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Journal articles on the topic 'Gray Hole'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Dixit, Sweta, Krishna Kumar Joshi, and Neelam Joshi. "A Review: Black Hole and Gray Hole Attack in MANET." International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking 8, no. 4 (2015): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijfgcn.2015.8.4.28.

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2

Yang, X. K., Y. G. Wang, W. L. Ge, L. Chen, and H. Ge. "Cutting Performance of Reaming Alloy Gray Cast Iron HT250 Using Carbide, Cermet and CBN Reamers." Key Engineering Materials 764 (February 2018): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.764.261.

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Cutting performance of reaming alloy gray cast iron HT250 using carbide, cermet and CBN reamers was studied. Experiments were conducted under constant cutting parameters and cooling strategy. Tool life, hole diameter, spindle power, surface roughness and tool wear were analyzed. The hole diameter and spindle power would keep steady when reaming with carbide reamer after 400 holes to the tool life of 1050 holes. But holes diameter reduced and spindle power increased with the number of machined holes increasing during the whole tool life when using cermet or CBN reamer. The surface roughness Rz

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3

Trivedi, Munesh C., and Sachin Malhotra. "Identification and Prevention of Joint Gray Hole and Black Hole Attacks." International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence 10, no. 2 (2019): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaci.2019040106.

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Ad-hoc networks consist of a set of autonomous communicating devices that can communicate with each other by establishing multi-hop radio connections, and these connections are maintained in a localized manner. In these types of networks, especially where the nature of communicating nodes is mobile, e.g., MANETs, maintaining security remains a serious challenge due to their wireless, open, and shared communication medium, reliance on cooperative algorithms, dynamically adaptable topologies, an absence of centralized watching points, etc. Most of the existing protocols, utilized for routing in

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4

Bhan, Anshu. "GRAY HOLE ATTACK ON HYBRID 5G NETWORK." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science 8, no. 7 (2017): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26483/ijarcs.v8i7.4265.

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5

Ancy Breen, W., S. Durga Devi, E. Sushmitha, and V. Suveetha. "Reducing the Effectiveness of Gray-Hole Attack in Manet." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.34 (2018): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.19213.

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MANET is the mobile ad-hoc network. Security is very important especially when transmitting the data packets from one node to another. MANET is constructed by grouping mobile wireless nodes with no fixed infrastructure. In order to forward the packets, all the nodes in the network must cooperate with each other, so that the nodes beyond the radio ranges can communicate. Each node acts as a router and MANET is infrastructure-less networks. Hence, MANET is open to more security attacks such as Gray-hole attack, Black-hole attack and worm-hole attack. Due to the dynamism in network topology, MANE

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Elizabeth, Nayana. "Detection Mechanisms for Gray-hole Attacks in MANET and their Limitations to Overcome Smart Gray-hole Attack : A Review." International Journal of Wireless Communications and Network Technologies 8, no. 3 (2019): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijwcnt/2019/03832019.

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7

Raut, Deepali, and Kapil Hande. "Detection and Prevention of Gray Hole and Black Hole Attack in MANET." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 9 (2014): 5029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i9.2407.

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An Ad hoc network is the network with no fixed infrastructure. There is no central administrator so any node can come and move in and outside of the network in a dynamic manner. This makes it more dynamic and complex which makes it more prone to attacks. They can attack either active or passive. Some effects of malicious nodes are Denial of service, Routing table overflow, Impersonation, Energy consumption, Information disclosure etc. A black hole attack node attracts all packets by falsely claiming a fresh route to the destination node and absorbs them without forwarding them to destination.

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Kamil Ahmed, Ali, Mohanad Najm Abdulwahed, and Behnam Farzaneh. "A distributed trust mechanism for malicious behaviors in VANETs." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 3 (2020): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1147-1155.

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<p>Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are one of the most important types of networks which are widely used in recent years. Along with all the benefits of Quality of Service (QoS) improvements, vulnerability analysis for this type of networks is an important issue. For instance, a Gray-hole attack decreases network performance. We proposed a novel solution to help to secure these networks against this vulnerability. The proposed method can detect and prevent the Gray-hole attack. Anywhere in the network, each node (vehicle) can distinguish between the Gray-hole attack and the failed lin

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9

Ali, Kamil Ahmed, Najm Abdulwahed Mohanad, and Farzaneh Behnam. "A distributed trust mechanism for malicious behaviors in VANETs." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS) 19, no. 3 (2020): 1147–55. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1147-1155.

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Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are one of the most important types of networks which are widely used in recent years. Along with all the benefits of Quality of Service (QoS) improvements, vulnerability analysis for this type of networks is an important issue. For instance, a Gray-hole attack decreases network performance. We proposed a novel solution to help to secure these networks against this vulnerability. The proposed method can detect and prevent the Gray-hole attack. Anywhere in the network, each node (vehicle) can distinguish between the Gray-hole attack and the failed link. Some t

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10

K., T. Gowdhami, and Nithya D. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SECURE VANET FRAMEWORK PREVENTING SINK HOLE AND GRAY HOLE ATTACK." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (2017): 55–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.495747.

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Vehicular Networks are considered as novel class of wireless networks, also called as VANET (Vehicular ad-hoc Networks). It is a key component of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). VANET technology is identified for improving road safety and transport efficiency. However, due to recent arise in security issues in VANET, VANETs must have a secure way for communication which is quite challenging and vital issue. This paper scrutinized the effects of packet loss in the network due to Sink Hole attack and Grey Hole Attack and also propositions a detection technique that competently detects both a

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11

Fernando, Sharmanthie. "Bardeen–de Sitter black holes." International Journal of Modern Physics D 26, no. 07 (2017): 1750071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817500717.

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In this paper, we present a regular black hole with a positive cosmological constant. The regular black hole considered is the well known Bardeen black hole and it is a solution to the Einstein equations coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics with a magnetic monopole. The paper discusses the properties of the Bardeen–de Sitter black hole. We have computed the gray body factors and partial absorption cross-sections for massless scalar field impinges on this black hole with the third-order WKB approximation. A detailed discussion on how the behavior of the gray body factors depend on the parameter

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12

Haghighi, Ahmad, and Kiarash Mizanian. "IMPROVED MCBDS FOR DEFENDING AGAINST GRAY HOLE AND BLACK HOLE ATTACKS IN MANETS." Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 10, no. 30 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12913/22998624/62631.

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13

Panda, Niranjan, and Binod Kumar Pattanayak. "Defense Against Co-Operative Black-hole Attack and Gray-hole Attack in MANET." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.4 (2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.4.16752.

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Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) can be termed as an autonomous system created by the collaboration of a set of motile nodes communicating with one another through available wireless media and each node behaves as an end system, as well as a router for packet forwarding. Each node is allowed to move freely, change locations and configure them to form a network. Finding an optimal and efficient path between the sender and receiver node is the main aim of routing protocols. Multipath routing protocols show a better result in comparison to single path routing protocols, for data transmission from

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14

Usman, Auwal Bello, Khalid Haruna, and Ibrahim Muhammad. "A Framework for Mitigating Gray Hole Attack On Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." Kasu Journal of Computer Science 1, no. 3 (2024): 661–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47514/kjcs/2024.1.3.0019.

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posing a significant challenge to network performance and reliability. In a gray hole attack, a malicious node selectively drops packets while forwarding others, leading to increased packet loss and latency. This paper presents a novel Gray Hole Prevention algorithm designed to detect and mitigate the effects of such attacks, thereby enhancing the security and efficiency of MANETs. The proposed algorithm integrates existing techniques, specifically the Secure Detection Prevention and Elimination Gray Hole (SDPEGH) approach, with proactive measures to improve detection accuracy and minimize the

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15

Hod, Shahar. "Ten shades of black." International Journal of Modern Physics D 24, no. 12 (2015): 1544007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271815440071.

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The holographic principle has taught us that, as far as their entropy content is concerned, black holes in (3 + 1)-dimensional curved spacetimes behave as ordinary thermodynamic systems in flat (2 + 1)-dimensional spacetimes. In this paper, we point out that the opposite behavior can also be observed in black-hole physics. To show this we study the quantum Hawking evaporation of near-extremal Reissner–Nordström (RN) black holes. We first point out that the black-hole radiation spectrum departs from the familiar radiation spectrum of genuine (3 + 1)-dimensional perfect black-body emitters. In p

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16

Younas, Shamim, Faisal Rehman, Tahir Maqsood, Saad Mustafa, Adnan Akhunzada, and Abdullah Gani. "Collaborative Detection of Black Hole and Gray Hole Attacks for Secure Data Communication in VANETs." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (2022): 12448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312448.

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Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) are vital towards the success and comfort of self-driving as well as semi-automobile vehicles. Such vehicles rely heavily on data management and the exchange of Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) for external communication with the environment. VANETs are vulnerable to a variety of attacks, including Black Hole, Gray Hole, wormhole, and rush attacks. These attacks are aimed at disrupting traffic between cars and on the roadside. The discovery of Black Hole attack has become an increasingly critical problem due to widespread adoption of autonomous and connect

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17

Sandeep. "COMPARING THE IMPACT OF BLACK HOLE AND GRAY HOLE ATTACKS IN MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS." Journal of Computer Science 8, no. 11 (2012): 1788–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2012.1788.1802.

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18

Tripathi, Meenakshi, M. S. Gaur, and V. Laxmi. "Comparing the Impact of Black Hole and Gray Hole Attack on LEACH in WSN." Procedia Computer Science 19 (2013): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.06.155.

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19

Gurung, Shashi, and Siddhartha Chauhan. "Performance analysis of black-hole attack mitigation protocols under gray-hole attacks in MANET." Wireless Networks 25, no. 3 (2017): 975–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-017-1639-2.

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20

Kaur, Rajveer, Dr Shaveta Rani, and Dr Paramjeet Singh. "Review of Acknowledgment Based Techniques for Detection of Black Hole/Gray Hole Attacks in MANETs." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 3 (2013): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v5i3.3522.

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In Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) nodes communicate via wireless links, without any fixed infrastructure like base stations, central servers or mobile switching. Each node in MANET can act as a host or as a router. Due inherent characteristics like decentralization, self configuring, self -organizing networks, they can be deployed easily without need of expensive infrastructure andÂ have wide range of military to civilian and commercial applications. But wireless medium, dynamically changing topology, limited battery and lack of centralized control in MANETs, make them vulnerable to various t

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21

Sandhya Venu, Vasantha, and Damodaram Avula. "Invincible AODV to detect black hole and gray hole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks." International Journal of Communication Systems 31, no. 6 (2018): e3518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.3518.

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22

Habib, Numan, Aamer Sharif, Aqib Hussain, Muhammad Aamir, Khaled Giasin, and Danil Yurievich Pimenov. "Assessment of Hole Quality, Thermal Analysis, and Chip Formation during Dry Drilling Process of Gray Cast Iron ASTM A48." Eng 3, no. 3 (2022): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng3030022.

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The cutting parameters in drilling operations are important for high-quality holes and productivity improvement in any manufacturing industry. This study investigates the effects of spindle speed and feed rate on temperature, surface roughness, hole size, circularity, and chip formation during dry drilling of gray cast iron ASTM A48. The results showed that the temperature increased as spindle speed and feed rate increased. The surface roughness had an inverse relationship with the spindle speed and direct relation with the feed rate. Furthermore, hole size increased with increased spindle spe

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23

Singh, Lokeshwar, and Ashish Sharma. "Prevention of Gray Hole Attack Using ABC and Fuzzy Logic." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 8 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i8.8.

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There are many advantages and reasons for wireless sensor network to be popular. The key concern while establishing wireless sensor network (Mobile ad-hoc network) is the routing protocol to be applied. Routing process is the process of discovering the path that a data packet will follow to get it from the source node to the destination node. As the mobile ad-hoc network consists of mobile nodes with no controlling unit in which each and every step of communication is handled by the nodes within the network itself. The selection of routing protocol is one of the difficult tasks and the key cha

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24

Mishra, Dharmendra, Deepak Sukheja, and Sunil Patel. "A Review on Gray Hole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Computer Applications 122, no. 2 (2015): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/21675-4763.

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25

Gurung, Shashi, and Siddhartha Chauhan. "A novel approach for mitigating gray hole attack in MANET." Wireless Networks 24, no. 2 (2016): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1353-5.

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26

Schweitzer, Nadav, Ariel Stulman, Roy David Margalit, and Asaf Shabtai. "Contradiction Based Gray-Hole Attack Minimization for Ad-Hoc Networks." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 16, no. 8 (2017): 2174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2016.2622707.

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27

Yazdanypoor, Mohammad, Stefano Cirillo, and Giandomenico Solimando. "Developing a Hybrid Detection Approach to Mitigating Black Hole and Gray Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." Applied Sciences 14, no. 17 (2024): 7982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14177982.

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Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have revolutionized wireless communications by enabling dynamic, infrastructure-free connectivity across various applications, from disaster recovery to military operations. However, these networks are highly vulnerable to security threats, particularly black hole and gray hole attacks, which can severely disrupt network performance and reliability. This study addresses the critical challenge of detecting and mitigating these attacks within the framework of the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. To tackle this issue, we propose a robust hybrid detection meth

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Rani, Pooja, Kavita, Sahil Verma, and Gia Nhu Nguyen. "Mitigation of Black Hole and Gray Hole Attack Using Swarm Inspired Algorithm With Artificial Neural Network." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 121755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3004692.

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29

Winey, K. I., A. Faldi, and R. J. Composto. "Morphology of polymer-polymer dewetting in thin films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100137288.

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Two or more thin polymer layers are frequently combined for industrial applications such as protective coatings, lubricants, packaging, and adhesives. One might refer to such multi-layered polymeric structures as planar nanocomposites. The use of multiple polymer thin films requires the control of spreading and dewetting of these films. Our studies have identified a number of important characteristics of the kinetics and morphology of polymer melt / polymer melt dewetting. Particularly noteworthy is our ability to distinguish the two polymer melts in a cross-sectional view. At 190°C a 200 nm f

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30

Panda, Niranjan, and Binod Kumar Pattanayak. "Energy aware detection and prevention of black hole attack in MANET." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.6 (2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.6.10139.

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Energy and security are the two vital components of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). During routing finding an optimal path from sender to receiver sense of path length (number of hops), longevity (battery life) and security becomes an essential requirement. Variety of schemes are proposed by the researchers for finding the shortest path along with energy saving and protecting from attacks Black-hole and gray-hole attacks are some of the most harmful attacks against MANET communication and needs attention. These attacks may cause by insider or outsider malicious node(s) who may drop packets or

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31

G., Vennila, and Arivazhagan D. "IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF AODV UNDER BLACKHOLE ATTACK IN MANET." International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education 2, no. 1 (2017): 150–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.814260.

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The Mobile Ad-hoc Network is an infrastructure-less network in which each mobile node can communicate with other node without any fixed network. In view of this, the networks are vulnerable to various kind of attacks such as black hole attack, gray hole attack etc. The black hole attack is one of the cruel attacks in Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET). The simulation is carried out using MATLAB and analyzes the black hole attack in Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and compared the performance of packet delivery ratio and delay with existing algorithm Hash_DSR. The result sho

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32

N. V., Prof More, Chetana Thombare, Prajakta Sutar, Rutika Tasgaonkar, and Komal Joshi. "A Cumulative Study on Gray and Black Hole Detection in MANET." IJARCCE 6, no. 3 (2017): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/ijarcce.2017.6358.

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33

Indarti, Indarti, and Aprilia Anggi Wati Putri. "Penerapan Seamless Tucks pada Busana Pesta dengan Tema The Gray Hole." TEKNOBUGA: Jurnal Teknologi Busana dan Boga 9, no. 1 (2021): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/teknobuga.v9i1.26010.

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Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui proses pembuatan dan hasil jadi semless tucks pada busana pesta wanita dan pria dengan tema the gray hole. Metode yang digunakan adalah three stage design process (LaBat & Sokolowski, 1999), yang terdiri dari 3 tahapan yaitu problem definition & research, creative exploration, dan implementation. Dari hasil yang diperoleh, seamless tucks bisa digunakan sebagai detail busana pesta baik untuk wanita maupun pria. Hasil jadi pada busana wanita sesuai dengan konsep perancangan antara lain menggunakan siluet H, penerapan seamless tucks berbentuk ling

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34

Balaji, V., and P. Selvaraj. "Gray-Hole Attack Minimization in IoMT with 5G Based D2D Networks." Computer Systems Science and Engineering 42, no. 3 (2022): 1289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/csse.2022.023609.

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35

M.Kanthe, Ashok, Dina Simunic, and Ramjee Prasad. "A Mechanism for Gray Hole Attack Detection in Mobile Adhoc Networks." International Journal of Computer Applications 53, no. 16 (2012): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8507-2511.

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36

Dhaka, Arvind, Amita Nandal, and Raghuveer S. Dhaka. "Gray and Black Hole Attack Identification Using Control Packets in MANETs." Procedia Computer Science 54 (2015): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.06.010.

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37

Sachan, Kusumlata, and Manisha Lokhande. "An Analysis of Gray-hole Attacks on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks." International Journal of Computer Applications 146, no. 14 (2016): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016910954.

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38

Moradipour, Omid, and Mohammad Fathi. "An Anti-Gray Hole Attack Scheme in Mobile Ad Hoc Network." International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 27, no. 4 (2020): 558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10776-020-00492-6.

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39

Whitelaw, J. L., K. Mickus, M. J. Whitelaw, and J. Nave. "High-resolution gravity study of the Gray Fossil Site." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 2 (2008): B25—B32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2829987.

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The Gray Fossil Site, Washington County, Tennessee, has produced a remarkable Mio-Pliocene fauna and flora with no known correlative in the Appalachian region. After its discovery in 2000, a series of auger holes were drilled by the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) to determine the areal extent of the site. Drilling indicated that the fossils occurred in fill material within a paleokarst basin, but the distribution of boreholes does not permit details of sinkhole topography, and therefore its formation and fill history, to be adequately resolved. To better image the sinkhole basin

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Zhou, Xiaodong, Wanxiang Feng, Fei Li, and Yugui Yao. "Large magneto-optical effects in hole-doped blue phosphorene and gray arsenene." Nanoscale 9, no. 44 (2017): 17405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr05088g.

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Blue phosphorene (BP) and gray arsenene (GA), consisting of phosphorus and arsenic atoms in two-dimensional (2D) low-buckled honeycomb lattices, respectively, have received great interest because of their excellent electronic and optoelectronic performances.

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Selvarajan, L., C. Sathiya Narayanan, and R. Jeyapaul. "Optimization of EDM Hole Drilling Parameters in Machining of MoSi2-SiC Intermetallic/Composites for Improving Geometrical Tolerances." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 14, no. 04 (2015): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686715500171.

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Intermetallic/ceramic composites with multiple responses are based on L18 orthogonal array with gray relational analysis (GRA). This paper presents a new approach for the optimization of drilling parameters on drilling MoSi 2– SiC composites. Optimal machining parameters can then be determined by the gray relational grade as the performance index. In this study, the sparking parameters namely current (I), pulse on time (t on ), pulse off time (t off ), spark gap and dielectric flushing pressure (P) are optimized with considerations of multiple performance characteristics including multi respon

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T, Sophiya. "Link Stability Based Secure Path Selection Scheme for Manet." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 6, S1 (2018): 6–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1410945.

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A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically be set up anywhere and anytime without using any pre-existing network infrastructure.The Lot of work is proposed based upon Secure Path Selection Scheme algorithm. While  working on Secure Path Selection Scheme algorithm, Direct Trust Calculation was used in which zero while be discarded and one will be selected and which become a best path to send packet from source to destination. Direct trust calculation also identify the two attackers namely- Black hole attackers and gray hole attac

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Naidenova, S. I. "Мicroinvasive 27 GA surgery of macular rupture in the eye with repeatedly operated recurrent total regmatogenic retinal detachment (clinical case)". Modern technologies in ophtalmology 59, № 1 (2025): 63–69. https://doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2025-1-63-69.

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One of the causes of low central vision in modern ophthalmology are various types of macular holes. For a long time, macular hole surgery was considered futile, with an extremely low prognosis for the effectiveness of treatment, improvement and stabilization of visual functions. The problem of surgical treatment of through macular holes is the most pressing. The causes of deterioration of central vision in patients who have undergone surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment are known. Thus, against the background of the latest advances in surgery for retinal detachment and macular holes,

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44

CASPAR, GUNTHER, THOMAS SCHÖNENBACH, PETER OTTO HESS, MIRKO SCHÄFER, and WALTER GREINER. "PSEUDO-COMPLEX GENERAL RELATIVITY: SCHWARZSCHILD, REISSNER–NORDSTRÖM AND KERR SOLUTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, no. 02 (2012): 1250015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301312500152.

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The pseudo-complex General Relativity (pc-GR) is further considered. A new projection method is proposed. It is shown that the pc-GR introduces automatically terms into the system which can be interpreted as dark energy. The modified pseudo-complex Schwarzschild solution is investigated. The dark energy part is treated as a liquid and possible solutions are discussed. As a consequence, the collapse of a large stellar mass into a singularity at r = 0 is avoided and no event-horizon is formed. Thus, black holes do not exist. The resulting object can be viewed as a gray star. It contains no singu

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Angu, Monika. "Detection and Avoidance of Gray Hole Attack in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i47/106451.

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M. CHAITANYA, KISHORE REDDI, VARALAKSHMI M. SHARADA, and R. JAHNAVI. "PROTECTING PACKET DROPPING GRAY HOLE ASSAULT IN MANET BY USING AODV PROTOCOL." i-manager's Journal on Mobile Applications and Technologies 8, no. 2 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jmt.8.2.15370.

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Chen, Wei. "A Novel Gray Hole Attack Detection Scheme for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." Journal of Computer Research and Development 44, no. 8 (2007): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/crad20070813.

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Pal, Seemita, Biplab Sikdar, and Joe H. Chow. "An Online Mechanism for Detection of Gray-Hole Attacks on PMU Data." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9, no. 4 (2018): 2498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2614327.

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Jain, Anamika, Paramjeet Singh, and Shaveta Rani. "Performance Improvement by Identification and Elimination of Gray Hole Nodes in MANETs." International Journal of Computer Applications 124, no. 13 (2015): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2015905733.

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Khosa, Thabiso N., Topside E. Mathonsi, and Deon P. Du Plessis. "A Model to Prevent Gray Hole Attack in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." Journal of Advances in Information Technology 14, no. 3 (2023): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/jait.14.3.532-542.

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