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Journal articles on the topic 'Great schism'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Cox, Anna M. "THE GREAT SCHISM: The Great Divide of the West, the East and Christianity." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 3 (February 12, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i3.3024.

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The historical tapestry of Medieval Europe was woven together with numerous profoundly influential threads. One of the most fundamental woven threads in the tapestry of this era was the thread of religion, the church and the Christian faith. An intrinsic part to this religious thread in the Medieval tapestry was the immensely profoundly transforming event of the Great Schism in 1054. The Great Schism in its own religious right was one of the most single profoundly fundamental and influential events that resulted in the transformation of a religion, culture and history. Moreover the Great Schism laid the foundation, paved the way and was the religious prequel of Martin’s Luther’s Protestant Reformation. Thus the Great Schism of 1054 had extensive, influential political, cultural, social, religious and historical consequences. The Great Schism’s legacy of disunion would be evident in the church, the Christian faith and religion for many generations to come.

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Blasi, Anthony J. "Sociological Implications of the Great Western Schism." Social Compass 36, no. 3 (September 1989): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003776868903600304.

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3

Neusner, Jacob. "Explaining the Great Schism: History Versus Theology." Religion 28, no. 2 (April 1998): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reli.1996.0062.

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4

Oakley, Francis. "Simon de Cramaud and the Great Schism. Howard Kaminsky." Speculum 60, no. 3 (July 1985): 688–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2848202.

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Malcolm Saunders. "Clyde Cameron: An Architect of “The Great Labor Schism”." Labour History, no. 115 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5263/labourhistory.115.0047.

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6

Rollo-Koster, Joëlle. "Constructing Papal Identity during the Great Western Schism (1378-1417): Pierre Ameil and Papal Funerals." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 31 (December 31, 2019): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/acta.7803.

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This essay argues that liturgists responded to the Great Western Schism (1378-1417), with liturgical rubrics. During this period, authors were essentially motivated with the recovery of ecclesiastical unity. I will analyze how Pierre Ameil, a contemporary of the Schism and the author of a ceremonial book or ordo attempted to reconstruct unity by developing a new rubric centered on the rituals surrounding the pope's death. By keeping the papal body one, both natural and institutional, Ameil responded to the College of Cardinals whom he knew was responsible for the initiation of the crisis. Contrary to current historiography that sees liturgists building institutional continuity during the Vacant See on the college of Cardinals, the essay proposes that Ameil built continuity on the embalmed papal corpse presenting it as both natural and institutional, at once finite and eternal. Keywords: Great Western Schism, liturgy, body, Papal funerals, senses, Pierre Ameil. On cover:Monks singing the Office and decorated initial A[sperges me.]. Gradual Olivetan Master (Use of the Olivetan Benedictines), illuminated manuscript on parchment ca. 1430-1439. Italy, Monastero di Santa Maria di Baggio near Milan, Ca 1400-1775.Beinecke Ms1184: The olivetan Gradual. Gradual. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

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Logan, Donald. "Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism, 1378–1417." Religion and the Arts 13, no. 1 (2009): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852908x388296.

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8

LERNER, ROBERT E. "ALFONSO PECHA'S TREATISE ON THE ORIGINS OF THE GREAT SCHISM: WHAT AN INSIDER “SAW AND HEARD”." Traditio 72 (2017): 411–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2017.6.

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TheConscriptioof Alfonso Pecha that treats the origins of the Great Schism of the West has not attracted the attention it deserves. Alfonso Pecha was the confessor and trusted familiar of Cardinal Pedro de Luna at the time of the outbreak of the Schism and was well located to be minutely informed of events surrounding the fateful conclave of April 1378. Hence his detailed narrative, albeit explicitly written to promote the cause of Urban VI, is a very valuable source. Aside from recounting numerous lively conversations and depicting vivid scenes, it contains a report of a hitherto unknown mission in the summer of 1378 to King Charles V of France that probably resulted in emboldening the cardinals to break unanimously with Urban in a new election. Moreover, the Schism narrative constitutes only one of three parts of Alfonso'sConscriptio: the other two seek to prove Urban VI's legitimacy by means of supernatural visions and confirmations from canon law. By the analysis of diverse evidence the conclusion is reached that Alfonso Pecha composed theConscriptioin Genoa in 1386. The work was published by Franz Bliemetzrieder in 1909 on the basis of a single manuscript located in Basel. The present study with appended edition draws on a second complete manuscript copy located in Prague, particularly important for revealing the identity of the dedicatee, a councilor of Giangaleazzo Visconti. It also draws on a small portion of the text from a manuscript in Uppsala.

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9

Birley, A. R. "Some Notes on the Donatist Schism." Libyan Studies 18 (1987): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006828.

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AbstractRecent work on the highly significant Donatist religious schism in late Roman Africa is reviewed, supported by an Appendix tabulating a draft chronology of Donatism. Particular attention is paid to the controversy surrounding the date and origins of the schism. The ‘revolutionary fringe’ of the Donatist movement, the Circumcellions, is also discussed, with specific reference to arguments concerning the social status of this group. A third section outlines the participation of Tripolitanian bishops of both Catholic and Donatist persuasion at the great Conference of Carthage in AD 411. The social historical importance of the extensive documentation is illustrated at several points by reference to illuminating insights into life in late Roman Africa.

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Harvey, Margaret. "Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism, 1378-1417 (review)." Catholic Historical Review 92, no. 3 (2006): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2006.0184.

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11

Martens, James W. "“To Throttle the Hydra”: The Middle Class and Rugby’s Great Schism." Canadian Journal of History of Sport 22, no. 1 (May 1991): 52–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cjhs.22.1.52.

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Adams, Tracy. "Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism, 1378-1417 (review)." Parergon 24, no. 1 (2007): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2007.0030.

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13

Pieragostini, Renata. "UNEXPECTED CONTEXTS: VIEWS OF MUSIC IN A NARRATIVE OF THE GREAT SCHISM." Early Music History 25 (August 17, 2006): 169–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127906000155.

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On 11 November 1417, the election at the Council of Constance (1414–18) of Oddo Colonna as Pope Martin V brought to an end a period of almost forty years of instability and crisis within the Church, which had begun with the outbreak of the Schism in 1378. After his consecration, the new pope set out to return to Rome, intending to re-establish there the Holy See, while the Council continued. Martin V entered Rome in September 1420, after travelling through Geneva, Pavia, Mantua, Milan and Florence. In the latter city he resided for almost two years, from 26 February 1419 to 9 September 1420. It was most likely during the pope's residence there that an Italian student in law, Antonio Baldana, wrote and dedicated to him a peculiar work: a narrative of the Schism written in the form of prophecy, in a mixture of prose and verse, Latin and Italian, and accompanied by thirty watercolour illustrations. The only known surviving version of this work is contained in a manuscript now preserved in Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, as MS Parmense 1194. The manuscript has been studied primarily for its iconography, while its musical implications, which form the subject of the present study, have so far passed unnoticed. In fact, as we shall see, Baldana's work is also designed as a framework for a discussion encompassing the disciplines of trivium and quadrivium – a small encyclopedia, where a distinctive connection is drawn between rhetoric, astrology and music.

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Martyniouk, Aleksey V. "«The Great Schism» of Eastern Slavic Medieval Studies: Seven Theses for Discussion." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 21, no. 1 (2017): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu19.2017.109.

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Williman, Daniel. "Negotiating Survival: Florence and the Great Schism, 1378-1417. Alison Williams Lewin." Speculum 80, no. 4 (October 2005): 1320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400001913.

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16

Otto, Sean. "A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378-1417) (review)." Toronto Journal of Theology 27, no. 1 (2011): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tjt.2011.0036.

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17

WILLIMAN, DANIEL. "Schism within the Curia: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 59, no. 1 (January 2008): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046907002503.

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The Great Western Schism divided Latin Christendom along national lines, but it began in 1378 not as a conflict between two national factions of cardinals in the conclave, but in two successive elections by the same college of cardinals, none dissenting. Each of the two new popes had the same usual claim to canonical legitimacy, but since each election was flawed in its circumstances and procedure, each pope could and did condemn and excommunicate his rival. Investigating the activities of the two leading bureaucrats of the Roman Curia, the archbishops who headed its two most powerful ministries, the Chancery and Camera, this paper explores an alternative interpretation of the two elections. According to this narrative, there were two extraordinary interventions in the succession to Pope Gregory xi: the disorderly papal election of 9 April 1378 was captured by one papal minister, the deputy director of the papal Chancery, Bartolomeo Prignano, archbishop of Bari; the second election, of 20 September, which began the Great Western Schism, was a counter-coup managed by the minister in charge of the Camera Apostolica, the chamberlain Pierre de Cros, archbishop of Arles.

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18

Sère, Bénédicte. "Obediencia, reformatio and veritas: Ecclesiological Debates during the Western Great Schism (1378-1417)." Medieval Worlds medieval worlds, Volume 7. 2018 (2018): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/medievalworlds_no7_2018s98.

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19

Ogden, Amy. "Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism, 1378-1417. Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski." Speculum 82, no. 4 (October 2007): 967–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400011453.

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20

Sidaway, Janet. "The reception of Chalcedon in the West: a case study of Gregory the Great." Scottish Journal of Theology 73, no. 4 (November 2020): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930620000630.

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AbstractGregory illustrates the complex reception of Chalcedon in the West in the way he dealt with the Istrian Schism caused by the Fifth Ecumenical Council of 553. At issue was whether Chalcedon's decisions in their entirety or its doctrinal statements alone were inviolable. Gregory strongly urged the latter, influenced by initial papal support for the Fifth Council, his conviction that only those within the church would be saved and pastoral anxiety about the imminence of the eschaton. However, his literary legacy also demonstrates his commitment to the soteriological significance of the Chalcedonian definition of the two natures of Christ.

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21

Lewin, Alison Williams. "“Cum Status Ecclesie Noster Sit”: Florence and the Council of Pisa (1409)." Church History 62, no. 2 (June 1993): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168142.

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Of all the divisions and crises that the Catholic church endured in its first fifteen hundred years of existence, none was so destructive as the Great Schism (1378–1417). For forty years learned theologians and doctors of canon law argued over whether the pontiff residing in Rome or in Avignon was the true pope. The effects of the schism upon the highly organized administration of the church were disastrous, as were its effects upon society in general. Countless clerics fought over claims to benefices with appointees from the other obedience; the revenues of the church, quite impressive in the mid-fourteenth century, shrank precipitously; and opportunistic rulers especially in Italy did not hesitate to wage private wars under the banner of one or the other papacy, or to prey upon the actual holdings of the church.

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22

HAYTON, MAGDA. "HILDEGARDIAN PROPHECY AND FRENCH PROPHECY COLLECTIONS, 1378–1455: A STUDY AND CRITICAL EDITION OF THE “SCHISM EXTRACTS”." Traditio 72 (2017): 453–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2017.11.

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This article offers a study and critical edition of a group of passages (here called the “Schism Extracts”) that were compiled from the apocalyptic prophecies of Hildegard of Bingen and heavily annotated in response to the Great Western Schism (1378–1417). The article argues that the Extracts were created by someone with ties to the University of Paris to illuminate a French perspective on the Schism and that they circulated primarily within a Parisian milieu—both among masters at the university and among members of religious houses in and around Paris. The article outlines the main contents and themes of the Extracts and the manuscript contexts in which they are found, including five prophecy collections. While one prophecy collection is known to have been compiled by the Parisian master Simon du Bosc, it is here argued that three of the other collections were produced by Pierre d'Ailly or someone within his circle of associates. Many of the prophetic writings selected for these collections thematically concern the eschatological and reformist role of France and a future holy angelic pope (the pastor angelicus). These include the writings of John of Rupescissa, and parallels between the Extracts and John's reading of Hildegard suggest that the compiler of the text was well-versed in John's apocalyptic thought.

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23

Berend, Nora. "Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism." Church History and Religious Culture 88, no. 4 (2008): 629–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124108x426817.

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24

KORMINA, JEANNE, and VLAD NAUMESCU. "A new ‘Great Schism'? Theopolitics of communion and canonical territory in the Orthodox Church." Anthropology Today 36, no. 1 (February 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12551.

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25

Dameron, George. "Reviews of Books:Negotiating Survival: Florence and the Great Schism, 1378-1417 Alison Williams Lewin." American Historical Review 109, no. 4 (October 2004): 1299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/530873.

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26

Swanson, R. N. "Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism, 1378-1417. By Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski." Heythrop Journal 49, no. 6 (November 2008): 1070–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2008.00427_27.x.

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27

Marshall, Simone Celine. "Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism, 1378-1417 - By Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski." Journal of Religious History 34, no. 2 (June 2010): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2010.00877.x.

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28

Reuter, Timothy. "John of Salisbury and the Germans." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 3 (1994): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900003410.

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One of the very noticeable features of John of Salisbury’s later letters is the frequency with which they refer to the affairs of the empire and its ruler Frederick Barbarossa; indeed, they are an important source for the history of the empire in the 1160s. There is no mystery about why this should have been so. The papal schism which broke out in 1159 and which was sustained by Barbarossa was of great importance for John and his circle, both in itself as a matter of great concern to those who cared about the church, and in particular because its progress often affected the course of the dispute between Becket and Henry II.

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Письменюк, Илья. "Involvement of the Greek hierarchy in the development of the Old Believer schism in Russia." Церковный историк, no. 2(2) (August 15, 2019): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/chist.2019.2.2.007.

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Статья посвящена участию и роли греческой иерархии в развитии старообрядческого раскола на Руси. Начавшийся в середине XVII в. раскол стал одной из самых печальных страниц в истории Российского государства и Русской Православной Церкви. Это событие было вызвано церковной реформой и книжной справой, организованной патриархом Никоном с ориентацией на греческое православие. Противники данных преобразований, отказавшиеся признать новый русский обряд, учинили раскол и вошли в историю под названием старообрядцев. Тематика раскола Русской Церкви достаточно подробно исследована в отечественной историографии с акцентом на личностные характеристики патриарха Никона, царя Алексея Михайловича, а также лидеров старообрядчества. Однако, с учётом прогреческого характера церковной реформы патриарха Никона, в науке остаётся достаточно слабо освещённым вопрос участия непосредственно греческой иерархии в событиях раскола и роли, которую они в нём сыграли. Последнее особенно касается участия греческих патриархов в деяниях Большого Московского собора 1666-1667 гг., который под влиянием данных иерархов наложил на старый обряд церковную анафему, чем утвердил церковный раскол на многие столетия вперед. Кроме того, отдельное внимание в статье уделяется религиознополитическому контексту эпохи и состоянию греческого православия, оказавшегося после падения Византийской империи под властью турок-османов. The article is devoted to the participation and role of the Greek hierarchy in the development of the Old Believer schism in Russia. The schism that began in the middle of the 17th century became one of the saddest pages in the history of the Russian state and the Russian Orthodox Church. This event was caused by the Church reform and the bookends organized by Patriarch Nikon with an orientation towards Greek Orthodoxy. Opponents of these reforms, who refused to recognise the new Russian rite, caused a schism and went down in history under the name of Old Believers. The subject of the Russian Church schism has been studied in sufficient detail in domestic historiography, with emphasis on the personal characteristics of Patriarch Nikon, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and the leaders of Old Believers. However, given the progressive nature of Patriarch Nikon's church reforms, the question of the participation of the Greek hierarchy directly in the events of the schism and the role they played in it remains rather underreported in scholarship. The latter applies especially to the participation of the Greek Patriarchs in the acts of the Great Council of Moscow in 1666-1667, which under the influence of these hierarchs imposed a church anathema on the old rite and thereby confirmed the church schism for many centuries to come. In addition, special attention is given to the religious and political context of the era and the state of Greek Orthodoxy after the fall of the Byzantine Empire under the rule of the Ottoman Turks.

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30

Lessios, H. A. "The Great American Schism: Divergence of Marine Organisms After the Rise of the Central American Isthmus." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39, no. 1 (December 2008): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095815.

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31

LINEHAN, P. "Papa Luna in 1415: A Proposal by Benedict XIII for the Ending of the Great Schism." English Historical Review CXIII, no. 450 (February 1, 1998): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cxiii.450.91.

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32

Roccati, G. Matteo. "A Gersonian Text in Defense of Poetry: De laudibus elegie spiritualis (ca. 1422–1425)." Traditio 60 (2005): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900000301.

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During the troubled period of the Great Schism, the Hundred Years War, and the civil war in France, Jean Gerson (1363–1429), chancellor of the University of Paris, played an important part. However, his primary importance lies in the considerable corpus of writings that he left, rather than his role in political and ecclesiastical affairs. His theological writings are well known, and the literary aspects of his works have been pointed out, especially in relation to French humanism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In particular, his Latin poems are important evidence of the cultural climate of these years and still survive in great number — we actually know of nearly six thousand verses. Unfortunately, there is currently no complete edition that satisfies modern critical criteria. In these circumstances, any critical work on these texts must begin with a study of the manuscripts.

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Fogleman, Andrew. "The Remedies of Hippocrates or Divine Counsel?: Jean Gerson and Religious Visionaries during the Great Western Schism." Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 39, no. 1 (2008): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjm.2008.0043.

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Bridich, Sarah Melvoin. "The invisible schism: Teachers’ and administrators’ differing perceptions of education reforms." education policy analysis archives 24 (August 8, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.24.2192.

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This study examined teachers’ and administrators’ perceptions of education reforms, focusing on a state legislated education bill that altered teacher evaluations. A mixed-method design, including an electronic survey, was used to gather perceptions of Colorado Senate Bill 10-191: Great Teachers and Leaders Act from teachers and administrators in the Rockies School District (RSD), as well as these two groups’ general perceptions of teacher evaluations, education reforms, and change. Results revealed that teachers collectively hold similar views of education reforms, as do administrators; however, how each group perceives these elements of education policy and reform differs significantly. Both teachers and administrators believed that their groups see education reforms similarly, yet these groups had statistically significant differences on more than half of the survey questions. Qualitative data, in the form of open-ended responses to survey questions and semi-formal interviews, corroborated these findings. The two groups were unaware that their perceptions vary on critical issues related to the successful implementation of this education reform. This perception gap raises the questions of whether and how they can work together as reform implementation moves forward, and whether and how they can collectively support student learning as each group envisions, regardless of the policy itself.

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35

Boon, Jessica A. "Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism, 1378-1417. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006." Medieval Feminist Forum 43, no. 1 (June 2007): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/1536-8742.1043.

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Slotemaker, John T. "A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378-1417) - Edited by Joëlle Rollo-Koster and Thomas M. Izbicki." Religious Studies Review 37, no. 3 (September 2011): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2011.01538_15.x.

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Natacha-Ingrid Tinteroff. "Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism (1378) (review)." Catholic Historical Review 96, no. 2 (2010): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.0.0704.

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Vick, Douglas W. "Regulatory convergence?" Legal Studies 26, no. 1 (March 2006): 26–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2006.00005.x.

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The Communications Act 2003 can be seen as yet another attempt to reconcile the contradictions resulting from the great schism between Market and Social Liberalism that dominated twentieth-century political discourse in the West, in this case applied to the intricacies of media regulation. In this respect, the Act is simply the latest manifestation of an on-going process of philosophical accommodation that has been characteristic of British media policy, at least since World War II, if not before. This accommodation has always been imperfect, and the debates over the Act's more controversial provisions indicate that the tensions between the competing schools of liberalism will persist well into the twenty-first century.

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39

Izbicki, Thomas M. "Papalist Reaction to the Council of Constance: Juan de Torquemada to the Present." Church History 55, no. 1 (March 1986): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3165419.

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The Council of Constance has presented a problem to propapal historians since its close. On the one hand, the council ended the Great Western Schism, establishing an accepted line of popes while condemning doctrinal errors attributed to John Wyclille and John Hus. On the other hand, its decrees, llaec Santa and Freqnens, issued to safeguard the work of reunification and that of reform, later were used to justify the attempt of the Council of Basel to enact an anticurial reform of the church. Haec Santa was exalted to the level of a dogmatic definition in order to justify the Council of Basel's deposition of Eugenius IV, the second undoubted pope in the line begun at Constance.

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40

Rollo-Koster, Joëlle. "Poets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism: 1378-1417, by Renate Blumenfeld-KosinskiPoets, Saints, and Visionaries of the Great Schism: 1378-1417, by Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski. University Park, Pennsylvania, Penn State University Press, 2006. xiii, 240pp. $45.00 US (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 42, no. 1 (April 2007): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.42.1.90.

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Shchipkov, Vasiliy A. "Attitude to the Categories of the Religious and the Secular in the Works of the Slavophiles (Kireevsky, Khomyakov, Samarin)." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 54 (May 20, 2019): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2019-0-2-219-234.

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The author analyses the main works of I.V. Kireevsky, A.S. Khomyakov and Yu. F. Samarin that touch upon the problems of religion and secularism (religious, secular). The author summarizes the common approaches of the three Slavophiles to this issue. The Slavophil methodology attributed the origins of the secularization process to the specifics of Western Christianity, which had finally formed at the time of the Great Schism. The Slavophiles paid attention to the religious nature of modern secular anti-religious ideologies, which though denying religion and their own religious origin, still could not offer any worthy alternative. All three philosophers defended Christian ontology, therefore they did not consider secularism in a humanistic and positivistic sense, as something which was opposite to religion or was an area beyond all religions.

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Sughi, Mario A. "The appointment of Octavian de Palatio as archbishop of Armagh, 1477–8." Irish Historical Studies 31, no. 122 (November 1998): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400013882.

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The system of papal provision (the practice of providing clerks to benefices with or without cure) was one of the most controversial features of papal relations with the European monarchies of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Secular rulers naturally wished to have some control in the matter of clerical appointment, particularly when the benefice concerned was a bishopric or a great abbey. During the Western schism of the fourteenth century kings and princes had made gains in certain matters both of jurisdiction and administration at the expense of the central authority of the church. The struggles between the papacy and the councils in the first half of the fifteenth century left the secular rulers favourably placed to consolidate these advantages, obtained in many cases either by concession or by arrogation, until the crisis of the Reformation.

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Maxfield, David K. "A Fifteenth-Century Lawsuit: The Case of St Anthony's Hospital." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44, no. 2 (April 1993): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900015827.

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It is well known that the Council of Constance (1414–18) was concerned with reform, heresy and – above all – the ending of the Great Schism of the papacy. However, comparatively few realise how many personal and institutional suits were heard at tribunals there. Christopher Crowder has asserted with justifiable exaggeration that more ‘ecclesiastical carpetbaggers’ were in attendance than ‘ecclesiastical statesman’. This article, based on hitherto unused material, is a case study which presents the activities of certain ‘carpetbaggers’ and their agents in some detail. It is offered partly because it further documents Crowder's assertion, partly because it supports his conclusion that judicial procedures at the papal curia in the late Middle Ages operated with great continuity, and partly because it suggests how closely King Henry v could concern himself with the details of ecclesiastical business. It also throws unusual light on medieval English hospitals, especially on alien priory establishments. Furthermore, it exemplifies the inordinate amounts of time, documentation, money and gifts required in order to pursue cases at the papal curia; difficulties stemming from reliance on proctors there; the time lags and other problems related to international correspondence and financial transactions in the early fifteenth century; and connections between ‘carpetbaggers’ and ‘ecclesiastical statesmen’ that sometimes affected curia cases.

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Tazbir, Janusz. "The Polonization of Christianity in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 6 (1990): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900001228.

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The process of adapting universal religions to local cultures, conditions, and milieux is as old as the religions themselves. As far as Christinity is concerned, it was also subject to the continuous blending of general doctrinal principles with the national form of their expression, especially with age-old traditions in folklore. Consequently, Frankish or Germanic Christianity differed considerably from the Slavic version, while the latter again differed from that prevailing in the Eastern Roman Empire. Although in missionary areas the Church sometimes approved of investing the cult with specific features, taking into account the nationality and mentality of its congregations, in Europe itself conflicts between local church authorities on the one hand and Rome on the other often broke out over these matters. They found expression and were finally ossified in successive divisions of Christianity; beginning with the Great Schism of 1054, through the attempt to organize a national church in Bohemia (the Hussite Movement), to the permanent split brought about by the Reformation.

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Chun, Se Yeoung. "On the two resources of academic freedom in the European medieval university: the town vs. gown conflicts and the great papal schism." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 18, no. 10 (May 25, 2018): 675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2018.18.10.675.

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Korenevskiy, A. V., and N. D. Nikolaeva. "Polish Vector in Politics of Vladimir Monomakh and His Heirs: from the Lyubech Congress to the “Pereyaslavl Crisis”." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-10-337-352.

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The question of the system of Russian-Polish interaction during the period of temporary stabilization of political relations in Russia - from the Lyubech Congress (1097) to the end of the Kiev reign of Mstislav the Great (1125-1132) is considered in the article. The authors show that the 12th century is presented in historiography as a time of gradual growth of contradictions between two Christian civilizations, as a transitional period between the Great Schism of 1054 and the IV Crusade (1202- 1204). An attempt is made to consider the relationship between Russia and Poland of the indicated period outside the teleological approach. The authors provide evidence that the thesis of the religious factor as decisive in Russian-Polish relations does not correspond to the political realities of the 10- 30s of the XII century. It is shown that it was the ideological orientation of Vladimir Monomakh towards the crusading movement and the Holy Roman Empire that made it impossible for allied relations between Kiev and Krakow in the first quarter of the 12th century. It has been proved that there was no single policy of Rus towards Poland; the actions of the two sides were situational. The authors come to the conclusion that in Russia and Poland, competing political groups sought to implement their own strategies in relation to the neighboring state.

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Susan, Balderstone. "The evolution of trinity images to the medieval period." Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association 13 (2017): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2017.1.5.

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This paper investigates an association between the iconography used in artistic works and theological positions in the great debates over the nature of Christ and the Trinity. It looks at how the iconography evolved up to the medieval period with the schism between the Orthodox and Catholic churches and beyond. It is proposed that there was dogmatic intent which related to the ongoing theological debate. This is demonstrated by the chronological correlation between specific markers in the debate and changes in the way the Trinity was depicted. Acknowledged authority Andre Grabar considered that changes were due to the essential inadequacy of pictorial means to depict abstract ideas, and a striving by artists and image makers to capture them in different ways. He did not relate dated images to events in theological history, but referred to a "general confusion" of ideas in the early period due to the theological debates. However, it can be seen that there was a correlation between the chronology of the debate and iconographic development of all four main 'types' of the Trinity.

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Charrington, Harry. "Not a locked box: the everyday art of the Aalto atelier." Architectural Research Quarterly 14, no. 3 (September 2010): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135510001016.

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The schism between our admiration of the artefacts of the great architectural practices of the twentieth century, and our lack of knowledge as to how those achievements were manifest, is one of the most enduring characteristics of modern architecture. Modern architectural practice and its sustaining historiography has typically focused on the image of the designed object at the expense of the skills and conditions that shaped it; a focus on reputation rather than comprehension. Indeed those constituting contingencies of design are more often seen as obstructing the architectural vision and true reality of experience; hence the fixation on a singular (and possibly post-rationalised) first ‘spark’ of conception and the photogenic qualities of the realised, and usually uninhabited, object. Dalibor Veseley is right to state that ‘instrumentality (techne) must always be subordinated to symbolic representation (poiesis), because techne refers only to a small segment of reality, while poiesis refers to reality as a whole'. Nevertheless, in the current climate the statement is likely to be understood as further legitimising the continuing neglect of what architects actually do.

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Swanson, R. N. "The Problem of Subjection: The University of Toulouse, Royalism, and Papalism in The France of Charles VI." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 9 (1991): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900002003.

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In the early years of the fifteenth century, the European universities achieved what was probably the height of their influence within the Western Church, an influence accorded final sanction by their independent representation at the two general councils of Pisa (1409) and Constance (1414-18). Both of these assemblies had been summoned in the hope of terminating the Great Schism, the division of the Latin Church which had erupted with the rival elections of Urban VI and Clement VII as popes in 1378. During the course of the subsequent debates seeking a resolution to the dispute, the universities and their members had taken a prime role in formulating theories intended to find a way out of the dilemma of having two popes, each supposedly legitimate. Their scope for concrete, independent action was, however, limited: whatever their aspirations for a role on the wider stage of the medieval Church, the universities had to exist within the narrower confines of individual political entities, for the most part monarchies, whose rulers had their own conceptions of the appropriate place of scholars in the scheme of things.

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Winking, Jeffrey. "Exploring the Great Schism in the Social Sciences: Confirmation Bias and the Interpretation of Results Relating to Biological Influences on Human Behavior and Psychology." Evolutionary Psychology 16, no. 1 (January 2018): 147470491775269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704917752691.

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