Academic literature on the topic 'Great Britian – History – 20th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Great Britian – History – 20th century"
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Ulunyan, Arutyun. "“Cotton Shadow” of the Great Game (1880s — Early 20th Century)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023789-6.
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The article analyzes the interconnection between the political and economic interests of Britain in the context of the Great Game in the 1880s — early 20th century and the strengthening of the British participation in making and development of the Russian cotton industry. Archival sources, materials of parliamentary reports, the British press, publications of British and Russian participants in the events, all of them, provide legitimate basis to detect the peculiarities of the links between Britain’s economic and political interests during this period. The “cotton shadow” of the Great Game turned out to be a phenomenon that allows even at the statistical level to reveal the prevailing importance of economic interests over purely political assessments of the likely Russian threat to Britain in Central and East Asia and partially overshadow them.
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Ageeva, Elena, Natalia Alekseeva, Georgii Bernatskii, Sergei Borodin, and Victoria Kalinovskaya. "British citizenship: a history of reform in the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-1 (May 1, 2022): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi12.
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The article examines the development of citizenship legislation in Great Britain from the 20th century to the present day. The authors analyze the influence of the historical context and political events on the formation of the current system of categories of British citizenship and on changes in the legislation on citizenship. Special attention is paid to understanding the institution of citizenship in the context of contemporary social cultural problems of British society, migration policy and the formation of national identity.
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Atapin, Evgenii. "Evolution of British Euroscepticism in the Second Half of the 20th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2022): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.13.
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Introduction. The United Kingdom is the most prominent example of a Eurosceptic country in the EU. For many years the United Kingdom did not feel a part of Europe. Great Britain was geographically separated from continental Europe and psychologically distant from the European integration movement established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The British Eurosceptic tradition rested on these geographic and psychological characteristics. Eurosceptic traditions included political, economic, linguistic, cultural and historical aspects that made it difficult for the United Kingdom to accept European integration. Methods and materials. The research methodology is based on narrative and comparative methods. The materials of the study incorporate statements of certain British politicians about attitudes towards European integration, works devoted to the analysis of Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom and manifestos of some far-right political parties. Analysis. A study of the attitude to European integration of the two main political forces of Great Britain, namely the Conservative and the Labour Parties, in the second half of the 20th century is carried out. Results. The study results in the creation of a periodization of British Euroscepticism in the second half of the 20th century. Three stages of evolution of British Euroscepticism in the period under study are distinguished: 1) the stage preceding the entry of Great Britain into the European Communities, conventionally called “Labour”; 2) the stage of the United Kingdom’s participation in the “common market”, conventionally called “Conservative”; 3) the stage of Britain’s participation in the European Union, conventionally called “Right-wing populist”. Their chronological framework is established and their main characteristics are given.
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Sagimbaev, A. V. "Concept of British Commonwealth in Activities of Round Table Group at Beginning of ХХ Century." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-7-449-462.
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Some aspects of the complex intellectual discussion that accompanied the transformation of the British colonial system at the beginning of the 20th century are considered. Based on the analysis of published works, a generalized description of the conceptual views of the members of the “Round Table” group regarding the formation of the political and legal foundations of the British Commonwealth, as well as the development of close cooperation between Great Britain and self-governing dominions is given. At the same time, special attention is paid to the study of the practical significance of the ideas of A. Milner, L. Curtis and other intellectuals who were part of the group of intellectuals for transforming the forms and methods of managing the vast domains of the British crown. This transformation was due to a complex of factors of a socio-economic, political, moral and psychological nature, which Great Britain was forced to face in the first decades of the 20th century. It is noted that the changes that took place in the governing system of the largest colonial empire in history, among other things, contributed to the subsequent formation of mechanisms of international influence, which at the beginning of the 21st century were called “soft power”. It is shown that, on the other hand, in their theoretical constructions A. Milner and his followers strove to preserve the continuity of the ideology of imperialism, which gained popularity in the British establishment in the late Victorian period.
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Moldovan, Raluca. "Bitter Harvest: A Comparative Look at the British and American Presence in Afghanistan from the Great Game to the 2021 US Withdrawal." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 66, no. 2 (December 2021): 279–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2021.2.11.
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"The present article is built on the premise that both the British Empire in the 19th century (during its rivalry with Russia, known as the Great Game) and the United States in the 20th century treated Afghanistan as a means to an end in their quest to fulfil their strategic interests, without much concern for the country’s people, history and traditions, which ultimately contributed to their failure: Britain was forced to accept Afghanistan’s independence in 1919 at the end of the third Anglo-Afghan war, while the US withdrew its troops in August 2021, putting an end to what proved to be an unwinnable war. The article’s main body examines the British and American presence in Afghanistan through the lens of a historical comparison meant to highlight the similarities and differences in their approaches, while the conclusion contains a few lessons the US should learn from Afghanistan that might, ideally, inform its future interventionist strategies. Keywords: Afghanistan, Taliban, United States, Britain, Great Game. "
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Kiehnle, Arndt. "The long journey of ‘Privatautonomie’." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 87, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 473–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00870a09.
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SummaryIndividual autonomy was rediscovered in modernity when it came to the persecution of dissenters in Germany after the Reformatio n. Since the 18th century the ‘Privatautonomie’ of the individual has been established in German private law. Later, in the 19th century, the term autonomy gained ground in the legal terminology of French private law, also thanks to the German emigrant Foelix. In the 20th century autonomy, not least thanks to German-speaking jurists who fled from the Nazis, became a legal term also used in the private law of the USA and Great Britain.
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Miziniak, Helena. "Polish Community in Great Britain." Studia Polonijne 43, Specjalny (December 20, 2022): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sp2243.5s.
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The article presents the activity of Poles in Great Britain in the 20th century, beginning with the end of World War II, when a large group of Polish refugees and veterans settled in the UK. In 1947, the Federation of Poles was established to represent Polish community in Great Britain. The Association of Polish Women (1946) and the Relief Society for Poles (1946) were also formed at the same time.
The article shows the involvement of the Polish community in Great Britain in the context of Polish history. This involvement included the organisation of anti-communist protests, carrying out various actions to inform people about the situation in Poland, organising material aid, supporting Poland at the time of the system transformation, and supporting Poland’s accession to the European Union. Over the decades, the Polish community in Great Britain has managed to set up numerous veterans’ and social organisations, Polish schools, it also built churches in order to preserve Polish culture abroad.
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Kryuchkov, Igor V., Natalia D. Kriuchkova, and Ashot A. Melkonyan. "Керман и Систан в экономической конкуренции России и Великобритании в Восточной Персии на рубеже XIX–XX вв." Oriental Studies 15, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-919-929.
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Introduction. The economic development of Eastern Persian provinces Kerman and Sistan — and the latter’s role in Russian-British economic rivalry — throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries remains somewhat understudied in both Russian and foreign historiographies. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of key trends in the development of Sistan and Kerman at the turn of the 20th century and their significance in foreign economic activities of both Great Britain and Russia. Materials and methods. The paper investigates reports by Russian diplomats to have headed Consulates to Kerman and Sistan. The employed research methods are the historical/genetic, historical/comparative, and historical/typological ones. Results. Russian diplomats paid great attention to peculiarities of Kerman and Sistan’s development, with due regard of their ethnic compositions, climatic conditions, and economic potentials. The article emphasizes that for a long time foreign trade of Kerman and Sistan was dominated by the British Empire which used, first of all, the potential and experience gained by India in organizing trade with Persia. The analysis of the Russian diplomatic reports shows since the late 19th century Russia — driven by its own foreign economic ambitions in Eastern Persia — was showing great interest in these provinces. St. Petersburg was aware of the impossibility of maintaining political dominance in Persia without strengthening its economic presence in the country, including in regions traditionally dominated by the British Empire. This initiative of St. Petersburg caused great concern in London. Conclusions. In the late 19th – early 20th centuries, Russia succeeded in challenging the positions of the British Empire in Sistan and Kerman markets, even in the segment of textile exports traditionally dominated by Great Britain. At the same time, when it comes to describe the obvious achievements of Russia in Persia’s eastern provinces it should be noted that Russian entrepreneurs showed little interest in developing trade with Kerman and Sistan. Therefore, most foreign economic operations were to be implemented with the active participation of Russian diplomatic missions. However, on the eve of WWI Russia’s entrepreneurs did take an initiative of their own, and thus paved further trade success in Sistan and Kerman.
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Siekiera, Joanna. "Kondominium brytyjsko-francuskie — fenomen kolonialny na Vanuatu." Prawo 322 (July 6, 2017): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.322.6.
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The British-French condominium — the colonial phenomenon on VanuatuOver the entire 20th century, there was a joint government of France and the Great Britain in what is now the Republic of Vanuatu. This specific form of governance, called condominium, is legitimatised by the virtue of international law, but it occurs indeed rarely. This political system provides the equal distribution of rights and responsibilities in the colony, and also between the partner states. Nonetheless, the dual governments in Vanuatu deny this principle. The article presents the history of the Republic’s statehood as well as the implications of the joint British-French governments on the current legal order.
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Koh, Won. "The Rise and Fall of Women’s Football in Britain, 1881-1921." Korea Association of World History and Culture 64 (September 30, 2022): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.09.64.231.
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This paper examines the early history of British women’s football from 1881 to 1921. The history of women’s football during this period has not yet been seriously studied by Korean historians. There are many people who do not even know the existence of women's football at the end of the 19th century. Many people believe that the football is traditionally a ‘men’s sport’ and that women have entered the male realm as women’s social activities have recently expanded. However, women’s football has a history as long as men’s football. Women’s football first appeared in Britain at the end of the 19th century, the dawn of modern football as we know it now, and developed with great popularity until the early 20th century. The early history of women’s football has significance not only for the history of sports but also for women. It is the women’s own efforts to change traditional perceptions of women and to improve the unfair situation that were the main driving force behind the development of women’s football in the 19th century. These efforts appeared even before the emergence of women’s own political struggles which claim to improve women’s social status and rights. A Study on the early history of women’s football will be of help in understanding the process of women forming themselves as modern subjects.(Kyung Hee University)
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Great Britian – History – 20th century"
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Alsabah, Mohammad. "Welfare Economics and Public Policy in Early 20th Century Great Britain." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1723.
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The Liberal welfare reforms were a series of bills passed in the British Parliament in the early twentieth-century. Initiated in response to a number of pressing economic and social issues, the Liberal welfare reforms were legislated with the purpose of combating poverty and improving the livelihood of the British working-class citizen. This thesis in economics outlines and examines critically the economic design behind the Liberal welfare reforms between 1906 and 1914.
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Tisdall, Laura Alison. "Teachers, teaching practice and conceptions of childhood in England and Wales, 1931-1967." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708670.
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Morehart, Miriam Corinne. ""Children Need Protection Not Perversion": The Rise of the New Right and the Politicization of Morality in Sex Education in Great Britain, 1968-1989." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2207.
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Two competing forms of sex education and the groups supporting them came to head in the 1970s and 1980s. Traditional sex education retained an emphasis on maintaining Christian-based morality through marriage and parenthood preparation that sex education originally held since the beginning of the twentieth century. Liberal sex education developed to openly discuss issues that reflected recent legal and social changes. This form reviewed controversial subjects including abortion, contraception and homosexuality. Though liberal sex education found support from national family planning organizations and Labour politicians, traditional sex education found a more vocal and powerful ally in the New Right.
This thesis explores the political emergence of the New Right in Great Britain during the 1970s and 1980s and how the group utilized sex education. The New Right, composed of moral pressure groups and Conservative politicians, focused on the supposed absence of traditional morality from the emergent liberal sex education. Labour (and liberal organizations) held little power in the 1980s due to internal party struggles and an insignificant parliamentary presence. This allowed the New Right to successfully pass multiple national reforms. The New Right latched onto liberal sex education as demonstrative of the moral decline of Britain and utilized its emergence of a prime example of the need to reform education and local government.
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Jones, Alexander David. "Pinchbeck regulars? : the role and organisation of the Territorial Army, 1919-1940." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:38dc5164-f858-4bba-9bfb-a1c4b4a59550.
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This thesis examines how Britain's government and military establishment conceptualised the role of the voluntary Territorial Army (TA) between the World Wars, and explores the relationship with British defence policy during the period. It also evaluates whether or not the TA was capable of carrying out its ascribed role, through a balanced assessment of its organisation, training and military efficiency. It posits that the TA was integral to British defence planning and played a key part in the Army's mobilisation plans, although the priority given to its role shifted throughout the period in accordance with the direction of Britain's strategic focus. Additionally, this thesis will emphasise that the Territorial Army had not one purpose but several. Alongside its central function as the framework for a conscript National Army it held key responsibilities for both home and imperial defence. This thesis examines the TA's role and organisation in a thematic and broadly chronological manner. Part I deals with the TA's expeditionary role and its function as the framework for all future military expansion, as well as its role as a voluntary imperial reserve for any medium scale wars conducted without resorting to conscription. Part II focuses on the Territorial Army's home defence responsibilities, in particular its domestic role in aiding the civil power and its contribution to Britain's increasingly important air defence capabilities.
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L'Etang, Jacqueline Yvonne. "The professionalisation of British public relations in the twentieth century : a history." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2403.
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The thesis presents a first account of the development of British public relations in the twentieth century. The focus is on the whether British public relations has managed to 'professionalise'. To a large degree, the story is one of failure, despite the exponential growth of the field. The history of this puzzling contradiction is explored in detail, drawing on previously untapped archives and extensive oral history interviews. The thesis argues that this apparent paradox is explained by the inability of the would-be professional body to establish control over public relations practice. Thus, one of the key features of the thesis is its presentation of a counter-history of the Institute of Public Relations to that body's own selfunderstanding. Turning to the overall development and growth of the occupation, the thesis argues that one of the most significant features of British developments, especially in the first half of the twentieth century, was the large role played by local and central governments and the relatively small contribution of the private sector. Key aspects of British government propaganda in both wartime and peacetime are highlighted and also include activities focused on policies of de-colonisation and economic intervention. The contribution of the British Film Documentary Movement and the collaboration between its leader, John Grierson, and the Secretary of the Empire Marketing Board (EMB), Sir Stephen Tallents, is presented as being of considerable significance, particularly in terms of the development of public relations ideology. The discourse and actions of key figures within the public relations industry are also foregrounded in the overall analysis. Themes include relationships between the public relations industry, the media and politics, ethics, and the ultimately vain attempts of the industry to establish the widespread legitimacy necessary for professional status.
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Walters, Jennifer. "Magical revival : occultism and the culture of regeneration in Britain, c. 1880-1929." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/323.
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This thesis is a cultural study of the Magical Revival that occurred in Britain, 1880-1929. Magical Revival denotes a period in the history of occultism, and the cultural history of Britain, during which an upsurge in interest in occult and magical ideas is marked by the emergence of newly-formed societies dedicated to the exploration of the occult, and into its bearing on life. Organisations discussed are the Theosophical Society, the Golden Dawn, and the less well known Astrum Argentum. ‘Magical Revival’ has further significance as the principal, but overlooked, aim of those societies and individuals was regeneration. Scholarship on late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century occultism is influenced by a longstanding preference for the esoteric over the exoteric aspects of occultism. It has tended to emphasise themes of abstraction, the psychological, and the esoteric, and has promulgated a view of occultism as static and impervious. From the outset, however, this thesis argues that approaching the Magical Revival from the purview of the esoteric is limiting, and that it screens its own significant themes and affinities with mainstream culture. It suggests that what needs to be prepared is a study which reads occultism with a close attention to its own terms of engagement and description. This is the aim of this thesis. The thesis offers a way of reading the occult activity of the period that privileges its exotericism. It seeks to pursue the links between an identifiable culture of occultism and conventional cultural discourses and activities towards an understanding of the movement as one actively constituting itself and producing, rather than obscuring, knowledge in relation to the social and cultural moment from which it arose. The occult topics and tendencies identified include evolution; ceremonial magic and astral travel; the body in occultism; and the nature of the occult experience. Others include the life and medical sciences; the philosophy of religion; and physical culture. The following questions underpin the thesis: In what ways did the Magical Revival connect with contemporary concerns? What does its activities, written records, literary and other material productions reveal about the nature of those connections? What does a closer attention to the textual and lived culture of the Magical Revival contribute to existing understanding of its place in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century culture? In answering those questions the thesis proposes that, in its systematic identification and addressing of cultural and social needs, general and specific, the Magical Revival should be viewed as closer to the social mainstream than is presently appreciated. Moreover, that the occultists’ efforts towards individual and cultural regeneration, take place within a broader cultural movement away from social thought dominated by degeneration, towards thinking directed towards regeneration.
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Vo, Quyen. "The scope of British refugee asylum, 1933-93." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609586.
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Makin, Dorothy. "Policy making in secondary education : evidence from two local authorities 1944-1972." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f976f873-c5c2-493a-87ab-1fa7ef8e4e19.
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The 1944 Butler Act laid the legal foundations for a new secondary education system in England, one which would see all children entitled to free and compulsory schooling up to the age of 15. The Act therefore represented a bold step forward in the pursuit of a fairer society: expanding access to training and qualifications, while promoting a more equal distribution of educational opportunities. This thesis explores the process of constructing and delivering secondary education policy in England following the 1944 Butler Education Act. It offers a close examination of two Local Education Authorities- Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire- exploring how they interpreted and implemented 'secondary education for all' after the Second World War. The dissertation is composed of two parts: Part One looks at how selective secondary schooling was developed and operated in the respective areas between 1945 and 1962; Part Two explores the response of both authorities to the prospect of reforming secondary education after 1962. By exploring the process of policy implementation after 1944, Part One of this thesis highlights the problems of delivering secondary education for all in an era of resource constraint. It is demonstrated in this thesis that Local Authority capacity to build new schools was firmly tethered to Ministerial control. The relatively low priority accorded to education created a decade-long delay between the announcement of policy change and its eventual delivery. The implications of this delay at the Local Authority and school level are explored in chapters three and six. Chapters four and seven question how resources were distributed between selective and non-selective school sectors, while chapters five and eight evaluate the treatment of selective education within each authority, asking how policy makers conceived of, and operated, the grammar school and secondary modern sectors. Part Two of this thesis turns to the question of secondary organisation. Debates surrounding the question of comprehensive rather than selective systems of secondary schooling dominated discussions about secondary education policy in the later twentieth century. When it came to comprehensive re-organisation, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire opted for different paths: Oxfordshire adopted comprehensive schooling relatively early with a remarkable degree of county-wide consensus, while Buckinghamshire fiercely resisted external and internal pressure to reform. Chapter ten of this thesis is devoted to identifying the drivers of comprehensive reform in Oxfordshire. Chapters eleven and twelve explore the Buckinghamshire story establishing how and then why this county successfully held-out against wholesale policy change.
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Brydon, Thomas Robert Craig. "Poor, unskilled and unemployed : perceptions of the English underclass, 1889-1914." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32900.
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From the families of dockside London to the cautious cabinets of the Edwardian 'new liberals,' the search was on, after 1889, for a class of men Charles Booth characterized as so low in moral character as to require elimination from society-at-large. Responding as best they could, the poorest third of England's workers attempted desperately, yet usually failed, to avoid the stigma of the 'loafer' as they weathered economic downturn, increased policing, the fallout of deskilling, and the hatred and hysteria of a society, particularly in the wake of the Boer War, that refused them the status even of 'men'. In laws and literature, England's reforming and governing classes found their answers in Idealism, a philosophical movement taking progressive, moderate and labour leaders under its fold, and encouraging an understanding of poverty, and responses to it, on the basis of character alone. Piecemeal programmes and partial remedies for a host of principally urban, predominantly working-class social problems were the result, and they point---in a period of ostensibly 'progressive' housing and unemployment reform---to a disturbing, quasi-authoritarian policy demanding nothing less than social apartheid.
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Mitchell, John A. 1966. "Bolshevik Britain: An Examination of British Labor Unrest in the Wake of the Russian Revolution, 1919." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501153/.
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The conclusion of the First World War brought the resumption of a struggle of a different sort: a battle between government and labor. Throughout 1919, government and labor squared off in a struggle over hours, wages, and nationalization. The Russian Revolution introduced the danger of the bolshevik contagion into the struggle. The first to enter into this conflict with the government were the shop stewards of Belfast and Glasgow. The struggle continued with the continued threats of the Triple Alliance and the police to destroy the power of the government through industrial action. This thesis examines the British labor movement during this revolutionary year in Europe, as well as the government's response to this new danger.
Books on the topic "Great Britian – History – 20th century"
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1938-, Preston Antony, ed. History of the Royal Navy in the 20th century. Twickenham: Hamlyn, 1987.
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Morgan, Kenneth O. Twentieth-century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
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Alderman, Goeffrey. Modern Britain, 1700-1983: A domestic history. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
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McGraw, Kathi Frances. T.E. Lawrence: A 20th century retrospective. [Summerduck, Va.]: Andrew Carvely Corp., 1998.
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Family affairs: A history of the family in 20th century Britain. London: Routledge, 2002.
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The crafts in Britain in the 20th century. [New Haven]: Published for the Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts by Yale University Press, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Great Britian – History – 20th century"
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"Institutionalisation and the History of Psychical Research in Great Britain in the 20th Century." In Okkultismus im Gehäuse, 133–48. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110466638-005.
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Loewenau, Aleksandra. "Between resentment and aid: German and Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist refugees in Great Britain since 1933." In Forced Migration in the History of 20th Century Neuroscience and Psychiatry, 33–47. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315187877-3.
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Duke-Evans, Jonathan. "Conclusion." In An English Tradition?, 292–302. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859990.003.0014.
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Abstract In this book the history of fair play, both as a phrase and as a set of assumptions about the way people are entitled to be treated, has been traced over many centuries. Here the book’s main themes and conclusions are set out: the precursors in ancient Greece and Rome, the traditions of epic heroism and medieval chivalry, the flourishing of a popular strand of fair play, the unexpectedly central role of Scotland, the development of the great team games, the widening scope of the obligations of fair play, and the 20th-century decline. The idea that fair play is indeed a British quality does rest on a strong basis, and, while its origins go back deep into the Middle Ages, the reasons why it developed as it did are strongly linked with the—in relative terms—low barriers of status in early modern Britain. The phrase may have come to seem a little passé in recent decades, largely because of the way in which it was appropriated in the 19th and early 20th centuries by elites whose ways of thinking have had their day; but the underlying idea still matters enormously and retains its hold as the world faces new threats in the 21st century.
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Haltrin-Khalturina, Elena V. "From the English Renaissance Literary History: Sherry, Puttenham, Spenser, and Shakespeare on Fictions." In “The History of Literature”: Non-scientific sources of a scientific genre, 132–58. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0684-0-132-158.
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A survey of academic histories of literature published in the 19th and 20th centuries in different countries reveals that, while thoroughly covering the English Renaissance poetics, the scholarship allows for a variety of views on Tudor literary theory and on what constitutes literary canon. Considering this variety of views, we also have to be aware of two different perspectives on the large body of literary art of the 16th-century: the present-day and the Elizabethan. Drawing on a substantial number of sources, we offer a general account of influential theoretical (poetological and rhetorical) works known in the 16th-century Great Britain, including those written in English. Also of note are educational treatises, “mirror” literature, and metaliterary comments withing literary works. Authors of those treatises used to interpret fiction as something feigned, counterfeit — an attitude informing ludic passages in Spenser and Shakespeare. Whereas the techniques of fashioning fictions by way of employing figures of feigned/counterfeit representation were addressed in detail by such critics as R. Sherry and G. Puttenham, the poets — Spenser and Shakespeare — seemed to be testing these techniques in practice. Our study pays particular attention to methods used by Spenser and Shakespeare when creating simulated, fictional reality.
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Mcmullen, David. "Denis Crispin Twitchett 1925–2006." In Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 166, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows, IX. British Academy, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264751.003.0016.
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Denis Crispin Twitchett was always at the forefront in exploiting the great changes that took place. He had every reason for confidence. Twitchett knew the European languages from his schooldays and, by virtue of his command of East Asian written languages, was well qualified to provide intellectual and scholarly leadership. His reading of academic Japanese was effortless and this gave him ready access to the best body of secondary scholarship on medieval Chinese economic history of the middle decades of the 20th century. Twitchett once said of himself that he ‘began life as a physical geographer, graduated in the high tradition of European Sinology, worked in the field of economic history, and administer[ed] a department of languages and literature’. All these very different fields exerted profound influence on his scholarship, interacting to make him the rounded humanist scholar that he became.
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Valverde, Mariana. "“Miserology”." In The New Criminal Justice Thinking. NYU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479831548.003.0015.
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In this chapter, Mariana Valverde offers a historical overview of the discourses underlying modern criminal theory. Modern criminology is rooted in a long tradition of “miserology,” the study of that “hybrid of moral degradation, physical ill health, spatial marginality, and collective despair . . . found among the new urban proletariat.” That history spans Engels’s focus on the “nameless misery” of British factory workers, great 19th-century novelists like Charles Dickens and Victor Hugo, Christian anti-poverty activism, modern welfare dependency discourse, and The Wire. Criminology, however, has lost touch with those deeply situated inquiries. Valverde points to the mid-20th century as a moment of schism between the professional study of crime and crime rates—what we now call criminology—and the study of housing, alcoholism, public health, mental health, and other poverty-related phenomena. But those early miserologists in many ways anticipated today’s resurgent interest in risk, race, social control, and the framing of crime, not as a stand-alone phenomenon, but as one aspect of social marginalization and disadvantage.
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Fairbairn, Daphne J., and Jeff P. Reeve. "Natural Selection." In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0007.
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The theory that organisms become adapted to their environment through the process of natural selection has become so ingrained in modern biological thought, and more generally in Western culture of the late 20th century, that it is surely one of the great scientific paradigms of the present era. Evolution and adaptation were both well-accepted concepts by the mid-19th century, at least among French and British natural philosophers. The theory of natural selection, developed by Wallace (1858) and Darwin (1859), provided a functional connection between the two processes. However, despite its logical consistency, natural selection was not accepted as a necessary or sufficient explanation for adaptation until the “evolutionary synthesis” of the mid-20th century, when knowledge from population and quantitative genetics, natural history (e.g., biogeography, ecology, behavior), systematics, and paleontology merged to form the unified theory of adaptive evolution known as neo-Darwinism (see Futuyma 1998 for a concise review of this history). Since that time, natural selection has been accepted as the universal mechanism leading to adaptation, and the two terms have become so closely associated as to be almost tautological. Adaptationist hypotheses are now fundamental to much of modern biology and are becoming increasingly apparent in more disparate fields, such as anthropology, medicine, biochemistry, and psychology (Futuyma 1999). Nevertheless, there is much that natural selection cannot explain. For example, chance events may strongly influence macroevolutionary trends (i.e., the origin and extinction of species and higher taxa), some aspects of molecular evolution, and evolution within small or subdivided populations (Mazer and Damuth, this volume, chapter 2; Nunny, this volume). For this reason, adaptationist hypotheses should be viewed with skepticism until adequately tested (Reznick and Travis, this volume). In this chapter, we carefully define natural selection and discuss methods of measuring selection in natural populations as a means of testing adaptationist hypotheses. These methods are most appropriate for testing hypotheses concerning the adaptive significance of contemporary trait distributions within and among populations (“microevolutionary” hypotheses) and thus have particular relevance for evolutionary ecologists. Readers will find many additional examples of these and other methods of testing microevolutionary adaptationist hypotheses throughout this volume, such tests being an essential component of most research programs in evolutionary ecology.
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Smirnova, Irina. "The Athos Question in the Context of European Diplomacy in the Second Quarter of the 19th Century." In 1821 in the History of Balkan Peoples (On the 200th anniversary of the Greek Revolution), 123–42. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Hellenic Cultural Center, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0469-5.08.
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The chapter touches upon issues related to the history of Athos and the position of Orthodox monasticism in the second quarter of the 19th century, when, after the Greek war for independence from the Ottoman Empire, Athos begins to be perceived by the great powers as an important Orthodox outpost in the Christian East. Particular attention is paid to such little-studied issues as the role of European diplomacy in the normalization of the situation on the Holy Mountain after the Greek Revolution of 1821, the Russian-Turkish war of 1828/1829, the recognition of the independence of Greece (1830); the reaction of European diplomats to the growth of Russian monasticism on Athos; “British” factor in the development of Russian-Greek relations. The author traces the measures of the British government and the public organizations for the study of Athos, indicating that starting from the 1830s the Holy Mountain was perceived in British political circles as an important strategic foothold, which was associated with the inclusion of Mount Athos in the general naval strategy of Great Britain in the Eastern Mediterranean. Russian-British foreign policy rivalry, which led to confrontation in the ecclesiastical sphere, characterizes the policy of Britain in relation to the Ecumenical Patriarchs, which is shown by the example of the activities of Constantinople Patriarchs Constanty I (1830–1834) and Gregory VI (1835–1840) and the participation of the latter in the “case Ionian Islands”, when British patronage over the Ionian Islands was used as a pretext for the intervention of British diplomats in the affairs of Orthodox Athos. These facts indicate that the “ecclesiastical” vector of the foreign policy of the great powers in the Eastern Mediterranean leads to the need to consider the “Athos question” in the context of the Eastern question as an important and organic component of it.
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Jin, Fu. "“The Great Leap Forward Movement”." In A History of Chinese Theatre in the 20th Century III, 159–200. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003171171-7.
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Jefferson, Philip N. "2. History." In Poverty: A Very Short Introduction, 20–32. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198716471.003.0002.
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Poverty is an ancient problem. In the pre-modern period, poverty was synonymous with hunger, but the kind of poverty we recognize today arose with the emergence of the market economy. ‘History’ considers the range of factors acting within and across societies that had negative effects on vulnerable people in different historical periods: the agricultural societies before the 16th century; societal and governmental responses to poverty during the 16th and 17th centuries; the effects of colonialism in the 18th and 19th centuries; globalization, industrialization, and the expansion of international trade in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; and the precursors to modern anti-poverty programs after the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Conference papers on the topic "Great Britian – History – 20th century"
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Ceravolo, R. "Condition Assessment, Monitoring and Preservation of Some Iconic Concrete Structures of the 20th Century." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0054.
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<p>Great architects and structural engineers such as Berg (1870-1947), Maillart (1872-1940), Freyssinet (1879- 1962), Torroja (1899 -1961), Nervi (1891-1979), Candela (1910-1997), Isler (1926-2009) and many others have designed recognized works of art in their discipline. They conceived extraordinary concrete spatial structures, that are located mostly in Europe and represent a unique legacy. It is important to raise awareness of this heritage, define the criteria for preserving it and begin the process of its renovation and rehabilitation.</p> <p>While concrete has become a 20th century emblem, much of the world’s heritage from this period is unrecognized or undervalued, and therefore it is at risk and in need of analysis and protection. Innovative technologies and solutions are needed that contribute to the successful reuse of modern concrete built heritage. Indeed, such structures are plagued by significant deterioration and most of them are in urgent need of retrofitting and/or radical refurbishment. In other words, there is a need to bring some of these buildings back to life, while respecting the spirit of their original characters, through new technologies for long-term conservation that can maintain an adequate level of structural performance. Achieving this goal would produce substantial economic impacts through activities such as restoration, maintenance, and cultural industry.</p> <p>The keynote lecture, more specifically, focuses on the condition assessment, monitoring and preservation of 20th century architectural heritage characterized by a complex spatial structural design. The service life of civil and cultural heritage concrete spatial structures is typically thought to range from 10 to 200 years, but in practice the service environment plays a pivotal role in sustained durability. Indeed, the collapse of Polcevera Viaduct in Genoa has raised strong concerns on the durability of concrete structures conceived at that time. The scientific community has once again underlined the important role played by maintenance and continuous structural health monitoring in avoiding these disastrous events. In order to demonstrate a correct approach to condition monitoring of concrete spatial buildings and bridges, some important experiences are described that were recently obtained at the Polytechnic of Turin on the structural analysis, seismic vulnerability and condition assessment for iconic 20th century heritage buildings.</p>
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Martin Fuentes, Javier. "Turning Point at the UNESCO Headquarters. Crossed Influences between Pier Luigi Nervi and Marcel Lajos Breuer." In 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7424.
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The history of architecture is closely linked to the evolution and the use of materials. Concrete was the most important material of the 20th century, becoming the medium for a new architecture. Many different architects not only relied on the use of concrete as their main mode of expression but also got involved in the quest for a new architectural language for the so-called new material. Pier Luigi Nervi and Marcel Breuer are not only among the great architects of the last century, but above all, they are masters of concrete, both developing extensive bodies of work based on the use of the material. Nervi and Breuer worked together in a virtuosic piece of architecture, the building for the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. Built mainly in concrete and inaugurated in 1958, it occupies a relevant place in the history of architecture. This paper wants to highlight how during that process, both architects underwent a radical change in their careers and in relation to the use of concrete, turning this project in a milestone for the history of architecture as a whole.
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Themelis, Nickolas J. "Current Status of Global WTE." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7061.
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This paper is based on data compiled in the course of developing, for InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB), a WTE Guidebook for managers and policymakers in the Latin America and Caribbean region. As part of this work, a list was compiled of nearly all plants in the world that thermally treat nearly 200 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and produce electricity and heat. An estimated 200 WTE facilities were built, during the first decade of the 21st century, mostly in Europe and Asia. The great majority of these plants use the grate combustion of as-received MSW and produce electricity. The dominance of the grate combustion technology is apparently due to simplicity of operation, high plant availability (>90%), and facility for training personnel at existing plants. Novel gasification processes have been implemented mostly in Japan but a compilation of all Japanese WTE facilities showed that 84% of Japan’s MSW is treated in grate combustion plants. Several small-scale WTE plants (<5 tons/hour) are operating in Europe and Japan and are based both on grate combustion and in implementing WTE projects. This paper is based on the sections of the WTE Guidebook that discuss the current use of WTE technology around the world. Since the beginning of history, humans have generated solid wastes and disposed them in makeshift waste dumps or set them on fire. After the industrial revolution, near the end of the 18th century, the amount of goods used and then discarded by people increased so much that it was necessary for cities to provide landfills and incinerators for disposing wastes. The management of urban, or municipal, solid wastes (MSW) became problematic since the middle of the 20th century when the consumption of goods, and the corresponding generation of MSW, increased by an order of magnitude. In response, the most advanced countries developed various means and technologies for dealing with solid wastes. These range from reducing wastes by designing products and packaging, to gasification technologies. Lists of several European plants are presented that co-combust medical wastes (average of 1.8% of the total feedstock) and wastewater plant residue (average of 2% of the feedstock).
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Juárez Ruiz, Lidia A., and Sofía del Pozo C. "Building rehabilitation proposal from a sustainable and solidary approach." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0338.
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<p>Oaxaca State (Mexico) has great tangible and intangible wealth. Its history includes buildings dated from the Spanish crown conquest in the XVI century. Its architecture is considered a monumental wealth, in spite of the damages caused by earthquakes along its history. In this work the social - educational approach has been considered as part of the frame of work to preserve and to rehabilitate the built heritage. We present a case study in San Jeronimo Taviche. In this town, as in others, the built patrimony has been lost due to lack of valuation of this patrimony, and lack of economic resources for its conservation and maintenance. The "white house" is a building built at the beginning of the 20th century with traditional systems. It was realized the topographic and architectural survey and a social participative diagnostic. The participative methodologies allow the involved people to be a part of the diagnosis and of the proposal of solution, with which at medium period we hope to achieve the appropriation of the project. With the social and educational approach, the capacities of the people become stronger for the conservation of their patrimony and for the search of resources of financial support for its rehabilitation as a Community Development Center.</p>
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Strizhkova, Natalia. "Museum as an Institutional Form of Personal & Social Experiments: Project of Russian Avantgardism Artists." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-10.
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Museums as cultural institutions certainly reflect the sociocultural transformations of the new era and are changing with the new reality. Except for that, a museum is, by definition, an institution of memory, a keeper of history, it is based on adoption: the collection, successiveness and actualisation of past experience. What is perceived as innovation by contemporary society may have historical roots and be an actualisation of innovations of a bygone era. Modern museum development recalls a global project undertaken by Russian avant-garde artists in the early 20th century, and implying the institutional modernisation of museums. This study addresses a project taken on by avant-garde artists for the modernisation of museums in the context of general cultural construction, in cooperation with the Soviet Government. The research methodology is based on a conjunction of a historical study and culturological analysis, primarily the concept of the institutional approach. The study consisted in looking through archival documents: The Fund of the People’s Commissariat for Education and its departments (declarations, provisions, resolutions, decrees, minutes of meetings, correspondence, protocols and statements of estimates, inventory books of the State Museum Fund etc.), personal funds of artists and cultural figures, their theoretical works, articles, correspondence. A holistic inter-disciplinary approach combining historical and culturological analysis with prospects for contemporary sociocultural development and the role of museums is seen as a promising novelty of the research. Russian avantgardism as an artistic and sociocultural phenomenon has remained of great interest for a century. Different studies shed light only on separate aspects of this vast topic in different scientific contexts. The examination of the museum project by avant-garde artists under this study allows us to conclude that they were the first to undertake the institutional modernisation of museums by considering them in the focus of new demands of time and society, innovative programmes as forms of personal initiatives and experiments expressed in the broad public space of artistic culture.