Journal articles on the topic 'Great Recife'

Recife is an amphibious city whose urban development does not value its rivers. In the past, the city’s main watercourse, the river Capibaribe, was understood to play a key role in structuring urban spaces and providing connectivity. Since then, this understanding has dwindled, and the resulting situation is a cause of great concern. Recife City has turned its back on the banks of its rivers and neglected both their capacity to smooth and shape urban space, and their potential to create a coherent image of the city. Recife is one of those cities in the world that are most vulnerable to climate change, ranking 16th in the list of world hotspots. In order to confront these challenges and rethink the role of the river that runs in the heart of Recife, researchers, architects, engineers, and sociologists from Research and Innovation for Cities — Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (INCITI-UFPE) were invited by the Recife City Hall to draw up plans for a park stretching along the river’s banks. Capibaribe Park Project attempts to answer one key question: How can we use the river to transform the city? The park project is based on a structural approach to landscape and is guided by the precepts of sustainability and regeneration of public spaces, in line with the emerging paradigm that combines a cross-disciplinary and cross-sector approach with water-sensitive design and social participation. The present article presents an overview of the main characteristics and development of this project, its theoretical and methodological underpinnings, its contribution to society, and the results achieved so far. It shows how, in addition to the planned park, the project also envisages the installation of a much more extensive system of parks, as a first stage towards the creation of park-city by the 500th anniversary of the foundation of Recife, in 2037.

If banditry and mysticism represents one classic formula summarizing the historical reality of the Brazilian Northeast, its companion image is one of devastating droughts and concomitant migrations out from the parched backlands to regional capitals like Recife and Salvador and on to the great national metropolises of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Reports of drought in the Northeast appear from the times of early settlement; succeeding centuries witnessed repeated dry periods. While some of these proved relatively moderate in intensity, others, sparing only the lush coastal strip, assailed the entire region and reigned for several seasons. Of this latter type, none provoked greater suffering than the so-called Grande Séca which embraced the winters from 1877-1879, devastating the cotton and cattle complexes, the mainstays of the backlands' economy, and setting in motion an enormous migratory stream which ranged from the Amazon rubber lands to those of the booming coffee culture in the Southeast. Moreover, with the outbreak of epidemic diseases, it generated a mortality estimated as exceeding two hundred thousand persons. By this measure, then, the Grande Séca stands as “the most costly natural disaster in the history of the Western Hemisphere.”

As rápidas mudanças do uso e cobertura do solo em ambiente urbano apresentam grande impacto nas relações entre os ciclos energéticos e hidrológicos sobre a superfície. O município do Recife, através da Lei de Uso e Ocupação do Solo de 1996 (Lei nº 16.176/96) define área verde como “toda área de domínio público ou privado, em solo natural,onde predomina qualquer forma de vegetação, distribuída em seus diferentes estratos: Arbóreo, Arbustivo e Herbáceo /Forrageira, nativa ou exótica”. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a variação espacial das áreas verdes disponíveis no município do Recife e a evolução espaço-temporal da qualidade ambiental na RPA 4 através do computo do Índice de umidade (NDWI), Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) e Temperatura da superfície em imagens TM Landsat. Foi realizada uma classificação supervisionada na ortofotocarta Recife onde as áreas verdes foram exportadas para polígonos, permitindo a sua quantificação. Para as imagens TM foi aplicada parte da metodologia SEBAL. As áreas verdes ocupam 45,58% do Recife. Os transectos lineares e perfis permitiram visualizar mais facilmente as mudanças espaço-temporais ocorridos na RPA-4. Foi visualizada grande diferença de temperatura entre as áreas vegetadas e as áreas mais urbanizadas. Palavras-chave: Uso e ocupação do solo; área urbana, áreas vegetadas, sensoriamento remoto; MAXVER. A B S T R A C T The rapid change of use and land cover in urban environment poses great impact on relations between energy and hydrological cycles on the surface. The municipality of Recife, through the Land Use Legislation from 1996 (Law No. 16.176/96) defines green area as ";;;;;;any public or private domain area, in natural soil, where overcrows any form of vegetation, distributed in its different layers: Arboreal, shrubby and Herbaceous Forage, native or exotic";;;;;;. The goal of this paper is to analyze the spatial variation of available green areas in the city of Recife and the spatio-temporal evolution of environmental quality in the Political Administrative Region 4, known as RPA-4, through the calculation of moisture content (NDWI), leaf area index (LAI) and the surface temperature from Landsat TM images. Supervised classification was performed on orthophoto Reef where the green areas were exported to polygons, allowing its quantification. For the TM images, it has been applied the methodology SEBAL. The green areas occupy 45.58% of Recife. The linear transects and profiles allowed to show more easily space-time changes occurring in the RPA-4. Large temperature differences have been displayed between the most vegetated areas and more urbanized areas. Key-words: Land use; urban areas; vegetated area, remote sensing; MAXVER.

RESUMO O Porto do Recife recebe uma grande quantidade de navios de vários tipos e de muitas partes do mundo, podendo trazer espécies exóticas incrustadas no casco ou em água de lastro. O objetivo do presente estudo foi registrar e analisar os padrões de recrutamento de espécies bentônicas sésseis, assim como investigar uma possivel introdução de espécies bentônicas exóticas e criptogênicas em uma área portuária com grande fluxo de navios. Utilizaram-se placas de metal galvanizado para estudo do recrutamento de animais sésseis e sedentários em três pontos amostrais no porto, com três réplicas cada, totalizando nove pontos, durante seis meses (outubro de 2010 a março de 2011), considerado como período seco. As placas de recrutamento foram retiradas a cada 30 dias durante seis meses. As principais espécies de acordo com a área de cobertura foram Mytella charruana (72%) e Amphibalanus improvisus (22%) e espaços vazios (7,5%). Não houve diferença significativa quando comparadas as três estações no porto do Recife, sendo encontradas diferenças quando comparadas os dados das áreas de cobertura das espécies mais abundantes no recrutamento. Foram elas: Clytia gracilis, Obelia dichotoma, M. charruana e A. improvisus. ABSTRACT The Port of Recife receives a large number of vessels of various types and from many parts of the world, and can bring exotic species encrusted hull or in ballast water. The aim of this study was to record and analyze the patterns of recruitment of sessile benthic species, as well as investigating a possible introduction of exotic and cryptogenic benthic species in a port area with great flow vessels. We used galvanized metal plates to study the recruitment of sessile and sedentary animals at three stations in the harbor, with three replicas each, totaling nine points, six months (October 2010 to March 2011), considered the dry . The plates recruitment were taken every 30 days for six months. The main species according to coverage area were Mytella charruana (72%) and Amphibalanus improvisus (22%) and voids (7.5%). There was no significant difference when comparing the three stations in the Port of Recife, differences were found when comparing the coverage areas of most abundant species in recruitment. They were: Clytia gracilis, Obelia dichotoma, M. charruana and A. improvisus.

e13628 Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most incident and the most deadly among women from the Northeast’S Brazil and RECIFE-Pernambuco and the third most incident in Brazil. The occurrence of CC expresses a reality of inequality and inequity and should be understood not only as an oncological indicator, but essentially as an indicator of social vulnerability and health care needs. Its distribution occurs heterogeneously. Methods: Determine the geolocation of areas of greatest risk of occurrence of SC from the social and health determinants Considering the high incidence and mortality related to cervical cancer between 2006-2015, in the city of Recife, we used the spatialization technique to identify the most vulnerable territories for our intervention in the city of Recife. Results: 3,844 Cervical Cancer notifications AND 276 OBITUATIONS registered in the period 2006-2015 and the number of deaths in the period from 2009 to 2018, as a result, there are five areas of high influence. from spatialization, the heat zone generated by the 47 deaths that occurred in the north of the city of Recife WAS DETERMANED. Regarding the cytopathological supply, the ratio in 2018 was 0.37, being below the state average, which is 0.41. With a deficit of 45,041 screening cytopathological exams in the age group 25-64 years.the III Health Region was identified, based on the analysis of information from the State Health Secretary, which shows to be one of the areas of great social vulnerability, since 63% of the 22 municipalities that make up this health region and its population is in extreme poverty, according to IBGE (2010). Conclusions: The occurrence of deaths and new cases of cervical cancer in the city of Recife occurs geographically unequally and is associated with indicators of social vulnerability. IS IT POSSIBLE to identify a priority region to intensify public actions for prevention and early diagnosis. A challenging scenario has been found and must be actively addressed.

This study aimed to identify the incrusting and sedentary animals associated with the hull of a tugboat active in the ports of Pernambuco and later loaned to the port of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Thus, areas with dense biofouling were scraped and the species then classified in terms of their bioinvasive status for the Brazilian coast. Six were native to Brazil, two were cryptogenic and 16 nonindigenous; nine of the latter were classified as established (Musculus lateralis, Sphenia fragilis, Balanus trigonus, Biflustra savartii, Botrylloides nigrum, Didemnum psammatodes, Herdmania pallida, Microscosmus exasperatus, and Symplegma rubra) and three as invasive (Mytilopsis leucophaeta, Amphibalanus reticulatus, and Striatobalanus amaryllis). The presence of M. leucophaeata, Amphibalanus eburneus and A. reticulatus on the boat's hull propitiated their introduction onto the Natal coast. The occurrence of a great number of tunicate species in Natal reflected the port area's benthic diversity and facilitated the inclusion of two bivalves - Musculus lateralis and Sphenia fragilis - found in their siphons and in the interstices between colonies or individuals, respectively. The results show the role of biofouling on boat hulls in the introduction of nonindigenous species and that the port of Recife acts as a source of some species.

O presente ensaio faz uma comparação entre a trajetória da "Universidade da Ciência" e a do "Clube das Pás: a Universidade do Futuro". Esse é o nome de um local na cidade de Recife que foi visitado por um grupo de educadores. Trata-se de um ambiente onde todas as classes se reúnem e participam ativamente, como parceiro na construção do momento vivenciado. Seria de grande valia para o desenvolvimento do processo de educação do povo, se educadores, professores e reitores fizessem um estágio no "Clube das Pás". The present essay draws a comparison between the trajectory of the "University of Science" and that of the "Club of Shovels: the University of the Future". The latter is a place in the city of Recife that has been visited by a group of educators, and in which ali classes get together and participate actively as partners in the building up of each new experience undergone by the students. It would be of great importance to the development of the process of Education of our people if educators, teachers, and rectors learned with the "Club of Shovels".

Due to climate change problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions generated by fossil fuels and from waste disposition, fuel alternatives for power generation are being extensively researched. Currently, in Brazil and in many countries, wood waste is disposed in landfills. However, due to lignin, one of the major constituents of biomass, which prevents wood waste from suffering microbial degradation, there is no significant mass degradation, even over decades, when landfilled. Hence, landfilling is not a solution to discard wood waste. Hence, one of the solutions to get rid of the great amount of wood waste is to use it as feedstock in waste-to-electricity (WTE) projects. WTE projects are in high demand in the world, as they can replace fossil fuels and they reduce two major environmental problems (greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of fossil fuels and the accumulation of waste in landfills), while generating biofuels and/or electricity. One of the residues that can be used in WTE projects is biomass residue from construction sites (CCbiowaste). CCbiowaste could be converted into gaseous biofuels through pyrolysis or gasification. These gaseous biofuels can be used in Otto engines connected to an electricity generator (gensets) to produce electricity and/or heat (cogeneration applications). Hence, the objective of this research was to characterize (physically, chemically, and energetically) civil construction biomass wastes (CCbiowaste), produced in a residential building construction site in Recife, Brazil, and to use these wastes in a bench-scale gasifier to produce gaseous biofuels at the temperatures of 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. The gaseous fuels were collected in the gasifier and analyzed in a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) to determine their composition and heating values. The lower heating value (LHV) results varied from 8.07 MJ∙m−3 to 10.74 MJ∙m−3 for 700 °C to 900 °C gasification temperature. These gaseous fuels were tested in an adapted Otto cycle engine connected to an electricity generator to prove the feasibility of this application. The highest total energy per ton of biomass was obtained for mixed wood and Pinus at 900 °C, with approximately 13 GJ∙ton−1. Hence, the use of CCbiowaste can become an option for the reuse of wasted wood instead of simply dumping in a landfill.

A construção civil é um setor muito importante da economia e para a sociedade, e dentre os seus principais sub-setores o de edificações é um grande consumidor de tijolos cerâmicos, pois é um dos principais insumos para fechamento de vãos em casas e apartamentos. O tijolo cerâmico é, em sua totalidade, constituído de argila, no caso um recurso natural não renovável finito. Após a sua extração nas jazidas e de sua sinterização o elemento cerâmico passa a existir e o recurso mineral não metal que compõe a argila não mais existe. Mesmo sendo importante a indústria da Construção Civil, sub-setor Edificações (ICC/SE) ainda mantém níveis altos de perdas de insumos, raramente quantificados. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo a quantificação das perdas da cerâmica vermelha na construção civil no estado de Pernambuco. Foram levantados dados em duas edificações localizadas na cidade do Recife, por um período de seis meses no ano de 2010. Nas duas obras foram registradas perdas médias de 20,45% de alvenaria e isso acarretou um desperdício também da matéria prima argila, pois o resíduo gerado não mais constitui recurso natural e sim resíduo sólido com grande potencial de impactar o meio ambiente. Concluiu-se, ainda, que há de serem adotadas medidas preventivas com urgência vez que as perdas anuais de argila, somente no estado de Pernambuco, são da ordem de 300.000 m3, o que representa um grande risco ambiental. Palavras-chave: Risco ambiental; tijolo cerâmico, desperdícios na construção civil. Red Ceramic - Construction Waste Versus Non-Renewable Natural Resource: A Case Study in Paudalho - PE and Recife - Cities ABSTRACT The building sector is a very important section of the economy and for the society, and among their main sub-sections the one of constructions is a great consumer of ceramic bricks, because it is one of the main inputs for closing of spaces in houses and apartments. The ceramic brick is, in its totality, constituted of clay, in the case a natural resource no renewable. After its extraction in the beds and of its clay coalitionthe ceramic element starts to exist and the mineral resource no metal that composes the clay no more it exists. Even of great importance the building sector industry, sub-section Constructions (BSI/SC) it still maintains high levels of losses of inputs, rarely quantified. In this sense, the present work had for objective the quantification of the red ceramic losses in a building site in the State of Pernambuco. Data collected in two constructions located in Recife city for a period of six months in the year of 2010 were used for quantification of the losses. The two sites presented an average losses of 20,45% and that caused a waste of the primary matter clay, because the generated residue is no more a natural resource and it represents a solid residue with great potential the environment impact. It was concluded that some urgent attitudes must be adopted in order to reduce such waste since that the annual losses of clay, only in the State of Pernambuco, represent an approximate volume of 300,000 m3, what represents a great environmental risk. Key-Word: I scratch out environmental; ceramic brick, wastes in the building site.

O fitoplâncton é o principal produtor primário dos ambientes costeiros, juntamente com o perifíton que pode chegar a 46% da produção autotrófica nos ambientes aquáticos, sendo responsável pelo início do fluxo de matéria e energia da rede trófica destes ambientes. Deste modo as modificações na abundância e composição das comunidades fitoplanctônicas e epífitas marinhas podem ser ótimas indicadoras da qualidade da água, respondendo com boa fidelidade a avaliação de muitas agressões ambientais, devido à sua resposta rápida às mudanças na qualidade da água, alterações hidrológicas e climáticas. Parte da região metropolitana do Recife – PE, que abrange o litoral de Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Recife, Olinda e Paulista foi atingida pela erosão marinha prejudicando o potencial da orla para o turismo e o lazer. Desta forma, o conhecimento sobre a biologia e ecologia das microalgas planctônicas e epífitas é hoje prioritário para o adequado manejo e funcionamento dos ecossistemas aquáticos servindo como subsídio ambiental para integrar o projeto de recuperação da orla marítima e recomposição da areia das praias ao longo do litoral do Estado de Pernambuco. A B S T R A C T Phytoplankton are the main primary producer of coastal environments, along with the periphyton that can reach 46% of autotrophic production in aquatic environments, being responsible for initiating the flow of matter and energy of these trophic network environments. Thus changes in the abundance and composition of phytoplankton communities and marine epiphytic can be great indicators of water quality, responding with good fidelity assessment of many environmental stresses, due to its rapid response to changes in water quality, hydrological and climatic changes. Part of the metropolitan area of Recife - PE covering the coastline Jaboatão Guararapes, Recife, Olinda, and Paulista was hit by sea erosion undermining the potential of the waterfront for tourism and recreation. Thus, knowledge about the biology and ecology of planktonic and epiphytic microalgae is now a priority for the proper management and functioning of aquatic ecosystems serve as a subsidy to integrate environmental recovery project of rebuilding the waterfront and sandy beaches along the coast State of Pernambuco. Key-Words: phytoplankton, periphyton, coastal erosion, shoreline recovery, Pernambuco.

An evaluation of the efficiency of bacterial biomass augmentation was performed at lab-scale for the pollution treatment of the Derby-Tacaruna canal. The canal is located at the central area of Great Recife, alongside an important urban corridor. The characterization of the canal water in different tidal conditions showed that the actual pollution is organic and inorganic (heavy metals). Degradation experiments of water from the canal and rain-off system polluted by synthetic wastewater were performed, using activated sludge and an industrial bioadditive. Continuous reactors under two different conditions were evaluated: with diffuse aeration and without aeration. The channel reactor was operated under steady state conditions at a flow rate of 2.5 L h−1 and with an average residence time of 22 h without aeration and 17 h with aeration. The organic matter removal was in the range of 60% for the system inoculated with the bioadditive and 85% with activated sludge. It was concluded that the water of the Derby-Tacaruna canal may be treated by activated sludge without being affected by its salt content, while the bioaugmentation technique was not satisfactory due to inhibition by inorganics.

O estudo sobre riscos ambientais vem mais significância à medida que a ocupação dos espaços urbanos vem se intensificando e se adensando consideravelmente. Estes riscos têm uma relação direta com os fatores socioeconômicos, pois além das características naturais do espaço, o nível de exposição à vulnerabilidade de populações tem grande influência para tais situações. A área da bacia hidrográfica do rio Paratibe, localizada nos municípios de Paulista, Abreu e Lima, Olinda, Recife, Camaragibe e Paudalho está submetida a diferentes fatores de risco, diretamente relacionados com o tipo de ocupação de setores desta bacia, como encostas interfluviais e leitos fluviais. Mesmo a bacia tendo grande parte de sua área com ocupação incipiente, vários pontos estão sujeitos a processos que podem submeter um considerável contingente populacional ao risco. A partir da análise de mapas de declividade e altimetria, conjugados com o mapeamento da área urbanizada, foi realizada uma análise das características e das alterações impetradas as encostas e aos canais fluviais, que causam, ou podem vir a causar intensificações de determinados tipos de eventos, os quais já resultam, e podem agravar, perdas materiais e até de vidas. Palavras-chave: Riscos Geomorfológicos. Sensitividade da Paisagem. Bacias Hidrográficas. LANDSCAPE SENSITIVITY AND MANAGEMENT GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RISKS IN PARATIBE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN - PORTION OF THE MIDWEST REGION METROPOLITAN OF RECIFE ABSTRACT The study of environmental risks is gaining increasing significance as the occupation of urban spaces has been intensifying and increasing considerably. These risks have a direct relation with the socioeconomic factors, since besides the natural characteristics of the space, the level of exposure to the vulnerability of populations has great influence for such situations. The area of the Paratibe river basin, located in the municipalities of Paulista, Abreu e Lima, Olinda, Recife, Camaragibe and Paudalho, is subject to different risk factors, directly related to the type of occupation of sectors of this basin, such as interfluvial slopes and river beds. Even the basin having a large part of its area with rare occupation, several points are subject to phenomena, or processes, that can submit or submit a considerable population contingent to the risk. From the analysis of slope and altimetry maps, combined with mapping of the urbanized area, an analysis was made of the characteristics and alterations of the slopes and river channels that cause or may cause certain types of events or processes which already result, and can aggravate material losses and even lives. Key-words: Geomorphological Risks. Landscape Sensitivity. Hydrographic Basin. RISCOS GEOMORFOLÓGICOS Y SENSITIVIDAD DEL PAISAJE EN LA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DEL RIO PARATIBE (BHRP) - REGIÓN METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE RESUMEN El estudio sobre riesgos ambientales viene más significante a medida que la ocupación de los espacios urbanos se está intensificando y se adentra considerablemente. Estos riesgos tienen una relación directa con los factores socioeconómicos, pues además de las características naturales del espacio, el nivel de exposición a la vulnerabilidad de poblaciones tiene gran influencia para tales situaciones. El área de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Paratibe, ubicada en los municipios de Paulista, Abreu y Lima, Olinda, Recife, Camaragibe y Paudalho está sometida a diferentes factores de riesgo, directamente relacionados con el tipo de ocupación de sectores de esta cuenca, como laderas interfluviales y lechos fluviales. Incluso la cuenca con gran parte de su área con ocupación incipiente, varios puntos están sujetos a procesos que pueden someter un considerable contingente poblacional al riesgo. A partir del análisis de mapas de declividad y altimetría, conjugados con mapeamiento del área urbanizada, se realizó un análisis de las características y de las alteraciones impetradas a las laderas ya los canales fluviales, que causan, o pueden venir a causar intensificaciones de determinados tipos de eventos, los cuales ya resultan, y pueden agravar, pérdidas materiales e incluso de vidas. Palabras clave: Riesgos Geomorfológicos. Sensibilidad del Paisaje. Cuencas Hidrográficas.

O processo de erosão costeira vem afetando de forma contínua as praias do município do Jaboatão dos Guararapes, município da Região Metropolitana do Recife – PE. A ocupação desordenada ao longo dos últimos 42 anos tem agravado o processo erosivo nas praias deste município. A prefeitura em parceria com o governo do estado implantou a técnica de engenharia costeira conhecida como transpasse de sedimentos, engorda da praia, para contenção da erosão, mas que vem apresentando retirada de sedimentos, mesmo após a engorda. Por esta razão este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar a variabilidade multitemporal da linha de costa do município de Jaboatão dos Guararapes. O ano de 1974 foi utilizado como referência para a realização do cálculo da taxa de deslocamento da linha de costa para os anos de 1981, 1997, 2010, 2013 e 2016, realizado no programa Arcgis 10.1. A área de estudo foi dividida em 4 (quatro) setores de sul para o norte. Foi observada uma relevante retrogradação para o Setor 1 (praia de Barra de Jangada) entre 1974 e 1981, apresentando estabilização entre 1981 e 1997. Já no Setor 2 (praia de Candeias), houve progradação no período de 1974 a 2010. Em 2013 ocorreu uma grande progradação da linha de costa, devido a execução da técnica de transpasse de sedimentos, sendo o Setor 1 o que obteve maior deslocamento da linha em relação aos anos anteriores. Para o ano de 2015 ocorreu o processo inverso, ou seja, uma grande retrogradação em toda extensão do litoral de Jaboatão, principalmente na praia de Barra de Jangada (Setor 1). A linha de costa do ano 2016 apresentou um grande recuo, apresentando semelhança em diferentes trechos nos 4 setores em relação a linha do ano de 1997. Analysis of the Evolution of the Coastline of the Metropolitan Region Aouth of the City of Recife – PE, Brasil A B S T R A C TThe process of coastal erosion has been continuously affecting the Jaboatão dos Guararapes’s beaches, city of the Metropolitan Region of Recife - PE. The disorderly occupation over the last 42 years has aggravated the erosive process in the beaches of this city. The city government in partnership with the state government implemented the coastal engineering technique known as sediment transfer, fattening the beach to contain erosion, but which has been showing sediment removal, even after fattening. For this reason, this work aimed to analyze the multitemporal variability of the coastline of the city of Jaboatão dos Guararapes. The year 1974 was used as a reference for the calculation of the shoreline displacement rate for the years 1981, 1997, 2010, 2013 and 2016, performed in the program Arcgis 10.1. The study area was divided into 4 (four) sectors from south to north. A large retrogradation was observed for Sector 1 (Barra de Jangada beach) between 1974 and 1981, showing stabilization between 1981 and 1997. In Sector 2 (Candeias beach), there was progression from 1974 to 2010. In 2013 there was a great progradation of the shoreline, due to the execution of the sediment transfer technique, being Sector 1 the one that had the largest displacement of the line in relation to previous years. For 2015, the opposite process occurred, that is, a major retrogradation in the entire length of the Jaboatão coast, especially in Barra de Jangada beach (Sector 1). The shoreline of the year 2016 showed a large setback, showing similarity in different stretches in the 4 sectors compared to the 1997 line.Key words. Sediment transfer, shoreline, erosion, fattening.

Este trabalho debate a natureza e as contradições da política nacional de habitação popular, a partir de um viés histórico no Brasil, perpassando por mudanças recentes, desencadeando mais recentemente, no programa de construção de moradias denominado Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV). Para isso, analisamos empiricamente o município de São Lourenço da Mata, localizado na Zona Oeste da Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), cujos investimentos para receber jogos da Copa das Confederações e do Mundo, impulsionaram o crescimento imobiliário e a atuação das construtoras, com a anuência das três esferas governamentais (municipal, estadual e federal). Diante disso e a partir do levantamento em órgãos públicos e privados, entre os anos de 2008 e 2015, juntamente com o trabalho de campo, retratamos os empreendimentos subsidiados pelo PMCMV, suas principais características e as respectivas contradições no que concerne ao espaço geográfico local.AbstractThis paper discusses the nature and contradictions of national social housing policy from a historical bias in Brazil, passing by recent changes, triggering more recently, the housing construction program known as Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV). For this, empirically analyze the São Lourenço da Mata, located in the West Zone of the Metropolitan Region of Recife (RMR), whose investments to host matches of the Confederations Cup and the World, boosted the real estate growth and the performance of the construction, with the concurrence of the three levels of government (municipal, state and federal). Therefore, and from the survey of public and private agencies, between the years 2008 and 2015, along with the field work, we depict the projects subsidized by PMCMV, its main characteristics and their contradictions with respect to the local geographical area.Keywords:Public Policy; Housing; Urban Projects

ATRIBUTOS FÍSICO-HÍDRICOS DO SOLO VIA FUNÇÕES DE PEDOTRANSFERÊNCIA EM SOLOS DOS TABULEIROS COSTEIROS DE PERNAMBUCO FERNANDA HELENA NASCIMENTO DE ANDRADE1; CERES DUARTE GUEDES CABRAL DE ALMEIDA2; BRIVALDO GOMES DE ALMEIDA3; JOSÉ AUDIFAX CÉZAR DE ALBUQUERQUE FILHO1; BRUNO CAMPOS MANTOVANELLI4 E JOSÉ COELHO DE ARAÚJO FILHO5 1 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, fernanda_andrade89@hotmail.com, jaudifax@deagri.ufrpe.br 2 Colégio Agrícola Dom Agostinho Ikas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, ceres.codai.ufrpe@gmail.com. 3 Departamento de Agronomia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, brivaldoalmeida@gmail.com. 4 Departamento de Ciências Rurais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima, n° 1000, Camobi, CEP: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, brunomantovanelli21@gmail.com. 5 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA Solos - UEP Recife, Rua Antônio Falcão, n° 402, Boa Viagem, CEP: 51020-240, Recife, PE, Brasil, jose.coelho@embrapa.br. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se gerar funções de pedotransferência (FPT) com base em dados das frações granulométricas, distribuição do tamanho de poros, densidade do solo e de partículas para estimar a umidade do solo equivalente à capacidade de campo (CC), ponto de murcha permanente (PMP) e a capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível (CAD) em Argissolos Amarelos representativos dos tabuleiros costeiros na zona da mata norte de Pernambuco. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas na camada 0,00 - 0,20 m de profundidade. As FPTs foram geradas a partir do método de regressão linear múltipla aplicando a técnica de stepwise backward. Este método eliminou alguns atributos físico-hídricos do solo baseado nos valores de R2 e no Teste t. Os coeficientes de regressão do modelo proposto para predição de CAD, CC e o PMP apresentaram significância de 1% de probabilidade para as variáveis independentes selecionadas para cada modelo, indicando que esses parâmetros podem ser preditos, com ótima precisão, a partir do conteúdo de areia, argila, mesoporosidade, microporosidade e densidade do solo, as quais são fáceis de serem determinadas e obtidas, pré-requisito básico para construção das FPTs. Palavras-chave: manejo de irrigação, stepwise backward, índices estatísticos. ANDRADE, F. H. N.; ALMEIDA, C. D. G. C.; ALMEIDA, B. G.; ALBUQUERQUE FILHO, J. A. C.; MANTOVANELLI, B. C.; ARAÚJO FILHO, J. C. SOIL PHYSICAL-HYDRIC PROPERTIES BY PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION IN SOILS OF COASTAL PLAINS OF PERNAMBUCO 2 ABSTRACT Aimed to generate pedotransfer functions (PTF) based on particle size, pore size distribution, soil and particle density to estimate the field capacity (CC), permanent wilting point (PMP) and available water capacity (CAD) in Ultisol Typic Fragiaquults in coastal plains of Pernambuco. Thus, deformed and undeformed samples were collected at 0.00 - 0.20m depth. PTFs were generated from multiple linear regression method by stepwise backward technique. This method eliminated some hydro-physical soil attributes, based on the values of R2 and t test. CAD, CC and PMP estimated values showed a significant correlation of 1% probability for independent variables selected for each model. Thus, available water capacity, field capacity and permanent wilting point can be predicted with great precision by sand, clay content, mesoporosity, microporosity and soil density, which are easy to determine and obtain, basic prerequisite for construction of PTFs. Keywords: irrigation management, stepwise backward, statistical indexes.

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 3.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Introduction: The Head and Brain Trauma (HBT) have a great potential to cause sequelae, therefore extremely important for the </span><span style="font-size: medium;">health professionals. Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide an epidemiological overview about HBT in a high complex </span><span style="font-size: medium;">health unit located in Recife, PE, Brazil. Methodology: Risk factors were divided in: Urban Violence (Road accidents, Running Over,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 3.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Firearm, Physical aggression and Melee weapon) and Non-Urban Violence (Falls, Accidental Trauma, Sports and others). Statistical </span><span style="font-size: medium;">analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential techniques, such as: Fisher exact test, Chi-square test, and likelihood-ratio </span><span style="font-size: medium;">test. The statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: HBT was present in 5.5%, predominantly between ages ranging of 0 to 19 </span><span style="font-size: medium;">years old (17.6%). In this amount, the male gender had higher values than female, being the most affected the age ranging from </span><span style="font-size: medium;">15 to 19 years, presenting a ration of 2.4:1. Concerning etiological factors, Non-urban-violence was present in 87.8%, occurring</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 3.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">predominance in age ranging from 0 to 1 year old (96.2%). Conclusion: It was found prevalence of accidents among the male </span><span style="font-size: medium;">gender, which is a constant observed also in several other studies, however, a more alarming factor is the high rate of accidents </span><span style="font-size: medium;">involving young children, being indispensable the parents necessity of work, they received only essential care, being under the</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 3.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">tutelage of older brothers, neighbors, and even non-nuclear relatives.</span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> 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ABSTRACTObjective: to evaluate the knowledge of healthcare professionals on the prevention of myelomeningocele in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, with regard to time, dosage, and period for using folic acid, as well as its actual impact as a preventive measure. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Cisam/UPE under the Opinion 025/07, CAAE 0020.0.250.000-07. Method: this is a cross-sectional study, carried out in the sanitary districts of Recife city, in which 90 healthcare professionals (nurses and physicians) involved with prenatal care at health units were evaluated, between January and October 2008. Results: 93% of these professionals are women. Most of them is specialized in family health, with more than five years experience in prenatal care appointments, in which folic acid is regularly prescribed. With regard to the self-evaluation on the importance of folic acid, 28% considered themselves to have a great knowledge about it and 69% considered themselves to have a reasonable knowledge about it. Conclusion: those healthcare professionals who are less experienced in prenatal care have a greater knowledge on the role of folic acid for the prevention of myelomeningocele and that there was no statistically significant association between the length of experience in prenatal care and the correct use of folic acid during pregnancy (p > 0.05). It is worth stressing the importance of creating educative campaigns, both for the woman who intends to get pregnant and those one who is pregnant, as well as intensification of permanent education in the family health units (FHUs), since the healthcare professional, as observed in this study, remains unprepared to offer a satisfactory prevention of myelomeningocele. Descriptors: myelomeningocele; neural tube defects; folic acid; prevention.RESUMOObjetivo: avaliar o conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre a prevenção da mielomeningocele em Recife-PE, quanto à época, dosagem e período da utilização do ácido fólico e seu o real impacto como medida preventiva. Método: estudo do tipo corte transversal, realizado nos distritos sanitários da cidade do Recife, no qual foram avaliados 90 profissionais de saúde (enfermeiros e médicos) envolvidos no atendimento pré-natal das unidades de saúde, entre janeiro e outubro de 2008 após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética do Cisam n. 025/07, CAAE 0020.0.250.000-07. Resultados: 93% desses profissionais são do sexo feminino. A maioria dos profissionais é especializada em saúde da família, com experiência de mais de cinco anos em consultas de pré-natal, nas quais se prescreve o ácido fólico regularmente. No que se refere à autoavaliação sobre a importância do ácido fólico, 28% consideraram ter alto conhecimento e 69% consideraram ter razoável conhecimento. Conclusão: aqueles profissionais que estão há menos tempo no atendimento pré-natal têm um maior conhecimento do papel do ácido fólico na prevenção da mielomeningocele e que não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o tempo de atuação na área pré-natal e o uso correto do ácido fólico na gestação (p > 0,05). Vale ressaltar a importância de se instituir campanhas educativas, tanto para a mulher que pretende engravidar quanto para a gestante, assim como a intensificação da educação permanente nas unidades de saúde da família (USFs), já que o profissional de saúde, como observado neste estudo, ainda está despreparado para oferecer uma satisfatória prevenção da mielomeningocele. Descritores: mielomeningocele; defeitos do tubo neural; ácido fólico; prevenção.RESUMENObjetivo: evaluar el conocimiento de los profesionales de la salud acerca de la prevención de la mielomeningocele en Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, en cuanto a la época, dosificación y período del uso de ácido fólico y su impacto real como medida preventiva. Método: esto es un estudio de corte transversal, realizado en los distritos sanitarios de la ciudad de Recife, que evaluó a 90 profesionales de la salud (enfermeros y médicos) que trabajan con la atención prenatal de las unidades de salud, entre enero y octubre de 2008. Resultados: 93% de eses profesionales son mujeres. La mayoría es especializada en salud de la familia, con experiencia de más de cinco años en consultas prenatales, donde el ácido fólico es prescrito con regularidad. En lo que respecta a la autoevaluación acerca de la importancia del ácido fólico, 28% consideraron tener un profundo conocimiento y 69% consideraron tener un razonable conocimiento. Conclusión: aquellos profesionales que están trabajando hay menos tiempo con la atención prenatal tienen un mejor conocimiento del papel del ácido fólico en la prevención de mielomeningocele y que no hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el tiempo de trabajo en la área de prenatal y el uso correcto del ácido fólico durante el embarazo (p > 0,05). Vale resaltar la importancia de instituir campañas educativas, tanto para la mujer que pretende quedar embarazada como para la mujer embarazada, así como la intensificación de la formación continua en las unidades de salud de la familia (USFs), ya que el profesional de la salud, como se observó en este estudio, aún no está preparado para ofrecer una prevención satisfactoria de la mielomeningocele. Descriptores: mielomeningocele; defectos del tubo neural; ácido fólico; prevención.

Abstract Analyze the influence of deep-degree burns on the quality of life (QoL) of women at treatment in ambulatory after hospital discharge. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a reference public hospital for burns in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, from August 2017 to May 2018. Fifty adult women over 20 years old who suffered deep burns and were in outpatient rehabilitation treatment were included. The variables studied were biological, sociodemographic, and clinical. The dynamometry and goniometry tests and the instruments to verify the QV Burn-Specific Health Scale–Revised were included in the analysis. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with the six domains of the QoL instrument. The results identified a greater negative influence of burns on the QoL of women when associated with the variables: dark-black skin color, low levels of education, low income, motion impairment in right upper limb and lesions less than 6 months in the face, head and neck region. It should be noticed that the overall QoL score presented a median of 92.0, a score considered high, revealing an important QoL impairment. Deep-degree burn victims had a great impact on physical, emotional, and psychological abilities, acting harmfully on their self-image and causing difficulties in the execution of their daily and professional life activities, which are reinforced by aspects such as social position, level of education, and extent and duration of injury, resulting in a low QoL.

This study aimed to correlate the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility, phenotypic production of virulence factors, the occurrence of virulence factors genes and the clonal profile of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of a tertiary hospital in Recife-PE. The 30 clinical isolates (15 multidrug-sensitive (MDS) and 15 multidrug-resistant (MDR)) were analyzed using phenotypic methods to detect virulence factors (alkaline protease, hemolysin, phospholipase C, lipase, and pigments). The detection of the aprA, lasA, lasB, plcH, and toxA genes was performed through specific PCRs, and the clonal profile was assessed using ERIC-PCR. The results revealed cephalosporins being the class eliciting the highest percentage of resistance; the MDR isolates were all resistant. Among the MDS isolates, all were sensitive to carbapenems and quinolones. The MDR isolates produced less virulence factors such as pyocyanin and lipase, and exhibited lower expression of toxA and lasA genes, whereas the MDS isolates produced less hemolysin and phospholipase C. There was no difference between the groups for alkaline protease production and aprA gene expression. All the isolates produced pyocyanin and expressed lasB and plcH genes. A great genetic diversity was found, and it was possible to observe 28 genetic profiles. Clones were present among the MDR isolates. The occurrence of virulence factors in almost all the isolates studied suggests their high level of pathogenicity, demonstrating that this pathogen is capable of accumulating numerous virulence factors, and in some cases, is associated with multidrug resistance, which makes it difficult to treat these infections.

Introduction: The territorial characteristics, heterogeneities of landscapes, and the regional profiles of Brazil show great disparities in the spatial distribution of tuberculosis burden. Objective of this study is to analyze the effects of environmental and social factors on tuberculosis incidence in three Brazilian municipalities and in the Federal District of Brazil. Methodology: We performed an ecological study carried out with 131,576 new cases of tuberculosis registered in the Brazilian national disease notification system. For our research we used climatic data, topographic data and socioeconomic data. Results: Wind speed and vapor pressure increased the risk of tuberculosis infection between 4.6 and 5.8 times in the 3 municipalities, in comparison with the Federal District. In Recife socioeconomic aspects showed a greater association with tuberculosis. Lack of garbage collection, poor basic sanitation, and access to drinking water, respectively, increased 49, 33, and 28 times the risk of infection. In the multiple regression analysis, Rio de Janeiro showed several environmental characteristics – such as precipitation (p = 0.002), radiation (p = 0.020) and water vapor (p = 0.055) – and social characteristics associated with tuberculosis – such as the lack of sewage treatment, which revealed a 13.5-fold higher risk of infection (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Incidence in the areas studied was influenced by environmental and social conditions at different levels depending on the territory where the problem was identified. The results make it possible to guide an urban and social policy to reach the targets set out in the WHO End tuberculosis Strategy in large Brazilian urban agglomerations.

The popular picture book Pumpkin Soup is a staple diet for settings during the autumn months. The efforts of Cat, Duck and Squirrel to make the most perfect pumpkin soup is a great lesson in team work and sharing.

TV formats provide an excellent lens to study the transnationalisation of television, but actual format production has rarely been examined. This article discusses three interrelated limitations of current format scholarship: (1) a gap between industrial and textual studies; (2) a selective focus on localisation; and (3) a lack of insight into daily practices of format production. Using the Flemish adaptation of The Great British Bake Off ( 2010 –2016, 2017–present) as a case study and drawing on participant observations, this article analyses transnational power dynamics in the TV industry and the meaning of the format on the micro-level of TV production.

RESUMOEstudo transversal, exploratório e descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, que teve como objetivo geral avaliar os efeitos da educação sexual relacionados ao HIV e a AIDS, entre adolescentes do Grupo AdoleScER ― Saúde, Educação e Cidadania da região metropolitana de Recife ― PE. Participaram 58 adolescentes do referido grupo, com idade entre os 10 aos 20 anos que responderam um questionário auto-respondido com 23 questões, entre outubro a dezembro de 2005, após parecer favorável da Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital Agamenon Magalhães. Foram analisadas as variáveis idade, sexo, estado civil, religião, naturalidade, conhecimento sobre o HIV/AIDS, comportamentos sexuais, atitudes com relação aos portadores do HVI e com as práticas de sexo mais seguro, idade de início de atividade sexual e uso de preservativos. Para análise, os dados foram organizados, dispostos no programa Excel e submetidos à análise estatística-descritiva. Dentre os principais resultados, foi observado que 65,5% dos adolescentes eram do gênero feminino enquanto 34,5% do masculino; a grande maioria era de solteiros 98,28%; 1,72% estavam vivendo em união estável; 5,0% dos adolescentes do gênero masculino e 2,6% das adolescentes opinaram que se relacionavam principalmente com homens, mas também com mulheres; 39,7% já tiveram contato pênis/vulva, porém sem haver penetração vaginal. Dentre as práticas sexuais com penetração, a vaginal foi a mais citada 37,03%; 14,3% da amostra iniciou a vida sexual aos nove anos mantendo relação sexual anal; 9,9% aos 12 anos, a relação vaginal e 20,0% a relação oro-vaginal. Portanto, é fundamental que os profissionais da área de saúde, na abordagem da sexualidade humana, com os adolescentes, tenham sempre presente que os cuidados de saúde sexual devem visar ao enriquecimento da existência e das relações interpessoais, não se limitando a dar conselhos em matéria de procriação ou de tratar doenças transmitidas sexualmente. Descritores: Educação sexual; Adolescência; Sexualidade; Prevenção. ABSTRACTCross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive study, in a quantitative approach that had as main objective to evaluate the sexual education effect related to the HIV and the AIDS, among adolescents of the Grupo AdoleScER ― Saúde, Educação e Cidadania of the Recife — PE metropolitan region. 58 adolescents had participated, with age from 10 to 20 years old that had answered a questionnaire self-answered with 23 questions, from October to December 2005, after the project research has been approval for the Ethics Committee in Research of the Agamenon Magalhães Hospital. Variables Age, sex, status civil, religion, naturalness, knowledge on the HIV/AIDS, sexual behaviors, attitudes with regard to the carriers of the HVI and with the practical ones of safer sex had been analyzed, age of beginning of sexual activity and use of condoms. For analysis, the data had been organized, it was used the Excel program and submitted to statistics-descriptive analysis. Amongst the main results, it was observed that 65,5% of the adolescents were of the feminine gender while 34,5% of the masculine; the great majority was single 98,28%; 1,72% were living together; 5,0% of the adolescents of masculine gender and 2,6% of the feminine had thought that maked love mainly with men, but also with women; 39,7% already had had contact penis/vulva, however without having vaginal penetration. Amongst practical the sexual ones with penetration, the vaginal one was cited 37,03%; 14,3% of the sample had initiated the sexual life to the nine years having had anal relation; 9,9% to the 12 years, vaginal relation and 20,0% the pray-vaginal relation. Therefore it is basic that the health area professionals, in the boarding of the sexuality human, with the adolescents, have always in mind that the cares of sexual health must aim at to the existence enrichment and the interpersonal relations, and not to limit to give advice in procreation substance or to take care and to treat transmitted sexuality illnesses. Descriptors: Sexual education; Adolescence; Sexuality; Prevention. RESUMENEstudio transversal, exploratorio y descriptivo, de abordaje cuantitativo que tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la educación sexual relacionado con el HIV y el SIDA, entre los adolescentes del Grupo AdoleScER ― Saúde, Educação e Cidadania, de la región metropolitana del Recife ― PE. Participaron 58 adolescentes, con edad entre 10 a 20 años; respondieron un cuestionario con 23 preguntas, entre octubre a diciembre del 2005, después de recibir la aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación del Hospital Agamenon Magalhães. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, estado civil, religión, espontaneidad, conocimientos sobre el HIV/AIDS, comportamientos sexuales, actitudes con respecto a los portadores del HVI y con las prácticas de sexo más seguro, edad de inicio de la actividad sexual y uso de preservativos. Para el análisis, los datos han sido organizados con el programa Excel y sometidos al análisis de la estadística descriptiva. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encuentran: 65.5% de los adolescentes eran del género femenino y 34,5% masculino; 98,28% eran solteros; 1,72% vivían en unión estable; 5,0% de los adolescentes masculino y 2,6% del femenino se relacionaban principalmente con hombres, pero también con mujeres; 39,7% habían tenido contacto pene/vulva, mas sin tener penetración vaginal. Entre las prácticas sexuales con penetración, la vaginal fue citada 37,03%; 14,3% iniciaron la vida sexual a los nueve años teniendo relación anal; 9,9% a los 12 años, la relación vaginal y 20,0% la relación oro-vaginal. Por lo tanto es fundamental que los profesionales del área de la salud, en el abordaje de la sexualidad humana con los adolescentes, tengan presente siempre en mente que los cuidados de la salud sexual deben tener como objetivo el enriquecimiento de la existencia y a las relaciones interpersonales, y no limitarse a dar consejos en relación a procreación o tratar enfermedades transmitidas sexualmente. Descriptores: Educación sexual; Adolescencia; Sexualidad; Prevención.

Under the authoritarian regime of Islam Karimov, Uzbekistan has achieved independence and stability by exploiting its natural resources through a strategy of “staple globalism” and by balancing the great powers against each other. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the new regime first distanced itself from Russia and tried regional alliances, then accepted help from NATO, and most recently turned cautiously to Russia (and China). Throughout, Uzbekistan has managed to receive considerable assistance from international agencies and military aid from several outside powers, albeit relatively little private foreign investment, owing to its poor business climate. The country has also handled potential conflicts with neighbors without significant violence.

Reviewed book by: Martin Hirst Publication date: May, 2011 At the front of News 2.0, University of Queensland journalism professor Michael Bromley says this has ‘much needed grounded insight and foresight’. And as some academics’ writing about journalism seems to fit into a matrix of media theory few general readers could fully understand, a book dealing with what’s really going on in journalism is a great idea. Martin Hirst of AUT University takes care to separate out what he calls a crisis in journalism from a commercial crisis in the news industry, while also making clear the ways in which the two are linked. He presents a concise and convincing account of how commercial pressure on the modern news media have made it hard, and in some cases impossible, to sustain the quality, depth and range of journalism the public have enjoyed in the past.

Recipes have a great impact on consumers’ behavior in the kitchen; building a recipe requires the understanding of the potential user. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate different recipe styles for the preparation of doughs by understanding people’s descriptions of these. Two qualitative studies were performed (43 wheat and 50 corn dough preparers). During interviews, participants described the preparation process of the doughs using the Think Aloud technique. Finished doughs were described as not sticky, soft, and pliable. Based on these descriptions, five recipes were created: not detailed, detailed, very detailed, paragraph-form, and ‘with images’. Recipes were validated in two online surveys (total n = 600), where respondents evaluated the easiness, likeability, likelihood of using, helpfulness, and amount of information. Respondents considered the recipe with images as easier and more helpful. The very detailed recipe was considered more difficult, less helpful, and was liked less than the other recipes. Understanding and identifying the terms and techniques people use is a good way to communicate how to prepare a food product and can be used to develop and improve recipes. However, the format in which the recipe is presented is an important factor considered by users when following recipes.

CRESCIMENTO DE GIRASSÓIS ORNAMENTAIS SOB ESTRESSE SALINO EM HIDROPONIA DE BAIXO CUSTO JOSÉ AMILTON SANTOS JÚNIOR1; HANS RAJ GHEYI2; ANTÔNIO RAMOS CAVALCANTE3; ANNA HOZANA FRANCILINO1 E ALDRIN MARTIN PEREZ-MARIN4 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Recife-PE. E-mail: eng.amiltonjr@hotmail.com; annafrancilino7@gmail.com; 2Núcleo de Engenharia de Água e Solo, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Cruz das Almas-BA. E-mail: hans@pq.cnpq.br; 3Licenciado em Ciências Agrárias. E-mail: antonio_soledade@hotmail.com; 4Instituto Nacional do Semiárido. Campina Grande-PB. E-mail: aldrin.perez@insa.gov.br 1 RESUMO A busca por alternativas que viabilizem o aproveitamento de águas salobras na região semiárida é de suma importância, isto por que possibilita a produção agrícola em regiões de escassez de água e a geração de renda para comunidades difusas. Baseado nestas premissas, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o comportamento do crescimento de flores de corte de girassóis ornamentais (cv. Sol Noturno, cv. Anão de Jardim e cv. Bonito de Outono) sob níveis crescentes de salinidade da solução nutritiva (1,7 – testemunha; 4,3; 6,0 e 9,0 dS m-1) cultivadas em um módulo hidropônico de baixo custo. Distribuíram-se estes tratamentos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, analisado em esquema fatorial 4x3, com três repetições, totalizando 36 unidades experimentais. Verificou-se que o número de folhas foi o parâmetro de crescimento mais resiliente ao incremento salino até 9 dS m-1, com 35% de perdas acumuladas, seguido do diâmetro do caule com 41%, do comprimento do caule com 51% e da área foliar com 66% aos 49 dias após o semeio. Palavras-chave: Produção de flores, salinidade, semiárido brasileiro. SANTOS JÚNIOR, J.A.; GHEYI, H. R.; CAVALCANTE, A. R.; FRANCILINO, A. H.; PEREZ-MARIN, A. M.GROWTH OF ORNAMENTAL SUNFLOWERS UNDER SALINE STRESS IN HYDROPONIC SYSTEM OF LOW COST 2 ABSTRACT The search for alternatives that enable the use of brackish water in the semiarid region is of great importance, because it permits agricultural production in areas of scarcity and income generation for diffuse communities. Based on these assumptions, the aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of ornamental sunflowers growth to cut flowers (cv. Sol Noturno, cv. Anão de Jardim e cv. Bonito de Outono) under increasing levels of salinity of the nutrient solution (1.7 – control, 4.3, 6.0 and 9.0 dS m-1) grown in a low cost hydroponic module . These treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme 4x3, with three repetitions, totaling 36 experimental units. It was found that the number of leaves was the most resilient growth parameter to increment of salinity until 9 dS m-1, with 35% of cumulative losses, followed by stem diameter with 41%, the plant height with 51%, and leaf area with 66%, at 49 days after sowing. Keywords: Flowers production, salinity, Brazilian semiarid.

Even though the effective usage of mobile devices has become a mandatory requirement in many professional and private areas, inexperienced users face especially great difficulties in acquiring computer skills. Based on the assumptions of constructivist learning theories, the effect of asking questions and repeated practice on PDA skill acquisition in adults (n = 36) was examined. Learners had the opportunity to ask questions and receive answers during the learning process. One learner group additionally received a manual with basic PDA-operating-principles; a control group received no instructional support at all. As dependent variables task effectiveness, efficiency, subjective ratings of perceived ease of use as well as number and content of questions were assessed. Findings showed that asking questions and repeated practice considerably enhanced PDA-performance in adult novice learners, but not perceived ease of use. Furthermore, the content-analysis of learner questions gave valuable insights into information needs, cognitive barriers and mental models of adult learners, which can contribute to the design of interfaces and computer-based tutors.

The First World War is beginning to receive archaeological attention. This paper highlights the technical, ethical and political challenges, including recovery and re-burial of the multi-faith dead, excavation of battlefield features and volatile ordnance, and incorporating the sensitive management of multi-vocal landscapes as cultural heritage and tourist destinations.

Because nutrition based cardiovascular or gastrointestinal diseases, hypertension, diabetes and cancer are increasing in industrial and well developed countries, possibility’s to prevent these disorders or to relive the sequelaes are searched. One chance is the production of healthier or functional food. The use of medical plants with health promoting effects are known from traditional medicine, but until know they weren’t used in health enhancing amounts in foods, especially in processed meat products. The main objectives of the development were the identification of medical plants with a scientifically proven preventive effect against gastrointestinal diseases and the combination of them in an effective quantity for the use in emulsion-type sausages. Simultaneously, the combination with all known health promoting measures like fat or salt reduction or the use of plant additives is intended. Finally, 4 cooked sausages recipes with medical plant combinations were developed and remarkable new sensorial properties in terms of appearance, odour and taste were created. As an additional result, the nutritionally value of the sausages was increased by reducing sodium about 25 % by the use of replacer Pansalz® and by increasing the meat protein amount, which is free from connective tissue protein, from 80 to 90 % by the substitution of animal fat with vegetable oil, also in 100 % exchange of pork meat for turkey meat. Therefore, the fat content in the sausages was reduced from 30 to 20 %. The developed sausage recipes are applied in practice. Several consumers’ preference tests have shown a great products popularity. Practical applications: Based on a pool of 13 different medical plants with a scientifically proven preventive effect (with a positive monography) against gastrointestinal diseases, 4 sausages recipes with medical plant combinations were developed stepwise and the necessary overall recommended daily intake (RDI) was calculated per 100 g sausages. Traditional spices weren’t used. The biggest challenges were to ensure the proven preventive effect of the plants as well the sensorial acceptance of the cooked sausages. In addition, the changes of meat batter properties by reducing the sodium and fat content, also the use of oil and poultry meat had to be observed.

As has been remarked often enough, Lollardy was the first real English heresy, and its progenitor, John Wyclif, inspired what Anne Hudson has so rightly termed a ‘premature Reformation’, a reformation which had far more immediate impact in Hussite Bohemia, but in England left Wyclif for a century and a half as a voice crying in the wilderness, a prophet without honour in his own country. Since history is usually studied backwards, his name is most commonly associated with the alleged eucharistic heresy condemned at the Blackfriars Council of May 1382. This was more significant for its timing than its substance. The actual charges were not only a distortion of Wyclif’s theory, and Wyclif himself was never specifically named, but any reasonably intelligent scholastic could have worked it out from Wyclif’s philosophical principles at least ten years earlier. But the eucharist had the great advantage of being a theological matter, which no one could contest the right of bishops and masters to deal with, and this made it a far more effective stick with which the papalists could belabour their lay opponents—and by 1382 the times were far more propitious. The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, an event with which Wyclif’s name was quickly linked, had thrown the regency government of the young Richard II into turmoil: and Lollardy, newly introduced as a term of abuse, could be represented as a recipe for any number of horrors, not least the assassination of bishops. The murder of Archbishop Sudbury in 1381 had opened up the way for his replacement by Wyclif’s leading opponent, the very vigorous bishop of London, William Courtenay. All this was however simply the culmination of a long process against Wyclif which had resulted in two abortive heresy trials in 1377 and 1378. In both cases Wyclif was rescued by royal intervention, by John of Gaunt. Wyclif, as he had proudly proclaimed, was a dericus regis, a king’s clerk, a member of the royal household: and as Christopher Given-Wilson has recently shown, king’s clerks might be few in number (and exceptionally cheap to maintain, since they could—as Wyclif was—be paid out of normal pluralism), but they wielded a degree of influence out of all proportion to their numbers.

Nigeria has a great potential to build a diversified sustainable and prosperous economy. Conversely, Nigeria has economic problems, her poverty situation is alarming though it records an impressive rate of economic growth which grew at an average 7.6% between 2003 and 2010(World Bank 2011), but this did not lead to sustainable development. This research work presents the position of agricultural sector as a dominant tool for reviving the Nigerian Economy from being monoculture. The paradox of growth in the face of poverty and inequality conflicts rational economic and social theories as well as historical trends showing vividly the structural disequilibrium in the Nigerian economy which has sustained the key productive and highly employable sectors below potential while supporting consumerism and rent-seeking sector which made laudable growth rate stranded at top of the pyramid not getting to both middle and bottom where the larger percentage of the populace can be better off. Among the recommendations made was that government should give immediate attention to the procurement and subsiding of farm tools for easy development of the sector. Also, Irrigation system should be encouraged for better efficiency in production process. More so, government should establish Companies that will convert agricultural primary product to non-perishable goods which stabilize the market price of farm product and motivate labour force to remain in the sector.

In the last decade, the Communicative Approach has taken an important position within the English language teaching world. Many countries have abandoned their traditional teaching methods to implement this approach. The objectives of this research were to analyze the transitioning to communicative activities in Teaching English as a foreign language in the Dominican Republic, to identify the communicative activities to which the students were more receptive, to research students’ attitudes while developing communicative activities, and lastly, to analyze new strategies for successful communicative activities. To carry out the investigation, three interventions were carried out in the classroom where activities such as role-play, group work, mingle, information transfer, opinion sharing, and information gap were implemented. Two interviews were administered to learners. Participant observation was implemented as well as the teacher’s diary and note-taking as a way of record the events. Interviews revealed that students had a great disposition towards group work as well as having conversations and activities that involved giving opinions. They also showed that close attention should be paid to activities that involve speaking in front of the class as they raised students’ stress levels. According to students’ performance and answers during the sessions, group work, information gap, and opinion sharing activities activated their motivation to a greater extent. Modeling and giving clear instructions was fundamental to overcome linguistic gaps that emerged during the sessions. The progressive integration of the target language was more convenient while implementing communicative activities.

Nowadays, machine learning projects have become more and more relevant to various real-world use cases. The success of complex Neural Network models depends upon many factors, as the requirement for structured and machine learning-centric project development management arises. Due to the multitude of tools available for different operational phases, responsibilities and requirements become more and more unclear. In this work, Machine Learning Operations (MLOps) technologies and tools for every part of the overall project pipeline, as well as involved roles, are examined and clearly defined. With the focus on the inter-connectivity of specific tools and comparison by well-selected requirements of MLOps, model performance, input data, and system quality metrics are briefly discussed. By identifying aspects of machine learning, which can be reused from project to project, open-source tools which help in specific parts of the pipeline, and possible combinations, an overview of support in MLOps is given. Deep learning has revolutionized the field of Image processing, and building an automated machine learning workflow for object detection is of great interest for many organizations. For this, a simple MLOps workflow for object detection with images is portrayed.

Light is a crucial element for plant growth and production. High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are considered not very electrically efficient as they generate high radiant heat, and as a consequence, there has been a lot of interest in replacing HPS lamps with new more efficient lighting sources in the form of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs have a linear photon output with the electrical input current, and this great feature allows the design of lighting arrays that match the plant’s needs. In the current study, light spectrum absorbance of pigments extracted from 14 plant species was analyzed. Two absorbance peaks were observed in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) region: one at 435 nm and the other at 665 nm. The light spectrum array was designed to produce the spectrum absorbed by basil pigments. This included the use of new wavelengths of 435 ± 5 nm to cover the blue region. Moreover, the ratio between blue and red was considered to match the absorbance of basil pigment. The use of a light spectrum that matches the plant absorbance significantly improved the investigated physiological parameters and increased the growth yield of basil. Moreover, this is the first to confirm the great positive impact of using 435 nm light spectrum in comparison with the commercially widely used 450 nm LED spectrum. This investigation has great scientific and commercial applications in the field of indoor faming and plant factory systems.

Since their foundation, the European Communities were characterised by a specific recipe for the labour market, centred on the promotion of labour mobility and a marked focus on vocational training and social dialogue. Drawing on an extensive range of primary sources, this article retraces the roots of that recipe in the reformist thinking of the interwar years, with a special point of reference in the International Labour Office. Identified within that body since the 1920s, the recipe evolved through the experiences of the great crisis and post-war demobilisation. It was then adapted to the needs of European economic integration.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the Great Recession on small- to medium-sized municipalities within the states of Georgia and Florida using a newly developed set of quantitative indices. Design/methodology/approach An examination of the methods and strategies utilized by individual cities to maintain public service levels despite distressed revenues is performed. From the data, performance measures are developed and used to evaluate the efficacy of the various strategies used by the cities. Outcomes of Georgia municipalities were compared to similarly sized Florida municipalities to study how underlying differences in tax structures and economies might have affected those outcomes. Findings Georgia and Florida municipalities relied on very different strategies for surviving the recession and its aftermath. Enterprise activities were critically important in both states with transfers to or from governmental activities rationalized in various ways. While Georgia is generally anti-property tax, more than half the Georgia municipalities relied on property tax increases to survive. Municipalities were unable to count on increased intergovernmental revenues during the recession. Finally, even with a tourist activity advantage, Florida municipalities fared only marginally better during and just after the recession, and fared worse four to six years post-recession. Practical implications The measures developed in this study provide a new, customizable methodology for the evaluation of financial condition that does not require in-depth comparisons to peers. Social implications Small- and medium-sized cities, and especially those in rural areas, are worthy of targeted research to better understand their unique problems. Originality/value This research is novel in utilizing a fiscal condition methodology that can be applied to a single municipality and does not require comparisons to peers for validity. However, it represents a very intuitive and customizable tool for making comparisons between municipalities of any size when such comparisons are desired. Additionally, the focus of this study is on small- to medium-sized municipalities which generally do not receive as much research attention as larger cities.

With the popularity and mature of CDMA technology, in addition to inherit the CDMA covering a wide range, small influence by the environment, security, real-time characteristics, SMS has the advantages of low cost、convenience which make the utilization rate more and more high. SMS has great potential application in the field of industrial automation. Experimental study on the S3C2410A embedded control system to send and receive message in English or Chinese by Siemens company TC35i module in CDMA, using the embedded technology and CDMA low cost and mobility , unattended advantage , show broad prospects in the field of environment of mobile operation and distributed remote data acquisition, monitoring system.

FISIOLOGIA, PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DE FRUTOS DA MANGUEIRA ‘TOMMY ATKINS’ SOB DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO WELSON LIMA SIMÕES1; VICTOR PIMENTA MARTINS DE ANDRADE2; MARIA APARECIDA DO CARMO MOUCO3; JUCICLÉIA SOARES DA SILVA4; NILDO DA SILVA DIAS5 E PEDRO PAULO BEZERRA FERREIRA6 1 Pesquisador – Embrapa Semiárido. BR 428, Km 152, CEP: 56302-970, Petrolina-PE welson.simoes@embrapa.br 2 Engenheiro agrônomo – IF Sertão/PE. BR 428, CEP: 56380-000, Santa Maria da Boa Vista-PE. victor.pimenta@ifsertao-pe.edu.br 3 Pesquisadora – Embrapa Semiárido. BR 428, Km 152, CEP: 56302-970, Petrolina-PE. maria.mouco@embrapa.br 4 Pós-doutoranda – Embrapa Semiárido. BR 428, Km 152, CEP: 56302-970, Petrolina-PE. jucicleiass@gmail.com 5 Docente, Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Florestais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido, BR 116, km 47, 572, Costa e Silva, CEP: 59625-900, Mossoró-RN. nildo@ufersa.edu.br 6 Doutorando em Botânica – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife-PE. pedropbfbio@gmail.com 1 RESUMO Considerando a grande expressão econômica na produtividade da manga para a agricultura brasileira e a dependência da irrigação, que viabiliza o seu elevado cultivo no semiárido, objetivou-se avaliar a influência de arranjos de sistemas de irrigação na fisiologia, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos da mangueira cultivar ‘Tommy Atkins’ no Semiárido brasileiro. Foram testados quatro arranjos do sistema de irrigação (um microaspersor sob a copa – MPP; um microaspersor entre plantas – MEP; duas linhas laterais com gotejadores por fileira de planta - G2L e uma faixa de gotejo em formato de anel ou espiral - GRP ao redor da planta) sob um delineamento em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro arranjos como parcelas e dois ciclos produtivos como subparcelas, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros fisiológicos (temperatura foliar, fotossíntese, transpiração e condutância estomática), de produção (número e produtividade e peso médio de frutos) e parâmetros da qualidade (densidade, volume, firmeza da polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis totais e acidez total titulável). As mangueiras submetidas aos tratamentos GRP e G2L apresentaram maior condutância estomática e melhores índices de qualidade e produção de frutos em relação aos arranjos MEP e MPP, exceto para os sólidos solúveis totais. Palavras-chave: manga, irrigação localizada, fitotecnia. SIMÕES, W. L; ANDRADE, V. P. M. de; MOUCO, M. A. do C.; SILVA, J. S. da; DIAS, N. da S.; FERREIRA, P. P. B. PHISIOLOGY, PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF ‘TOMMY ATKINS’ MANGO FRUITS UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2 ABSTRACT Considering the great economic expression in the productivity of mango for Brazilian agriculture and the dependence on irrigation, which enables its high cultivation in the semiarid region, the objective was to evaluate the influence of irrigation system arrangements on the physiology, productivity and quality of the mango fruit cultivate 'Tommy Atkins' in the Brazilian Semiarid. Four arrangements of the irrigation system were tested (a micro sprinkler under the canopy - MPP; a micro sprinkler between plants - MEP; two lateral lines with drippers per row of plant - G2L and a drip band in the shape of a ring or spiral - GRP around of the plant) under a split plot design, with four arrangements as plots and two production cycles as subplots, with five replications. Physiological parameters (leaf temperature, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance), production (number and productivity and average fruit weight) and quality parameters (density, volume, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and total acidity) were evaluated titratable). The hoses submitted to the GRP and G2L treatments showed higher stomatal conductance and better quality and fruit production indexes in relation to the MEP and MPP arrangements, except for the total soluble solids. Keywords: mango, localized irrigation, plant breeding.

Norman Angell is a theorist of whom everyone has heard and few take seriously. In the years before the First World War, he had published The Great Illusion, the famous argument which outlined the disutility of war and which appeared to imply that governments would henceforth be restrained in the use of force. It was widely acclaimed and promoted with fervour by proponents of the peace movement. A few months before the outbreak of the First War, Angell had published another major tract predicting that future wars would be less ferocious than past wars. When these predictions proved less than accurate, the luckless theorist became a target for the realist criticism of ‘idealism’; indeed, he became a constant reference point in their defence of the realist position. The label was sufficient to assure that, while frequently referred to, his own ideas should receive scarcely any critical attention.

This article considers the historical, political, and cultural contexts of both Russian Soviet and Russian émigré poetry about the second world war. It outlines the reasons for and the foundations of the extraordinarily abundant outpouring of Russian Soviet poems during the war (unmatched by any other country taking part in the war), including the platforms created by the state to receive and broadcast poetry, the importance of war correspondents, and the role of propaganda. It delineates the way poets were viewed as important allies and moral compasses during the war (their poems were considered weapons), and shows how and why this was all changed after the war. It also considers the situation in the main émigré literary centres when the war broke out, and the difference in attitudes toward the Soviet Union.

The figure of Alexander inevitably dominates the history of his reign. Our extant sources are centrally focussed upon the king himself. Accordingly it is his own military actions which receive the fullest documentation. Appointments to satrapies and satrapal armies are carefully noted because he made them, but the achievements of the appointees are passed over in silence. The great victories of Antigonus which secured Asia Minor in 323 BC are only known from two casual references in Curtius Rufus, and in general all the multifarious activities in the empire disappear from recorded history except in so far as they impinge upon court life in the shape of reports to Alexander and administrative decisions made by him. Moreover, the sources we possess originate either from high officers of Alexander's court, such as Ptolemy and Nearchus, or from Greek historians like Callisthenes and Cleitarchus, whose aims were literary or propagandist and whose interests were firmly anchored in court life. Inevitably Alexander bestrides that narrow world like a colossus and monopolises the historical picture. But even the figure of Alexander is far from fully fleshed. No contemporary history survives, and for continuous narratives of the reign we are dependent upon late derivative writers who saw Alexander through the filter of centuries of rhetoric and philosophy. The king had long been a stock example of many contradictory traits; he was at once the conqueror and the civiliser, the tyrant and the enlightened king. Cicero and Seneca saw him as the type of unbridled license, Arrian as the paradigm of moderation. The result is that the sources present a series of irreconcilable caricatures of Alexander but no uniform or coherent picture.

Business performance of franchise outlets in food and beverage industry is influenced by many factors, including transfer, receive, relation quality and environment. This study aims to clarify which and how receive factorsinfluence the performance of franchise outlets. Using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the author found that the level of understanding isof great importance to receive factorsand strongly affects the performance of franchise outlets. This is a new finding in the study of franchise in food and beverage industry in South East Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular.

The " Great Village," a cultural adaptation of a psychoeducation intervention the “ Savvy Caregiver” for African American caregivers of persons living with dementia (PLwD), aims to develop caregivers’ skills and improve the quality of the lives of both the PLwD and their caregivers. The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Great Village on depressive symptoms, anxiety, burden, and mastery in African American caregivers ( N = 142). A three-arm randomized control trial ( Great Village, Great Village + exercise, and attention control) was conducted over a period of 6 months. Caregivers who received either Great Village or Great Village + exercise reported significant reduction in depressive symptoms and improvement in mastery. Caregivers who received only Great Village reported a reduction in anxiety. Receiving no intervention worsened caregiver burden. African American caregivers should receive culturally tailored interventions to support their health and well-being and improve their competence in caregiving.

The discipline of International Relations has long had an uneasy relationship to revolution. Hannah Arendt's remark that the twentieth century has been shaped by wars and revolutions is often quoted, but it is striking how, within the institutionalized research and teaching on International Relations, these two historically formative processes receive differential treatment. Courses, journals, departments and institutes on war are plentiful. Study of war, in its historical, strategic and ethical dimensions, as well as in policy terms, is central to the academic study of IR. Revolutions, by contrast, enjoy a marginal existence. Standard textbooks and theoretical explorations devote little space to them. There is no journal specializing in this question. We have yet to meet the Oliver Cromwell Professor of Revolutionary Studies: there are no invitations to speak at the Thomas Paine International Institute for the Comparative Study of Revolutionary Change.

Emerging from the information-theoretic characterization of secrecy, physical-layer security exploits the physical properties of the wireless channel for security purpose. In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to investigating the physical-layer security issues in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications. This paper analyzes the secrecy performance of transmit-receive diversity system and spatial multiplexing systems with zero-forcing equalization and minimum mean-square-error equalization. Specifically, exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions are derived for the secrecy outage probability of such MIMO systems in a Rayleigh fading environment, and the corresponding secrecy diversity orders and secrecy array gains are determined. Numerical results are presented to corroborate the analytical results and to examine the impact of various system parameters, including the numbers of antennas at the transmitter, the legitimate receiver, and the eavesdropper. These contributions bring about valuable insights into the physical-layer security in MIMO wireless systems.

A Special Place in Historical Studies belongs to those great events that everyone knows of, but few know—at least, know deeply and accurately. In such cases, received notions of sequence, character, causes and results continue to be passed on, unchallenged by any requirement that the explanation fit the facts and that the facts receive explanation. One such great event is the Revolt of the Low Countries in the sixteenth century.