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Journal articles on the topic 'Great Zimbabwe'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Ndoro, Webber. "Great Zimbabwe." Scientific American 277, no. 5 (November 1997): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1197-94.

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Ndoro, Webber. "Great Zimbabwe." Scientific American Sp 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0105-74sp.

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3

Huffman, Thomas N. "Revisiting Great Zimbabwe." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 45, no. 3 (December 2010): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2010.521679.

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4

Pikirayi, Innocent, and Shadreck Chirikure. "Debating Great Zimbabwe." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 46, no. 2 (August 2011): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2011.580149.

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5

Pikirayi, Innocent. "Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe." Antiquity 91, no. 358 (August 2017): 1085–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.95.

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Although new research suggests multi-directional trajectories in the development of the Zimbabwe Tradition (see Chirikure et al. 2016), regional population shifts need not be discounted, as some of these generated states (e.g. Vigneswaran & Quirk 2015). Oral-historical data from northern Zimbabwe counters persistent but often misleading views of pre-colonial states in south-central Africa as exercising power over static and stationary populations (Pikirayi 1993). Rather, human mobility shaped, among other things, the Zimbabwe Culture's spatial features, its strategies for accumulating power and managing resources, and the regional political, social and economic actors to which it was connected. This occurred with the demise of Great Zimbabwe from the second half of the fifteenth century and for much of the sixteenth. Ingombe Ilede attests to post mid fifteenth-century regional shifts in patterns of trade that would lure the Portuguese to south-central Africa from the early sixteenth century onwards. The Zambezi became the preferred inland route. Great Zimbabwe's expansionary thrusts to control this trade undermined its own political control over the southern Zimbabwe plateau, as this spawned new political formations like the Mwene Mutapa state and other polities, including Ingombe Ilede.
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6

CHENNELLS, ANTHONY. "Great Zimbabwe in Rhodesian Fiction." Matatu 34, no. 1 (2007): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789401205665_002.

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7

Huffman, Thomas N., and J. C. Vogel. "The Chronology of Great Zimbabwe." South African Archaeological Bulletin 46, no. 154 (December 1991): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889086.

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8

Huffman, Thomas N., and Stephan Woodborne. "AMS Dates and the Chronology of Great Zimbabwe." Journal of African Archaeology 18, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20200006.

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Abstract Salvage excavations in the 1970s uncovered a sizeable commoner occupation at Great Zimbabwe, as well as evidence for the early construction of an elite stonewalled enclosure. As a result of these excavations, we can revise somewhat the chronology of Great Zimbabwe. The most important changes are the extension of Period IVa, lasting from AD 1285±10 to 1395±10, and the appearance of P, P/Q and Q-coursed walling in Period IVa. The small Nemanwa palace was built in P/Q and first dates to Period IVa, as does the Outer Perimeter Wall, and both were linked to the growth of the Zimbabwe state. Period IVb represents the floruit of Great Zimbabwe, while Period IVc encompasses the occupation after the political elite moved north to become the well-known Mutapa dynasty. After the move north, the Mutapa established a masungiro ritual centre at Great Zimbabwe, perhaps to maintain territorial rights in the face of Torwa expansion.
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9

Walker, P. J. "The Architectural Development of Great Zimbabwe." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 28, no. 1 (January 1993): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00672709309511649.

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10

Huffman, Thomas N. "The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe." African Arts 18, no. 3 (May 1985): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336358.

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11

Shaw, Thurstan. "The 'Mysterious' Ruins of Great Zimbabwe." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 17, no. 1 (March 1992): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1992.17.1.32.

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12

Barker, Graeme. "Cows and Kings: Models for Zimbabwes." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54 (1988): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005831.

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This paper discusses the complex societies which flourished on the central plateau of southern Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers between c. AD 800 and 1500, and the models which can be proposed for how they functioned and why they developed. The principal archaeological monuments left by these societies are their regional political centres, the stone enclosures or zimbabwes (fig. 1), of which Great Zimbabwe is the best known and most elaborate (fig. 2). (The traditional spelling zimbabwe(s) is used in this paper rather than the correct but lesser known spelling dzimbahwe singular and madzimbahwe plural.) They varied considerably in size, but the largest probably housed populations numbering several thousands — Great Zimbabwe itself has been estimated to have had a population of some 30,000 people (Huffman 1984) — and their construction implies organized labour on a substantial scale. The main population lived in densely clustered huts outside the stone enclosure. Artefacts suggest that they were commoners, with the servants of the king and minor officials living close to the central hill. Beyond was an outer ring of prestige residences with their own housing units (fig. 2). ‘Great Zimbabwe was the product of a highly stratified society: the stone walls are essentially demonstrations of the prestige of a ruling class, a symbol of political authority that spread over the whole plateau’ (Garlake 1973, 14).
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13

Chirikure, Shadreck, Tawanda Mukwende, Abigail J. Moffett, Robert T. Nyamushosho, Foreman Bandama, and Michelle House. "No Big Brother Here: Heterarchy, Shona Political Succession and the Relationship between Great Zimbabwe and Khami, Southern Africa." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28, no. 1 (July 25, 2017): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774317000555.

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In southern Africa, there has been a long-standing but unsubstantiated assumption that the site of Khami evolved out of Great Zimbabwe's demise around ad 1450. The study of local ceramics from the two sites indicate that the respective ceramic traditions are clearly different across the entire sequence, pointing towards different cultural affiliations in their origins. Furthermore, there are tangible typological differences between and within their related dry-stone architecture. Finally, absolute and relative chronologies of the two sites suggest that Khami flourished as a major centre from the late fourteenth/early fifteenth century, long before Great Zimbabwe's decline. Great Zimbabwe also continued to be occupied into the late seventeenth and perhaps eighteenth centuries, after the decline of Khami. Consequently, the combined significance of these observations contradicts the parent-offspring relationship implied in traditional frameworks. Instead, as chronologically overlapping entities, the relationship between Khami and Great Zimbabwe, was heterarchical. However, within the individual polities, malleable hierarchies of control and situational heterarchies were a common feature. This is in tune with historically documented political relations in related pre-colonial southern Zambezian states, and motivates for contextual approaches to imagining power relations in pre-colonial African contexts.
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14

Ndoro, Webber. "The preservation and presentation of Great Zimbabwe." Antiquity 68, no. 260 (September 1994): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047128.

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Great Zimbabwe, most celebrated monument in the country that is named after it, is a large challenge not just in its technical conservation, but in how it is to be made alive for its country's citizens.
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15

Boudreau, A. E., C. Love, and M. D. Prendergast. "Halogen geochemistry of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 122, no. 3 (December 11, 1995): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050128.

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16

Fontein, Joost. "Reclaiming Great Zimbabwe: progressive or regressive decoloniality?" Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 56, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 400–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2021.1957274.

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17

Murwirapachena, Genius, and Courage Mlambo. "Life Expectancy In Zimbabwe: An Analysis Of Five Decades." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 14, no. 3 (April 30, 2015): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i3.9207.

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Great inconsistencies have been observed in life expectancy dynamics in Zimbabwe over the past decades. Contradictions exist among Zimbabweans where some believe that people used to live longer during the colonial era than they live now. Such beliefs have been exacerbated by the recent economic woes that ensued in the country. Dynamics in the Zimbabwean life expectancy patterns have seen male Zimbabweans outliving their female counterparts since the year 2000. Such an alteration contradicts general world life expectancy trends where females commonly live longer than males. This paper analyses trends in the Zimbabwean life expectancy over the period 1970 to 2012. The ordinary least squares method is used to examine the impact of economic growth, inflation, increase in agriculture land, population growth and the dependency ratio on life expectancy in Zimbabwe. Empirical results from this study revealed that economic growth, inflation and population growth have a positive relationship with life expectancy while increases in both agricultural land and the dependency ratio have negative effects on life expectancy in Zimbabwe.
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18

Macheka, Mavis Thokozile. "Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site and sustainable development." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 6, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-09-2015-0030.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site has contributed to the sustainable development of the local people who live in its vicinity. What is critically important to underscore is the value of the site to society. Design/methodology/approach The relevant data were collected through questionnaires, personal interviews and site visits. Findings The paper reveals that cultural heritage has affected sustainable development of local communities living in its vicinity in social and cultural terms. There is promotion of Shona traditions through exhibitions and selling of curios by local people at community projects such as the Shona Village and the Great Zimbabwe Nemanwa Craft Centre. The two projects also generate revenue to the local communities. However it was established that a number of benefits from the site such as employment creation are temporary and unsustainable. The main challenge for effecting sustainable development to local communities is lack of community participation. Originality/value Most researchers are arguing that sustainability of cultural heritage is much more difficult compared to natural heritage but the findings reflect that cultural heritage through Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site could be an essential engine and valuable resource for sustainable development.
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19

Carroll, Scott T. "Solomonic Legend: The Muslims and the Great Zimbabwe." International Journal of African Historical Studies 21, no. 2 (1988): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219935.

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20

Sievers, C., and J. Wintjes. "“An enchanted garden”; the flora of Great Zimbabwe." Quaternary International 404 (June 2016): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.142.

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21

Beach, David. "Cognitive Archaeology and Imaginary History at Great Zimbabwe." Current Anthropology 39, no. 1 (February 1998): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/204698.

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22

Sinamai, Ashton. "Shadreck Chirikure: Great Zimbabwe: Reclaiming a “Confiscated” Past." African Archaeological Review 38, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-021-09431-z.

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23

Mhute, Isaac. "Typical Phrases For Shona Syntactic Subjecthood." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2016): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p340.

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This paper presents findings from a qualitative research that focused on providing a comprehensive description of the Shona subject relation. Shona is a Bantu language spoken by around 75% of the over 13million people making up the Zimbabwean population plus the other speakers in neighbouring countries like Zambia, Botswana and South Africa. The paper reveals the types of phrases that typically perform the subject role in the language. The research concentrated mainly on the language as used by speakers of the dialect spoken by the Karanga people of Masvingo Province (the region around Great Zimbabwe) and the Zezuru dialect spoken by people of central and northern Zimbabwe (the area around Harare Province).
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24

Risiro, Joshua. "Traditional or Conveyor belt marking: Exploring the way forward at Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe." Greener Journal of Educational Research 4, no. 4 (July 20, 2014): 099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjer.2014.4.0523014243.

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25

Risiro, Joshua. "Traditional or Conveyor belt marking: Exploring the way forward at Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe." Greener Journal of Education and Training Studies 3, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 024–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjets.2015.1.0523014243.

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26

Pikirayi, Innocent. "Peter Garlake (1934–2011), Great Zimbabwe and the politics of the past in Zimbabwe." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47, no. 2 (June 2012): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2012.682779.

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27

Killick, David. "Tracing Ingombe Ilede's trade connections." Antiquity 91, no. 358 (August 2017): 1087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.100.

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McIntosh and Fagan (above) write that “For 45 years, Ingombe Ilede has been viewed as a key nexus linking the Copperbelt and Great Zimbabwe”. Some regional specialists have not believed this since the publication of Swan's (2007) important review of the sizes and shapes of prehistoric copper ingots found in modern Zimbabwe. Swan noted that both of the ingot moulds found at Great Zimbabwe (which have a clear stylistic connection to the Copperbelt) are of the earlier HIH style (ninth to fourteenth centuries AD; de Maret 1995; Nikis & Livingstone Smith in press). But neither the later HXR-style copper ingots (fourteenth to seventeenth centuries)—some of which were excavated at Ingombe Ilede—nor the moulds to make them have been found on a Zimbabwe tradition site. The distribution of HXR ingots within the modern nation of Zimbabwe is almost exclusively in the north, within the former territory of the Mutapa state (Swan 2007: fig. 2). The clear implication is that the HXR ingot style—and thus the elite burials at Ingombe Ilede—post-date the breakup of the state ruled from Great Zimbabwe, which gave birth to the Mutapa (northern) and Torwa (southern) states. The new radiocarbon dates by McIntosh and Fagan provide welcome confirmation of this inference.
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28

Gwekwerere, Gadziro. "Gospel Music as a Mirror of the Political and Socio-Economic Developments in Zimbabwe, 1980-2007." Exchange 38, no. 4 (2009): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016627409x12474551163619.

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AbstractThis paper explores, analyses and discusses Zimbabwean gospel song themes from 1980 up to 2007 in relation to the Zimbabwean political and socio-economic situations in the country. The history of the socio-economic and political development of Zimbabwe during 1980-2007 would certainly be incomplete without including gospel music. Until about the mid-1980s, the general atmosphere in the newly-independent state of Zimbabwe was characterized by liberation euphoria and great optimism for the future. Equally so, local gospel music during this period was largely celebrative and conformist as far as the political and socio-economic dispensation was concerned. Socio-economic hardships crept in as a result of the government's implementation of neo-liberal economic reforms under the guidance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during the early 1990s. The ruling party soon found itself confronted by a multitude of gospel musicians criticizing its policies and malpractices. Works of various gospel artistes will be used as evidence but due to issues of space, it has not been possible to cover all Zimbabwean gospel artists.
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29

Mugodhi, Respect Farai, Lloyd Moyo, and Munyaradzi Muchacha. "In the post-Mugabe era: the role of social work in the democratisation of Zimbabwe." Critical and Radical Social Work 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204986019x15491042559763.

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This commentary critically discusses the political space prior to, and in the aftermath of, former Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe's fall from power and the possibilities for a transition from authoritarianism to democracy in a new political dispensation. The article examines the role of social work in contributing to the democratisation of Zimbabwe and makes a great case for the involvement of social workers at the micro- and macro-level in the pursuit of democracy.
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30

Ndoro, Webber, and Gilbert Pwiti. "Marketing the past: The ‘Shana village’ at Great Zimbabwe." Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2, no. 1 (January 1997): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135050397793138871.

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Thorn, Andrew. "The Preservation of Great Zimbabwe: Your Monument, Our Shrine." Studies in Conservation 53, no. 4 (January 2008): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.2008.53.4.298.

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32

Chirikure, Shadreck, Thomas Moultrie, Foreman Bandama, Collett Dandara, and Munyaradzi Manyanga. "What was the population of Great Zimbabwe (CE1000 – 1800)?" PLOS ONE 12, no. 6 (June 14, 2017): e0178335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178335.

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33

Huffman, Tom, and J. O. Vogel. "Great Zimbabwe: The Iron Age in South Central Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 51, no. 164 (December 1996): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3888852.

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34

Chirikure, Shadreck. "New Perspectives on the Political Economy of Great Zimbabwe." Journal of Archaeological Research 28, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 139–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10814-019-09133-w.

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35

Bourgarel, Mathieu, Valérie Noël, Davies Pfukenyi, Johan Michaux, Adrien André, Pierre Becquart, Frédérique Cerqueira, et al. "Next-Generation Sequencing on Insectivorous Bat Guano: An Accurate Tool to Identify Arthropod Viruses of Potential Agricultural Concern." Viruses 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121102.

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Viruses belonging to the Dicistroviridae family have attracted a great deal of attention from scientists owing to their negative impact on agricultural economics, as well as their recent identification as potential aetiological agents of febrile illness in human patients. On the other hand, some Dicistroviruses are also studied for their potential biopesticide properties. To date, Dicistrovirus characterized in African mainland remain scarce. By using High-Throughput Sequencing technology on insectivorous bat faeces (Hipposideros Caffer) sampled in a cave used by humans to collect bat guano (bat manure) as fertilizer in Zimbabwe, we characterized the full-length sequences of three Dicistrovirus belonging to the Cripavirus and Aparavirus genus: Big Sioux River Virus-Like (BSRV-Like), Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), and Aphid Lethal Paralysis Virus (ALPV). Phylogenetic analyses of ORF-1 and ORF-2 genes showed a complex evolutionary history between BSRV and close viruses, as well as for the Aparavirus genus. Herewith, we provide the first evidence of the presence of Dicistrovirus in Zimbabwe and highlight the need to further document the impact of such viruses on crops, as well as in beekeeping activities in Zimbabwe which represent a crucial source of income for Zimbabwean people.
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Chirikure, Shadreck, Mark Pollard, Munyaradzi Manyanga, and Foreman Bandama. "A Bayesian chronology for Great Zimbabwe: re-threading the sequence of a vandalised monument." Antiquity 87, no. 337 (September 1, 2013): 854–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049516.

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Great Zimbabwe is one of the most iconic sites in southern Africa and indeed the world, but like so many famous monuments it has suffered from the attention of early excavators who have destroyed key categories of evidence. Chronology is crucial to understanding the development of the various elements of Great Zimbabwe and its relationship to other important regional centres such as Mapungubwe. A number of radiocarbon dates are available, however, and in this study they have been combined with the limited stratigraphic information and with datable imports to provide a Bayesian chronology of the site and its structures. Construction of the stone walls probably began at the end of the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth century AD, reaching its peak in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, although occupation continued up to at least the sixteenth and probably into the seventeenth century AD. These results indicate that occupation at Great Zimbabwe must have overlapped with that at Mapungubwe, and argue for a polycentric model of sociopolitical complexity in this region of southern Africa during that crucial formative period.
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37

Fernandes, T. R. C. "Significance of ferrimagnetism in chromitites from the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe." Journal of African Earth Sciences 28, no. 2 (February 1999): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(99)00008-1.

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38

Sinclair, Paul, and Edward Matenga. "The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation." South African Archaeological Bulletin 56, no. 173/174 (December 2001): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889033.

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39

Kanyemba, Roselyn, and Maheshvari Naidu. "Nature and Perception of Sexist Humor at Great Zimbabwe University." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 19, no. 2 (September 5, 2019): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x19862403.

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For the majority of women, university represents a time of hopefulness and opportunities such that gendered incidences questioning their academic merit poses a serious setback. Sexist humor is one such incident which communicates a message that females are irrelevant and insignificant. This article discusses the nature and perceptions of sexist humor on University campuses. The views on how students on campus perceive sexist humor are crucial for understanding students’ response and offer a clear understanding of what justifies and normalizes sexist humor. The paper analyzes how the use of language can be connected to sexism and violence. Using a mixed methodology for data collection at Great Zimbabwe University, the paper attempts to link language, sexual violence, misogyny, and sexism as well as chronicle the overall pattern of exclusion and marginalization of women in higher education settings. The findings of the paper present evidence that the institutional and intellectual cultures of educational institutions are permeated with sexual and gender dynamics that have become embedded and naturalized in popular thought. Normalization of verbal harassment contributes to muting victimized women, thus perpetuating a culture in which violence against women becomes part of the social milieu. Thus, this study concludes that while one may consider higher education institutions in Africa as safer spaces for women, these are highly contested terrains as misogyny through sexist humor, among other hindrances, has created an obstacle for women’s equal participation in higher education.
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40

Zimuto, Jilson. "The impact of Facebook on Zimbabwean University students: Culture dilution or Pedagogical?" INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 3 (May 15, 2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v3i3.1748.

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The study sought to establish consumer attitudes towards the effect of one Social Network Site (SNS), Facebook on culture dilution or pedagogical potential among university students. This has been necessitated by a plethora of unique social interactions in this era of technological affordances. Many SNSs are in use: Facebook, MySpace, Cyworld, Bebo, WhatsUp, LinkedIn, ChatOn, Opera Mini, Twitter and other new forms keep on emerging. However, of interest Facebook was used in this study because it is impacting the ways in which university students use the Internet. Technology has mediated communication in countless ways. The values and norms of culture have to be cherished the young generation. In investigating this problem, two hundred (200) students were interviewed at their university campus in Zimbabwe. The sample comprised students from Great Zimbabwe University. The research findings proved that Facebook contributes to the dilution of the Zimbabwean culture. It was also interesting to note that other students see the pedagogical potentials of Facebook.
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41

Maune, Alexander. "Competitive intelligence as an important contributor to the growth of banks: A Zimbabwean perspective." Journal of Governance and Regulation 3, no. 3 (2014): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v3_i3_c1_p2.

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This paper explores how competitive intelligence has been an important contributor of growth in banks in Zimbabwe and how the banks are making use of competitive intelligence for such growth. The paper used a descriptive cross-sectional research methodology. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Purposive and stratified sampling methods were used. The paper found that most Zimbabwean banks have undertaken competitive intelligence in one way or another for strategic planning and better understanding the competitive business environment and competitors. The findings from this research will assist the entire banking sector and will be of great academic value.
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42

Mugovera, Gracious. "Book Review: Aeneas Chigwedere. 2016. The Great Zimbabwe State and Its Off-shoots: A.D.1000-1700. Mutapa Publishing House. ISBN 9780797468085, 367 pages." DANDE Journal of Social Sciences and Communication 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/dande.v2i1.30.

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43

Zhang, Wei, Gu Chang Zhu, and Yan Zhi Wu. "The Enrichment Mechanism of PGE and Characteristic of MSZ in HW Mining Area in Great Dyke Zimbabwe." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.90.

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Zimbabwe Great Dyke is a mafic-ultramafic lithosome intruded the Zimbabwe Craton. MSZ(Main Sulfide Zone) is the most important layer which contains substantial amount of PGE(Platinum Group Elements). PGE are concentrated in bottom of MSZ layer because of the intimate relationship between the content of Cu&Ni and enrichment of PGE. Acid vein rocks did not formed in the same period with the ore and adjacent rocks. Plenty of sulfide can be found in MSZ in pyroxenite, Sulfide in ore was owe to homogeneous of geochemistry process in the magamtic segregation cycle, while them in gabbro and fractures were simply by the post magmatic thermal solution activities.
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44

Oberthur, T., T. W. Weiser, F. Melcher, L. Gast, and C. Wohrl. "DETRITAL PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS IN RIVERS DRAINING THE GREAT DYKE, ZIMBABWE." Canadian Mineralogist 51, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.51.2.197.

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45

Ndoro, Webber. "Restoration of dry-stone walls at the Great Zimbabwe archaeological site." Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 1, no. 2 (January 1995): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135050395793137090.

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46

Smith, Evan. "'A last stubborn outpost of a past epoch': The Communist Party of Great Britain, national liberation in Zimbabwe and anti-imperialist solidarity." Twentieth Century Communism 18, no. 18 (March 30, 2020): 64–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864320829334825.

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The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) had been involved in anti-colonial and anti-imperialist campaigns since the 1920s and in the late 1950s, its members were instrumental in the founding of the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM). In the 1960s and 1970s, this extended to support for the national liberation movement in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe. From the early 1960s to the mid-1970s, the CPGB threw its support behind the Soviet-backed Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), instead of their rival, the Chinese-backed Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). When both groups entered into a short-term military and political alliance in 1976, the Patriotic Front, this posed a possible problem for the Communist Party and the AAM, but publicly these British organisations proclaimed solidarity with newly created PF. However this expression of solidarity and internationalist links quickly untangled after the 1980 elections, which were convincingly won by ZANU-PF and left the CPGB's traditional allies, ZAPU, with a small share of seats in the national parliament. This article explores the contours of the relationship between the CPGB, the broader Anti-Apartheid Movement in Britain and its links with the organisations in Zimbabwe during the war of national liberation, examining the opportunities and limits presented by this campaign of anti-imperial solidarity.
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47

Butler, Andrew S. "Freedom of Expression in Zimbabwe and the Telecommunications Monopoly." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 1 (January 1997): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300060139.

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An overall penetration rate of 1.4 main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants,1 a waiting period of 14 years for new connections, closure of the waiting list because the number of applicants was too great, a telephone call completion rate of less than 30 per cent,2 obsolete equipment, chronic breakdown problems combined with a substandard fault clearance rate; these were some of the features of the “delinquent service” provided by Zimbabwe's State-owned telecommunications monopoly, the Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (PTC). In Retrofit (Pvt) Ltd v. Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (Attorney-General intervening)3 the question which faced the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe was whether the PTC's statutory monopoly, seen in the context of a system which the PTC itself had conceded was “markedly inadequate to meet the present communication needs of the population”,4 was an unjustifiable hindrance on the right to free expression.
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48

Stapleton, Tim. "The Composition of the Rhodesia Native Regiment during the First World War: A Look at the Evidence." History in Africa 30 (2003): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003259.

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Several scholars of the First World War in Southern Africa have briefly looked at the composition of the Rhodesia Native Regiment (RNR), which was formed in Southern Rhodesia in 1916 and fought in the German East Africa campaign until the armistice in November 1918. According to Peter McLaughlin, who has written the most about Zimbabwe and the Great War, “[b]y 1918 seventy-five per cent of the 2360 who passed through the ranks of the regiment were ‘aliens;’ over 1000 came from Nyasaland. The Rhodesia Native Regiment had thus lost its essentially ‘Rhodesian’ character.” This would seem to suggest that because the RNR had many soldiers who originated from outside Zimbabwe, this regiment was somehow less significant to Zimbabwe's World War I history. While McLaughlin admits that “the evidence on the precise composition of the Rhodesia Native Regiment is not available”, he claims that “approximately 1800 aliens served in the unit.”In a recent book on Malawi and the First World War, Melvin Page agrees with McLaughlin's estimate that “probably more than 1000 Malawians joined the Rhodesian Native Regiment.” However, Page freely admits that the evidence on which this approximation is based is far from conclusive. By looking at the available evidence, particularly a previously unutilized regimental nominal roll in the Zimbabwe National Archives, it is possible to gain a clearer picture of the composition of the only African unit from Zimbabwe to have fought in the First World War. This analysis will not only deal with the nationality of the soldiers, which is what the two previous writers focused on, but also their ethnic/regional origin and pre-enlistment occupations.
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Beloved Matseketsa, Besearch. "Refugees and national security in Zimbabwe : emerging issues arising from receiving Africa’s Great Lakes Region (GLR) refugees in Zimbabwe." Journal of African Foreign Affairs 6, no. 2 (August 17, 2019): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2056-5658/2019/v6n2a4.

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50

Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "Investigating the viability of unit trust business in Zimbabwe." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 1 (2012): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i1c7art6.

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This paper uses a case study methodology to investigate the viability of unit trust business in Zimbabwe during the period from 2000 to 2005. The research revealed that unit trust companies at least managed to break even during the period under study except in 2004. However, factors which worked against unit trust business viability in Zimbabwe during the period under study include among others the restrictive regulatory framework, harsh operating economic environment, trustee inefficiency, low volume of funds under management, poor asset and liability management strategy, high levels of withdrawals and low confidence levels in unit trust companies. It can be concluded that unit trust business has good potential in Zimbabwe. The fact that unit trust funds’ returns have been consistently outperforming both inflation and stock market growth shows a great potential for unit trust business in Zimbabwe. The author therefore recommends that policies, which are geared towards boosting unit trusts’ funds under management, should be intensified, in order to promote long-term viability of unit trust business in Zimbabwe
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