Journal articles: 'Gravity loads'

1

Park, Young Mi, Sang Whan Han, and Jong Hyuk Ryu. "Comparison of Seismic Behaviors of Interior Joints in PT and RC Flat Plate Systems." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.741.

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The purpose of this study is to compare the seismic behaviors of interior post-tensioned (PT) and reinforced concrete (RC) flat plate slab-column connections designed to resist only gravity loads. In general, flat plate systems have been used to support gravity loads, which should be constructed with lateral system such as shear walls or moment frames. Flat plate systems should retain the ability to undergo the lateral drift associated with the lateral system without loss of gravity load carrying capacity. Although these systems are common, relatively little experimental study has been conducted to assess actual behavior under lateral loads. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the seismic performance of two PT and one RC slab-column interior connection under high gravity loads. This study observed that PT connections had a better seismic performance than corresponding RC connections in terms strength, deformability, energy absorption.

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Choi, Chang‐Koon, and E‐Doo Kim. "Multistory Frames Under Sequential Gravity Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 11 (November 1985): 2373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:11(2373).

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Garrison, C. J. "Pore pressure loads on gravity structures." Applied Ocean Research 11, no. 4 (October 1989): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1187(89)90018-7.

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Allen, R. F. "Weight Distribution of Liquid Loads in Road Tankers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 202, no. 3 (July 1988): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_175_02.

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Axle loads for laden road tankers depend upon the configuration of the liquid tank. The paper determines the location of the centre of gravity of a liquid load in a tilted cylindrical barrel tank with dished and flanged ends and shows how the centre of gravity varies with the amount of liquid carried. The calculation permits greater accuracy in the determination of axle loads.

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Pekcan, Gokhan, Ahmad Itani, and Lyle Carden. "Design of bridge falsework for gravity loads." Bridge Structures 2, no. 3 (September 2006): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15732480600765124.

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Valente, Marco. "Seismic Performance Improvement of a Plan-Asymmetric RC building Designed for Gravity Loads." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 5 (2012): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2012.v4.455.

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Zhang, Yan Yan, and Cai Ying Chen. "Temperature Stress Analysis for Concrete Dam of Jiangya Hydropower Station." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.683.

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Temperature is one of the main loads of concrete dam, adverse temperature load can lead to the dam body cracks, this paper study temperature load’s influence on concrete gravity dam. This paper use finite element method, it adopts finite element calculation software to establish concrete gravity dam’s finite element model of Jiangya hydropower station. Based on monitoring data of water temperature, air temperature, dam body temperature, foundation temperature about Jiangya hydropower station, calculates and analyzes temperature field of dam during operation period, researches stress variation law of dam under the influence of temperature field. The results showe that, temperature load has a great influence on the dam operation, but dam still meet code design requirements; when continuous high temperature during summer, dam should avoid operate under high water level; when continuous low temperature during winter, dam should avoid operate under low water level. Research results provide theoretical according for concrete gravity dam’s safe operation of Jiangya hydropower station.

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Gao, Rui, Ling Qiang Yang, and Yan Wang. "Analysis of Gravity Foundation for Offshore Structure under Cyclic Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2177.

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Cyclic characteristic of offshore environmental load may cause the accumulation of foundation settlement and excess pore pressure in the subsoil. This may lead to conditions that jeopardize the structural stability and operability of the wind turbine. This paper discusses the analysis steps of the responses of non-cohesive subsoil under cyclic loads for a gravity base foundation system.

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Samimi, Razieh, and Seyed Rasoul Mirghaderi. "Buckling Behavior of Through-Plates under Gravity Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 2183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.2183.

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Due to the development in the construction and building industry in recent years, numerous methods for safer, easier and more economical design of structures have been studied.Because of the high bi-axial bending capacity and high compressive strength of hollow structural sections, these sections are considered as a popular alternative by designers. Supporting the panel zone demands in the columns and occurring the moment hinge at the ends of beam are too available in column with hollow section. One of the major problems in the way of using these sections is lack of appropriate load path to connect beams to them, which ends up using through-plates. Through-plates are plates that pass through column and beams connect to them at their webs. Consequently these plates should have sufficient stiffness in order to provide enough strength. This paper proceeds to study the buckling behavior of through-plates in moment beam to column connections under gravity loads.

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Buen, Oscar de. "Column Design in Steel Frames under Gravity Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 118, no. 10 (October 1992): 2928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1992)118:10(2928).

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Noerpamoengkas, Ardi, Miftahul Ulum, and Ahmad Yusuf Ismail. "Orientation Effect on Statics and Natural Frequency of Cantilever Beam." Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 6, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v6i1.2210.

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Statics and frequency analyzes are important because the structure can support the static and dynamic loads. Most studies about the statics and frequency are not included the gravity load. The previous studies of gravity effect to the cantilever beam included the hanging, horizontal, and inverted positions. The gravity load direction is applied referred to the longitudinal and lateral beam directions in this study. The closer to the inverted position the smaller the natural frequency. The highest values of the maximum displacement and the maximum Von-Mises stress are happened if longitudinal position is horizontal and lateral orientation angle is 0°. The change of lateral orientation angle does not influence the natural frequency in this condition. Keywords—Cantilever beam, gravity load, natural frequency, orientation angle, statics

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Noerpamoengkas, Ardi, Miftahul Ulum, and Ahmad Yusuf Ismail. "Orientation Effect on Statics and Natural Frequency of Cantilever Beam." Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 6, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v6i1.2305.

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Statics and frequency analyzes are important because the structure can support the static and dynamic loads. Most previous studies of statics and frequency did not involve the gravity load. The previous studies of gravity effect to the cantilever beam included the hanging, horizontal, and inverted positions. The gravity load direction is applied referred to the longitudinal and lateral beam directions in this study. The closer to the inverted position the smaller the natural frequency. The highest values of the maximum displacement and the maximum Von-Mises stress are happened if longitudinal position is horizontal and lateral orientation angle is 0°. The change of lateral orientation angle does not influence the natural frequency in this condition. Keywords—Cantilever beam, gravity load, natural frequency, orientation angle, statics

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Ria Mathews, Mobi, Jerin M. George, Binu M. Issac, and Deepa Davis. "A Study on the Seismic Performance of Hexagrid System with Different Patterns." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.30.

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Multi‐storied building construction is increasing rapidly throughout the world. Tall buildings more effectively utilize land compared to low rise building. As the height of building increases the importance of lateral load resisting system becomes more relevant than gravity load resisting structural system. Many structural systems are recently introduced to improve the structural performance of tall buildings. Hexagrid system is one among them. Hexagrid system consists of multiple hexagonal grids at the exterior perimeter of the building. It resists both lateral loads and gravity loads by axial stress of their members. The members simply act in tension or compression and show no bending which reduces the need of steel. The paper presents the comparison of different patterns of hexagrid system.

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Beres, Attila, Stephen P. Pessiki, Richard N. White, and Peter Gergely. "Implications of Experiments on the Seismic Behavior of Gravity Load Designed RC Beam-to-Column Connections." Earthquake Spectra 12, no. 2 (May 1996): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585876.

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This paper summarizes recent experimental research at Cornell University conducted on the behavior of gravity load designed reinforced concrete building frame components subjected to reversing cyclic loads (simulated seismic effects). Reinforced concrete framing systems, designed primarily for gravity loads, with little or no attention given to lateral load effects, are typically characterized by non-ductile reinforcing details in the joint regions and in the members. The seismic response of connection regions for gravity load design (GLD) frames has received relatively little attention in earlier studies, thus making it difficult to reliably evaluate GLD frames and to properly plan repair or retrofit strategies. Thirty-four full scale bare interior and exterior beam-to-column joints have been tested under reversed cyclic bending to identify the different damage mechanisms and to study the effect of critical details on strength and deformations. The discussion of test results focuses on the definition of joint shear strength factors for GLD frames to complement those provided by ACI-ASCE Committee 352 for frames designed with better details.

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R. Vhatkar, Sudarshan, and Pradip D. Jadhao. "Steel plate shear wall – a 20th century review." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.21170.

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This paper provides a brief summary carried out in past analytical and experimental research work on steel plate shear walls with empha- sis given up to 20th Century. In buildings, two different systems exist to resists the loads viz., gravity load system and a lateral load sys- tem. To transfer the vertical loads to the footing gravity load system is used while lateral loads due to wind and seismic loads are resisted by the Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS). Steel Plate Shear Walls (SPSW) is relatively a new type of LLRS; it has many distinct performance benefits including large displacement ductility capacities, high elastic stiffness properties, and stable hysteresis behavior as compared to other LLRS. The experimental results were also compared with simplified analytical models. The capacity of SPSW is li- mited to elastic buckling strength of its plate panels. This practice results not only in an undesirable one, but also in a conservative design, where columns buckle and may yield before the plate reaches a fraction of its capacity. With failure plate buckling is not synonymous and along its boundaries if plate is supported adequately, as in the case of SPSW the post buckling strength may be several times theoret- ical buckling strength.

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Crevecoeur, F., J. McIntyre, J. L. Thonnard, and P. Lefèvre. "Gravity-dependent estimates of object mass underlie the generation of motor commands for horizontal limb movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00061.2014.

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Moving requires handling gravitational and inertial constraints pulling on our body and on the objects that we manipulate. Although previous work emphasized that the brain uses internal models of each type of mechanical load, little is known about their interaction during motor planning and execution. In this report, we examine visually guided reaching movements in the horizontal plane performed by naive participants exposed to changes in gravity during parabolic flight. This approach allowed us to isolate the effect of gravity because the environmental dynamics along the horizontal axis remained unchanged. We show that gravity has a direct effect on movement kinematics, with faster movements observed after transitions from normal gravity to hypergravity (1.8g), followed by significant movement slowing after the transition from hypergravity to zero gravity. We recorded finger forces applied on an object held in precision grip and found that the coupling between grip force and inertial loads displayed a similar effect, with an increase in grip force modulation gain under hypergravity followed by a reduction of modulation gain after entering the zero-gravity environment. We present a computational model to illustrate that these effects are compatible with the hypothesis that participants partially attribute changes in weight to changes in mass and scale incorrectly their motor commands with changes in gravity. These results highlight a rather direct internal mapping between the force generated during stationary holding against gravity and the estimation of inertial loads that limb and hand motor commands must overcome.

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Joubert, Nicolas, Maxime Boisvert, Carl Blanchette, Yves St-Amant, Alain Desrochers, and Denis Rancourt. "Frame loads accuracy assessment of semianalytical multibody dynamic simulation methods of a recreational vehicle." Multibody System Dynamics 50, no. 2 (July 27, 2020): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11044-020-09756-8.

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Abstract The design of a vehicle frame is largely dependent on the loads applied on the suspension and heavy parts mounting points. These loads can either be estimated through full analytical multibody dynamic simulations, or from semi-analytical simulations in which tire and road sub-models are not included and external vehicle loads, recorded during field testing, are used as inputs to the wheel hubs. Several semi-analytical methods exist, with various modeling architectures, yet, it is unclear how one method over another improves frame loads prediction accuracy. This study shows that a semi-analytical method that constrains the vehicle frame center of gravity movement along a recorded trajectory, using a control algorithm, leads to an accuracy within 1% for predicting frame loads, when compared to reference loads from a full analytical model. The control algorithm computes six degrees of freedom forces and moments applied at the vehicle center of gravity to closely follow the recorded vehicle trajectory. It is also shown that modeling the flexibility of the suspension arms and controlling wheel hub angular velocity both contribute in improving frame loads accuracy, while an acquisition frequency of 200 Hz appears to be sufficient to capture load dynamics for several maneuvers. Knowledge of these loads helps engineers perform appropriate dimensioning of vehicle structural components therefore ensuring their reliability under various driving conditions.

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Gião, Rita, Válter Lúcio, and Carlos Chastre. "Assessing the behaviour of RC beams subject to significant gravity loads under cyclic loads." Engineering Structures 59 (February 2014): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.11.012.

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Hakim, R. A., M. S. A. Alama, and S. A. Ashour. "Seismic Assessment of an RC Building Using Pushover Analysis." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 4, no. 3 (June 14, 2014): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.428.

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Current research works and observations indicated that parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have low to moderate seismic regions. Major parts of buildings were designed only for gravity load and were poorly detailed to accommodate lateral loads. This study aims to investigate building performance on resisting expected seismic loadings. Two 3D frames were investigated using pushover analysis according to ATC-40. One was designed according to a design practice that considers only the gravity load and the other frame was designed according to the Saudi Building Code (SBC-301). Results showed that the building designed considering only the gravity load was found inadequate. On the other hand, the building designed according to SBC-301 satisfies the Immediate Occupancy (IO) acceptance criteria according to ATC-40.

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Anjana, Elsa Alexander, R. Renjith, and Binu M. Issac. "Analytical Study on Effect of Geometry of Tall Buildings on Diagrid Structural Systems Subjected to Lateral Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.47.

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Structural design of high rise buildings is governed by lateral loads due to wind or earthquake. As the height of building increases, the lateral load resisting system becomes more important than the structural system that resists the gravitational loads. Recently, diagrid structural system are widely used for tall buildings due to its structural efficiency and flexibility in architectural planning. Diagrid structural system is made around the perimeter of building in the form of a triangulated truss system by intersecting the diagonal and horizontal members. Diagonal members in diagrid structural systems can carry gravity loads as well as lateral loads. Lateral loads are resisted by axial action of the diagonals compared to bending of vertical columns in framed tube structure. The structural efficiency of diagrid system also helps in avoiding interior and corner columns, thereby allowing significant flexibility with the floor plan. In this paper, effect of lateral loads on steel diagrid buildings are studied. Square and rectangular buildings of same plan area with diagrid structural system is considered for the study. Diagrid modules extending upto 2,4,6,8 and 12 storeys are evaluated. Static analysis for the gravity loads, wind and earthquake and response spectrum analysis are carried out for these different combinations of plan shape and diagrid modules and performance of all these diagrid models i.e., storey displacement, storey drift and modal time period are evaluated and compared in this study.

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Mourad, Shehab, and Sami W. Tabsh. "Pile Forces in Integral Abutment Bridges Subjected to Truck Loads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1633, no. 1 (January 1998): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1633-10.

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Interest in the use of integral bridges has increased in recent years because of their economy, reliability, and strength. However, most of the published research on integral bridges has been concerned with determination of the thermal effect, creep analysis, and seismic behavior. Few studies on live load analysis of integral abutment bridges have been carried out. The pile load behavior of integral abutments supporting composite steel superstructures subjected to gravity loads is investigated. The applied loading is composed of one or more side-by-side HS20-44 trucks. The finite element method is used to analyze the three-dimensional bridge system and determine forces in the piles. A parametric study is performed to obtain the effects of the number of trucks and their location, superstructure geometry, pile spacing and stiffness, pile connection type, and wingwall length on the pile loads. A simple, approximate procedure for computing pile loads is developed on the basis of the findings of the finite element analysis. The results indicate that the abutment-wingwall system does not behave as a rigid block as in the conventional case of a footing on flexible piles. Also, the generated bending moment in the piles caused by gravity load is significant and cannot be neglected in design.

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Bathurst, R. J., A. Nernheim, and T. M. Allen. "Predicted and measured loads using the coherent gravity method." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 161, no. 3 (August 2008): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2008.161.3.113.

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Scappaticci, L., F. Mariani, N. Bartolini, F. Risi, and A. Garinei. "Dynamic Effects of Wind Loads on a Gravity Damper." Procedia Engineering 109 (2015): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.228.

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Sahin, M., and M. Ozturk. "Uniform Shear Buildings under the Effect of Gravity Loads." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 133, no. 1 (January 2007): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2007)133:1(48).

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Gong, Ya Qi, Jian Hua Cui, Hai Dong Su, and Liang Shan. "Damage Analysis of Freeze-Thaw Processes in Hydraulic Structure Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2681.

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Based on the theory of damage finite element method, the deterioration process of hydraulic concrete under the freeze-thaw cycles is simulated. The damage evolution equation is deduced and freeze-thaw zone is discussed. The results indicate that the load capacity of structure is degraded under the freeze-thaw cycles. The deterioration of hydraulic concrete under the freeze-thaw cycles, however, is mainly limited at the region of the water fluctuation district and has a little effect to the overall structure. This means that the major loads causing hydraulic concrete failure under the freezing-thawing damage in the coldest region is not those of general design loads, such as gravity load and water pressure load, but the thermal loads, especially by the distinct daily temperature difference. Thus, the freeze-thaw modeling should consider these loads together.

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Wu, Tien H. "Assessment of landslide hazard under combined loading." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-022.

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A method for assessing landslide hazard under combined loading is described. The loads are considered as pulses that occur randomly in time. The method accounts for the rate of occurrence and the duration of the loads and calculates the rate of coincidence of two or more loads. This is used to calculate the failure probability, which is equal to the probability that the load combination will exceed a threshold value during a given time period. The method was applied to a site in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. The loads considered include those as a result of gravity, pore pressure from infiltration of rainfall plus snowmelt, loss of root reinforcement through fire or logging, and earthquakes. The example demonstrates a rational approach that accounts for the properties of the loads and the different loading conditions that may be expected.Key words: earthquake, failure probability, landslide hazard, load coincidence, load combination, pore pressure, root reinforcement.

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Wang, Zhi Bin, Feng Hai Ma, and Zhi Yu Zhou. "Seismic Analyses of 3D Fengman Concrete Gravity Dam." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.586.

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In this paper, the new Fengman gravity dam is numerically simulated to study the seismic response and safety evaluation by considering the different strength grade concrete partition, corridor, a discharge hole and gate pier. A complex 3D FEM of a real overflow monolith was built by taking advantage of AutoCADand ANSYS, nonlinear seismic response was studied under earthquake loads. Numerical simulations show that acceleration, displacement and stresses of dam were obtained in a complex 3D FEM under seismic precautionary intensity of 7 degree earthquake loads, results compared with the dam simple models were on the safe side. Fengman dam was still safe under seismic precautionary intensity of 8 degree earthquake loads, so the dam had enough capacity to resist earthquake action. At the same time, it is concluded that 3D dynamic FEM is very important for safety evaluation of concrete gravity dam subjected to the earthquake. The research provides finite element analysis reference works for comprehensive governance and reconstruction of Fengman Hydropower Station.

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Adebar, Perry, Poureya Bazargani, James Mutrie, and Denis Mitchell. "Safety of gravity-load columns in shear wall buildings designed to Canadian standard CSA A23.3." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 11 (November 2010): 1451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l10-075.

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It has been a Canadian code requirement for 25 years to check whether concrete gravity-load columns can tolerate the building deformations due to the design earthquake; but the way this has typically been done using linear analysis significantly underestimates the seismic demands on gravity-load columns. Concern about the safety of gravity-load columns over the plastic hinge height of concrete shear walls, particularly elongated wall-like gravity-load columns, has resulted in new design requirements in Update No. 3 of Canadian Standard Association (CSA) A23.3–04 issued in August 2009. The current paper provides the background to these new requirements. If nonlinear analysis is not done, closely spaced seismic hoops shall be provided in all columns and walls that support gravity loads, and these members shall meet the same limit on maximum compression strain depth as concrete shear walls. The results of nonlinear analyses were used to validate this simple design rule, and to investigate factors that increase seismic demands on gravity-load columns such as diagonal cracking of concrete shear walls, localized damage of columns from cover spalling and bar buckling, and larger first storey heights. Nonlinear analysis has shown that 2.4 m (8 ft) long columns can lose over 50% of their axial load carrying capacity at an inelastic drift ratio of only 1%.

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Meggett, L. M., and R. C. Fenwick. "Seismic behaviour of a reinforced concrete portal frame sustaining gravity loads." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 22, no. 1 (March 31, 1989): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.22.1.39-49.

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To study the behaviour of multistorey building frames under gravity and severe earthquake conditions a reinforced concrete portal frame was constructed. The beam was subjected to constant vertical loads while a cyclic lateral load was applied to the unit. Negative moment plastic hinges formed at the column faces while the positive moment hinges were located in the span. The rotations generated by each inelastic displacement accumulated. This placed high rotational demands on the plastic hinges, which reduced the overall ductile behaviour compared with that observed in typical beam-column sub-assembly tests. The high rotations caused the beam to grow in length.

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Sivakumaran, K. S. "Lateral load response of unbraced steel building frames." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 974–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-109.

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The standard CAN3-S16.1-M84 "Steel structures for buildings — limit states design" recognizes three sets of assumptions in the analysis, design, and construction of steel buildings. In two of them the connections are assumed to be either fully rigid (continuous construction, clause 8.2) or completely free (simple construction, clause 8.3.1). In the third type of construction, termed here as "special simple construction" (clause 8.3.2), the beam-to-column connections are assumed to be completely free (pinned) to resist gravity loads and are assumed to be rigid to resist the lateral loads due to earthquake or wind. Such connnections are designed for moments due to lateral loads only, and thus they are more flexible and may yield at ultimate load levels. This paper illustrates the analysis and design of two (one 5-storey and the other 10-storey) office buildings assumed to be located in Hamilton, Ontario, on the basis of special simple construction. Using realistic connection behaviour, the influence of connection flexibility and strength on the performance of these buildings is studied. In the nonlinear static analysis, the buildings have been subjected to gravity loads and incremental lateral loads until failure. For comparison purposes, the building frames were also analysed and designed, based on continuous construction assumptions. The results showed increased drifts and decreased overall strength due to connection flexibility and strength. Thus, the system based on continuous construction structurally performs better than the system based on special simple construciton. As far as the economy is concerned both systems appear to be equivalent. Key words: building design, steel structures, flexible connections, analysis, wind load, earthquake load, strength.

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Chang, D. S., G. A. Breit, J. R. Styf, and A. R. Hargens. "Cutaneous microvascular flow in the foot during simulated variable gravities." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): R961—R966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.4.r961.

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Our objective was to understand how weight bearing with varying gravitational fields affects blood perfusion in the sole of the foot. Human subjects underwent whole body tilting at four angles: upright [1 gravitational vector from head to foot (Gz)], 22 degrees (0.38 Gz), 10 degrees (0.17 Gz), and supine (0 Gz), simulating the gravitational fields of Earth, Mars, Moon, and microgravity, respectively. Cutaneous capillary blood flow was monitored on the plantar surface of the heel by laser Doppler flowmetry while weight-bearing load was measured. At each tilt angle, subjects increased weight bearing on one foot in graded load increments of 1 kg beginning with zero. The weight bearing at which null flow first occurred was determined as the closing load. Subsequently, the weight bearing was reduced in reverse steps until blood flow returned (opening load). Mean closing loads for simulated Earth gravity, Mars gravity, Moon gravity, and microgravity were 9.1, 4.6, 4.4, and 3.6 kg, respectively. Mean opening loads were 7.9, 4.1, 3.5, and 3.1 kg, respectively. Mean arterial pressures in the foot (MAP(foot)) calculated for each simulated gravitational field were 192, 127, 106, and 87 mmHg, respectively. Closing load and opening load were significantly correlated with MAP(foot) (r =0.70, 0.72, respectively) and were significantly different (P < 0.001) from each other. The data suggest that decreased local arterial pressure in the foot lowers tolerance to external compression. Consequently, the human foot sole may be more prone to cutaneous ischemia during load bearing in microgravity than on Earth.

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Balkaya, Can. "Lessons Learned from Collapse of Zumrut Building under Gravity Loads." International Journal of Engineering Technologies IJET 3, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19072/ijet.296655.

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Rahman, Md Soebur, and Mahbuba Begum. "Numerical Simulations of Fully Encased Composite Columns under Gravity Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 860 (December 2016): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.860.140.

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Composite structures is a combination of structural steel shapes and reinforced concrete and these two materials are combined in such a way to benefit each material characteristic. This paper investigates the behaviour and strength of axially loaded concrete encased steel composite columns. A nonlinear 3-D finite element (FE) model has been developed to analyse the inelastic behaviour of steel, concrete, and longitudinal reinforcement as well as the effect of concrete confinement on fully encased composite (FEC) columns. The model has been verified against the experiments conducted in the laboratory under concentric gravity loads. It has been found that the FE model is capable of predicting the nonlinear behaviour of the FEC columns up to failure with good accuracy. The capacities of each constituent of FEC columnssuch as steel-I section, concrete and rebars were also determined from the numerical study. Concrete is observed to provide around 57% of the total axial capacity of the column whereas the steel I-sections contributes to the rest of the capacity as well as to the ductility of the overall system. The nonlinear FE model developed in this study is also used to explore the effects of concrete strength on the behaviour of FEC columns under concentric loads. The axial capacity of FEC columns has been found to increase significantly by increasing the strength of concrete.

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de Groot, M. B., M. Kudella, P. Meijers, and H. Oumeraci. "Liquefaction Phenomena underneath Marine Gravity Structures Subjected to Wave Loads." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 132, no. 4 (July 2006): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(2006)132:4(325).

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Higgins, Christopher. "Prefabricated Steel Stair Performance under Combined Seismic and Gravity Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 135, no. 2 (February 2009): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2009)135:2(122).

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Aristizábal-Ochoa, J. Daro. "Classic Buckling of Three-Dimensional Multicolumn Systems under Gravity Loads." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 128, no. 6 (June 2002): 613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2002)128:6(613).

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Liu, Wenyu, Kim J. R. Rasmussen, and Hao Zhang. "Systems Reliability for 3D Steel Frames Subject to Gravity Loads." Structures 8 (November 2016): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2016.06.002.

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Titiksh, A., and G. Bhatt. "Optimum Positioning of Shear Walls for Minimizing the Effects of Lateral Forces in Multistorey-Buildings." Archives of Civil Engineering 63, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2017-0010.

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AbstractShear walls are the most commonly used lateral load resisting systems in high rises. They have high plane stiffness and strength which can be used to simultaneously resist large horizontal loads while also supporting gravity loads. Hence it is necessary to determine effective and ideal locations of shear walls. Shear wall arrangement must be absolutely accurate, if not, it may cause negative effects instead. In this project, a study has been carried out to determine the effects of additions of shear walls and also the optimum structural configuration of multistory buildings by changing the shear wall locations radically. Four different cases of shear wall positions for G+10 storey buildings have been analyzed by computer application software ETABS. The framed structure was subjected to lateral and gravity loading in accordance with the Indian Standards provision and the results were analyzed to determine the optimum positioning of the shear walls.

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Visweswara Rao, G. "Linear Dynamics of an Elastic Beam Under Moving Loads." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 122, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1303822.

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The dynamic response of an Euler-Bernoulli beam under moving loads is studied by mode superposition. The inertial effects of the moving load are included in the analysis. The time-dependent equations of motion in modal space are solved by the method of multiple scales. Instability regions of parametric resonance are identified and the moving mass effect is shown to significantly affect the transient response of the beam. Importance of modal interaction arising out of the possible internal resonance is highlighted. While the external resonance is due to the gravity effects of the moving load, the parametric and internal resonance solely depends on the load mass parameter—ratio of the moving load mass to the beam mass. Numerical results show the influence of the load inertia terms on the beam response under either a single moving load or a series of moving loads. [S0739-3717(00)01703-7]

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Holbein, Mary Ann, and Mark S. Redfern. "Postural Stability While Holding Loads in Various Postures." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 10 (October 1993): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701011.

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Stability while handling loads is an important issue in the prevention of injuries. This study investigated the effects of load positioning on recovery from an unexpected balance disturbance while standing upright holding loads. Fifteen subjects were tested while holding a box in one of five postures. An empty box and a 25 lb box were tested. Subjects stood on a posture platform while perturbations of the supporting surface were induced. Postural sway was recorded via center of pressure displacements calculated from three dimensional foot forces. It was found that laden standing with the heavier load resulted in increased sway magnitude and slower sway velocities than unladen standing. The load position also affected stability. Raising the center of gravity of the body-and-load system appears to increase sway. These results require consideration when designing safe material handling tasks, especially if the supporting surface is unstable or if slip potential is present.

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Irda Mazni, Deni. "An alternative model of retaining walls on sandy area to prevent landslides." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015602016.

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Landslide is one of the potential disasters that can take life and material. A way to reduce disaster risk in slopes is to improve slope stability. A challenge in improving slope stability is how to make soil retaining walls that are simple, quickly built, and workable in the process. This research focuses on laboratory tests of gravity, segmental, and pre-cast retaining walls in sands. The tested models are slopes with different segmental, pre-cast, gravity walls made of un-reinforced concrete for static loads. The slope failure patterns were observed with their load variations. There are two wall models segmental. Each segmental wall observed a collapse pattern that occurred behind the wall. Static loading is carried out step by step until collapse occurs in the segmental wall. Observations and defects are carried out during the load process until the segmental wall collapses. This research shows that segmental pre-cast retaining walls with specific models and sizes can be selected to support certainly given loads to prevent slope failure.

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Keller, Jonathan, Yi Guo, Zhiwei Zhang, and Doug Lucas. "Comparison of planetary bearing load-sharing characteristics in wind turbine gearboxes." Wind Energy Science 3, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 947–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-947-2018.

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Abstract. In this paper, the planetary load-sharing behavior and fatigue life of different wind turbine gearboxes when subjected to rotor moments are examined. Two planetary bearing designs are compared – one design using cylindrical roller bearings with clearance and the other design using preloaded tapered roller bearings to support both the carrier and planet gears. Each design was developed and integrated into a 750 kW dynamometer tests, the loads on each planet bearing row were measured and compared to finite-element models. Bearing loads were not equally shared between the set of cylindrical roller bearings supporting the planets even in pure torque conditions, with one bearing supporting up to 46 % more load than expected. A significant improvement in planetary bearing load sharing was demonstrated in the gearbox with preloaded tapered roller bearings with maximum loads 20 % lower than the gearbox with cylindrical roller bearings. Bearing life was calculated with a representative duty cycle measured from field tests. The predicted fatigue life of the eight combined planet and carrier bearings for the gearbox with preloaded tapered roller bearings is 3.5 times greater than for the gearbox with cylindrical roller bearings. The influence of other factors, such as carrier and planet bearing clearance, gravity, and tangential pin position error, is also investigated. The combined effect of gravity and carrier bearing clearance was primarily responsible for unequal load sharing. Reducing carrier bearing clearance significantly improved load sharing, while reducing planet clearance did not. Normal tangential pin position error did not impact load sharing due to the floating sun design of this three-planet gearbox.

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Zhang, Zhi, and Qian Gu. "Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis on Shear Bearing Capacity of Masonry Wall Strengthened by SGFRP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 1400–1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.1400.

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4 finite element models of ANSYS were constructed according to the masonry wall specimens of the experimental study. A material nonlinear finite element analysis by the finite element calculation software ANSYS on masonry walls strengthened by SGFRP under the horizontal cyclic loads combined with constant gravity loads was performed. The load-displacement curves of the models obtained from ANSYS simulation were described. The ultimate loads of the 3 models strengthened by SGFRP increased significantly, and the fiber length affect the bearing capacity and the deformation capacity of the wall. The results of the nonlinear finite element analysis of the models agree well to the experimental results. Some effective and reasonable reinforcement suggestions are proposed.

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Liu, Hong Bo, Chang Hai Zhai, Yong Song Shao, and Li Li Xie. "Top Beam Flange Fracture Behavior in Steel Frame Connections under Gravity Loads." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.381.

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Top beam flange fractures were observed in the post-earthquake steel frame building inspections. Both seismic loads and gravity loads have effect on top beam flange fractures. The objective was to quantify the variation of stress intensity factor to weld root flaw sizes on top of the beam flange at column face in steel frame connections under gravity loads. Finite-element analyses were used to study fracture toughness in welded beam-column connections. Investigations of fracture behavior mainly focused on the standard pre-Northridge connection geometry. Finite element analysis was performed using the ANSYS computer program. Stress intensity factor was calculated through a J-integral approach. The parametric study was conducted to quantify elastic fracture demands as a function of beam geometries. Results show that the distributions of stress intensity factor tend to be even across the flange width under gravity loads. The thickness of beam web has little effect on stress intensity factors. Stress intensity factor increases nearly linear with the increase of flaw size, and it increases with the increase of depth of beam and width of beam. Stress intensity factor reduces with the increase of thickness of beam flange.

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Wang, Jian-gang. "Research and Application of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Device Based on Heat Dissipation of Coal Pile." Energy and Environment Research 9, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v9n2p30.

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In view of the spontaneous combustion of coal piles, waste of resources and environmental pollution, gravity heat pipes are inserted into coal piles, and the heat inside the coal piles will be extracted in time because of the high-efficiency thermal conductivity of the heat pipe phase change. In order to achieve energy conservation and environmental protection, a thermoelectric energy conversion device based on gravity heat pipe was designed, which can convert heat energy extracted from the coal pile into electrical energy for supply of low power loads. The results show that the gravity heat pipe can effectively suppress the temperature rise inside the coal pile; the coal body within 0.03m away from the gravity heat pipe is better in cooling effect; the thermoelectric energy conversion system is capable of converting thermal energy inside the coal pile into electric energy and supplying a low power load such as a wireless sensor.

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Montuori, R. "The Influence of Gravity Loads on the Seismic Design of RBS Connections." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801408010248.

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Connections with Reduced Beam Section (RBS) have been investigated in the last 20 years both from an analytical point of view and from an experimental point of view. Several experimental tests demonstrated that RBS connections designed according to themost modern seismic codes are able to obtain the desired goal: the protection of the connection due to the yielding of the adjacent RBS. But in all the past researches and experimental tests the role that vertical loads can play was neglected or not properly accounted for. This study proposes a new procedure for accurately computing the relation between RBS location, vertical load and amount of section reduction for ensuring that plastic hinges develop in the reduced sections or in a reduced section and in an intermediate section of the beam.

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Fauzan, Febrin Anas Ismail, Nurpadila Siregar, and Zev Al Jauhari. "The effect of tsunami loads on Pasar Raya Inpres Block III building in Padang City based on FEMA P-646." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925803020.

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Pasar Raya Inpres Block III building in Padang City is a traditional market building that located in the high seismic zone and prone to tsunami. The building consists of five floors that planned to be used as a vertical evacuation for the surrounding community. However, in designing the building structure, it is only planned to strongly against the earthquake load and it does not take into account the tsunami load. In this study, the effect of tsunami load on the building was investigated. This building will be analyzed and modeled by using ETABS v.9.7.1 software. The applied earthquake load in the building refers to SNI 1726:2012, while the tsunami loads refer to FEMA P-646/2012. From the analysis results, it was found that the columns of the building are capable of restrained the tsunami loads, but the beams were not strong enough to withstand the tsunami loads. The beam failure occurred due to the small load-bearing capacity of the beams against the tsunami loads includes buoyant force, additional gravity load, and uplift hydrodynamic force. Furthermore, the retrofitting of the building should be carried out, especially on the beams of the building before being used as a tsunami vertical evacuation building.

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Kotovskaya, A. R. "HUMAN TOLERANCE OF G-LOADS IN SPACE MISSIONS AND ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY." Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 51, no. 5 (2017): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2017-51-5-5-21.

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Kramadzhyan, A. A., E. P. Rusin, S. B. Stazhevsky, and G. N. Khan. "Peak loads on feeders in gravity reclaim stockpiles of broken rocks." Journal of Mining Science 52, no. 5 (September 2016): 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739116041309.

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Kotovskaya, A. R. "Human Tolerance of G-Loads in Space Missions and Artificial Gravity." Human Physiology 44, no. 7 (December 2018): 779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0362119718070058.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gravity loads'

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