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Journal articles on the topic 'Gratin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Arulmurugan, P., J. Venkatraman, and P. Saravanan. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Titanium Alloy TI-6AL-4V-SS316." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.287.

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Titanium and its alloys are being extensively research and are applied relatively in different field of dentistry in since 1970s. Inherent advantage like high strength, ductility, Low modules of plasticity, high corrosion resistance as titanium alloy (Ti 6A 4V ELI –SS316). It is also light weight and highly tolerant to damage by other the alloy content. It is iron are mixing so forming the corrosion resistance and magnetism effect. So to add aluminum, vanadium and carbon content increases and iron content was decrease the various percentage for metal matrix composite(MMC) methods and stainless steel ss316 add by using stir casting method, and to check the hardness test, corrosion test and chemical specification and mechanical properties of the materials. To avoid the bone cells loss and bone desorption. It has superior biocompatibility making it easy to gratin and attach to bone all which being accepted by the human body.

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2

Hodgson, D. C. "Review of Engineering Mechanics Volumes 1 and 2 Statics and Dynamics by P. Jansson and R. Gratin." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 35, no. 7 (July 1995): 1075–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(95)90001-2.

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3

USVA, K., M. SAARINEN, and J.-M. KATAJAJUURI. "Supply chain integrated LCA approach to assess environmental impacts of food production in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2009): 460–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5967.

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A process was started in the late 1990s to produce comprehensive environmental data on particular aspects of Finnish food production with the aim of analyzing the environmental impacts (at least climate change, acidification and eutrophication and some other impacts) of products and locating hot spots in production chains. A supply chain integrated life cycle assessment was carried out on fodder barley, hard cheese, oat flakes, potato flour, cream cheese potato gratin, beer, honey-marinated/sliced broiler fillet and greenhouse cucumber. Methodological improvements in assessing environmental impacts of food products were evaluated in relation to ISO14040 and 14044 standards. Methods improved, especially regarding quality of cultivation data and previously reported data from the literature, impact assessment and calculations for assessment of leaching from agriculture. As a generic conclusion on the share of contributions of the various phases of production chains to environmental impact: agriculture was the most important phase, especially in terms of eutrophication potential. Work in food LCA methodology has provided a sound base for future development in assessing environmental impacts of food products. In the future providing more and more environmental information on products for customers and consumers is setting new challenges for research.;

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4

Shapoval, O. V. "Grating and plasmon resonances in the scattering of light by finite silver nanostrip gratings." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 3 (September 25, 2012): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo15.03.200.

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5

An-Chung Chiang, An-Chung Chiang, and Yen-Yin Lin Yen-Yin Lin. "Line-narrowed electro-optic periodically-poled-lithium-niobate Q-switched laser with intra-cavity optical parametric oscillation using a grazing-incidence grating." Chinese Optics Letters 12, no. 4 (2014): 041401–41404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.041401.

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6

Zhuang Wei, 庄炜, 辛璟焘 Xin Jingtao, 张旭 Zhang Xu, 李红 Li Hong, and 祝连庆 Zhu Lianqing. "预写入标尺实现光纤光栅布拉格波长精确控制." Chinese Journal of Lasers 49, no. 6 (2022): 0606001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202249.0606001.

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7

Du, Hua, Hui Min Xie, Hai Chang Jiang, Li Jian Rong, Qi Ang Luo, Chang Zhi Gu, and Ya-Pu Zhao. "Strain Analysis on Porous TiNi SMA Using SEM Moiré Method." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.79.

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In this paper, a new technique for fabricating grating on the surface of porous TiNi SMA is proposed. The grating is directly written onto the surface of the specimen using the FIB milling. No photoresist is required during the lithography process. From the experimental results, it can be obviously seen that the grating fabricated by FIB milling has a better quality than that by electron beam lithography. Using the self-made FIB grating, the in-plane deformation of the porous TiNi SMA in microscale is studied by SEM moiré method. Moiré and the microscopical structures are synchronously observed, including microcracks, martensites and grain boundaries.

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Vereshchagin, Aleksandr, and Vasiliy Marin. "Effects of Humidity and the Content of Sprouted and Spoiled Buckwheat Grains on the Changes of Acid Number of Fat and Grain Acidity." Foods and Raw Materials 2, no. 1 (May 26, 2014): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4126.

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9

Abduraximov, U. A., Sh I. Mamatojiyev, and M. M. Usarkulova. "THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION OF HIGH-QUALITY GRAIN PRODUCTS FROM GRAIN." American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 02, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue05-09.

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Knowledge of the laws of events in the grain heap allows you to take the necessary science-based measures to ensure the quantity and quality of grain. The complexity of organizing the storage of kata batches of grain and grain products is due to their physiological and physicochemical properties. Grain is a living organism in which various life processes take place; the intensity of these processes depends on external environmental conditions. If the external environment has a positive effect on the metabolism of grain cells, it will inevitably lead to a decrease in quantity, deteriorating the quality of grain.

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10

Bin Yu, Bin Yu, Wei Jia Wei Jia, Changhe Zhou Changhe Zhou, Hongchao Cao Hongchao Cao, and Wenting Sun Wenting Sun. "Grating imaging scanning lithography." Chinese Optics Letters 11, no. 8 (2013): 080501–80503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.080501.

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11

NAKANO, Tsukasa, Naoyuki FUJII, and Yoichi HORII. "“GRAIN”and“EDGE”." Geological data processing 1988, no. 13 (1988): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.6010/geoinformatics1975.1988.13_93.

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12

Wright, Michael J. "Apparent Velocity of Motion Aftereffects in Central and Peripheral Vision." Perception 15, no. 5 (October 1986): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p150603.

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Adapting to a drifting grating (temporal frequency 4 Hz, contrast 0.4) in the periphery gave rise to a motion aftereffect (MAE) when the grating was stopped. A standard unadapted foveal grating was matched to the apparent velocity of the MAE, and the matching velocity was approximately constant regardless of the visual field position and spatial frequency of the adapting grating. On the other hand, when the MAE was measured by nulling with real motion of the test grating, nulling velocity was found to increase with eccentricity. The nulling velocity was constant when scaled to compensate for changes in the spatial ‘grain’ of the visual field. Thus apparent velocity of MAE is constant across the visual field, but requires a greater velocity of real motion to cancel it in the periphery. This confirms that the mechanism underlying MAE is spatially-scaled with eccentricity, but temporally homogeneous. A further indication of temporal homogeneity is that when MAE is tracked, by matching or by nulling, the time course of temporal decay of the aftereffect is similar for central and for peripheral stimuli.

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13

Jeng, J. T., K. H. Huang, C. H. Wu, K. L. Chen, J. C. Chen, and H. C. Yang. "Characteristics of the Superconducting-Quantum- Interference-Grating Magnetometer Consisting of Grain-Boundary Josephson Junctions." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (June 2007): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.898270.

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Xin Meng, Xin Meng, Zhongming Yang Zhongming Yang, Jinyu Du Jinyu Du, and Guobin Fan Guobin Fan. "Double-pass grating imaging spectrometer." Chinese Optics Letters 17, no. 1 (2019): 011202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201917.011202.

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15

Zhang, Lei, Xin-Long Chang, You-hong Zhang, Xiang-dong Chen, and Qing Zhang. "On-line Monitoring of SRM Grain Structure Based on embedded FBG Sensor." MATEC Web of Conferences 260 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926002005.

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This paper proposes the use of FBG (Fiber Bragg grating) sensors for SRM (Solid Rocket Motor) grain structure continuous Structural Health Monitoring(SHM) as they are generally considered as the preferable solution in flammable and explosive environments, due to their electromagnetic interference immunity and their inherent electrical and explosion safe characteristics. The processes of SRM manufacturing(curing of propellant and demoulding) were monitored. The curing degree of the propellant can be monitored by wavelength change of the FBG sensors, and this provides a new monitoring method for curing of the propellant grain. The monitoring of the demoulding process shows that the sensor is very sensitive to the tensile and compressive stresses on grain and can be used for on-line monitoring of grain in a mechanical environment. In monitoring simulated debonding test, the failure process of crack initiation, expansion and direction all can be monitored by the FBG sensors. After the crack is produced, the location of the debonding can be determined by the variation of the different sensors.

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16

Ozhereliev, V. N., and V. V. Nikitin. "To determine the optimal tilt angle of the lattice holes of the bottom of the inclined chamber." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 5 (October 15, 2018): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66408.

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According to the results of laboratory experiments, the optimal angle of inclination of the holes of the lattice bottom of the inclined chamber of the combine harvester is established, which provides maximum separation of free grain from the combed grain heap before it enters the grind chamber. This allows you to minimize the intake of free grain to the threshing device, securely eliminating the probability of crushing the working bodies grind. Studies were carried out on wheat varieties «Moscow 56». The grain moisture content was about 12%. The speed of the conveyor 3 m/s and the angle of inclination to the horizon of 45° correspond to similar parameters for most modern combine harvesters. The angle of inclination of the lattice bottom opening had seven levels of variation within 0-90°. The feed of the combed grain heap was about 10 kg/s with a content of 80 % free grain. The length of the removable grating bottom was 0.95 m, and its rectangular holes had a size of 160×8 mm. To eliminate the effect on the output parameter, the area of the «live section» of the holes of the lattice bottom in all series of the experiment was taken the same. Thus, results of scientific researches, increasing of the angle of inclination amounts of free grain passed through the holes of the bottom lattice is reduced, and the number came down from his grain, on the contrary, increases. The maximum separation of free grain 68,7 % corresponds to the angle of inclination of the holes equal to 0°. To ensure complete separation of free grain from the combed grain heap, the length of the separating surface must be at least 1,18 m. This technical solution can be implemented, for example, in the inclined chamber of the grain harvester KZS-1218 «Polissya GS-12», which has a length of about 1,3 m.

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17

BEDELOĞLU, Ayşe, and Mahmut TAŞ. "Graphene And Its Production Methods." Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.32173.

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18

Ozherel'ev, V. N., V. V. Nikitin, and V. F. Komogorcev. "Influence of the speed of the floating conveyor on the separating ability of the bottom of the inclined chamber." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66392.

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The results of a laboratory experiment confirming the possibility of preliminary separation of free grain from a combed grain heap prior to its entry into the threshing chamber of a combine harvester are presented. In particular, it is proposed to provide the inclined chamber with a special perforated trellised bottom having elongated holes of a rectangular shape. All research was carried out on the wheat of the variety called Moscow 56. The moisture content of the grain was about 12 %. The speed of the floating conveyor had six levels of variation within the range of 0,5 ... 3 m/s. The angle of inclination of the experimental setup to the horizon was assumed equal to 45 °. The feeding of the combed grain heap was about 10 kg / s with the content of 80% of free grain in it. So according to the results of scientific research it is established that as the speed of the floating conveyor increases, the amount of free grain of the grating bottom that has passed through the holes decreases, and the amount of grain that has descended from it, on the contrary, increases. In this case, the maximum free grain (31,3 %) corresponds to the maximum speed of the floating conveyor (3 m/s). This is due to the fact that during the series of experiments, the length of the separation grid was insufficient. For this purpose, the nature of the process of preliminary separation of free grain from the tow grain heap along the length of the lattice bottom is considered. Extrapolation of this process shows that the length of the lattice bottom, which ensures the complete liberation of free grain from the tow grain heap, should be not less than 1,17 m. The practical implementation of such a technical solution in the construction of a modern combine harvester will increase its productivity when combing plants on the root, while at the same time excluding the possibility of crushing free grain by the working bodies of the threshing device.

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19

Yang Guanghua, 杨光华, 王宇 Wang Yu, 李璟 Li Jing, 齐月静 Qi Yuejing, and 丁敏侠 Ding Minxia. "增强型相位光栅衍射效率研究." Acta Optica Sinica 41, no. 12 (2021): 1205001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos202141.1205001.

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20

Tavakoli, H., S. S. Mohtasebi, A. Rajabipour, and M. Tavakoli. "Effects of moisture content, loading rate, and grain orientation on fracture resistance of barley grain." Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 3 (September 22, 2009): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6/2009-rae.

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Force and deformation curves of agricultural materials must be provided for the proper design of harvesting and processing machineries. In this research, the fracture resistance of barley grain was measured in terms of the grain rupture force and energy. In this study, 8 treatments were performed as a randomised complete block design with 10 replications. The barley grains were quasi-statically loaded in horizontal and vertical orientations with the moisture content at four levels: 7.34, 12.11, 16.82, and 21.58% dry basis, and loading rates at two levels: 5 and 10 mm/min. Based on the results obtained, the force required for initiating the grain rupture decreased from 161.97 to 93.94 N, and from 75.37 to 50.16 N, and the energy absorbed at the grain rupture increased from 36.42 to 74.70 mJ and from 27.34 to 62.65 mJ, for horizontal and vertical orientations, respectively, with the increase in the moisture content from 7.34 to 21.58% dry basis. This showed that seeds are more flexible in the horizontal orientation.

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21

Horálek, Vratislav. "Stereology of grain boundary precipitates." Applications of Mathematics 34, no. 4 (1989): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/am.1989.104358.

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22

Chloupek, O., Z. Both, V. Dostál, P. Hrstková, T. Středa, T. Betsche, M. Hrušková, and V. Horáková. "Better bread from vigorous grain?" Czech Journal of Food Sciences 26, No. 6 (January 11, 2009): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/66/2008-cjfs.

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A high seed vigour is a desired trait in agronomy as it promotes the fast field emergence and homogeneity of harvest, which is necessary for producing quality food raw material. In this work, we studied the effects of the seed vigour on the bread quality. Relationships between the grain vigour, nutrients and anti-nutrients, contents, and bread volume were evaluated using the samples acquired from official variety trials. In the trials, the grain vigour was perceived as the grain ability to germinate in stress conditions, i.e. at 10°C in a solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000 at osmotic pressure – 2 bars, the so called permanent wilting point). The results showed that the locations and years changed the bread volume but not the rank of the varieties tested in the trait. A higher grain vigour was significantly related to a higher falling number during two of the three trial years. The vigour was negatively related to the lipase activity. Moreover, other decomposing enzymes showed a similar tendency as was that found in the samples with the most diverse vigour. The grain samples with 80–90% vigour produced the greatest bread volume. The grain with a vigour below or above this range produced less voluminous loaves. The varieties of the highest quality produced the most voluminous bread from the samples reaching the grain vigour of 90–95%. The standard germination test was not related to the vigour and was less responsible for the bread quality. High-quality varieties had higher contents of total polyphenols than the varieties of lower quality, and the polyphenol content was correlated with the vigour (<i>r</i2</sup> = 0.19**) and bread volume (<i>r</i2</sup> = 0.08*). It can be concluded that the grain vigour is genetically controlled, thus the bread quality could be improved by grain breeding.

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Iqra Zubair Awan, Iqra Zubair Awan. "Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain-Growth." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 41, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000707/jcsp/41.01.2019.

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This is a brief review of the important phenomena of recovery, recrystallization as well as grain-growth. The three mentioned phenomena are the mechanisms by which metals and alloys fix the structural damage introduced by the mechanical deformation and, as a consequence, in the physical and mechanical properties. These rehabilitation mechanisms are thermally activated. For this process, the materials have to be heated and any such heat-treatment is meant to reduce deformation-induced break is termed annealing. Other or different heat-treatments lead to recovery and recrystallization. It is rather strange that, though these phenomena are extremely important in metallurgical science and engineering, not so much work has been done as that in corrosion and shape memory technologies. An attempt has been made here to summarize all important aspects of these phenomena for the benefits of students of metallurgy, chemistry and solid state physics.

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24

Grossi, Vittorino. "La espiritualidad de la gracia. Agustín, De gratia et libero arbitrio (año 426)." Augustinus 62, no. 3 (2017): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/augustinus201762246/24722.

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The article makes a synthetic presentation of the various stages of Augustinian thought about Grace, to later focus on the gr. et lib. arb., making a presentation of the Work and its contents. A discussion of the relationship that exists in gr. et lib. arb. between grace and continence is made. Later the most significant biblical texts used in the gr. et lib. arb. are explained (Jn 6:66; Zech 1: 3; 2 Par 15: 2; Ps 79: 8; Ps 84: 7; 1 Cor 15: 10; 2 Tim 1: 8- 9). Following the text of Cant 8, 5 according to the Augustinian interpretation, the relationship between grace and free will is discussed.

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Murtini, Erni Sofia, Ahmad Subagio, Sudarminto Setyo Yuwono, Irawan Setya Wardhana, and Sulthon Fathoni. "Karakterisasi Potensi dan Komponen Pembatas pada Biji Sorghum Lokal Varietas Coklat sebagai Tanaman Pangan ( Characterisation of Potential and Limiting Factors of Locally-Grown Brown Sorghum as Staple Food)." Agritech 38, no. 1 (July 2, 2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.10736.

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Brown sorghum is one of cereals with high prospective to be developed as a new source of staple food in Indonesia because it is easily cultivated and has high productivity. However, this grain has been overlooked because of limited available information of its potential used. Aims of this research are to evaluate the sorghum grain to comprehensibly obtain the basic information of its potential and limited factors as staple food. Research results that locally grown brown sorghum grain obtained from Grati, Pasuruan had a high milling yield (77.99±1.39%). The polished grain was composed by 79.40±4.63% starch and 10.62±0.01% protein. It indicated that this sorghum grain was highly prospective to be developed as a staple food. However, the grain also had some restrictive factors such as tannin (8.83±0.05 mg/g), phytic acid (1.80±0.47 mg/g) and anti-trypsin (17.18±2.38 unit/g). The main fraction of protein sorghum grain was Kafirin where this fraction contains a high disulphide bond (550.43±4.92 µmol/g). Bioavailability of protein sorghum evaluated by in vivo and in vitro methods were 51% and 48.45%, respectively. These values could be considered as low digestibility. The sorghum grain had dimension of 3.9±0.7 mm length, 3.2±0.2 mm width and 1.8±0.01 mm thick. Polishing of sorghum grain using rice polished machine could not effectively removed the testa layer due to different dimension of both sorghum and rice grain. This result suggests that appropriate assembly of equipment to effectively polish sorghum grain is needed. Presence of the anti- nutritional compounds and the low digestibility of protein sorghum prove that the brown sorghum grains require further processing technology such as fermentation to be more suitable as a staple food. ABSTRAKSorghum coklat merupakan biji-bijian yang potensial dikembangkan menjadi tanaman pangan di Indonesia. Kelebihan tanaman ini adalah kemudahannya untuk dibudidayakan dan produktivitas yang tinggi. Namun keterbatasan informasi tentang potensinya, membuat biji sorghum kurang diperhatikan. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi dasar tentang potensi dan pembatas biji sorghum lokal varietas coklat sebagai tanaman pangan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisa biji sorghum yang telah disosoh dengan penyosoh beras 4 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan biji sorghum lokal varietas coklat yang didapatkan dari Grati Pasuruan ini cukup berpotensi sebagai tanaman pangan. Biji sosoh mempunyai kadar pati 79,40±4,63% dan protein yang tinggi yaitu 10,62±0,01%, selain itu rendemen sosoh juga tinggi mencapai 77,99±1,39%. Namun demikian, sorghum mengandung senyawa antigizi seperti tanin yang mencapai 8,83±0,05 mg/g, senyawa fitat 1,80±0,47 mg/g dan antitripsin 17,18±2,38 unit/g. Protein sorghum didominasi (71,40±1,29%) oleh kafirin yang memiliki ikatan disulfit tinggi (550,43±4,92 µmol/g). Daya cerna protein sorghum tergolong rendah terlihat dari uji secara in vivo 0,51 atau 51% dan in vitro dengan enzim tripsin sebesar 48,45%. Dimensi biji sorghum dengan rata-rata 3,9±0,7 mm panjang, 3,2±0,2 mm lebar dan 1,8±0,01 mm tebal berbeda dengan biji beras sehingga kurang cocok bila dilakukan penyosohan dengan penyosoh beras. Kandungan senyawa antigizi yang cukup tinggi dan keberadaan ikatan disulfit yang cukup besar serta ditunjang oleh daya cerna protein yang rendah, menunjukkan biji sorghum perlu penanganan lanjutan misalnya dengan proses fermentasi untuk meningkatkan potensinya sebagai bahan pangan.

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Ladislav, Holík, Hlisnikovský Lukáš, and Kunzová Eva. "The effect of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure on winter wheat grain yield and grain quality." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 10 (October 15, 2018): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/342/2018-pse.

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This study evaluated how organic manures and mineral fertilizers affect winter wheat grain and straw yields and grain quality properties. The analysed period of the long-term fertilizer experiment was established in Čáslav, Czech Republic, in 1955 and covers the seasons 2011–2014. The fertilizer treatments were: control; farmyard manure (FYM); FYM + P; FYM + K; FYM + PK; FYM + N<sub>1</sub>; FYM + N<sub>2</sub>; FYM + N<sub>1</sub>PK; FYM + N<sub>2</sub>PK and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK. The highest grain yields were recorded in the FYM + P and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatments (8.9 t/ha). The highest straw yields were recorded in the FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatment (6.52 t/ha). The lowest yields were provided in the unfertilized control and FYM treatments. Qualitative parameters were evaluated in the control, FYM and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatments between the years 2011 and 2013. The best quality of wheat grain was provided by the FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatment. Combination of the farmyard manure with NPK is the best way to achieve high grain yields with good quality and leads to sustainable food production.

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Laurinen, P. I., and L. A. Olzak. "Summation of Contrast in Perceived Form from Texture." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970121.

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The relative contrast of two superimposed triangles formed by truncated sinusoidal gratings determines which appears more salient. We have previously reported that the saliency of one triangle is selectively enhanced by superimposing a third grating of similar frequency but different orientation. We now ask how the contrasts of the three gratings combine to determine saliency. Stimuli were two superimposed isosceles triangles, formed by overlaying sharply truncated patches of a sinusoidal grating, one at 1.5 cycles deg−1 tilted +45°, the other at 6 cycles deg−1, tilted −45° from vertical. The sharpest-angle apexes pointed in opposite directions (left or right). Contrasts of the gratings were initially adjusted to yield equal performance when observers chose whether the more salient target pointed left or right following a brief (400 ms) monocular exposure. In each test condition a third grating of vertical orientation (spatial frequency 1.5, 3, or 6 cycles deg−1) was added to the entire stimulus at one of six contrast levels ranging from near threshold to 10 × threshold. The point of equal saliency was re-determined from psychometric functions by varying the contrast of one triangle in a 2AFC staircase procedure. The saliency of each triangle was enhanced when the third grating was matched in frequency, but no effect occurred when the third grating differed by an octave (eg was 3 cycles deg−1). Beyond some threshold value of the third grating contrast, the contrast needed to reinstate equal salience was found to be inversely proportional to the contrast of the third grating. Our results are in agreement with the characteristics of higher-level mechanisms that mediate spatial-grain and/or pattern contrast discrimination, and suggest that form-from-texture mechanisms sum component contrasts linearly over a wide range of orientations within a narrow frequency band.

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Vroom, Marike, and Bert Bukman. "Gratis of niet gratis?" Management Kinderopvang 27, no. 2 (April 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41190-021-0913-9.

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Jiang Yun, 蒋贇, 刘博 Liu Bo, and 范伟 Fan Wei. "体布拉格光栅光谱滤波器特性研究." Infrared and Laser Engineering 50, no. 12 (2021): 20210055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20210055.

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Zhang Wenying, 张文颖, 朱浩然 Zhu Haoran, and 李楠 Li Nan. "立体光栅测角传感器系统研究." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, no. 23 (2021): 2312005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.2312005.

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31

Sun Yuezhen, 孙玥真, 闫志君 Yan Zhijun, 孙琪真 Sun Qizhen, 周凯明 Zhou Kaiming, and 张琳 Zhang Lin. "超角度倾斜光纤光栅的研究进展." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, no. 13 (2021): 1306013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.1306013.

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32

Qiuming Nan, Qiuming Nan, and and Lei Song and Lei Song. "Research on 3D fiber Bragg grating accelerometer." Chinese Optics Letters 12, s1 (2014): S12302–312306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201412.s12302.

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33

Zhiqun Zhang, Zhiqun Zhang, Juan Hu Juan Hu, Hua Chen Hua Chen, Fangjiang Li Fangjiang Li, Lei Zhao Lei Zhao, Jinbin Gui Jinbin Gui, and and Qing Fang and Qing Fang. "Low-crosstalk silicon photonics arrayed waveguide grating." Chinese Optics Letters 15, no. 4 (2017): 041301–41304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.041301.

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34

Schirrmeister, Lutz. "Microfabrics, grain-size-distributions and grain surface textures in Late Pleistocene basin sediments of Brandenburg (Northern Barnim)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Volumes 99 (September 13, 1995): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfgsuppl/99/1995/75.

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35

Witthöft, Harald. "Über Korn und Brot – Geld und Münze." Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 93, no. 4 (2006): 438–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/vswg-2006-0016.

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Wakai, E. "Grain boundary dynamics in ceramics superplasticity." Revista de Metalurgia 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2001): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.2001.v37.i2.487.

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Klein, Stefan, and Manuela Boatcă. "Lendo a teoria sociológica a contrapelo." Sociedade e Estado 37, no. 3 (September 2022): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-202237030001.

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38

Haberle, J., P. Svoboda, and I. Raimanová. "The effect of post-anthesis water supply on grain nitrogen concentration and grain nitrogen Šeld of winter wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 7 (July 17, 2008): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/422-pse.

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The effect of water supply during grain growth on grain nitrogen concentration (GNC) and grain nitrogen yield (GNY) of winter wheat (<I>Triticum aestivum</I> L.) was studied in the field experiment on fertile loamy-clay soil in years 2004–2007. The water regime was differentiated using mobile rain shelter (water shortage, treatment S) and drip irrigation (ample water supply, treatment W); rain-fed crop served as the control treatment (R). Wheat was grown without addition of nitrogen and with 200 kg N/ha (N0 and N1, resp.). The effect of water supply on GNC was highly significant (<I>P</I> < 0.001) in fertilized wheat and not significant in N0. Drought significantly increased GNC in comparison with irrigated and rain-fed crop in N1. Average grain nitrogen concentrations in respective treatments S, R and W were 1.52, 1.54 and 1.56% in N0 and 2.50, 2.24 and 2.07% in N1. Water availability also significantly affected grain nitrogen yield (<I>P</I> < 0.01). The GNY of fertilized wheat under water shortage was significantly lower (139 kg/ha) than GNY in treatments R (174 kg/ha) and W (182 kg/ha) while under N0 the differences were not significant. Unlike GNC, the GNY was positively associated with mineral N supply (N<sub>min</sub>) in 0–90 cm depth in early spring (<I>r </I> = 0.98–0.99 and 0.83–0.97 for N0 and N1, resp.). Several weather and related characteristics showed relations to GNY and GNC, often opposite under N0 and N1. N<sub>min</sub> together with nitrogen fertilization rate, indicators of water regime and temperature during grain growth period explained 78–97% of observed variability of GNC and GNY in the experiment.

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Pennington, Kenneth. "Gratiani Decretum: La traduction en ancien français du Décret de Gratien, 3: Causae 15-29.Gratian, Leena Löfstedt." Speculum 74, no. 1 (January 1999): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2887304.

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40

Yang, Jun, Norbert S. Schulz, Daniele Rogantini, Claude R. Canizares, Lia Corrales, and Ioanna Psaradaki. "The Si K Edge Gas and Dust Optical Depths Toward the Galactic Bulge." Astronomical Journal 164, no. 5 (October 10, 2022): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac88d7.

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Abstract Knowledge of the dust content in interstellar matter is important to our understanding of the composition and evolution of the interstellar medium. The Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) Spectrometer provides a unique opportunity to measure X-ray absorption of interstellar dust and its compositions through the X-ray edge absorption structure. We measure gas and dust optical depths at Si K toward nine bright low-mass x-ray binaries in the Galactic Bulge with very high-precision and pileup-free spectra. We include a likely instrumental feature affecting the Si K edge structure in our analysis. While gas optical depths grow consistently with broadband hydrogen-equivalent columns, the dust optical depths do not. Calculations including dust self-shielding show that the observed dust optical depths can be explained by variations in dust grain columns between various lines of sight. At least three grain column regimes can be identified toward the Galactic Bulge. While grain sizes define the self-shielding effect, variations in grain size distributions do not seem relevant. This shows that the gas-to-dust optical depth ratio toward sources in the Galactic Bulge is not homogeneous. The dust optical depths also roughly correlate with molecular hydrogen columns. Lowly ionized Si K contributions toward the Galactic Bulge were detected but are very small. We also find Si xiii absorption with velocity widths of 800–1100 km s−1, which we attribute to the circumbinary medium.

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Zhang Jing, 张敬, 薛文瑞 Xue Wenrui, 张晨 Zhang Chen, 陈宇婷 Chen Yuting, and 李昌勇 Li Changyong. "基于Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.8Se1.2材料的光栅型紫外线吸收器." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, no. 5 (2022): 0523003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.0523003.

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Liu Chunjuan, 刘春娟, 王嘉伟 Wang Jiawei, 吴小所 Wu Xiaosuo, 桑常林 Sang Changlin, 乔泽 Qiao Ze, and 孙晓丽 Sun Xiaoli. "一种光栅辅助狭缝微环谐振器的传感特性." Acta Optica Sinica 42, no. 16 (2022): 1613001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos202242.1613001.

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Chen Lisi, 陈力斯, 胡中文 Hu Zhongwen, 邱克强 Qiu Keqiang, and 姜海娇 Jiang Haijiao. "光谱巡天科学级紫外光栅的研制." Chinese Journal of Lasers 49, no. 6 (2022): 0611002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202249.0611002.

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44

Mishra, Bajarang Prasad. "Dispersion Compensation in Optical Fiber using Fiber Grating." Journal of Advanced Research in Embedded System 07, no. 01 (March 26, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2395.3802.202004.

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Optical Fiber Communication System is highly in demand because of several advantages namely Extremely High Bandwidth, Longer Distance, Low security Risk, Small Size etc. This system basically consists of Optical Transmitter, appropriate channel and Optical Receiver. Optical Fiber is generally used for the propagation of optical signals and in this fiber, Dispersion arises which acts as the main hindrance in Optical Fiber Communication. Dispersion is nothing but the time broadening of pulses because of the inherit property of the Silica Fiber that refractive index of the material depends upon the wavelength used. In this paper, Compensation of Dispersion is done using the FBG(Fiber Bragg Grating. FBG is a type of filter which passes few wavelengths and reflects rest of them. Stimulation is done on software named OPTISYSTEM 15. Simulation results are analyzed through Eye Diagram which gave us the values of MIN.BER and Q-Factor.

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Gan Weibing, 甘维兵, 姜茹 Jiang Ru, 李成立 Li Chengli, and 杨明红 Yang Minghong. "连续光栅阵列光纤传感技术及应用." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, no. 13 (2021): 1306007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.1306007.

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46

Pack, In-Seok, Han-Bin Kang, Kye-Kwang Lee, and Seok-Soon Lee. "Development of a Low Frequency Accelerometer using the Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor." Journal of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering 29, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2012.29.10.1101.

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47

Wugang Cao, Wugang Cao, Jianyong Ma Jianyong Ma, and Changhe Zhou Changhe Zhou. "Wide band polarizer with suspended germanium resonant grating." Chinese Optics Letters 10, no. 11 (2012): 112301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.112301.

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48

Junbo Yang, Junbo Yang, Jingjing Zhang Jingjing Zhang, Shuzhi Xu Shuzhi Xu, and Shengli Chang Shengli Chang. "Beam splitter based on Bragg grating-assisted coupler." Chinese Optics Letters 13, s1 (2015): S12501–312504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.s12501.

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49

Jianming Zhu, Jianming Zhu, Long Jin Long Jin, Yizhi Liang Yizhi Liang, Linghao Cheng Linghao Cheng, and and Bai-Ou Guan and Bai-Ou Guan. "Temperature-compensated dual-polarization fiber grating laser sensors." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 5 (2016): 050606–50610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.050606.

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50

Huashan Yang, Huashan Yang, Fuling Zhang Fuling Zhang, Lemeng Leng Lemeng Leng, Zhaobang Zeng Zhaobang Zeng, Yue Shao Yue Shao, Hui Zhang Hui Zhang, Nan Yang Nan Yang, and Xiangning Chen Xiangning Chen. "Grating coupler efficiency enhancement by double layer interference." Chinese Optics Letters 17, no. 3 (2019): 030501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201917.030501.

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