Journal articles: 'Gravettian culture'

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Wilczyński, Jarosław, Tomasz Goslar, Piotr Wojtal, Martin Oliva, Ursula B. Göhlich, Walpurga Antl-Weiser, Petr Šída, Alexander Verpoorte, and György Lengyel. "New Radiocarbon Dates for the Late Gravettian in Eastern Central Europe." Radiocarbon 62, no. 1 (October 24, 2019): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.111.

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AbstractThe Middle Upper Palaeolithic (MUP) in eastern Central Europe (ECE) comprises three variants of Gravettian culture: Early Gravettian, Pavlovian, and Late Gravettian. While Early Gravettian and Pavlovian are merely located in Lower Austria and Moravia, the Late Gravettian occupations occurred over the entire territory of ECE. Compared to the number of sites the radiocarbon dating and the absolute chronology of the Late Gravettian is rather poor. The results presented here bring a new set of radiocarbon (14C) dates for the Late Gravettian period in ECE and propose that this period began and ended earlier than previously suggested.

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Usyk, V. І., and L. V. Kulakovska. "GRAVETTIAN INDUSTRY OF MEZHYHIRTSI I SITE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 45, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.04.01.

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Long-term interdisciplinary studies of the multilayer Paleolithic sites in the Middle Dniester (1950—1970s: O. Chernysh, I. Ivanova) allowed creating a cultural-chronological scheme for the development of a local Gravettian technocomplex. The key sites of these investigations are the Molodovo V and Korman IV Paleolithic sites, where the Gravettian levels belong to the chronological period from 28000—29000 to 22000—19000 years ago. Based on the data of archeology and stratigraphy of these and other sites, the Gravettian industries of the Dniester valley were subdivided into five stages (M. Otte, P. Noiret, V. Chirica, I. Borziak). At the same time, one of the earliest Gravettian sites of this region, Mezhigirtsy, which was investigated in the 1970—1980s, is often ignored in the periodization of the local Gravettian, or mistakenly refers to a later period. Previously, the lithic industry of the site was assigned to the third stage of the Dniester Gravettian. The collection of Mezhigirtsy I site is characterized by the production of wide blades (3—5 cm in width / up to 15 cm long) from unidirectional and bi-directional volumetric cores by a soft hammer. The predominance of massive dihedral burins, burins on a break, burins on truncation above the end scrapers. A typological set is characterized by backed tools as Gravettian points, «Rgani» knives, backed bladelets, micro-Gravettian points, microsaws. At the same time, there are no shouldered points. Additionally, one of the characteristic features of the inventory is the presence of bifacial leaf-shaped points. The technical-typological data and the dating of the site (28—27 kyr) allow us to confidently attribute the industry to the earlier stage (second stage) of the «Middle Dniester» or to the early stage of the formation of the «Molodovo culture». At the same time, the industry has certain features of the so-called Pavlovian culture of eastern Gravettian.

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Djindjian, François, and Lioudmila Iakovleva. "LA QUESTION DE L’EPIGRAVETTIEN ORIENTAL." Światowit, no. 61 (December 29, 2023): 146–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0082-044x.swiatowit.61.6.

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he designation, under the name of Epigravettian, of all industries in Central and Eastern Europe from the last glacial maximum and up to the end of isotopic stage 2, masks the variety of industries and prevents an understanding of the adaptations of hunter-gatherer societies to climate variations. - For Eastern Europe (Dnieper, Boug and Don basins): Eastern Gravettian, Final Eastern Gravettian, Local Aurignacoid Industries (Muralovkian, Zamiatnine culture and others), Early Epigravettian of the steppe area, gap, Mezinian of the Dnieper Basin, late Epigravettian of the steppe area, - For the northeastern foothills of the Carpathians (Dniester, Prut and Bistrita basins) : Eastern Gravettian, Aurignacoid Industries, gap, Early Epigravettian (Molodovian s.s.), gap, Final Epigravettian, - For Central Europe: Eastern Gravettian, gap, Aurignacoid Industries, gap, Sagvarian, gap, Magdalenian and Late Epigravettian. The typological and technological studies of lithic and bone industries reveal large differences, due to strong changes in human systems during the last glacial maximum. And the mere presence of backed bladelets (which also exist in the Solutrean, Badegoulian and Magdalenian cultures in Western Europe) is not sufficient to cluster these industries under the same name of Epigravettian. So we propose to give different names to these different industries.

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Wild, E. M., C. Neugebauer-Maresch, T. Einwögerer, P. Stadler, P. Steier, and F. Brock. "14C Dating of the Upper Paleolithic Site at Krems-Hundssteig in Lower Austria." Radiocarbon 50, no. 1 (2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200043332.

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The open-air archaeological site at Krems-Hundssteig is a well-known Upper Paleolithic site located in Lower Austria. The site was discovered in the late 19th/early 20th centuries when a large number of archaeological remains were collected during the course of loess quarrying. Although no systematic excavation has ever been performed, Krems-Hundssteig has been described since its discovery as typical of the Aurignacian period in this region based on the numerous archaeological finds; accordingly, the culture has been named Kremsien by some authors. Surprisingly, the artifacts found in a recent excavation adjacent to this location showed solely Gravettian features, calling into question the original assignment to the Aurignacian. Although the earlier assignment was supported by a radiocarbon date of ∼35 kyr BP (Hahn 1977), new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates proved that the recently excavated cultural layer originates from the Gravettian period. Older paleosols were also detected by sondage drillings at some depth below it.The new results indicate that a large Aurignacian level and a substantial complex of Gravettian layers are present in this area. Therefore, it must be assumed that more than 1 cultural level was affected and destroyed by the historic loess quarrying, and that the assemblage of Krems-Hundssteig artifacts, traditionally ascribed to the Aurignacian, might be interspersed with Gravettian pieces.

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Banks, William E., Anaïs Vignoles, Jessica Lacarrière, André Morala, and Laurent Klaric. "A Hierarchical Bayesian Examination of the Chronological Relationship between the Noaillian and Rayssian Phases of the French Middle Gravettian." Quaternary 7, no. 2 (June 12, 2024): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat7020026.

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Issues of chronology are central to inferences pertaining to relationships between both contemporaneous and successive prehistoric typo-technological entities (i.e., archaeological cultures), culture–environment relationships, and ultimately the mechanisms at play behind cultural changes observed through time in the archaeological record. We refine the chronology of Upper Paleolithic archaeological cultures between 35–18 calibrated kiloanni before the present in present-day France by incorporating recently published radiocarbon data along with new 14C ages that we obtained from several Gravettian archaeological contexts. We present the results of a Bayesian age model that includes these new radiometric data and that, more importantly, separates Gravettian contexts in regions north of the Garonne River into two successive cultural phases: The Northern Noaillian and the Rayssian, respectively. This new age model places the beginning of the Noaillian during Greenland Stadial 5.2. The appearance of contexts containing assemblages associated with the Rayssian lithic technical system occurs immediately prior to the termination of Greenland Interstadial 5.1, and it is present throughout Heinrich Event 3 (GS-5.1) and into the following GI-4 climatic amelioration. Despite the Rayssian’s initial appearance during the brief and relatively weakly expressed Greenland Interstadial 5.1, its duration suggests that Rayssian lithic technology was well-suited to the environmental conditions of Greenland Stadial 5.1.

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Klaric, Laurent. "Regional groups in the European Middle Gravettian: a reconsideration of theRayssiantechnology." Antiquity 81, no. 311 (March 1, 2007): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094928.

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TheGravettianis considered one of the first pan-European cultures of the Upper Palaeolithic, spreading from Portugal to Russia between 28-20000 years BP and characterised by backed blades and points. TheNoaillianis a local variant in southern Europe (Northern Spain, Southern France and Italy). In France Noaillian is supposedly evolving into theRayssianwhich is replaced later by recentGravettian. By reconsidering the formation processes of some key stratigraphic sequences, the author demonstrates that the Rayssian is an idiosyncratic culture that does not have abrupt-backed bladelets, and that runs chronologically in parallel with the others. A case study, based on new work at the site of La Picardie (Indre-et-Loire), suggests that we should expect to define different contemporary regional groups during this long period.

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Borziac, I. A., Philip Allsworth-Jones, Charles French, S. I. Medyanik, W. J. Rink, and H. K. Lee. "The Upper Palaeolithic Site of Ciuntu on the Middle Pruth, Moldova: a multidisciplinary study and reinterpretation." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63 (1997): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002462.

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The Ciuntu rockshelter is situated in the north-western part of the Republic of Moldova, on the left bank of the river Pruth. It has a single Upper Palaeolithic layer of occupation, which was originally regarded as Early Upper Palaeolithic and was assigned to the Brinzeni archaeological culture. More recent investigations, including radiocarbon dating, have led to a revision of this suggested age and classification. The site is now regarded as belonging to the Middle Gravettian and is dated to the beginning of the last glacial maximum.

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Posth, Cosimo, He Yu, Ayshin Ghalichi, Hélène Rougier, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Yilei Huang, Harald Ringbauer, et al. "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers." Nature 615, no. 7950 (March 1, 2023): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0.

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AbstractModern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.

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Dinnis, Rob, Alexander A. Bessudnov, Natasha Reynolds, Katerina Douka, Alexander E. Dudin, Gennady A. Khlopachev, Mikhail V. Sablin, Andrei A. Sinitsyn, and Thomas F. G. Higham. "The Age of the ‘Anosovka-Tel’manskaya Culture’ and the Issue of a Late Streletskian at Kostёnki 11, SW Russia." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84 (February 15, 2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2018.1.

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Triangular, concave-base ‘Streletskian points’ are documented in several assemblages from the Kostёnki complex of Upper Palaeolithic sites in south-western Russia. Some of these assemblages have been argued to evidence very early modern human occupation of Eastern Europe. However, Streletskian points are also recorded from younger contexts, notably at Kostёnki 11, where examples are attributed both to Layer V and the stratigraphically higher Layer III. The apparent relatively young age of Layer III has led some to view it as the latest manifestation of the Streletskian, although its assemblage has also been compared to the non-Streletskian Layer I of Kostёnki 8, with the two described together as the Anosovka-Tel’manskaya Culture.Radiocarbon dates of 24–23,000 bp (c. 28,500–27,000 cal bp) for a wolf burial associated with Layer III of Kostёnki 11 confirm the layer as younger than other Streletskian assemblages at Kostёnki. New radiocarbon dates for Kostёnki 8 Layer I show that the two layers are broadly contemporary, and that both are close in age to assemblages of Kostёnki’s (Late Gravettian) Kostёnki-Avdeevo Culture. In the light of these new radiocarbon dates the context of the Streletskian point from Kostёnki 11 Layer III is considered. Although firm conclusions are not possible, unresolved stratigraphic problems and the lack of technological context for this single artefact at the very least leave a question mark over its association with other material from the layer.

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Přichystal, Antonín. "Artefacts Made from Siliceous Rocks of Polish Origin on Prehistoric Sites in the Czech Republic." Archaeologia Polona 56 (January 1, 2018): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa56.2018.003.

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Compared with Poland, the territory of Bohemia and Moravia is not so rich in natural occurrences of high-quality siliceous rocks (silicites, ‘flints’). This contribution follows distribution of the four most attractive Polish chipped raw materials (silicite of the Cracow-Częstochowa Jurassic, ‘chocolate’ silicite, banded Krzemionki [striped] silicite and spotted Świeciechów [grey white-spotted] silicite) in the Czech Republic. Since the middle phase of Upper Palaeolithic (Gravettian) the Jurasssic-Cracow silicites had been transported to Moravia and since its late phase (Magdalenian) also to Bohemia. The first use of the ‘chocolate’ silicite has been ascertained at some Late Aurignacian (Epiaurignacian) sites of central Moravia similarly as an exceptional find attesting early use of Świeciechów spotted silicite (Late Szeletian?). No finds of the banded Krzemionki silicite have been registered in Pre-Neolithic flaked assemblages in the Czech Republic. Evidence of systematic and mass transport of silicites from the Cracow-Częstochowa Jurassic to northern/central Moravia and to eastern/central Bohemia has been found in some periods of the Neolithic (especially connected with the Linear Pottery culture). For the period of the earlier Eneolithic (Funnel Beaker culture) we can identify a small but systematic presence of raw materials from the northern foreland of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains, this comprises objects of banded Krzemionki silicite and spotted Świeciechów silicite. About 24 Moravian non-stratified finds of axes made of the banded Krzemionki silicite and polished over the whole surface can be probably connected with the Globular Amphora culture. Silicites from the Cracow-Częstochowa Jurassic appeared again in the late Eneolithic, especially as arrowheads of the Bell Beaker culture in Moravia. Only two pieces made from the Jurassic Cracow-Częstochowa silicite appeared in a collection of 1463 artefacts connected with the Early Bronze Age in Moravia

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Гаврилов, К. Н., Г. А. Хлопачев, and Д. К. Еськова. "THE NEW ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINE FROM THE KHOTYLEVO 2 UPPER PALEOLITHIC SITE (LOCATION C, 2020 EXCAVATIONS)." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 269 (September 21, 2022): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.269.7-21.

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Статья посвящена публикации антропоморфной статуэтки из раскопок 2020 г., проводившихся на участке пункта В стоянки Хотылёво 2. Дается типологическая, технологическая и стилистическая характеристика предмета, описан ее археологический контекст. В результате сделан вывод, что данное изделие изображает мужскую фигуру и может быть отнесено к категории острий с антропоморфными навершиями. Стилистически эта фигурка аналогична мужской фигурке из раскопа 7 пункта А Хотылёво 2. Археологический контекст публикуемой статуэтки типичен для Хотылёво 2 и связан с периферией комплекса объектов, характеризующихся расположением по окружности или овалу неглубоких ям вкопанных костей мамонта и групп преднамеренно уложенных плоских костей мамонта в сочетании со вкопанными черепами. Находка 2020 г. дает основание для выделения особого типа восточнограветтийских скульптурных изображений, дополняющих характеристику специфики материальной культуры Хотылёвской стоянки. The paper publishes an anthropomorphic figurine from the excavations of an area of location C at Khotylevo 2 site conducted in 2020. It provides typological, technological and stylistical characteristics of the item and describes its archaeological context. The authors conclude that this item features a male figure and can be categorized as a point with an anthropomorphic end-piece. Stylistically, this figurine is analogous to the male figurine from excavation pit 7 of location A at Khotylevo 2. The archaeological context of the published figurine is typical for Khotylevo 2. It is linked to the periphery of an assemblage of items found along the circle or the oval of shallow pits, mammoth bones and groups of flat mammoth bones sunk intentionally into soil together with the skulls. The find of 2020 provides a ground for singling out a special type of Eastern Gravettian figurines that complement characteristics of the Khotylevo material culture

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KozŁowski, J. K. "The Balkans in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic: The Gate to Europe or a Cul-de-sac?" Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004059.

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During the Last Interglacial Middle Palaeolithic industries of Crvena Stijena-type rich in side-scrapers with Levallois technique of recurrent type are specific to the Balkans. These industries have analogies in Anatolia and the northern part of the Middle East (Zagros-Group), but are different from industries typical of the middle Danube basin (Taubachian) and northern Central Europe (Moustero-Levalloisian). In the period preceding and immediately following the Lower Pleniglacial the Balkans were dominated by typical Mousterian and Moustero-Levalloisian, frequently with leaf points, similar to the industries of the lower Danube and Dniester basins, but unknown in western Anatolia. During the same period Eastern Micoquian developed in the middle Danube basin and northern Central Europe. Moustero-Levalloisian with leaf points persisted until the Early Interpleniglacial, but only in exceptional cases developed some Upper Palaeolithic features, and always without typical Aurignacian forms. The Aurignacian, unless it appears as a first Upper Palaeolithic culture in the Balkans with earliest dates in Europe (>40,000 years BP), seems to be an intrusive unit without any roots in the local Middle Palaeolithic. After 30,000 years BP, parallel to the Late Aurignacian, the first industries with backed blades appear. In the early stage these developed independently from those of Central Europe. Only after 26,000/24,000 BP were they followed in the eastern Balkans by assemblages strongly linked both morphologically and by raw materials to the Gravettian of the middle Danube basin. In the western Balkans, after 20,000 years BP, assemblages with shouldered points appeared, also probably of middle Danube origin. During the Last Interglacial and Interpleniglacial the territory of Balkans played an important transitional role between Anatolia and Central Europe; in the two Pleniglacials of the Würm this territory became some kind of cul-de-sac as the refugium for population groups from the middle Danube and northern Central Europe.

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Ozherelyev, Dmitriy Viktorovich, Sergei Yuryevich Lev, and Ekaterina Mikhailovna Stolpnikova. "Problems of the Upper Paleolithic in the foothills of the Northern Tien Shan: latest discoveries and perspectives." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia) 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2023.1.118-128.

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Introduction. This work is devoted to the assessment of the Upper Paleolithic sites of the Northern Tien Shan. Materials and methods. Plains and foothills of Kazakhstan occupies a large western part of Central Asia and stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east. There are many Paleolithic sites, the vast majority of which are open-air (surface) sites. Recently several multilayer Upper Paleolithic sites have been discovered in the Northern Tien Shan. Among them are the sites of Maibulak, Rakhat, Uzynagash 1–3, Saryzhazyk and some others. The sites have been studied intermittently since 2004. A new research phase began in 2018. Results and discussion. The sites are located in similar geomorphological conditions. The cultural layers of the sites are nested in loess-like loams covering the northern foothills of the Zailiysky Alatau Range. Most of the cultural layers are interpreted as habitation levels with preserved hearths, burn spots, charcoal spots, and storage pits. Accumulations of lithic artefacts and sometimes animal bone remains are tightly linked with those features of cultural layers. This is an interdisciplinary research. Conclusion. The chronology of these sites covers the Early Upper Paleolithic, the Middle Upper Palaeolithic and the beginning of the Late Upper Paleolithic. The development of the Northern Tien Shan Upper Paleolithic took place within the framework of a single cultural vector, characteristic for the western part of Eurasia. There are cultural horizons with Aurignation-like, Gravettian-like lithic industries, as well as a culture with geometric microliths (scalene triangles). At the same time, lithic industries show considerable originality. Further work is aimed at studying the classification, typology of lithic collections and their correlation with each other.

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Zheltova, Maria, and Sergey Lisitsyn. "Kostenki 4 ground stone tools in the collection of Kunstkamera museum (MAE RAS)." Camera Praehistorica 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 66–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-66-95.

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Tools made of soft rock materials at the Upper Paleolithic sites are usually represented by pebbles that were used for various domestic purposes without intentional modification of their shape. In the Neolithic period, the anisotropic stone raw materials were processed for manufacturing tools (such as axes, adzes, chisels, etc.) by abrasion — grinding, cutting edge sharpening, surface polishing. During the Upper Paleolithic, the occurrences of this technology use are rare due to the lesser role of woodworking in the life of glacial hunters. An exception is a series of ground tools from the Pavlovian sites in Central Europe, as well as from a few Gravettian sites similar to them by culture in the Kostenki-Borshchevo locality on the river Don. The largest assemblage of the ground tools originating from the site Kostenki 4 (excavations by A.N. Rogachev in 1937–1938) is housed in MAE RAS. Among these items there are rounded biconvex and plano-convex items (discs), rod-shaped and bullet-shaped items, as well as objects and fragments with polished surfaces and edges. The site comprises materials of a full cycle of manufacturing polished products, including a set of raw materials — quartzite abrasive tiles, pebbles and pieces of slate, dolomite, marl. The major part of collection consist of a series of bifacially treated blanks and amorphous items with the localized grindings. Polished discs and rods stand out for their peculiarity even against the background of the Holocene Stone Age ground tools, remaining beyond typological analogies. The traces of utilization such as short scratches and dints have surface localization instead of cutting edges or tips. The function of these objects as retouchers was determined through a traceological examination by S.A. Semenov. However, the presence of commonly used pebble and flint retouchers in the collection, combined with labor costs during grinding and mass production of such items, leaves the question of their usage open. The article presents a description of polished items from the collection of Kostenki 4, stored in the MAE (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as the results of studying the issues of their manufacture and functioning.

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Villotte, S. "Unexpected Discovery of More Elements from the Prehistoric Immature Skeleton from Baousso da Torre (Bausu da Ture) (Liguria, Italy). Inventory, Age-at-Death Estimation, and Probable Sex Assessment of BT3." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 30, no. 3-4 (August 8, 2018): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/bmsap-2018-0015.

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This note presents the unexpected discovery of human remains belonging to the immature skeleton from Baousso da Torre (BT3), considered to date from the Gravettian period. These remains were explicitly described as missing by Rivière who undertook the study of this skeleton and was supposedly present at the time of the discovery. These remains, some of them indisputably refitting with the partial skeleton of BT3, permit a better estimation of the age-at-death and a probable assessment of the sex of this individual.

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Górzyński, Michał. "Na tropie szamanizmu w paleolicie – na przykładzie jaskiń Cougnac i Pech-Merle ." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 23 (September 16, 2019): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2018.23.05.

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The author of this thesis searches for traces of shamanism in paleolithic period through identification of signs and anthropomorphic resemblances that can have a connection with different stages of trance and shamanistic visions. For this article, Pech-Merle and Cougnac cave were chosen. Chronological range in this paper covers a period when Gravettian and Magdalenian cultures functioned. In order to carry out the above assumptions, the author used the results of structuralist research- search- ing for deep meaning and symbols, neuropsychological research – influence of altered states of con- sciousness on human and role of rites in simple societies, ethnographic research- different types of shamanic vocation and visions of shamanistic cosmology as well as interpretation of paintings and engravings based on the above mentioned scientific instruments. In the conclusion, the author shows that magical and religious practices similar to shamanism could function in paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies.

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Dobrovolskaya, M., M. P. Richards, and E. Trinkaus. "Direct radiocarbon dates for the Mid Upper Paleolithic (eastern Gravettian) burials from Sunghir, Russia." Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris 24, no. 1-2 (August 10, 2011): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-011-0044-4.

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Rodionov, A. M., and D. S. Tolstykh. "Use-Wear Analysis of the Stone and Bone Industry of Kostenki-9 Site (Based on Material of 2006–2007 Field Research)." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-3-21-31.

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Purpose. The article discusses the results of a use-wear analysis of artifacts from the Kostenki 9 site (Biriutchii log). The site is located in the Middle Don River valley on the southwest of the Russian Plain. Kostenki 9 is related to the group of Paleolithic sites in the Kostenki-Borshchevo locality. Our investigation indicates that paleoeconomy of the local inhabitants was based on the strategies of high specialization.Results. The authors highlight the main types of stone implements and the main technological methods of production. The inhabitants of the site mainly used chalk flint. Knapping technique is prismatic, the main type of workpiece is a blade. For the secondary processing of blanks, site's inhabitants most often used steep and semi-steep dull retouching. Less commonly, flat unilateral or bilateral, marginal, deeply protruding onto the blade’s dorsal surface. On the basis of use-wear analysis, as well as some experiments, the authors came to the following conclusion: the stone industry of the site has Gravettian features. However, it does not have pronounced diagnostic forms.Conclusion. The primary type of activity revealed at the Kostenki 9 site is butchering of animal carcasses. Studied use-wear traces on the stone inventory support this conclusion. The second activity represents wood processing. The ancient inhabitants of the Kostenki 9 made the wooden shafts for the darts and spears. Analysis of bone implements revealed several exciting traits. Inhabitants possessed all the basic techniques of bone processing: making grooves and cutting along the circumference. The collection does not include any tools that can be interpreted as hunting bone weapons. This thesis confirms the assumption that the inhabitants of the Kostenki 9 site used wood for tool-making, while the bones and ivory were kept for production of non-utilitarian objects. The cultural identity of the assemblage raises questions. The closest are lithic collections from the Gravettian sites Borshchevo 5 and Kostenki 8.

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Prat, S., S. Péan, L. Crépin, S. Puaud, D. G. Drucker, M. Lázničková-Galetová, J. Van der Plicht, et al. "The First Anatomically Modern Humans from South-Eastern Europe. Contributions from the Buran-Kaya III Site (Crimea)." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 30, no. 3-4 (October 2018): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/bmsap-2018-0032.

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The arrival of modern humans into Europe, their dispersal and their potential interactions with Neanderthals are still in debate. Whereas the first appearance of anatomically modern humans in Western Europe seems to be well understood, the situation is quite different for Eastern Europe, where data are more scarce. The Buran-Kaya III site in Crimea is of key importance to understand the colonization of Europe by anatomically modern humans and their potential contemporaneity with the last Neanderthal occupations. The new radiocarbon dated sequence shows that no Neanderthal settlement existed after 39 ka cal BP and casts doubt on the survival, as previously proposed, of Neanderthal refuge zones in Crimea 28 ka BP ago (34-32 ka cal BP). The human remains from Buran-Kaya III, directly dated to 32450 +250/-230 BP (layer 6-2) and 31900+/-220 BP (layer 6-1) (37.1-35.7 ka cal BP and 36.3-35.2 cal BP respectively), represent some of the oldest evidence of anatomically modern humans in Europe in a unique welldocumented archaeological context (Gravettian). Furthermore, the specimens from layer 6-1 represent the oldest Upper Palaeolithic modern humans from Eastern Europe with evidence of post-mortem treatment of the dead.

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Foucher, Pascal, Cristina San Juan-Foucher, Sébastien Villotte, Priscilla Bayle, Carole Vercoutère, and Catherine Ferrier. "Les vestiges humains gravettiens de la grotte de Gargas (Aventignan, France) : datations 14C AMS directes et contexte chrono-culturel)." Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 116, no. 1 (2019): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bspf.2019.14981.

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Gerasimova, M. M., and N. V. Kharlamova. "Старые палеоантропологические находки эпохи верхнего палеолита – новые проблемы / COMMON UPPER PALEOLITHIC HUMAN REMAINS — NEW CHALLENGES." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), no. 2022 №4 (November 28, 2022): 352–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2022-4/352-371.

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В обзорной статье рассматриваются ключевые палеоантропологические находки верхнего палеолита в контексте результатов недавних исследований: новых датировок, новой археологической атрибутики, данных генетики. Авторы выделяют три ключевых проблемы эпохи верхнего палеолита с точки зрения биологического антрополога. Во‑первых, проблему таксономического ранга неандертальцев и их роли в происхождении европейского верхнепалеолитического населения. Отмечается, что идея трансформации Homo neanderthalensis в Homo sapiens перерастает в идею гибридизации сапиенсов и неандертальцев. Во‑вторых, проблему происхождения носителей симбиотических «переходных» культур верхнего палеолита. Делается вывод о том, что практическое отсутствие костных человеческих останков, ассоциированных с этими культурами, лишает палеоантропологов возможности ответить на вопрос о том, как складывался облик носителей «переходных» культур. И в‑третьих, рассматривается проблема физического облика насельников Европы, носителей первой автохтонной верхнепалеолитической индустрии — граветт. Показано, что краниологические характеристики мужских черепов ориньякской и граветтской культур, на фоне суммарных данных об европейских верхнепалеолитических черепах демонстрируют сходство этих групп населения, но количество наблюдений, не делает это сходство убедительным. Несмотря на то, что сформулированные в виде проблем вопросы не находят однозначных ответов, сама постановка задает направления дальнейших исследований Homo sapiens Верхнего палеолита. The digest discusses the key Upper Paleolithic paleoanthropological finds in the context of the recent studies: new dating, new archaeological attribution, genetic data. The authors identify three key problems of the Upper Paleolithic from the point of view of a biological anthropologist. First, the problem of the taxonomic rank of the Neanderthals and their role in the origin of the European Upper Paleolithic population. It is noted that the idea of transformation of Homo neanderthalensis into Homo sapiens develops into the idea of hybridization of sapiens and Neanderthals. The second problem is the origin of the “bearers” of symbiotic “transitional” cultures of the Upper Paleolithic. It is concluded that the virtual absence of human remains associated with these cultures makes it impossible for paleoanthropologists to answer the question of how the appearance of these people was formed. And thirdly, the authors consider the problem of the physical appearance of the inhabitants of Europe, makers of the first autochthonous Upper Paleolithic industry — Gravettian. It is shown that the craniological characteristics of the male crania of the Aurignacian and Gravettes cultures, against the background of summary data on European Upper Paleolithic crania, demonstrate the similarity of these groups, but, unfortunately, this similarity is not very convincing due to the small number of observations. Even though the questions formulated as problems do not find unambiguous answers, the arousal itself sets the direction for further research on Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens.

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Maier, Andreas, Robin John, Florian Linsel, Georg Roth, Walpurga Antl-Weiser, Lisa Bauer, Norbert Buchinger, et al. "Analyzing Trends in Material Culture Evolution—a Case Study of Gravettian Points from Lower Austria and Moravia." Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 6, no. 1 (May 16, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41982-023-00145-z.

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AbstractIdentifying, analyzing, and explaining trends in the development of material culture is one of the major concerns in prehistoric archaeology. The traditional recording of data in typologies, however, is not optimal for answering the question of diachronic change because typological data capture variability poorly and are often incompatible with multivariate statistics. To overcome these problems, we present PyREnArA (Python-R-Environment for Artifact Analysis), a trait-based tool that allows for a systematic recording of diversity and variability in a way that is applicable to quantitative analysis and multivariate statistics. Using Gravettian assemblages from Lower Austria and Moravia as a case study, we analyze changes in the morphology as well as the design of lithic projectiles and statistically determine the amount of variation that correlates with the progression of time. We identify a slow trend towards slenderer and more pointed projectiles and a shift from laterally to latero-frontally hafted implements. Most of the analyzed traits, however, appear not to experience selective pressure and seem to be unrelated to the passage of time. We discuss these results with regard to different scales of selection, in particular individual choice vs. macroevolutionary group selection over longer periods of time and thus beyond the realm of individual intend, and we raise questions for future research.

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Mounier, Aurélien, Yann Heuzé, Mathilde Samsel, Sergey Vasilyev, Laurent Klaric, and Sébastien Villotte. "Gravettian cranial morphology and human group affinities during the European Upper Palaeolithic." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78841-x.

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AbstractArchaeologically defined Upper Palaeolithic (UP, 45,000–10,000 years ago) “cultures” are often used as proxies to designate fossil populations. While recent genomic studies have partly clarified the complex relationship between European UP “cultures” and past population dynamics, they leave open numerous questions regarding the biological characterization of these human groups, especially regarding the Mid-UP period (MUP, 33,000–24,000 years ago), which encompasses a pan-European cultural mosaic (Gravettian) with several regional facies. Here, we analyse a large database of well-dated and well-preserved UP crania, including MUP specimens from South-West France (SWF) and Moravia, using 3D geometric morphometrics to test for human group affinities. Our results show that the Gravettian makers from these two regions form a remarkably phenetically homogeneous sample which is different from, and more homogeneous than, the Late UP sample. Those results are congruent with genomic studies indicating a genetic continuity within the Gravettian manufacturers and a discontinuity marked by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Moreover, our study expands the geographical range of the MUP phenetic continuity to SWF, for which aDNA data are scarce, and clarifies the post-LGM European population structure in SWF, with a possible dual ancestry stemming from different LGM refugia.

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Lebon, Matthieu, Lucile Beck, Sylvain Grégoire, Laurent Chiotti, Roland Nespoulet, Michel Menu, and Patrick Paillet. "Prehistoric pigment characterisation of the Abri Pataud rock-shelter (Dordogne, France)." Open Journal of Archaeometry 2, no. 1 (June 18, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/arc.2014.5456.

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Iron oxide pigments found in archaeological context constitute an important source of information for the understanding of cultural and subsistence activities of ancient human cultures. In order to complete archaeological contextual information, many analytical methods have been applied to characterise pigments and to provide further information on this material (<em>e.g.</em> supplies, selections, mechanical or physical transformations of raw material, use and application processes). Several studies have demonstrated that the elemental composition of iron oxide pigments can be used to discriminate between several geological provenances. In this study, non-destructive micro-particle induced Xray emission analysis was applied in order to distinguish different kinds of reddish pigments from the prehistoric site of Abri Pataud, more especially from the Layer 2 attributed to Final Gravettian period (22,000 BP). By using an external beam, this technique required no sampling, and enabled us to perform localised analyses directly on raw material, on ochre residues applied on artefacts or on fragments of the wall of this rock-shelter. The results obtained by this technique demonstrate that the pigments covering the decorated fragments of the rock-shelter wall, found during the excavation of the Layer 2, have elemental compositions similar to the composition of a raw pigment found in the same layer. These results suggest that the shelter was decorated during the Final Gravettian period and thus provide new insights for the understanding of the archaeological context of this occupation layer.

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Le Luyer, Mona, Sébastien Villotte, Priscilla Bayle, Selim Natahi, Adrien Thibeault, Bruno Dutailly, Carole Vercoutère, Catherine Ferrier, Christina San Juan-Foucher, and Pascal Foucher. "Mandible and teeth characterization of the Gravettian child from Gargas, France." Bulletins et mémoires de la société d'anthropologie de Paris 34, no. 1 (February 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/bmsap.9810.

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Guyomarc’h, P., V. Sparacello, M. Samsel, P. Courtaud, and S. Villotte. "New Biological Data on a Gravettian Humerus from the Cussac Cave (Dordogne, France)." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/bmsap-2019-0063.

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This article reports on a complete left human humerus from the Cussac Cave (Dordogne, France), dating to the Gravettian, or Mid-Upper Palaeolithic. This humerus is characterised by a very marked retroversion, significant intracortical porosity, an unusual morphology and orientation of the medial epicondyle, and a marked depression at the bottom of the olecranon fossa. These morphological features could be related to mechanical stimuli, but this is just an assumption given the absence of control data for many factors (e.g. age-at-death, sex, body mass, degree of asymmetry). Nevertheless, the description of this new discovery contributes significantly to our understanding of the range of variation of known Late Pleistocene skeletal morphology.

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CHIOTTI, Laurent. "Outils de percussion au Paléolithique supérieur ancien : l’exemple de sites aurignaciens et gravettiens en Vallée de la Vézère (Dordogne, France)." Comptes Rendus Palevol, no. 21 (June 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a21.

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Among the raw materials used, quartz pebbles are widely used, irrespective of site and culture. Alongside this dominant material, a considerable diversity of materials was selected. This diversity may vary depending on the type of object/use, but also the site/culture

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Villotte, Sébastien, Priscilla Bayle, Patrice Courtaud, Pierre Guyomarc’h, Yann Heuzé, Sacha Kacki, Laurent Klaric, et al. "Les vestiges humains gravettiens dans le Sud-Ouest de la France : bilan du projet Gravett’os." Bulletins et mémoires de la société d'anthropologie de Paris 33, (S) (March 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/bmsap.7213.

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"Oliva, Martin: The Myth of the Mass Grave at Předmostí u Přerova. On the Burial Customs of the Moravian Gravettian (Archeologické Rozhledy, 2001, no. 1)." East Central Europe 29, no. 1-2 (2002): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633002x00370.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gravettian culture'

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