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Journal articles on the topic 'Gravidity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

DiBiase, Rebecca, Aozhou Wu, David Knopman, Keenan Walker, Thomas Mosley, Pamela L. Lutsey, and Rebecca Gottesman. "2244 The effects of gravidity and parity on risk of cognitive impairment and amyloid plaque deposition." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.188.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our study seeks to answer the following questions: (1) To determine whether higher numbers of gravidity and parity are associated with a decreased risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia; (2) To determine whether higher numbers of gravidity and parity are associated with a decreased risk of amyloid deposition by PET MRI. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our study population includes all female study participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study who did not have a diagnosis of dementia before enrollment. Participants were also required to have been evaluated for cognitive impairment in the ARIC-NCS ancillary study, or to have received an MRI PET scan of their brain as part of the ARIC-PET ancillary study. Baseline information on the gravidity and parity of all the women was recorded at initial enrollment. We use statistical analyses and epidemiological measures to explore our study questions. For our first question, we use logistic regression to evaluate the association of gravidity and parity as two separate ordinal variables using adjudicated mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. For our second question, we use logistic regression to evaluate the association of gravidity and parity (again as ordinal variables) with amyloid positivity. We use STATA for our statistical analyses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that increased gravidity and parity will have either no effect or a protective effect against MCI, dementia, and amyloid deposition. Our preliminary analyses show that older age of a woman at first pregnancy and at first live birth are both positively correlated with increased incidence of cognitive impairment. No relationship was found between these surrogates of lifetime estrogen exposure and cerebral amyloid deposition. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Multiple basic science and clinical research studies have shown that estrogen exposure has an effect on cognitive function, likely through a complex interplay of multiple physiologic systems. Our study expands the research in this area by using a large, established epidemiologic cohort to examine gravidity and parity as important factors in lifetime estrogen exposure as they relate to cognitive impairment and amyloid plaque deposition.

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2

Klofáč, Petr, Tomáš Roubíček, and Rostislav Polášek. "Implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator in gravidity." Intervenční a akutní kardiologie 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/kar.2017.002.

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3

Velickovic, Miljan, and Dragan Vukovic. "Concentration of beta-carotene and vitamin A in blood serum of cows in peripartal period." Veterinarski glasnik 59, no. 5-6 (2005): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0506557v.

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In a herd of high-productive dairy cows of the Holstein breed, 40 cows were selected for an experiment. The animals were chosen at the period of advanced gravidity. Data on mean values of beta-carotene concentrations in blood serum of the cows show that significantly higher values (p<0.01) were established in advanced gravidity (x=9.53? 3.49 ?mol/l) in comparison with the values on calving day (x=5.69?3.14 ?mol/l) and in early puerperium (x=2.25?1.00 ?mol/l). The average concentration of vitamin A in blood serum of cows varied approximately the same as the concentration of beta-carotene. The highest average concentration of vitamin A in blood serum of cows was determined in advanced gravidity (x=1.856?0.52 ?mol/l), and the lowest in early puerperium (x=0.988?0.31 ?mol/l) (p<0.05). It can be concluded on the grounds of the results obtained in this work that the average concentration of beta-carotene and vitamin A in blood serum of cows in advanced gravidity and on the day of calving is within the limits of physiological values and in keeping with the values cited in literature, and that concentrations of beta-carotene and vitamin A in blood serum of cows two weeks after calving are significantly lower than the values obtained in advanced gravidity and on the day of calving and are lower than the physiological values most often reported in literature for this animal specie.

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4

Krajčovič, J., V. Macko, Ľ. Straka, and F. Novomeský. "Gravidity complicated by abdominal neoplasmatic process." Legal Medicine 11 (April 2009): S494—S495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.01.110.

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5

Erbenová, Pavla, and Petra Horáčková. "Průběh gravidity v korelaci s předgravidním BMI." Studia sportiva 8, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2014-2-6.

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The aim of the pilot research is to evaluate BMI of selected gravid probands. The researchers examined some correlations between pre-pregnant BMI and some other factors before, at the beginnings, and at the end of gravidity. The investigation used the standardized questionnaire of IPAQ supported with some demographic issues aimed to anthropological parameters and a life-style of the probands. The data was gathered in January 2014 at Jihlava Hospital Emergency Gynaecology Assessment Unit. 37 probands were included. The results display that during the period of gravidity no statistically significant changes in pre-pregnant BMI were found.

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6

Gilman, Casey A., Gabriel Candelaria, Ben Gershman, Jeffrey P. Norenberg, and Blair O. Wolf. "Respiratory Biology during Gravidity inCrotaphytus collarisandGambelia wislizenii." Journal of Herpetology 47, no. 2 (June 2013): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/11-097.

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7

Santow, Gigi, and Michael Bracher. "Do gravidity and age affect pregnancy outcome?" Biodemography and Social Biology 36, no. 1-2 (March 1989): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1989.9988716.

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8

Valachovic, Abigail Corrine, and Scott David Kirkton. "Effects of Gravidity on Locust Jump Performance." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.03707.

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9

Creinin, Mitchell D., and Hyagriv N. Simhan. "Can We Communicate Gravidity and Parity Better?" Obstetrics & Gynecology 113, no. 3 (March 2009): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e3181988f8f.

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10

Adams, Kristina M., and Vijayakrishna K. Gadi. "Autoimmunity in CLL: Grave consequences of gravidity?" Leukemia & Lymphoma 47, no. 8 (January 2006): 1445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10428190600647806.

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11

Magasi, P., and Zs Simon. "Electrical Stimulation of the Bladder and Gravidity." Urologia Internationalis 41, no. 4 (1986): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000281209.

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12

Merati, G., S. Rampichini, M. Roselli, E. Roveda, G. Pizzini, and A. Veicsteinas. "Gravity and gravidity: will microgravity assist pregnancy?" Sport Sciences for Health 1, no. 3 (May 2006): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11332-006-0023-x.

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13

Meluzínová, Eva, and Jana Libertínová. "Interferons-β treatment during pregnancy and breast-feeding." Neurologie pro praxi 21, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/neu.2020.085.

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14

Parikh-Patel, Arti, Ellen Gold, Jessica Utts, and M. Eric Gershwin. "The Association between Gravidity and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis." Annals of Epidemiology 12, no. 4 (May 2002): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00277-0.

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15

Reamy, Kenneth J. "Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy: Nulliparity, primiparity, multiparity, and gravidity." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 157, no. 4 (October 1987): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(87)80113-8.

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16

Cree, Alison, Louis J. Guillette, and Karen Reader. "Eggshell formation during prolonged gravidity of the tuataraSphenodon punctatus." Journal of Morphology 230, no. 2 (November 1996): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199611)230:2<129::aid-jmor2>3.0.co;2-c.

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17

Akther, Rabeya. "Outcome of grand multi-gravidity & multiparity A retrospective study." Journal of Dhaka Medical College 22, no. 1 (July 8, 2013): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i1.15629.

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Objective: To examine the obstetric outcome in grand multi-parous and the effect of high parity among young women, aged 18-34 years vs. older women, aged 35years and above. Methods: This is a retrospective study done in DMCH from 1st August 2007 to 31st August 2008. For study purpose 98 patients were selected randomly whose gravidity 6th and more. To see peri-natal outcome, the cut-off point of 28 weeks was taken. Results: Mean age of the study group was 32(22-45) years. Mean gravidity and parity of the study group was 6.7 (6-11) and 4(1-8) respectively. Ninety percent pregnancy affected by different complications. Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (14.3%) and ante-partum hemorrhage (14.3%) was more common. Bad obstetric history (12.35%), mal-presentation (11.23%) and intra-partum complications were also common. Twenty two percent (22.46%) pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes, maternal medical disease and multi-fetal gestation. Regarding fetal outcome, peri-natal loss was 10(14%). Preterm delivery, ante partum hemorrhage, bad obstetric history, gestational diabetes and mal presentation were the cause of peri natal loss. Lack of reproductive knowledge, unmet need for contraception, poor obstetric performance and too early marriage are the main cause of grand multi-gravidity and multi-parity Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ante partum hemorrhage, mal-presentation was more common in grand multi-parous irrespective of age. There was no significant difference in the incidence of obstetric complications and in perinatal outcome among both groups. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i1.15629 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No. 1, April, 2013, Page 67-71

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18

Rabinson, Jacob, Itai Bar-Hava, SimIon Meltcer, Efraim Zohav, Eyal Anteby, and Raoul Orvieto. "Does gravidity influence the success ofin vitrofertilization–embryo transfer cycles?" Gynecological Endocrinology 22, no. 4 (January 2006): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09513590600630512.

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19

Wernli, Karen J., Yinghui Wang, Yingye Zheng, John D. Potter, and Polly A. Newcomb. "The Relationship between Gravidity and Parity and Colorectal Cancer Risk." Journal of Women's Health 18, no. 7 (July 2009): 995–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.1068.

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20

BARKAI, G., B. GOLDMAN, L. RIES, R. CHAKI, and H. CUCKLE. "EFFECT OF GRAVIDITY ON MATERNAL SERUM MARKERS FOR DOWN'S SYNDROME." Prenatal Diagnosis 16, no. 4 (April 1996): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199604)16:4<319::aid-pd859>3.0.co;2-u.

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21

Frommen, Joachim G., Theo C. M. Bakker, Leonie C. Proscurcin, and Marion Mehlis. "Gravidity-Associated Shoaling Decisions in Three-Spined Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)." Ethology 118, no. 12 (September 27, 2012): 1149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12019.

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22

MOONEY, R., D. ARYAN, D. SALLERJR, C. FRENCH, and C. JEANNEPETERSON. "Decreased maternal serum hcg levels with increasing gravidity and parity." Obstetrics & Gynecology 86, no. 6 (December 1995): 900–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-7844(95)00308-e.

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23

Shih, Yu-Hsuan, Molly Scannell Bryan, Faruque Parvez, Keriann Hunter Uesugi, Mohammed Shahriar, Alauddin Ahmed, Tariqul Islam, Habibul Ahsan, and Maria Argos. "Gravidity, parity, blood pressure and mortality among women in Bangladesh from the HEALS cohort." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e037244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037244.

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ObjectivesDespite a hypothesised connection of reproductive history with hypertension and mortality, the nature of this association is poorly characterised. We evaluated the association of parity and gravidity with blood pressure, hypertension and all-cause mortality.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingHealth Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study cohort in rural Bangladesh.ParticipantsThere were 21 634 Bangladeshi women recruited in 2000–2002, 2006–2008 and 2010–2014 included in the present analysis.MethodsReproductive history was ascertained through an interviewer-administered questionnaire at the baseline visit. Blood pressure was measured by a trained study physician following a standard protocol at the baseline visit. Vital status was ascertained at the biennial follow-up of study participants through June 2017. Linear and logistic regression models estimated the relationship between parity and gravidity with blood pressure and hypertension, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the relationship with all-cause mortality only among women aged >45 years.ResultsDiastolic blood pressure was lowest in women with parity one (reference) and elevated in nulliparous women (adjusted % change=3.12; 95% CI 1.93 to 4.33) and women with parity >2 (adjusted % change=1.71; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.31). The associations with nulliparity were stronger for women aged >45 years. Similar association patterns were observed with hypertension. Further, in nulliparous women aged >45 years, 265 deaths (6.6%) were ascertained during the follow-up period (median follow-up time=8 years), and we observed suggestive elevated risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 3.83; 95% CI 0.74 to 19.78). The relationships between reproductive history, blood pressure, hypertension and mortality were similar when modelling reproductive history as gravidity rather than parity.ConclusionsFor women in rural Bangladesh, nulliparity and nulligravidity appear to be associated with higher blood pressure and subsequent elevated risk of mortality.

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24

Jones, Mary Elaine, Suzanne Kubelka, and Mary Lou Bond. "Acculturation Status, Birth Outcomes, and Family Planning Compliance Among Hispanic Teens." Journal of School Nursing 17, no. 2 (April 2001): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105984050101700205.

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This study examined acculturation status, selected demographic and pregnancy indices, and the relationship to birth outcomes and family planning patterns among a convenience sample of 63 Hispanic adolescents aged 13 to 19 years and attending community-based prenatal clinics. Findings suggest that Hispanic teenagers who are the first generation in the United States and traditional in their world view are compliant with prenatal and postpartum care and have healthy babies and birth outcomes. Gravidity and gestational age of the infant were significant predictors of birth weight, accounting for 30% of the variability in birth weight. Generation in the United States accounted for 8% of the variance in family planning compliance. Higher gravidity was associated with increased infant birth weight and a decreased likelihood for return for family planning visits during the 1st year postbirth. Teens who were first generation in the United States were more likely to return for family planning visits during the 1st year. School nurses are in a pivotal position to design intervention programs that build on traditional cultural prescriptions for healthy behaviors during and after pregnancy.

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25

Vybíhal, Václav, Romana Gerychová, Petr Janků, George Hanoun, Marek Sova, Miloš Keřkovský, and Martin Smrčka. "Management of hydrocephalus in patients with an implanted shunt for hydrocephalus during pregnancy and delivery." Neurologie pro praxi 17, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/neu.2016.048.

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26

Hendrix, Susan L., Amanda Clark, Ingrid Nygaard, Aaron Aragaki, Vanessa Barnabei, and Anne McTiernan. "Pelvic organ prolapse in the women's health initiative: Gravity and gravidity." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186, no. 6 (June 2002): 1160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.123819.

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27

Casterline, John B. "Maternal age, gravidity, and pregnancy spacing effects on spontaneous fetal mortality." Biodemography and Social Biology 36, no. 3-4 (September 1989): 186–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1989.9988731.

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28

Abu-Heija, Adel T., Fayez El-Jallad, and Saeed Ziadeh. "Placenta previa: Effect of Age, Gravidity, Parity and Previous Caesarean Section." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 47, no. 1 (1999): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000010053.

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29

Mutabingwa, Theonest K., Melissa C. Bolla, Jin-Long Li, Gonzalo J. Domingo, Xiaohong Li, Michal Fried, and Patrick E. Duffy. "Maternal Malaria and Gravidity Interact to Modify Infant Susceptibility to Malaria." PLoS Medicine 2, no. 12 (November 8, 2005): e407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020407.

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30

Reime, B., B. A. Schuecking, and P. Wenzlaff. "Perinatal outcomes of teenage pregnancies according to gravidity and obstetric history." Annals of Epidemiology 14, no. 8 (September 2004): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.07.074.

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31

Cappell, Mitchell S. "Improving the Safety of Endoscopy in Pregnancy: Approaching Gravidity with Gravitas." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 65, no. 10 (August 25, 2020): 2745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06557-z.

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32

Charles, M. Aline, David J. Pettitt, David R. McCance, Robert L. Hanson, Peter H. Bennett, and William C. Knowler. "Gravidity, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes among Pima Indian women." American Journal of Medicine 97, no. 3 (September 1994): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(94)90008-6.

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33

Wahaibi, Fatma Al, Vaidyanathan Gowri, Suad Al Kharusi, and Thuria Al Rawahi. "Prevalence of gestational choriocarcinoma in a parous population in ten years." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 3537. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20203824.

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Background: Choriocarcinoma is a rare disease with varying incidence in different parts of the world. Asian, American Indian and Africans are quoted to be at a higher risk. There are no epidemiological data from Middle East and hence authors studied the prevalence of choriocarcinoma in Oman, a Middle East nation with a high parity.Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive, observational study done at tertiary care hospital; Royal Hospital from Jan 2010 to Dec 2019. Since all women are referred to a single center from all over the country, authors believe all cases are included over ten years.Results: There were 22 patients and the prevalence were 1 in 36966 live births. The main presenting symptom was abnormal uterine bleeding and all were gestational type of choriocarcinoma. Median gravidity was 6 and median parity was 5. Almost 80 % received chemo as their risk scoring was more than 7 and one woman died.Conclusions: The prevalence of choriocarcinoma was much similar to Europe and USA though the median gravidity and parity was high. Clinical features were comparable to the literature and management protocols were as per international recommendations.

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Al-Dughaishi, Tamima, Amjad Hamed Al-Haddabi, Mussab Mussab Mubarak Hamed Al-Jabri, and Vaidyanathan Gowri. "Effectiveness of misoprostol for induction of first and early second trimester spontaneous miscarriages in parous women." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 4512. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20184498.

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Background: Medical termination of missed miscarriage and incomplete miscarriage with misoprostol, are an alternative to surgical evacuation (dilatation and curettage). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of misoprostol in highly parous woman for incomplete and missed miscarriage.Methods: This was a retrospective study was conducted in two different time lines (2010 and 2014). All patients admitted to the Sultan Qaboos University hospital, Muscat, Oman, for the management of first-trimester miscarriages (missed and incomplete types) during the study period were included. Some women were moved to dilation and curettage even after misoprostol. The effect of gravidity and parity on those women in whom misoprostol was not effective was studied.Results: The overall success rate of misoprostol for the management was 62.14% in 2010 and 53.8% 2014. In nulliparous woman the success rate of misoprostol was slightly higher than parous women. There was no apparent effect of gravidity and parity of ≥ 5 or ≥ 5 on the success of misoprostol.Conclusions: Misoprostol reduced the rate of surgical evacuation among the study subjects. In highly parous and multigravid women (≥ para 5 and gravida ≥5) the success was not significantly different compared to less parous women.

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35

Alsibiani, Sharifa A. "Rubella Immunity among Pregnant Women in Jeddah, Western Region of Saudi Arabia." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/659838.

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To determine the presence of rubella immunity among pregnant women attending their first prenatal visit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study (prevalence study) was undertaken. A total of 10276 women attending prenatal clinics between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2011 were included. Rubella screening tests (immunoglobulins: IgG and IgM), rubella antibody titer levels, patient age, gravidity, parity, and the number of previous abortions were analyzed. No patients tested IgM positive, and 9410 (91.6%) were immune (IgG positive); the remaining 866 (8.4%) were susceptible. There were no significant differences in gravidity, parity, or the number of previous abortions between immune and nonimmune groups. In contrast, the immunity rate decreased with increasing age, with a significant difference between the youngest age group (15–19 years) and the oldest age group (40–49 years) (P=0.0005; odds ratio, 2.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.7–4.7). Rubella immunity among pregnant women was high (91.6%) but decreased significantly with increasing age. A possible explanation for this is the change in the rubella vaccination policy in Saudi Arabia in 2002, from 1 dose to 2 doses. In addition, antibody levels begin to decline after vaccination and natural infection.

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Urbanová, D., and M. Halán. "The Use of Ultrasonography in Diagnostic Imaging of Reptiles." Folia Veterinaria 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fv-2016-0038.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to obtain new knowledge and show the possibility of the use of ultrasonographic (USG) examinations in reptilian medicine. As reptiles are patients brought to veterinary clinic in smaller numbers, we focused on the indications and limits of this type of examination in individual groups of reptiles. In the period of 2014—2015 we examined by ultrasound, 28 reptiles with the aim to diagnose gravidity, reproductive problems and to determine their gender. At the same time we examined the internal organs and their availability for potential USG examinations. We also investigated: the issues related to fixation and positioning of the patients; selection of suitable examination probes; and the ways of their application to a suitable body area. The experimental part of our study was focused on the examination of the reproductive apparatus of reptiles. We monitored: individual phases of gravidity in selected reptilian species; evaluated development of follicles in ovaries; and the development of eggs after successful mating up to their laying. We described the pathological states of reproductive organs and the suitability of this examination for the determination of gender.

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Smith, Shaylee K., and Vanessa K. Hilliard Young. "Balancing on a Limb: Effects of Gravidity on Locomotion in Arboreal, Limbed Vertebrates." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab035.

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Abstract Reproduction is linked to a plethora of costs in gravid females, not least of which is a reduction in locomotor performance. Locomotor constraints due to gravidity are apparent across aquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal habitats. Decrements to speed and maneuverability are the most often cited performance consequences of gravidity, regardless of habitat. Arboreal habitats present additional challenges, as they often are composed of unstable and varying substrates that affect locomotor performance. Many arboreal taxa exhibit morphological adaptations, such as grasping extremities and tails, that function to aid in stability during locomotion. Tail length has been found to correlate with lifestyle: arboreal mammals tend to have relatively longer tails compared with terrestrial counterparts. Balancing on a limb is hard on its own, but when combined with increased mass and shifts in center of mass due to pregnancy, it becomes even more challenging. However, few studies have explored the constraints that govern the intersection of arboreal locomotion, reproductive cost, and morphology. In this review, we identify fruitful areas for expansion of research and knowledge (i.e., the role of the tail) when it comes to arboreal balance during gestation.

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38

Saei Ghare Naz, Marzieh, Giti Ozgoli, Mir Amir Aghdashi, and Fatemeh Salmani. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis in Women Referring to the Bone Densitometry Academic Center in Urmia, Iran." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 7 (November 18, 2015): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n7p135.

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<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Osteoporosis is one of the fastest growing health problems around the world. Several factors can affect this silent disease. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis in women in Urmia, a city in northwestern Iran.</p><p><strong>METHODS: </strong>This cross‑sectional study was performed on 360 non-pregnant women over the age of 15 who referred for bone density testing to the Urmia Imam Khomeini Academic Hospital. Data were collected by questionnaire, and bone mineral density of the femoral neck and lumbar spines L1- L4 was evaluated by dual X-ray absorptiometry.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The total prevalence of osteoporosis in this study was 42.2%; prevalence of osteoporosis among women 45 years old or less was 14.3% and over the age of 45 years was 50.7%. The factors such as level of education, history of bone fracture, disease history (rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure), gravidity and parity values, duration of lactation (p<0.001), nutrition dimension of lifestyle (p=0.03), and green tea consumption (p=002) showed a statistically significant association with the bone mineral density. According to the regression model, age (OR=1.081), history of bone fracture (OR=2.75), and gravidity (OR=1.14) were identified as significant risk factors for osteoporosis, while the body mass index (OR=0.94) was identified as a protector against osteoporosis.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The prevalence of osteoporosis in this study was high, and findings showed that the advancement of age, lifestyle, and reproductive factors (especially gravidity and duration of lactation) were determining factors for osteoporosis .Appropriate educational programs and interventions could help to increase the women’s peak bone mass therefore reducing their risk of developing osteoporosis.</p>

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39

Tayade, Surekha, Ritu Singh, Jaya Kore, Neha Gangane, and Noopur Singh. "Maternal hemoglobin: socio-demographic and obstetric determinants in rural Central India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180914.

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Background: Maternal Anemia is a global health problem with adverse implications on materno-fetal outcome. Various socio-demographic and obstetric factors affect prevalence of anemia.Methods: A hospital based, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out among pregnant women seeking antenatal care at Kasturba Hospital of MGIMS, Sewagram, a rural tertiary care institute in central India. Information was collected about demographic variables, age, gravidity, parity, literacy, area of residence and socioeconomic status. Hemoglobin levels in first trimester and pre delivery were measured by coulter and correlated with socio-demographic and obstetric factors.Results: Among 500 pregnant women of first trimester, 249 (49.8%) had anemia, 154 (30.8%) mild, 86 (17.2%) moderate and 9 (1.8%) severe anemia. More women with anemia were of lesser age, resided in rural area, belonged to middle and lower economic class, lived with joint families and had less than 12 years of formal education.Conclusions: Anemia is prevalent in pregnant women in this geographic region of central India. Age, higher gravidity, higher parity, rural residence, low socioeconomic status and less than 12 years of formal education, are risk factors. Appropriate age at marriage, small family norm, education of girl child, anemia prevention strategy in adolescent girls and financial empowerment of women are suggested strategies for prevention of anemia and improved maternofetal outcome.

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ASEFFA, A., A. ISHAK, R. STEVENS, E. FERGUSSEN, M. GILES, G. YOHANNES, and K. G. KIDAN. "Prevalence of HIV, syphilis and genital chlamydial infection among women in North-West Ethiopia." Epidemiology and Infection 120, no. 2 (March 1998): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268897008595.

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The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among women visiting antenatal (ANC) and gynaecological clinics in Gondar, north-west Ethiopia, was investigated. Between April and August 1995, 728 women consented to enter the study. Prevalence rates were 5·9% (41/693) for chlamydial antigen in cervix, 18·8% (113/600) for syphilis (Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay [TPHA]) and 25·3% (150/593) for HIV. Active syphilis (RPR)+, TPHA+ was detected in 7·4% (44/597). HIV infection rate was higher among women with higher age of first marriage and low gravidity. It was significantly associated with young age, urban residence, and presence of genital ulcer (odds ratio [OR]=6·3), and lymphadenopathy (OR=2·8) on examination. Women seropositive for syphilis had married at an earlier age, were significantly older and had changed husbands. Low gravidity and age <30 were independently significant risk factors for cervical chlamydial antigen positivity which was predominantly asymptomatic. Significant association was observed between HIV infection and syphilis (OR=2·6). Active syphilis was associated with chlamydial (OR=3·4) and HIV infection (OR=4·1). The rate of 23·4% and 15·1% of HIV seropositivity among ANC attenders and rural women respectively is an indicator of the rapid progression of the HIV epidemic in the area.

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Dupoué, Andréaz, Mahaut Sorlin, Murielle Richard, Jean François Le Galliard, Olivier Lourdais, Jean Clobert, and Fabien Aubret. "Mother-offspring conflict for water and its mitigation in the oviparous form of the reproductively bimodal lizard, Zootoca vivipara." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 4 (March 18, 2020): 888–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa012.

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Abstract Parent-offspring conflicts are widespread given that resources are often limited. Recent evidence has shown that availability of water can trigger such conflict during pregnancy in viviparous squamate species (lizards and snakes) and thus questions the role of water in the evolution of reproductive modes. Here, we examined the impact of water restriction during gravidity in the oviparous form of the bimodal common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), using a protocol previously used on the viviparous form. Females were captured in early gravidity from six populations along a 600 m altitudinal gradient to investigate whether environmental conditions (altitude, water access and temperature) exacerbate responses to water restriction. Females were significantly dehydrated after water restriction, irrespective of their reproductive status (gravid vs. non-reproductive), relative reproductive effort (relative clutch mass), and treatment timing (embryonic development stage). Female dehydration, together with reproductive performance, varied with altitude, probably due to long term acclimation or local adaptation. This moderate water-based intergenerational conflict in gravid females contrasts sharply with previous findings for the viviparous form, with implications to the evolutionary reversion from viviparity to oviparity. It is likely that oviparity constitutes a water-saving reproductive mode which might help mitigate intensive temperature-driven population extinctions at low altitudes.

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Igboeli, Nneka U., Maxwell O. Adibe, Chinwe V. Ukwe, and Nze C. Aguwa. "Prevalence of Low Birth Weight before and after Policy Change to IPTp-SP in Two Selected Hospitals in Southern Nigeria: Eleven-Year Retrospective Analyses." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4658106.

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Background. In 2005, Nigeria changed its policy on prevention of malaria in pregnancy to intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). Indicators of impact of effective prevention and control of malaria on pregnancy (MIP) are low birth weight (LBW) and maternal anaemia by parity. This study determined the prevalence of LBW for different gravidity groups during periods of pre- and postpolicy change to IPTp-SP. Methods. Eleven-year data were abstracted from the delivery registers of two hospitals. Study outcomes calculated for both pre- (2000–2004) and post-IPTp-SP-policy (2005–2010) years were prevalence of LBW for different gravidity groups and risk of LBW in primigravidae compared to multigravidae. Results. Out of the 11,496 singleton deliveries recorded within the 11-year period, the prevalence of LBW was significantly higher in primigravidae than in multigravidae for both prepolicy (6.3% versus 4%) and postpolicy (8.6% versus 5.1%) years. The risk of LBW in primigravidae compared to multigravidae increased from 1.62 (1.17–2.23) in the prepolicy years to 1.74 (1.436–2.13) during the postpolicy years. Conclusion. The study demonstrated that both the prevalence and risk of LBW remained significantly higher in primigravidae even after the change in policy to IPTp-SP.

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Hohmann, Christopher, Daniel Dumitrescu, Felix Gerhardt, Tilmann Kramer, Stephan Rosenkranz, and Michael Huntgeburth. "High-risk pregnancy in a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension due to congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD) with temporary shunt inversion and deoxygenation." Pulmonary Circulation 9, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 204589401983564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045894019835649.

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Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most frequent congenital heart diseases (CHD). Up to 10% of adults with an ASD develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, PAH-CHD) in their lifetime. Despite improved therapy options, gravidity remains a substantial risk for both maternal and neonatal mortality in PAH-CHD patients. In our patient, gravidity remained uncomplicated until week 32, under specific monotherapy with tadalafil, before onset of dyspnea and markedly increase of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was observed in echocardiography. Urgent Caesarian delivery was performed without any complications and a healthy baby was born. However, immediately afterwards, the patient desaturated (SpO2 65%, PaO2 37 mmHg) due to a shunt inversion with now right-to-left shunt through the residual ASD. She was admitted to our intensive care unit and specific PH therapy was escalated to a triple combination of tadalafil, ambrisentan, and iloprost. Hereafter, in a slow process of approximately three weeks, the patient's condition improved to baseline. This rare case of a young woman with high-risk pregnancy in PAH-CHD highlights the hemodynamic changes and treatment options during pregnancy in these patients and emphasizes the urgency of a close monitoring at specialized GUCH/PAH centers with experience in managing PAH under these circumstances.

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Yang, X., B. Hsu-Hage, H. Zhang, L. Yu, L. Dong, J. Li, P. Shao, and C. Zhang. "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Women of Single Gravidity in Tianjin City, China." Diabetes Care 25, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.5.847.

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Ozarslan, Nida, Joshua F. Robinson, Susan J. Fisher, and Stephanie L. Gaw. "1016: Gravidity differentially influences gene expression in maternal and fetal placental macrophages." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 220, no. 1 (January 2019): S653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1040.

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Spencer, Kevin. "The influence of gravidity on Down's syndrome screening with free beta hCG." Prenatal Diagnosis 15, no. 1 (January 1995): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970150119.

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Guillette, Jr., Louis J., and Alison Cree. "Morphological changes in the corpus luteum of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) during gravidity." Journal of Morphology 232, no. 1 (April 1997): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199704)232:1<79::aid-jmor5>3.0.co;2-j.

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OKU, Masataka. "Steroids' Action on Dependence of Outset, Maintenance of Gravidity and Onset of Labor." Folia Endocrinologica Japonica 64, no. 1 (1988): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrine1927.64.1_51.

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Spencer, K., C. Y. T. Ong, A. W. J. Liao, and K. H. Nicolaides. "The influence of parity and gravidity on first trimester markers of chromosomal abnormality." Prenatal Diagnosis 20, no. 10 (2000): 792–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0223(200010)20:10<792::aid-pd914>3.0.co;2-5.

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Rodewald, A. D., and S. A. Foster†. "Effects of gravidity on habitat use and antipredator behaviour in three‐spined sticklebacks." Journal of Fish Biology 52, no. 5 (May 1998): 973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00597.x.

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