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Journal articles on the topic 'Gravity waves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Naciri, Mamoun, and Chiang C. Mei. "Evolution of short gravity waves on long gravity waves." Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 5, no. 8 (1993): 1869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858812.

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2

Dias, Frédéric, and Christian Kharif. "NONLINEAR GRAVITY AND CAPILLARY-GRAVITY WAVES." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 31, no. 1 (1999): 301–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.31.1.301.

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3

Akers, Benjamin F., David M. Ambrose, and J. Douglas Wright. "Gravity perturbed Crapper waves." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2161 (2014): 20130526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0526.

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Crapper waves are a family of exact periodic travelling wave solutions of the free-surface irrotational incompressible Euler equations; these are pure capillary waves, meaning that surface tension is accounted for, but gravity is neglected. For certain parameter values, Crapper waves are known to have multi-valued height. Using the implicit function theorem, we prove that any of the Crapper waves can be perturbed by the effect of gravity, yielding the existence of gravity–capillary waves nearby to the Crapper waves. This result implies the existence of travelling gravity–capillary waves with m

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4

Gnevyshev, Vladimir, and Sergei Badulin. "Wave Patterns of Gravity–Capillary Waves from Moving Localized Sources." Fluids 5, no. 4 (2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040219.

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We study wave patterns of gravity–capillary waves from moving localized sources within the classic setup of the problem of ship wakes. The focus is on the co-existence of two wave systems with opposite signatures of group velocity relative to the localized source. It leads to the problem of choice of signs for phase functions of the gravity (“slow”) and capillary (“fast”) branches of the dispersion relation: the question generally ignored when constructing phase patterns of the solutions. We detail characteristic angles of the wake patterns: (i) angle of demarcation of gravity and capillary wa

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5

Naeser, Harald. "The Capillary Waves’ Contribution to Wind-Wave Generation." Fluids 7, no. 2 (2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7020073.

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Published theories and observations have shown that dissipation of gravity waves implies frequency downshifting of wave energy. Hence, for wind-waves, the wind energy input to the highest frequencies is of special interest. Here it is shown that this input is vital, because the direct wind energy input obtained by the air-pressure’s work on most gravity waves is slightly less than what the waves need to grow. Further, the wind’s input of the angular momentum that waves need to grow is found to be absent at most gravity wave frequencies. The capillary waves that appear at the surface of the sea

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6

Wang, Xiujuan, Lingkun Ran, Yanbin Qi, Zhongbao Jiang, Tian Yun, and Baofeng Jiao. "Analysis of Gravity Wave Characteristics during a Hailstone Event in the Cold Vortex of Northeast China." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (2023): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020412.

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Based on high-resolution pressure data collected by a microbarograph and Fourier transform (FFT) data processing, a detailed analysis of the frequency spectra characteristics of gravity waves during a hailstone event in the cold vortex of Northeast China (NECV) on 9 September 2021 is presented. The results show that the deep NECV served as the large-scale circulation background for the hailstone event. The development of hailstones was closely related to gravity waves. In different hail stages, the frequency spectra characteristics of gravity waves were obviously different. One and a half hour

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7

Kenyon, Kern E. "Frictionless Surface Gravity Waves." Natural Science 12, no. 04 (2020): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2020.124017.

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8

SUN, TIEN-YU, and KAI-HUI CHEN. "ON INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES." Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 29, no. 4 (1998): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5556/j.tkjm.29.1998.4254.

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   We are concerned with the steady wave motions in a 2-fluid system with constant densities. This is a free boundary problem in which the lighter fluid is bounded above by a free surface and is separated from the heavier one down below by an interface. By using a contractive mapping principle type argument. a constructive proof to the existence of some of these exact periodic internal gravity waves is proveded.   

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9

Vikulin, A. V., A. A. Dolgaya, and S. A. Vikulina. "Geodynamic waves and gravity." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 5, no. 1 (2014): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2014-5-1-0128.

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10

Longuet-Higgins, M. S. "Bifurcation in gravity waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 151, no. -1 (1985): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085001057.

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11

Pizzo, Nick E. "Surfing surface gravity waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 823 (June 16, 2017): 316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.314.

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A simple criterion for water particles to surf an underlying surface gravity wave is presented. It is found that particles travelling near the phase speed of the wave, in a geometrically confined region on the forward face of the crest, increase in speed. The criterion is derived using the equation of John (Commun. Pure Appl. Maths, vol. 6, 1953, pp. 497–503) for the motion of a zero-stress free surface under the action of gravity. As an example, a breaking water wave is theoretically and numerically examined. Implications for upper-ocean processes, for both shallow- and deep-water waves, are

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12

STENFLO, L., and P. K. SHUKLA. "Nonlinear acoustic–gravity waves." Journal of Plasma Physics 75, no. 6 (2009): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809007892.

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AbstractPrevious results on nonlinear acoustic–gravity waves are reconsidered. It turns out that the mathematical techniques used are somewhat similar to those already adopted by the plasma physics community. Consequently, a future interaction between physicists in different fields, e.g. in meteorology and plasma physics, can be very fruitful.

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13

Miles, Alan J., and B. Roberts. "Magnetoacoustic-gravity surface waves." Solar Physics 141, no. 2 (1992): 205–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00155176.

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14

Miles, Alan J., H. R. Allen, and B. Roberts. "Magnetoacoustic-gravity surface waves." Solar Physics 141, no. 2 (1992): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00155177.

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15

Lomnitz, Cinna. "Gravity waves in earthquakes?" Engineering Geology 29, no. 1 (1990): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(90)90084-e.

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16

Hassler, Donald M. "Drowning in Gravity Waves." Academic Questions 30, no. 3 (2017): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-017-9644-6.

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17

Gonz�lez, Alejandro G., and Julio Gratton. "Magnetoacoustic surface gravity waves." Solar Physics 134, no. 2 (1991): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00152645.

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18

Hara, Tetsu, Kurt A. Hanson, Erik J. Bock, and B. Mete Uz. "Observation of hydrodynamic modulation of gravity-capillary waves by dominant gravity waves." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 108, no. C2 (2003): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jc001100.

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19

Hankinson, Mai C. N., M. J. Reeder, and T. P. Lane. "Gravity waves generated by convection during TWP-ICE: I. Inertia-gravity waves." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 9 (2014): 5269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020724.

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20

Beya, Jose, William Peirson, and Michael Banner. "ATTENUATION OF GRAVITY WAVES BY TURBULENCE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.waves.3.

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We report new laboratory measurements of the interaction between mechanically-generated gravity waves and turbulence generated by simulated rain. Wave attenuation coefficients and vertical profiles of turbulent velocity fluctuations were measured. Observations are in broad agreement with Teixeira and Belcher (2002) despite substantial differences between assumed and measured turbulence profiles. Wave attenuation due to surface turbulence appears to be stronger than theoretical estimates. These finding could have significant implications for the next generation of spectral wave models and the u

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21

Yasui, Ryosuke, Kaoru Sato, and Yasunobu Miyoshi. "The Momentum Budget in the Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Lower Thermosphere. Part II: The In Situ Generation of Gravity Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, no. 10 (2018): 3635–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0337.1.

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The contributions of gravity waves to the momentum budget in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is examined using simulation data from the Ground-to-Topside Model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA) whole-atmosphere model. Regardless of the relatively coarse model resolution, gravity waves appear in the MLT region. The resolved gravity waves largely contribute to the MLT momentum budget. A pair of positive and negative Eliassen–Palm flux divergences of the resolved gravity waves are observed in the summer MLT region, suggesting that the resolved gravity waves are likely i

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22

Christodoulides, P., and F. Dias. "Resonant capillary–gravity interfacial waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 265 (April 25, 1994): 303–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094000856.

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Two-dimensional space-periodic cabillary–gravity waves at the interface between two fluids of different densities are considered when the second harmonic and the fundamental mode are near resonance. A weakly nonlinear analysis provides the equations (normal form), correct to third order, that relate the wave frequency with the amplitudes of the fundamental mode and of the second harmonic for all waves with small energy. A study of the normal form for waves which are also periodic in time reveals three possible types of space- and time-periodic waves: the well-known travelling and standing wave

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23

Subba Reddy, I. V., D. Narayana Rao, A. Narendra Babu, M. Venkat Ratnam, P. Kishore, and S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao. "Studies on atmospheric gravity wave activity in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over a tropical station at Gadanki." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 10 (2005): 3237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-3237-2005.

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Abstract. MST radars are powerful tools to study the mesosphere, stratosphere and troposphere and have made considerable contributions to the studies of the dynamics of the upper, middle and lower atmosphere. Atmospheric gravity waves play a significant role in controlling middle and upper atmospheric dynamics. To date, frontal systems, convection, wind shear and topography have been thought to be the sources of gravity waves in the troposphere. All these studies pointed out that it is very essential to understand the generation, propagation and climatology of gravity waves. In this regard, se

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24

Williams, Paul D., Thomas W. N. Haine, and Peter L. Read. "Inertia–Gravity Waves Emitted from Balanced Flow: Observations, Properties, and Consequences." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 11 (2008): 3543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2480.1.

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Abstract This paper describes laboratory observations of inertia–gravity waves emitted from balanced fluid flow. In a rotating two-layer annulus experiment, the wavelength of the inertia–gravity waves is very close to the deformation radius. Their amplitude varies linearly with Rossby number in the range 0.05–0.14, at constant Burger number (or rotational Froude number). This linear scaling challenges the notion, suggested by several dynamical theories, that inertia–gravity waves generated by balanced motion will be exponentially small. It is estimated that the balanced flow leaks roughly 1% o

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25

Mehta, Dhvanit, Andrew J. Gerrard, Yusuke Ebihara, Allan T. Weatherwax, and Louis J. Lanzerotti. "Short-period mesospheric gravity waves and their sources at the South Pole." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 2 (2017): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-911-2017.

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Abstract. The sourcing locations and mechanisms for short-period, upward-propagating gravity waves at high polar latitudes remain largely unknown. Using all-sky imager data from the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, we determine the spatial and temporal characteristics of 94 observed small-scale waves in 3 austral winter months in 2003 and 2004. These data, together with background atmospheres from synoptic and/or climatological empirical models, are used to model gravity wave propagation from the polar mesosphere to each wave's source using a ray-tracing model. Our results provide a compelli

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26

Melville, W. Kendall, and Alexey V. Fedorov. "The equilibrium dynamics and statistics of gravity–capillary waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 767 (February 18, 2015): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.740.

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AbstractRecent field observations and modelling of breaking surface gravity waves suggest that air-entraining breaking is not sufficiently dissipative of surface gravity waves to balance the dynamics of wind-wave growth and nonlinear interactions with dissipation for the shorter gravity waves of $O(10)$ cm wavelength. Theories of parasitic capillary waves that form at the crest and forward face of shorter steep gravity waves have shown that the dissipative effects of these waves may be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the viscous dissipation of the underlying gravity waves. Thus the

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27

Lane, Todd P., and Jason C. Knievel. "Some Effects of Model Resolution on Simulated Gravity Waves Generated by Deep, Mesoscale Convection." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 9 (2005): 3408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3513.1.

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Abstract Over the past decade, numerous numerical modeling studies have shown that deep convective clouds can produce gravity waves that induce a significant vertical flux of horizontal momentum. Such studies used models with horizontal grid spacings of O(1 km) and produced strong gravity waves with horizontal wavelengths greater than about 20 km. This paper is an examination of how simulated gravity waves and their momentum flux are sensitive to model resolution. It is shown that increases in horizontal resolution produce more power in waves with shorter horizontal wavelengths. This change in

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28

Lingevitch, Joseph F., Michael D. Collins, and William L. Siegmann. "Parabolic equations for gravity and acousto-gravity waves." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 6 (1999): 3049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424634.

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29

Laxague, Nathan J. M., Milan Curcic, Jan-Victor Bjorkqvist, and Brian K. Haus. "Gravity-Capillary Wave Spectral Modulation by Gravity Waves." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 55, no. 5 (2017): 2477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2016.2645539.

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30

Khan, Mehtab A., Simon J. Watson, Dries J. N. Allaerts, and Matthew Churchfield. "Recommendations on setup in simulating atmospheric gravity waves under conventionally neutral boundary layer conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2767, no. 9 (2024): 092042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092042.

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Abstract Wind farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves have been the subject of recent research as they can impact wind farm performance. Pressure variations associated with gravity waves can contribute to the global blockage effect and wind farm wake recovery. Therefore, accurate numerical simulation of flow fields, where wind-farm-induced gravity waves may be produced, is important. Three main considerations in such simulations are the overall domain size, the use of Rayleigh damping near domain boundaries to dampen gravity waves, and advection damping at the inlet to prevent spurious oscillat

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31

Korobkin, Alexander, and Tatiana Khabakhpasheva. "Consistent Models of Flexural-Gravity Waves in Floating Ice." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 6 (2025): 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061191.

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Classification of flexural-gravity waves in floating ice is discussed, using the dispersion relation of these waves and the criterion of sea ice breaking, based on the concept of yield strain. It is shown that flexural-gravity waves, in terms of their wavelength and amplitude, are divided into waves with both inertia and ice rigidity being of major importance, waves with negligible ice inertia, waves with negligible ice rigidity (broken ice) and gravity waves. The effects of water depth and ice thickness on the waves are also investigated.

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32

Hankinson, Mai C. N., M. J. Reeder, and T. P. Lane. "Gravity waves generated by convection during TWP-ICE: 2. High-frequency gravity waves." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 9 (2014): 5257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020726.

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33

Voisin, Bruno. "Internal wave generation in uniformly stratified fluids. Part 1. Green's function and point sources." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 231 (October 1991): 439–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091003464.

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In both Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq cases the Green's function of internal gravity waves is calculated, exactly for monochromatic waves and asymptotically for impulsive waves. From its differentiation the pressure and velocity fields generated by a point source are deduced. by the same method the Boussinesq monochromatic and impulsive waves radiated by a pulsating sphere are investigated.Boussinesq monochromatic waves of frequency ω < N are confined between characteristic cones θ = arccos(ω/N) tangent to the source region (N being the buoyancy frequency and θ the observation angle from th

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34

Salmon, Rick. "Variational treatment of inertia–gravity waves interacting with a quasi-geostrophic mean flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 809 (November 14, 2016): 502–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.693.

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The equations for three-dimensional hydrostatic Boussinesq dynamics are equivalent to a variational principle that is closely analogous to the variational principle for classical electrodynamics. Inertia–gravity waves are analogous to electromagnetic waves, and available potential vorticity (i.e. the amount by which the potential vorticity exceeds the potential vorticity of the rest state) is analogous to electric charge. The Lagrangian can be expressed as the sum of three parts. The first part corresponds to quasi-geostrophic dynamics in the absence of inertia–gravity waves. The second part c

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35

WU, XUESONG, and JING ZHANG. "Instability of a stratified boundary layer and its coupling with internal gravity waves. Part 2. Coupling with internal gravity waves via topography." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 595 (January 8, 2008): 409–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007009391.

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The aim of this paper is to show that the viscous shear instability identified in Part 1 is intrinsically coupled with internal gravity waves when a localized surface topography is present within a boundary layer. The coupling involves two aspects: receptivity and radiation. The former refers to excitation of shear instability modes by gravity waves, and the latter to emission of gravity waves by instability modes. Both physical processes are studied using triple-deck theory. In particular, the radiated gravity waves are found to produce a leading-order back action on the source, and this feed

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36

Bakas, Nikolaos A., and Brian F. Farrell. "Gravity Waves in a Horizontal Shear Flow. Part II: Interaction between Gravity Waves and Potential Vorticity Perturbations." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 3 (2009): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3837.1.

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Abstract Interaction among potential vorticity perturbations and propagating internal gravity waves in a horizontally sheared zonal flow is investigated. In the strong stratification limit, an initial vorticity perturbation weakly excites two propagating gravity waves while the density component of the potential vorticity perturbation is significantly amplified, potentially leading to convective collapse. If stratification is sufficiently weak, a strong coupling between vorticity perturbations and gravity waves is found and spontaneous gravity wave generation occurs. This coupling can be trace

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37

Zülicke, Christoph, and Dieter Peters. "Parameterization of Strong Stratospheric Inertia–Gravity Waves Forced by Poleward-Breaking Rossby Waves." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 1 (2008): 98–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2060.1.

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Abstract The link between poleward-breaking Rossby waves and stratospheric inertia–gravity waves is examined. With a visual inspection of Ertel’s potential vorticity maps based on ECMWF analyses it was found that Rossby wave–breaking events occurred over northern Europe in about 40% of the winter days in 1999–2003. The majority of them were breaking poleward downstream. A total of 10 field campaigns were performed in the winters of 1999–2002 at Kühlungsborn, Germany (54°N, 12°E). They are related to such events and can be considered as representative for poleward-breaking Rossby waves. Inertia

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38

Lecoanet, D., G. M. Vasil, J. Fuller, M. Cantiello, and K. J. Burns. "Conversion of internal gravity waves into magnetic waves." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 466, no. 2 (2016): 2181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3273.

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39

Henderson, Stephen M., R. T. Guza, Steve Elgar, and T. H. C. Herbers. "Refraction of Surface Gravity Waves by Shear Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 4 (2006): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2890.1.

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Abstract Previous field observations indicate that the directional spread of swell-frequency (nominally 0.1 Hz) surface gravity waves increases during shoreward propagation across the surf zone. This directional broadening contrasts with the narrowing observed seaward of the surf zone and predicted by Snell’s law for bathymetric refraction. Field-observed broadening was predicted by a new model for refraction of swell by lower-frequency (nominally 0.01 Hz) current and elevation fluctuations. The observations and the model suggest that refraction by the cross-shore currents of energetic shear w

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40

Yih, Chia-Shun, and Songping Zhu. "Patterns of ship waves. II. Gravity-capillary waves." Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 47, no. 1 (1989): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/qam/987893.

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41

Mukherjee, Animesh, P. R. Sengupta, and Lokenath Debnath. "Surface waves in higher order visco-elastic media under the influence of gravity." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 4, no. 1 (1991): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1048953391000047.

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Based upon Biot's [1965] theory of initial stresses of hydrostatic nature produced by the effect of gravity, a study is made of surface waves in higher order visco-elastic media under the influence of gravity. The equation for the wave velocity of Stonely waves in the presence of viscous and gravitational effects is obtained. This is followed by particular cases of surface waves including Rayleigh waves and Love waves in the presence of viscous and gravity effects. In all cases the wave-velocity equations are found to be in perfect agreement with the corresponding classical results when the ef

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42

Wang, Shuguang, and Fuqing Zhang. "Sensitivity of Mesoscale Gravity Waves to the Baroclinicity of Jet-Front Systems." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 2 (2007): 670–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3314.1.

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Abstract This study investigates the sensitivity of mesoscale gravity waves to the baroclinicity of the background jet-front systems by simulating different life cycles of baroclinic waves with a high-resolution mesoscale model. Four simulations are made starting from two-dimensional baroclinic jets having different static stability and wind shear in order to obtain baroclinic waves with significantly different growth rates. In all experiments, vertically propagating mesoscale gravity waves are simulated in the exit region of upper-tropospheric jet streaks. A two-dimensional spectral analysis

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43

Perez, Iael, and Dragani Walter. "Spectral variability in high frequency in sea level and atmospheric pressure on Buenos Aires Coast, Argentina." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 65, no. 1 (2017): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592017130506501.

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Abstract There are some observational evidences which support that atmospheric gravity waves constitute an efficient forcing for meteorological tsunamis (meteotsunamis) along the coast of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Meteotsunamis and atmospheric gravity waves, which propagate simultaneously on the sea surface and the atmosphere, respectively, are typical examples of non-stationary geophysical signals. The variability of meteotsunamis and atmospheric gravity waves recorded at Mar del Plata was investigated in this paper. Results obtained in this work reinforce the idea of a cause (atmospheric grav

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44

Alexander, M. Joan, David A. Ortland, Alison W. Grimsdell, and Ji-Eun Kim. "Sensitivity of Gravity Wave Fluxes to Interannual Variations in Tropical Convection and Zonal Wind." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 9 (2017): 2701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0044.1.

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Abstract Using an idealized model framework with high-frequency tropical latent heating variability derived from global satellite observations of precipitation and clouds, the authors examine the properties and effects of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere, contrasting conditions in an El Niño year and a La Niña year. The model generates a broad spectrum of tropical waves including planetary-scale waves through mesoscale gravity waves. The authors compare modeled monthly mean regional variations in wind and temperature with reanalyses and validate the modeled gravity waves using satellite

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45

Longuet-Higgins, Michael S. "Parasitic capillary waves: a direct calculation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 301 (October 25, 1995): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095003818.

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As in a previous theory (Longuet-Higgins 1963) parasitic capillary waves are considered as a perturbation due to the local action of surface tension forces on an otherwise pure progressive gravity wave. Here the theory is improved by: (i) making use of our more accurate knowledge of the profile of a steep Stokes wave; (ii) taking account of the influence of gravity on the capillary waves themselves, through the effective gravitational acceleration g* for short waves riding on longer waves.Nonlinearity in the capillary waves themselves is not included, and certain other approximations are made.

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46

Yu, Shiwang, Lifeng Zhang, Ming Zhang, and Yuan Wang. "Dynamics of Mechanical Oscillator Mechanism for Stratospheric Gravity Waves Generated by Convection." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (2020): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090942.

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The mechanical oscillator mechanism (MOM) for stratospheric gravity waves generated by convection is investigated with a dynamics model using the two-dimensional, nonhydrostatic and linear governing equations based on the Boussinesq approximation. The model is solved analytically with a fixed buoyancy oscillation (BO) at the tropopause as the boundary conditions. Results show that this BO is the source of stratospheric gravity waves and the MOM is the generation mechanism. The characteristics of the stratospheric gravity waves not only depend on the BO, but also rely on the stratospheric state

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47

Fabris, Júlio C., Marcelo H. Alvarenga, Mahamadou Hamani Daouda, and Hermano Velten. "Nonconservative Unimodular Gravity: Gravitational Waves." Symmetry 14, no. 1 (2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010087.

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Unimodular gravity is characterized by an extra condition with respect to general relativity, i.e., the determinant of the metric is constant. This extra condition leads to a more restricted class of invariance by coordinate transformation: The symmetry properties of unimodular gravity are governed by the transverse diffeomorphisms. Nevertheless, if the conservation of the energy–momentum tensor is imposed in unimodular gravity, the general relativity theory is recovered with an additional integration constant which is associated to the cosmological term Λ. However, if the energy–momentum tens

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48

Dörnbrack, Andreas, Stephen D. Eckermann, Bifford P. Williams, and Julie Haggerty. "Stratospheric Gravity Waves Excited by a Propagating Rossby Wave Train—A DEEPWAVE Case Study." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 79, no. 2 (2022): 567–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0057.1.

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Abstract Stratospheric gravity waves observed during the DEEPWAVE research flight RF25 over the Southern Ocean are analyzed and compared with numerical weather prediction (NWP) model results. The quantitative agreement of the NWP model output and the tropospheric and lower-stratospheric observations is remarkable. The high-resolution NWP models are even able to reproduce qualitatively the observed upper-stratospheric gravity waves detected by an airborne Rayleigh lidar. The usage of high-resolution ERA5 data—partially capturing the long internal gravity waves—enabled a thorough interpretation

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49

Milewski, Paul A., and Zhan Wang. "Transversally periodic solitary gravity–capillary waves." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2161 (2014): 20130537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0537.

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When both gravity and surface tension effects are present, surface solitary water waves are known to exist in both two- and three-dimensional infinitely deep fluids. We describe here solutions bridging these two cases: travelling waves which are localized in the propagation direction and periodic in the transverse direction. These transversally periodic gravity–capillary solitary waves are found to be of either elevation or depression type, tend to plane waves below a critical transverse period and tend to solitary lumps as the transverse period tends to infinity. The waves are found numerical

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50

Stober, Gunter, Sharon L. Vadas, Erich Becker, et al. "Gravity waves generated by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcanic eruption and their global propagation in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere observed by meteor radars and modeled with the High-Altitude general Mechanistic Circulation Model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 8 (2024): 4851–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024.

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Abstract. The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcano erupted on 15 January 2022, launching Lamb waves and gravity waves into the atmosphere. In this study, we present results using 13 globally distributed meteor radars and identify the volcanogenic gravity waves in the mesospheric/lower thermospheric winds. Leveraging the High-Altitude Mechanistic general Circulation Model (HIAMCM), we compare the global propagation of these gravity waves. We observed an eastward-propagating gravity wave packet with an observed phase speed of 240 ± 5.7 m s−1 and a westward-propagating gravity wave with an observed

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