurement and simulation is excellent proving the accuracy of this simulation method for these applications. The results show that the samples tested perform as two level Phase Grating Diffusers, with some energy loss, while their diffusion characteristics are shifted to lower frequencies. This arises because of the lower speed of sound in the porous medium. This implementation is shown to absorb 50% of the incident sound while the rest is scattered uniformly but only over a limited bandwidth.
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Books on the topic "Gratin"

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Schneidre, Dominique. Gratin. Paris: J.C. Lattès, 1993.

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Death au gratin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.

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Death au gratin. London: Macmillan, 1994.

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Sabatier, G. R. /Becker. Le Gratin des champignons. Grenoble, France: Glénat, 1993.

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Haniotis, Élisabeth. Gratins. Paris: Solar, 2008.

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Schmidt, Maurice. Frisch aus dem Backofen - Aufläufe und Gratins. Köln: Buch-und-Zeit-Verl.-Ges., 1998.

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Vergne, Blanche. Les 50 meilleures recettes de gratins et soufflés. Paris: France Loisirs, 2006.

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Bensoussan, Maurice. Le ketchup & le gratin: Histoire(s) parallèle(s) des habitudes alimentaires françaises et américaines. Paris: Assouline, 1999.

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Ma chérie, il manquait trois minutes de cuisson pour que ton gratin soit parfait: Réflexions sur le management. Paris: BoD Books on demand, 2016.

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Switzerland) Festival international de la bande dessinée (4nd 1985 Sierre. BD '85: Sierre, capitale d'été de la BD, Festival international du 13 au 16 juin 1985 : 70 dessinateurs, le gratin des bédéistes. Lausanne: Illustré, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gratin"

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Skripnyak, Vladimir A., Evgeniya G. Skripnyak, and Vladimir V. Skripnyak. "Failure Mechanisms of Alloys with a Bimodal Graine Size Distribution." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 521–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_23.

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AbstractA multi-scale computational approach was used for the investigation of a high strain rate deformation and fracture of magnesium and titanium alloys with a bimodal distribution of grain sizes under dynamic loading. The processes of inelastic deformation and damage of titanium alloys were investigated at the mesoscale level by the numerical simulation method. It was shown that localization of plastic deformation under tension at high strain rates depends on grain size distribution. The critical fracture stress of alloys depends on relative volumes of coarse grains in representative volume. Microcracks nucleation at quasi-static and dynamic loading is associated with strain localization in ultra-fine grained partial volumes. Microcracks arise in the vicinity of coarse and ultrafine grains boundaries. It is revealed that the occurrence of a bimodal grain size distributions causes increased ductility, but decreased tensile strength of UFG alloys. The increase in fine precipitation concentration results not only strengthening but also an increase in ductility of UFG alloys with bimodal grain size distribution.
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Nciizah, Tendai, Elinah Nciizah, Caroline Mubekaphi, and Adornis D. Nciizah. "Role of Small Grains in Adapting to Climate Change: Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 581–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_254.

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AbstractClimate change has become one of the most profound threats to smallholder agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. Farmers in this sector are especially vulnerable to climate change due to reliance on rain-fed agriculture, limited access to capital and technology among other challenges. While several potential adaptation options exist, many barriers hinder effective adoption of these practices, hence production in marginal areas remains very low. This chapter discusses crop adaptation through the adoption of small grains in Zvishavane rural, a semi-arid area in Zimbabwe. Small grains are conducive in hot areas; their drought-tolerant nature enables them to thrive in marginal areas making them an appropriate strategy in responding to climate change. However, several production and policy challenges associated with small grain production hinder their adoption by farmers. In view of this, this chapter discusses the potential of small grains as an adaptation strategy to climate change in Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe, and addresses potential challenges and opportunities for increased adoption and future research. The review showed that farmers in Zvishavane have perceived climate change due to noticeable changes in rainfall and temperature patterns in the past years. Despite small grain production being the best strategy due to drought and high temperature tolerance, an insignificant number of Zvishavane farmers is involved in small grain production. This is due to numerous barriers such as high labor demand associated with small grain production, the challenge posed by the quelea birds, food preferences, low markets, and low extension services and government support. It is therefore necessary to encourage adoption of small grains by developing improved varieties, adoption of climate smart agricultural practices, improved technical support, and access to markets among other interventions.
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Quinn, Bob, and Liz Carlisle. "Introduction." In Grain by Grain, 1–14. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-996-8_1.

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Quinn, Bob, and Liz Carlisle. "The Value of Limits." In Grain by Grain, 123–32. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-996-8_10.

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Quinn, Bob, and Liz Carlisle. "Taste of Place." In Grain by Grain, 133–41. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-996-8_11.

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Quinn, Bob, and Liz Carlisle. "Recycling Energy." In Grain by Grain, 143–60. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-996-8_12.

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Quinn, Bob, and Liz Carlisle. "Bringing Rural Jobs Back." In Grain by Grain, 161–70. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-996-8_13.

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Quinn, Bob, and Liz Carlisle. "The Gluten Mystery." In Grain by Grain, 171–81. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-996-8_14.

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Quinn, Bob, and Liz Carlisle. "Food as Medicine." In Grain by Grain, 183–95. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-996-8_15.

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Quinn, Bob, and Liz Carlisle. "One Great Subject." In Grain by Grain, 197–207. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-996-8_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gratin"

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Paradies, Marcus, Michael Rudolf, Christof Bornhövd, and Wolfgang Lehner. "GRATIN." In SIGMOD/PODS'14: International Conference on Management of Data. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2621934.2621941.

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Betz, Daniel C., Graham Thursby, Brian Culshaw, and Wieslaw J. Staszewski. "Lamb wave detection and source location using fiber Bragg gratin rosettes." In Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Daniele Inaudi and Eric Udd. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.484268.

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Eggleton, B. J., R. E. Slusher, T. A. Strasser, and C. M. de Sterke. "High intensity pulse propagation in fiber Bragg gratings." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmb.1.

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Recently we reported the first systematic experiments describing high intensity pulse propagation in fiber Bragg gratings [1-3]. These experiments demonstrated nonlinear pulse compression, and pulse shaping, and also demonstrated the generation and propagation of grating solitons [1]. which exist because of the balancing of nonlinearity of the glass and the strong dispersion of the grating [4-6]. Possibly the most striking feature of these solitons is that they can travel at velocities between zero and the speed of light in the medium. Indeed initial experimental, which were performed in uniform (unchirped) gratings, indicated that the solitons propagated at about 75% of the speed of light in the uniform medium. In this paper we review the nonlinear optics of fiber gratings and in particular discuss the experimental realization of grating solitons. We also discuss two extensions of this work: launching of slow grating solitons in apodized fiber gratings; and experimental studies of modulational instabilities (MIs) in Bragg gratings. Finally we mention the possibility of soliton engineering, through the design of nonuniform gratings.
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Balusu, Kranthi, and Haiying Huang. "A CPFEM Investigation of the Effect of Grain Orientation on the Surface Profile During Tensile Plastic Deformation of FCC Polycrystals." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71763.

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A Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method (CPFEM) investigation was performed to study the effect of the grain orientation on the surface profile changes in FCC polycrystals undergoing plastic tensile deformation. A grain embedded in an isotropic sample was used to ensure that grain profile is influenced only by the grain orientation. Simulation with multiple sets of grain orientations has determined that strain compatibility is the key criterion dictating the relative sinking and rising of grains. As a consequence, the grains with axial orientations close to [001] and [111] orientations, i.e. the most compatible orientations, sink irrespective of the normal orientation. However, grains with other axial orientations may relatively rise or sink depending on the orientation normal to the surface.
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Zhao, Fengmei, Xiangsu Zhang, Shou Liu, and Xuechang Ren. "Characteristic Analysis of Anti-Reflective Subwavelength Cross Gratings Fabricated With Holographic Technique." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37974.

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The paper presents the investigation on anti-reflection property of subwavelength cross-gratings with relief profile close to pyramid or cone. Such gratings are polarization independent and have effective refractive index increasing gradually from the top to the substrate. Theoretical analysis indicates that, to obtain good anti-reflection effect, for normally incident lights in visible band (400 ∼ 700 nm) the grating period should not be larger than 266 nm. Cross gratings with different periods were fabricated using holographic double-exposure method on photoresist. Measurements show that the grating with 255 nm period has higher transmittance compared with the gratings with the periods larger than 266 nm. Measurements also show that larger grating depth results in higher transmittance. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.
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Taglietti, Bruno, Hao Sun, Sehr Moosabhoy, and Lawrence R. Chen. "Random Subwavelength Grating Waveguide Bragg Gratings." In 2022 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipc53466.2022.9975633.

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Cizelj, L., and I. Simonovski. "Multiscale Assessment of Random Polycrystalline Aggregates With Short Cracks." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89623.

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The complete understanding of the incubation and growth of microstructurally short cracks is still somewhat beyond the present state-of-the-art explanations. A good example is the intergranular stress corrosion cracking of Inconel 600 in high-temperature water. An effort was therefore made by the authors to construct a computational model of the crack growth kinetics at the grain-size scale. The main idea is to divide continuum (e.g., polycrystalline aggregate) into a set of sub-continua (grains). Random grain structure is modelled using Voronoi-Dirichlet tessellation. Each grain is assumed to be a monocrystal with random orientation of the crystal lattice. Elastic behaviour of grains is assumed to be anisotropic. Crystal plasticity is used to describe (small to moderate) plastic deformation of monocrystal grains. Explicit geometrical modelling of grain boundaries and triple points allows for the development of the incompatible strains along the grain boundaries and at triple points. Finite element method (ABAQUS) is used to obtain numerical solutions of strain and stress fields. The analysis is currently limited to two-dimensional models. Numerical examples illustrate analysis of about one grain boundary long transgranular cracks. In particular, the dependence of crack tip displacements on the random orientation of neighbouring grains is studied. The limited number of calculations performed indicates that the incompatibility strains, which develop along the boundaries of randomly oriented grains, significantly influence the local stress fields and therefore also the crack tip displacements. First attempts are also made to quantify the preferential growth directions of cracks crossing the discontinuities (e.g., grain boundary).
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Ebizuka, Noboru, Shin-ya Morita, Yutaka Yamagata, Minoru Sasaki, Andorea Bianco, Ayano Tanabe, Nobuyuki Hashimoto, Yasuhiro Hirahara, and Wako Aoki. "Birefringence Bragg Binary (3B) grating, quasi-Bragg grating and immersion gratings." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Ramón Navarro, Colin R. Cunningham, and Allison A. Barto. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2055045.

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Weisenberger, Janet M., Michael J. Krier, and Martha A. Rinker. "Resolution of Virtual Grating Orientation With 2-DOF and 3-DOF Force Feedback Systems." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0268.

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Abstract The present study describes experiments comparing human observers’ ability to resolve the orientation of grating stimuli presented on a 3-DOF haptic interface (PHANToM) and a 2-DOF haptic interface (Immersion IE2000 joystick). Although the force renderings for the two devices are of necessity quite distinct, both yield surprisingly credible percepts of surface texture. Accordingly, resolution for sinusoidal gratings (3-DOF device) and “square-wave” gratings (2-DOF device) was measured as the minimum spatial period required to determine which of two grating orientations had been presented. For the 3-DOF device, this ability was tested for a range of grating amplitudes. For the 2-DOF device, a range of damping constants was employed. Pilot results showed better performance for the 2-DOF device, most likely attributable to the sharp delineation of “edges” for the gratings presented, as compared to the “edgeless” sinusoidal gratings presented on the 3-DOF device. In addition, observers reported a number of interesting perceptual phenomena when stimuli were close to threshold.
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Chen, L. R., S. D. Benjamin, P. W. E. Smith, and J. E. Sipe. "Ultrashort Pulse Propagation Through Fibre Gratings: Theory and Experiment." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmb.2.

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In-fibre Bragg gratings have numerous applications for optical communications and fibre optic sensors. Typically, grating-based devices and applications involve incoherent broadband sources, narrowband cw sources, or pulsed (quasi-cw) sources where the spectral bandwidth of the input pulse is narrower than that of the grating response. Propagation through fibre gratings for the above cases has been examined and is well understood.1,2
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Reports on the topic "Gratin"

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Hodgdon, Taylor, Brendan West, Julie Parno, Theodore Letcher, Zoe Courville, and Lauren Farnsworth. Extracting sintered snow properties from microCT imagery to initialize a discrete element method model. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45305.

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Modeling snow’s mechanical behavior is important for many cold regions engineering problems. Because snow’s microstructure plays a significant role in its mechanical response, it is imperative to initialize models with accurate bond characteristics and realistic snow-grain geometries to precisely capture the microstructure interactions. Previous studies have processed microcomputed tomography scans of snow samples with a watershed method to extract grain geometries. This approach relies on identification of seed points to segment each grain. Our new methodology, called the “moving window method,” does not require prior knowledge of the snow-grain-size distribution to identify seed points. We use the interconnectivity of the segmented grains to identify bond characteristics. We compare the resultant grain-size and bond-size distributions to the known grain sizes of the laboratory-made snow samples. The grain-size distributions from the moving window method closely match the known grain sizes, while both results from the traditional method produce grains that are too large. We propose that the bond net-work identified using the traditional method underestimates the number of bonds and overestimates bond radii. Our method allows us to segment realistic snow grains and their associated bonds, without prior knowledge of the samples, from which we can initialize numerical models of the snow.
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Strohbehn, Daryl R., Marshall V. Ruble, and Daniel G. Morrical. Use of Distillers Grains in Beef Cows Grazing Cornstalks–A Demonstration Project. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-539.

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Tranel, Larry F. Economics of Conventional and Hybrid Grazing Dairies Relative to Organic and Organic No-Grain Dairies. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-302.

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Pingel, David, and Allen H. Trenkle. Digestibility of Diets with Corn Grain and Urea Replaced with Corn Distillers Grains or Solubles. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-488.

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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Ross Lieblappen, Susan Taylor, Reed Winter, Terry Melendy, Robert Moser, and Robert Haehnel. Observation of crack arrest in ice by high aspect ratio particles during uniaxial compression. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43145.

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In nature, ice frequently contains dissolved solutes or entrapped particles, which modify the microstructure and mechanical properties of ice. Seeking to understand the effect of particle shape and geometry on the mechanical properties of ice, we performed experiments on ice containing 15 wt% silica spheres or rods. Unique to this work was the use of 3-D microstructural imaging in a -10ºC cold room during compressive loading of the sample. The silica particles were present in the ice microstructure as randomly dispersed aggregates within grains and at grain boundaries. While cracks originated in particle-free regions in both sphere- and rod-containing samples, the propagation of cracks was quite different in each type of sample. Cracks propagated uninhibited through aggregates of spherical particles but were observed to arrest at and propagate around aggregates of rods. These results imply that spherical particles do not inhibit grain boundary sliding or increase viscous drag. On the other hand, silica rods were found to span grains, thereby pinning together the microstructure of ice during loading. These results provide insights into mechanisms that can be leveraged to strengthen ice.
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Lever, James, Susan Taylor, Arnold Song, Zoe Courville, Ross Lieblappen, and Jason Weale. The mechanics of snow friction as revealed by micro-scale interface observations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42761.

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The mechanics of snow friction are central to competitive skiing, safe winter driving and efficient polar sleds. For nearly 80 years, prevailing theory has postulated that self-lubrication accounts for low kinetic friction on snow: dry-contact sliding warms snow grains to the melting point, and further sliding produces meltwater layers that lubricate the interface. We sought to verify that self-lubrication occurs at the grain scale and to quantify the evolution of real contact area to aid modeling. We used high-resolution (15 μm) infrared thermography to observe the warming of stationary snow under a rotating polyethylene slider. Surprisingly, we did not observe melting at contacting snow grains despite low friction values. In some cases, slider shear failed inter-granular bonds and produced widespread snow movement with no persistent contacts to melt (μ < 0.03). When the snow grains did not move and persistent contacts evolved, the slider abraded rather than melted the grains at low resistance (μ < 0.05). Optical microscopy revealed that the abraded particles deposited in air pockets between grains and thereby carried heat away from the interface, a process not included in current models. Overall, our results challenge whether self-lubrication is indeed the dominant mechanism underlying low snow kinetic friction.
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Balluffi, R. W., and P. D. Bristowe. Grain boundaries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6114381.

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Tai, Anthony M. Grating Interferometric Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada165593.

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Lasley, Pete W., James R. Russell, Daryl R. Stohbehn, Daniel G. Morrical, and John D. Lawrence. Distillers Dried Grains Supplementation of Fall-Calving Cows or Calves Grazing Stockpiled Forage during Winter. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-550.

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Marathon, Nick. Grain Transportation Report. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9752/ts057.10-4-2012.

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