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Journal articles on the topic 'Gray encoding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Rowe, Jonathan, Darrell Whitley, Laura Barbulescu, and Jean-Paul Watson. "Properties of Gray and Binary Representations." Evolutionary Computation 12, no. 1 (March 2004): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco.2004.12.1.47.

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Representations are formalized as encodings that map the search space to the vertex set of a graph. We define the notion of bit equivalent encodings and show that for such encodings the corresponding Walsh coefficients are also conserved. We focus on Gray codes as particular types of encoding and present a review of properties related to the use of Gray codes. Gray codes are widely used in conjunction with genetic algorithms and bit-climbing algorithms for parameter optimization problems. We present new convergence proofs for a special class of unimodal functions; the proofs show that a steepest ascent bit climber using any reflected Gray code representation reaches the global optimum in a number of steps that is linear with respect to the encoding size. There are in fact many different Gray codes.Shifting is defined as a mechanism for dynamically switching from one Gray code representation to another in order to escape local optima. Theoretical results that substantially improve our understanding of the Gray codes and the shifting mechanism are presented. New proofs also shed light on the number of unique Gray code neighborhoods accessible via shifting and on how neighborhood structure changes during shifting. We show that shifting can improve the performance of both a local search algorithm as well as one of the best genetic algorithms currently available.

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Zhang, Ting, and Steve Blair. "Gray Level Image Encoding in Plasmonic Metasurfaces." Plasmonics 15, no. 5 (March 27, 2020): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01151-5.

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Naseri, Mosayeb, Mona Abdolmaleky, Fariborz Parandin, Negin Fatahi, Ahmed Farouk, and Reza Nazari. "A New Quantum Gray-Scale Image Encoding Scheme." Communications in Theoretical Physics 69, no. 2 (February 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/69/2/215.

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4

Javidi, Bahram, and Qing Tang. "Binary encoding of gray scale nonlinear joint transform correlators." Applied Optics 30, no. 11 (April 10, 1991): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.001321.

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Yu, F. T. S., S. Jutamulia, and E. Tam. "Gray level pseudocolor encoding using a liquid crystal television." Journal of Optics 19, no. 3 (May 1988): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0150-536x/19/3/004.

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Zhang Shaoze, 张绍泽, 张建奇 Zhang Jianqi, 黄曦 Huang Xi, and 刘德连 Liu Delian. "Three-Dimensional Profile Data Representation Based on Gray Value Encoding." Chinese Journal of Lasers 42, no. 12 (2015): 1209001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201542.1209001.

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Chakraborty, Uday K., and Cezary Z. Janikow. "An analysis of Gray versus binary encoding in genetic search." Information Sciences 156, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-0255(03)00178-6.

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8

Zhang, Hongxin, Hao Zhou, Jingyao Li, Yujing Qiao, and Wei Gao. "Research on encoding multi-gray-scale phase hologram and wavefront reconstruction." Applied Optics 55, no. 10 (March 30, 2016): 2701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.002701.

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Kahr, Walter HA, Jesse Hinckley, Ling Li, Hansjörg Schwertz, Hilary Christensen, Jesse W. Rowley, Fred G. Pluthero, et al. "Mutations in NBEAL2, encoding a BEACH protein, cause gray platelet syndrome." Nature Genetics 43, no. 8 (July 17, 2011): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.884.

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Yan, Jing, Wenjuan Li, Tingting Zhang, Junjun Zhang, Zhenlan Jin, and Ling Li. "The Correlation Between Gray Matter Volume and Verbal Episodic Memory Encoding." International Journal of Psychophysiology 168 (October 2021): S209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.566.

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Kang, Jing Lei, and Ye Cai Guo. "A Method of Iris Recognition Based on Local Gray Minimum Values." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.310.

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Feature matching is a most important step of the iris recognition algorithm, directly determining the success or failure of iris recognition. In order to have a better performance in the iris recognition, a method of iris recognition based on local gray minimum values is proposed. This method firstly records the position of local gray minimum points in the iris region; the minimum consolidation method is used to compress the characteristic points, and then encoding the compression iris image after extracting features. Finally, do exclusive OR (XOR) operation between encoding and template information to get the final recognition results. The computer simulations show the proposed method has very good recognition performance.

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Costa, Eduardo A., Sérgio J. Almeida, Mônica L. Matzenauer, and Mateus B. Fonseca. "Gray Encoded Harmonics Power Line Interference Cancelling Structure Using LMS and NLMS Adaptive Algorithms." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2014): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v9i1.387.

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This paper proposes the implementation of a Gray encoded structure for harmonics power line interference cancelling. The structure uses dedicated hardware architecture for the Least Mean Square (LMS) adaptive filtering algorithm, as well as its normalized version (NLMS). In the used scheme, from a 60Hz reference signal, the algorithms are able to estimate the superior harmonics, using after these results for the cancelling of interferences related to the signal of interest. In this work, the proposed adaptive filtering architectures and the harmonics generator block use a Hybrid encoding in its data buses, which is a compromise between the minimal input dependency presented by the Binary encoding and the low switching characteristic of the Gray encoding. For the Hybrid structures, new Hybrid multipliers were proposed, and the results showed that those multipliers are more efficient than the Binary ones, by presenting less power consumption in some cases. The implemented harmonic cancelling structure with the LMS and NLMS adaptive filtering architectures were validated and compared by using both Binary and Hybrid encoding. The efficiency of the implemented Hybrid structure for the cancelling of interferences was proved by reducing more power than the Binary one. By the results, we conclude that it could be practicable to implement a harmonic cancelling structure, based on LMS and NLMS adaptive filtering, operating on Hybrid encoding.

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Chen, Yu-Han, Breannan Howell, J. Christopher Edgar, Mingxiong Huang, Peter Kochunov, Michael A. Hunter, Cassandra Wootton, et al. "Associations and Heritability of Auditory Encoding, Gray Matter, and Attention in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, no. 4 (August 7, 2018): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby111.

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Abstract Background Auditory encoding abnormalities, gray-matter loss, and cognitive deficits are all candidate schizophrenia (SZ) endophenotypes. This study evaluated associations between and heritability of auditory network attributes (function and structure) and attention in healthy controls (HC), SZ patients, and unaffected relatives (UR). Methods Whole-brain maps of M100 auditory activity from magnetoencephalography recordings, cortical thickness (CT), and a measure of attention were obtained from 70 HC, 69 SZ patients, and 35 UR. Heritability estimates (h2r) were obtained for M100, CT at each group-difference region, and the attention measure. Results SZ patients had weaker bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) M100 responses than HC and a weaker right frontal M100 response than UR. Abnormally large M100 responses in left superior frontal gyrus were observed in UR and SZ patients. SZ patients showed smaller CT in bilateral STG and right frontal regions. Interrelatedness between 3 putative SZ endophenotypes was demonstrated, although in the left STG the M100 and CT function−structure associations observed in HC and UR were absent in SZ patients. Heritability analyses also showed that right frontal M100 and bilateral STG CT measures are significantly heritable. Conclusions Present findings indicated that the 3 SZ endophenotypes examined are not isolated markers of pathology but instead are connected. The pattern of auditory encoding group differences and the pattern of brain function−structure associations differ as a function of brain region, indicating the need for regional specificity when studying these endophenotypes, and with the presence of left STG function−structure associations in HC and UR but not in SZ perhaps reflecting disease-associated damage to gray matter that disrupts function−structure relationships in SZ.

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Javidi, Bahram, and Qing Tang. "Binary encoding of gray-scale nonlinearly transformed filters for optical pattern recognition." Applied Optics 31, no. 20 (July 10, 1992): 4034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.31.004034.

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Chang, Yeim-Kuan, Cheng-Chien Su, Yung-Chieh Lin, and Sun-Yuan Hsieh. "Efficient Gray-Code-Based Range Encoding Schemes for Packet Classification in TCAM." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 21, no. 4 (August 2013): 1201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2220566.

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Chen, Rung-Ching, Pei-Yan Pai, Yung-Kuan Chan, and Chin-Chen Chang. "Lossless Image Compression Based on Multiple-Tables Arithmetic Coding." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/128317.

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This paper is intended to present a lossless image compression method based on multiple-tables arithmetic coding (MTAC) method to encode a gray-level imagef. First, the MTAC method employs a median edge detector (MED) to reduce the entropy rate off. The gray levels of two adjacent pixels in an image are usually similar. A base-switching transformation approach is then used to reduce the spatial redundancy of the image. The gray levels of some pixels in an image are more common than those of others. Finally, the arithmetic encoding method is applied to reduce the coding redundancy of the image. To promote high performance of the arithmetic encoding method, the MTAC method first classifies the data and then encodes each cluster of data using a distinct code table. The experimental results show that, in most cases, the MTAC method provides a higher efficiency in use of storage space than the lossless JPEG2000 does.

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SANKARAGOMATHI, B., L. GANESAN, and S. ARUMUGAM. "ENCODING VIDEO SEQUENCES IN FRACTAL-BASED COMPRESSION." Fractals 15, no. 04 (December 2007): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x0700371x.

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With the rapid increase in the use of computers and the Internet, the demand for higher transmission and better storage is increasing as well. This paper describes the different techniques for data (image-video) compression in general and, in particular, the new compression technique called fractal image compression. Fractal image compression is based on self-similarity, where one part of an image is similar to the other part of the same image. Low bit rate color image sequence coding is very important for video transmission and storage applications. The most significant aspect of this work is the development of color images using fractal-based color image compression, since little work has been done previously in this area. The results obtained show that the fractal-based compression works for the color images works as well as for the gray-scale images. Nevertheless, the encoding of the color images takes more time than the gray-scale images. Color images are usually compressed in a luminance-chrominance coordinate space, with the compression performed independently for each coordinate by applying the monochrome image processing techniques. For image sequence compression, the design of an accurate and efficient algorithm for computing motion to exploit the temporal redundancy has been one of the most active research areas in computer vision and image compression. Pixel-based motion estimation algorithms address pixel correspondence directly by identifying a set of local features and computing a match between these features across the frames. These direct techniques share the common pitfall of high computation complexity resulting from the dense vector fields produced. For block matching motion estimation algorithms, the quad-tree data structure is frequently used in image coding to recursively decompose an image plane into four non-overlapping rectangular blocks.

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WANG, FENG-HSING, LAKHMI C. JAIN, and JENG-SHYANG PAN. "VQ-BASED GRAY WATERMARK EMBEDDING SCHEME WITH GENETIC INDEX ASSIGNMENT." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 04, no. 02 (June 2004): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026804001227.

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A digital watermarking scheme based on vector quantisation (VQ) for gray watermark is proposed. It begins with the procedure of encoding the gray watermark, and embeds the encoded indices into the cover image in VQ domain then. To improve the performance of the watermarking scheme, a genetic index assignment (GIA) procedure, which modifies the signal of the watermark to suit the signal of the cover image, is proposed. The proposed gray watermark embedding scheme is easy to implement, requires no original cover image to be presented during extraction, expands the size of the used watermark, and provides better watermarked results. Experimental results will show the novelty and effectiveness of it.

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devi, S. Anusuyah, and Dr S. Jaya shri. "Performance Analysis of an Efficient Low Power NOC Router System Using Gray Encoding Techniques." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering 02, no. 12 (December 30, 2014): 7463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15680/ijircce.2014.0212031.

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20

Jia, Baohua, Jesper Serbin, Hwi Kim, Byoungho Lee, Jiafang Li, and Min Gu. "Use of two-photon polymerization for continuous gray-level encoding of diffractive optical elements." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 7 (February 12, 2007): 073503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2426923.

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21

Gindre, Denis, Ibrahima Ka, Alex Boeglin, Alain Fort, and Kokou D. Dorkenoo. "Image storage through gray-scale encoding of second harmonic signals in azo-dye copolymers." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 9 (February 26, 2007): 094103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2710774.

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22

Tu, Han-Yen, Mao-Ling Chen, and Chau-Jern Cheng. "Multiple Polarization Encoding for Gray Image Encryption Based on Liquid Crystal Exclusive OR Logic." Optical Review 13, no. 5 (September 2006): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-006-0308-y.

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23

Sun, Qiu Dong, Shun Fu Gao, Jiang Wei Huang, and Wei Chen. "Metallographical Image Segmentation and Compression." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.276.

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The double-threshold binarization and morphological transform were applied to process the metallographical image. They could classify the grain and the grain boundary from gray metallographical image. Also, the eight-direction tracking techniques about Freeman chain encoding for metal metallographical compression had been discussed, and a grain boundary tracking algorithm was given. The experimental result shows that the proposed image processing method can segment grains and their boundaries efficiently. Freeman chain encoding can compress the stored data of metallographical image greatly. Compared with another compression method RLE, it has much higher compression effect.

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Margetts, Anna. "The linguistic encoding of three-participant events in Saliba." Studies in Language 26, no. 3 (November 1, 2002): 613–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.26.3.06mar.

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In this article I investigate the strategies for encoding events with three participants in an Oceanic language. I look at three-place predicates featuring three syntactic arguments but also and particularly at the functional alternatives to such constructions. Besides ditransitive clauses and clauses featuring two arguments plus an adjunct, Saliba speakers productively use two further strategies to express three-participant events. One strategy makes use of possessive classifiers to express a beneficiary, the other features directional suffixes to express a recipient or goal. In both cases pragmatic implicature plays a role in encoding the third participant. There is evidence though that the three-participant reading is beginning to grammaticalize and in investigating these constructions we are looking at the gray area between morpho-syntax and pragmatics.

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Leroch, Michaela, Dennis Mernke, Dieter Koppenhoefer, Prisca Schneider, Andreas Mosbach, Gunther Doehlemann, and Matthias Hahn. "Living Colors in the Gray Mold Pathogen Botrytis cinerea: Codon-Optimized Genes Encoding Green Fluorescent Protein and mCherry, Which Exhibit Bright Fluorescence." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 9 (March 4, 2011): 2887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02644-10.

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ABSTRACTThe green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants have been widely used in modern biology as reporters that allow a variety of live-cell imaging techniques. So far, GFP has rarely been used in the gray mold fungusBotrytis cinereabecause of low fluorescence intensity. The codon usage ofB. cinereagenes strongly deviates from that of commonly used GFP-encoding genes and reveals a lower GC content than other fungi. In this study, we report the development and use of a codon-optimized version of theB. cinereaenhanced GFP (eGFP)-encoding gene (Bcgfp) for improved expression inB. cinerea. Both the codon optimization and, to a smaller extent, the insertion of an intron resulted in higher mRNA levels and increased fluorescence. Bcgfpwas used for localization of nuclei in germinating spores and for visualizing host penetration. We further demonstrate the use of promoter-Bcgfpfusions for quantitative evaluation of various toxic compounds as inducers of theatrBgene encoding an ABC-type drug efflux transporter ofB. cinerea. In addition, a codon-optimized mCherry-encoding gene was constructed which yielded bright red fluorescence inB. cinerea.

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Fernández, Pedro R., José Luis Lázaro Galilea, Alfredo Gardel Vicente, Ignacio Bravo Muñoz, Ángel E. Cano García, and Carlos Luna Vázquez. "Improving the Calibration of Image Sensors Based on IOFBs, Using Differential Gray-Code Space Encoding." Sensors 12, no. 7 (July 2, 2012): 9006–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120709006.

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Awwal, Abdul Ahad S., and Mohammad A. Karim. "Associative polarization-encoded optical shadow casting: gray-level image encoding for serial and parallel operations." Applied Optics 28, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.28.000284.

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Guo, Hui, and Sri Parameswaran. "Shifted gray encoding to reduce instruction memory address bus switching for low-power embedded systems." Journal of Systems Architecture 56, no. 4-6 (April 2010): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2010.03.003.

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Perea, Manuel, Ana Baciero, Ana Marcet, María Fernández-López, and Pablo Gómez. "Do Grading Gray Stimuli Help to Encode Letter Position?" Vision 5, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision5010012.

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Numerous experiments in the past decades recurrently showed that a transposed-letter pseudoword (e.g., JUGDE) is much more wordlike than a replacement-letter control (e.g., JUPTE). Critically, there is an ongoing debate as to whether this effect arises at a perceptual level (e.g., perceptual uncertainty at assigning letter position of an array of visual objects) or at an abstract language-specific level (e.g., via a level of “open bigrams” between the letter and word levels). Here, we designed an experiment to test the limits of perceptual accounts of letter position coding. The stimuli in a lexical decision task were presented either with a homogeneous letter intensity or with a graded gray intensity, which indicated an unambiguous letter order. The pseudowords were either transposed-letter pseudowords or replaced-letter pseudowords (e.g., jugde vs. jupte). The results showed much longer response times and substantially more errors in the transposed-letter pseudowords than in the replacement-letter pseudowords, regardless of visual format. These findings favor the idea that language-specific orthographic element factors play an essential role when encoding letter position during word recognition.

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Newbury, Dale E., and David S. Bright. "Logarithmic 3-Band Color Encoding: Robust Method for Display and Comparison of Compositional Maps in Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, no. 5 (September 1999): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927699000161.

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Electron-excited X-ray maps recorded with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)/electron probe X-ray microanalyzer (EPMA) are a major method of presenting compositional information. Digitally recorded maps are processed in a variety of ways to improve the visibility of features. Scaling of the recorded signal to match the 8-bit gray-scale intensity range of a typical computer display system is almost always necessary. Inherent limitations of gray-scale displays have led to other intensity-encoding methods for X-ray maps, including clipping, histogram normalization, and pseudocolor scales. While feature visibility is improved by applying these scales, comparisons among image sets are difficult. Quantitative comparisons must be based on standardized intensities corrected for background to produce intensity ratio (k-value) maps. We have developed a new logarithmic, multiband color-encoding method to view these k-value maps more effectively. Three color bands are defined, starting with a dark primary color and grading to a bright pastel: blue = trace (0.001 to 0.01); green = minor (0.01 to 0.1); and red = major (0.1 to 1.0). Within each band, the color is assigned according to a logarithmic scale that depends on intensity ratio or compositional measurements. Logarithmic multiband color encoding permits direct comparisons of maps, such as maps of different elements in the same field of view or maps of the same element in different areas, because the color scale is identical for all maps.

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Fu, Yeh Fen, Lih Horng Shyu, Y. T. Chen, Wen Yuh Jywe, and C. H. Liu. "A New Concept of Optical Encoder Displacement Sensors: Gray Encoding Patterns and a Curve Fitting Method." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.349.

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A new optical encoder system is presented for displacement measurement by the curve fitting method. In this paper, another pondering model is based on the previous development. That is the new measurement method using a homemade periodical gray level code, which can be used to replace the traditional doublet grating. A high precision is achieved by a fitting method with one single-frequency harmonic function. The experiment result shows that the concept is feasible.

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Newaj Bhuiyan, Sharif Shah, Norun Abdul Malek, Othman Omran Khalifa, and Farah Diyana Abdul Rahman. "An Improved Image Steganography Algorithm Based on PVD." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i2.pp569-577.

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In this paper, a modification of PVD (Pixel value differencing) algorithm is used for Image Steganography in spatial domain. It is normalizing secret data value by encoding method to make the new pixel edge difference less among three neighbors (horizontal, vertical and diagonal) and embedding data only to less intensity pixel difference areas or regions. The proposed algorithm shows a good improvemernt for both color and gray-scale images compared to other algorithms. Color images performance are better than gray images. However, in this work the focus is mainly on gray images. The strenght of this scheme is that any random hidden/secret data do not make any shuttle differences to Steg-image compared to original image. The bit plane slicing is used to analyze the maximum payload that has been embeded into the cover image securely. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is performing better and showing great consistent results for PSNR, MSE values of any images, also against Steganalysis attack.

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Wu, Hai Bin, Li Quan Wang, Jing Yan Cui, Yang Jiao, and Xiao Yang Yu. "High-Accuracy Shape Construction of Porcelain and Exhibiting on Web." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2774.

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The key of 3D measurement technology based on coded structured light for high-accuracy reconstruction of porcelain exhibited on Web, is to ensure measurement accuracy and anti-interference capability on high reflectance surface. So an edge Gray code method for structured light system and related technologies are proposed under interference by high reflectance ratio and color of measured surface. Firstly, encoding and decoding principles by Gray code stripe edge reduce theoretical quantization error and decoding error against traditional Gray code, so measurement accuracy is improved. Secondly, stripe edge sub-pixel location method based on grey curve intersecting points is designed to reduce edge location error caused by diffusion from white stripe to black stripe. Measurement system was established according to mathematic model. Experimental results show that error of measured high reflectance unicolor standard plane is 0.60.8mm, and reconstructed porcelain shape has same visual effect as the real one. Finally, based on Java 3D, interactively exhibiting on Web was explored.

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Chen, Linfei, Daomu Zhao, and Fan Ge. "Gray images embedded in a color image and encrypted with FRFT and Region Shift Encoding methods." Optics Communications 283, no. 10 (May 2010): 2043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.01.009.

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Lawrenz, Marco, and Jürgen Finsterbusch. "Detection of microscopic diffusion anisotropy in human cortical gray matter in vivo with double diffusion encoding." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 81, no. 2 (September 11, 2018): 1296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27451.

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Fan, Jianying, Linchao Liu, Yang Gao, Zeliang Zhang, Lei Yu, and Wei Liu. "Research on Color Gray Code Encoding and Color Components Correction in 3D Measurement for Color Object." International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 6, no. 5 (October 31, 2013): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsip.2013.6.5.19.

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Henderson, John M., Wonil Choi, and Steven G. Luke. "Morphology of Primary Visual Cortex Predicts Individual Differences in Fixation Duration during Text Reading." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 12 (December 2014): 2880–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00668.

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In skilled reading, fixations are brief periods of time in which the eyes settle on words. E-Z Reader, a computational model of dynamic reading, posits that fixation durations are under real-time control of lexical processing. Lexical processing, in turn, requires efficient visual encoding. Here we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in fixation durations are related to individual differences in the efficiency of early visual encoding. To test this hypothesis, we recorded participants' eye movements during reading. We then examined individual differences in fixation duration distributions as a function of individual differences in the morphology of primary visual cortex measured from MRI scans. The results showed that greater gray matter surface area and volume in visual cortex predicted shorter and less variable fixation durations in reading. These results suggest that individual differences in eye movements during skilled reading are related to initial visual encoding, consistent with models such as E-Z Reader that emphasize lexical control over fixation time.

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Lee, Kyuweon, Jeong Gu Lee, Kyeonglim Min, Jeong Hee Choi, Sooyeon Lim, and Eun Jin Lee. "Transcriptome Analysis of the Fruit of Two Strawberry Cultivars “Sunnyberry” and “Kingsberry” That Show Different Susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea after Harvest." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041518.

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Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is a fungal plant pathogen causing postharvest decay in strawberry fruit. Here, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis to identify differences in gene expression between the immature-green (IG) and mature-red (MR) stages of the “Sunnyberry” (gray mold-resistant) and “Kingsberry” (gray mold susceptible) strawberry cultivars. Most of the genes involved in lignin and alkane-type wax biosynthesis were relatively upregulated in “Sunnyberry”. However, pathogenesis-related proteins encoding R- and antioxidant-related genes were comparatively upregulated in “Kingsberry”. Analysis of gene expression and physiological traits in the presence and absence of B. cinerea inoculation revealed that the defense response patterns significantly differed between IG and MR rather than the cultivars. “Kingsberry” showed higher antioxidant induction at IG and upregulated hemicellulose-strengthening and R genes at MR. Hence, “Sunnyberry” and “Kingsberry” differed mainly in terms of the expression levels of the genes forming cuticle, wax, and lignin and controlling the defense responses. These discrepancies might explain the relative difference between these strawberry cultivars in terms of their postharvest responses to B. cinerea.

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Chavarría-Siles, Iván, Mark Rijpkema, Esther Lips, Alejandro Arias-Vasquez, Matthijs Verhage, Barbara Franke, Guillén Fernández, and Danielle Posthuma. "Genes Encoding Heterotrimeric G-proteins Are Associated with Gray Matter Volume Variations in the Medial Frontal Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 23, no. 5 (April 17, 2012): 1025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs061.

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Di Giorgio, Annabella, Giuseppe Blasi, Fabio Sambataro, Antonio Rampino, Apostolos Papazacharias, Francesco Gambi, Raffaella Romano, et al. "Association of the Ser704Cys DISC1 polymorphism with human hippocampal formation gray matter and function during memory encoding." European Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 10 (November 2008): 2129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06482.x.

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Sharma, Atul, Sushil Raut, Kohei Shimasaki, Taku Senoo, and Idaku Ishii. "HFR Projector Camera Based Visible Light Communication System for Real-Time Video Streaming." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 5368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185368.

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This study develops a projector–camera-based visible light communication (VLC) system for real-time broadband video streaming, in which a high frame rate (HFR) projector can encode and project a color input video sequence into binary image patterns modulated at thousands of frames per second and an HFR vision system can capture and decode these binary patterns into the input color video sequence with real-time video processing. For maximum utilization of the high-throughput transmission ability of the HFR projector, we introduce a projector–camera VLC protocol, wherein a multi-level color video sequence is binary-modulated with a gray code for encoding and decoding instead of pure-code-based binary modulation. Gray code encoding is introduced to address the ambiguity with mismatched pixel alignments along the gradients between the projector and vision system. Our proposed VLC system consists of an HFR projector, which can project 590 × 1060 binary images at 1041 fps via HDMI streaming and a monochrome HFR camera system, which can capture and process 12-bit 512 × 512 images in real time at 3125 fps; it can simultaneously decode and reconstruct 24-bit RGB video sequences at 31 fps, including an error correction process. The effectiveness of the proposed VLC system was verified via several experiments by streaming offline and live video sequences.

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Lawson, Peter R. "The Sydney University PAPA Camera." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 11, no. 1 (April 1994): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000019664.

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AbstractThe Papa camera is a photon-counting array detector that uses optical encoding to locate photon events on the output of a microchannel plate image intensifier. The Sydney University camera is a 256×256 pixel detector which can operate at speeds greater than 1 million photons per second and produce individual photon coordinates with a deadtime of only 300 ns. It uses a new Gray coded mask-plate which permits a simplified optical alignment and successfully guards against vignetting artifacts.

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Schumacher, Julia, Adeline Simon, Kim C. Cohrs, Stefanie Traeger, Antoine Porquier, Bérengère Dalmais, Muriel Viaud, and Bettina Tudzynski. "The VELVET Complex in the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea: Impact of BcLAE1 on Differentiation, Secondary Metabolism, and Virulence." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 6 (June 2015): 659–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0411-r.

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Botrytis cinerea, the gray mold fungus, is an important plant pathogen. Field populations are characterized by variability with regard to morphology, the mode of reproduction (conidiation or sclerotia formation), the spectrum of secondary metabolites (SM), and virulence. Natural variation in bcvel1 encoding the ortholog of Aspergillus nidulans VeA, a member of the VELVET complex, was previously shown to affect light-dependent differentiation, the formation of oxalic acid (OA), and virulence. To gain broader insight into the B. cinerea VELVET complex, an ortholog of A. nidulans LaeA, BcLAE1, a putative interaction partner of BcVEL1, was studied. BcVEL1 but not its truncated versions interacts with BcLAE1 and BcVEL2 (VelB ortholog). In accordance with the expected common as well as specific functions of BcVEL1 and BcLAE1, the deletions of both genes result in similar though not identical phenotypes. Both mutants lost the ability to produce OA, to colonize the host tissue, and to form sclerotia. However, mutants differ with regard to aerial hyphae and conidia formation. Genome-wide expression analyses revealed that BcVEL1 and BcLAE1 have common and distinct target genes. Some of the genes that are underexpressed in both mutants, e.g., those encoding SM-related enzymes, proteases, and carbohydrate-active enzymes, may account for their reduced virulence.

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Liu, Xinyue, and Thomas C. Pochapsky. "Human Acireductone Dioxygenase (HsARD), Cancer and Human Health: Black Hat, White Hat or Gray?" Inorganics 7, no. 8 (August 18, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7080101.

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Multiple factors involving the methionine salvage pathway (MSP) and polyamine biosynthesis have been found to be involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. This review summarizes the relationships of the MSP enzyme acireductone dioxygenase (ARD), the ADI1 gene encoding ARD and other gene products (ADI1GP) with carcinomas and carcinogenesis. ARD exhibits structural and functional differences depending upon the metal bound in the active site. In the penultimate step of the MSP, the Fe2+ bound form of ARD catalyzes the on-pathway oxidation of acireductone leading to methionine, whereas Ni2+ bound ARD catalyzes an off-pathway reaction producing methylthiopropionate and carbon monoxide, a biological signaling molecule and anti-apoptotic. The relationship between ADI1GP, MSP and polyamine synthesis are discussed, along with possible role(s) of metal in modulating the cellular behavior of ADI1GP and its interactions with other cellular components.

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Singh, Kehar. "Simultaneous encryption of a color and a gray-scale image using byte-level encoding based on single-channel double random-phase encoding architecture in fractional Fourier domain." Optical Engineering 50, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 047007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3569688.

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Husa, Robyn A., Brian A. Gordon, Madison M. Cochran, Madison Bertolin, Danielle N. Bond, and Brenda A. Kirchhoff. "Left caudal middle frontal gray matter volume mediates the effect of age on self-initiated elaborative encoding strategies." Neuropsychologia 106 (November 2017): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.004.

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DafaAlla, Tayb Elassma Ibrahim Mustafa, Mohnad Abdalla, Nada Algaili, Elawad Elhaj, Eltayeb Eldigair, Wafa Ali Eltayb, Gui-Hua Li, and Qing-Ming Qin. "Identification of new pathogenicity related to the gene encoding hypothetical protein in the gray mold fungus (Botrytis cinerea)." Australian Journal of Crop Science 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2017): 1236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.17.11.10.pne417.

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Leroch, Michaela, Cecilia Plesken, Roland W. S. Weber, Frank Kauff, Gabriel Scalliet, and Matthias Hahn. "Gray Mold Populations in German Strawberry Fields Are Resistant to Multiple Fungicides and Dominated by a Novel Clade Closely Related to Botrytis cinerea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 1 (October 19, 2012): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02655-12.

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ABSTRACT The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is a major threat to fruit and vegetable production. Strawberry fields usually receive several fungicide treatments against Botrytis per season. Gray mold isolates from several German strawberry-growing regions were analyzed to determine their sensitivity against botryticides. Fungicide resistance was commonly observed, with many isolates possessing resistance to multiple (up to six) fungicides. A stronger variant of the previously described multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype MDR1, called MDR1h, was found to be widely distributed, conferring increased partial resistance to two important botryticides, cyprodinil and fludioxonil. A 3-bp deletion mutation in a transcription factor-encoding gene, mrr1 , was found to be correlated with MDR1h. All MDR1h isolates and the majority of isolates with resistance to multiple fungicides were found to be genetically distinct. Multiple-gene sequencing confirmed that they belong to a novel clade, called Botrytis group S, which is closely related to B. cinerea and the host-specific species B. fabae . Isolates of Botrytis group S genotypes were found to be widespread in all German strawberry-growing regions but almost absent from vineyards. Our data indicate a clear subdivision of gray mold populations, which are differentially distributed according to their host preference and adaptation to chemical treatments.

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Woitek, Ramona, Fritz Leutmezer, Assunta Dal-Bianco, Julia Furtner, Gregor Kasprian, Daniela Prayer, and Veronika Schöpf. "Diffusion tensor imaging of the normal-appearing deep gray matter in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." Acta Radiologica 61, no. 1 (June 6, 2019): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185119852735.

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Background Despite strongly overlapping patterns of clinical and histopathologic findings in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, differences concerning motor symptoms, central nervous system inflammation, atrophy, and demyelination that cannot be accounted for by lesion load alone remain to be elucidated. Purpose To evaluate the normal-appearing deep gray matter in patients with primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, diffusion tensor imaging was used in this study. Material and Methods In 14 multiple sclerosis patients with primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, axial echo-planar single-shot diffusion tensor imaging sequences with 32 diffusion-encoding directions and axial FLAIR sequences were acquired on a 3T system using an eight-channel SENSE head coil. FLAIR hyperintense multiple sclerosis lesions were outlined semi-automatically and normal-appearing deep gray matter was outlined manually (caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, thalamus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus). Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity values within the normal-appearing deep gray matter for the two groups were compared. Results Interhemispheric differences in mean diffusivity values (but not in fractional anisotropy), were significantly higher in primary progressive multiple sclerosis than in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis for the substantia nigra ( P = 0.04) and the putamen ( P = 0.021). Volumes, mean diffusivity, or fractional anisotropy of the remaining normal-appearing deep gray matter did not differ significantly. Conclusion This study showed a higher interhemispheric difference in the mean diffusivity in the substantia nigra and putamen in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis than in those with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. These changes may represent edema, as well as axonal and myelin loss that can affect the normal-appearing deep gray matter of the two hemispheres differently and may point to differences in the laterality of motor symptoms.

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Rahman, Alamgir, Christopher M. Wallis, and Wakar Uddin. "Silicon-Induced Systemic Defense Responses in Perennial Ryegrass Against Infection by Magnaporthe oryzae." Phytopathology® 105, no. 6 (June 2015): 748–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-14-0378-r.

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Sustainable integrated disease management for gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass may involve use of plant defense elicitors with compatible traditional fungicides to reduce disease incidence and severity. Silicon (Si) has previously been identified as a potential inducer or modulator of plant defenses against different fungal pathogens. To this end, perennial ryegrass was inoculated with the causal agent of gray leaf spot, Magnaporthe oryzae, when grown in soil that was nonamended or amended with three different levels of calcium silicate (1, 5, or 10 metric tons [t]/ha). When applied at a rate of 5 t/ha, calcium silicate was found to significantly suppress gray leaf spot in perennial ryegrass, including a significant reduction of disease incidence (39.5%) and disease severity (47.3%). Additional studies observed nonpenetrated papillae or cell-wall appositions harboring callose, phenolic autofluorogens, and lignin-associated polyphenolic compounds in grass grown in the Si-amended soil. Regarding defense-associated enzyme levels, only following infection did grass grown in Si-amended soil exhibit greater activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase than equivalent inoculated control plants. Also following infection with M. oryzae, grass levels of several phenolic acids, including chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, and relative expression levels of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PALa and PALb) and lipoxygenase (LOXa) significantly increased in Si-amended plants compared with that of nonamended control plants. These results suggest that Si-mediated increase of host defense responses to fungal pathogens in perennial ryegrass has a great potential to be part of an effective integrated disease management strategy against gray leaf spot development.

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