Relevant bibliographies by topics / Greco bactria

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Greco bactria'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Greco bactria"

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Umarov, I. "Ancient Bactria in Historical Sources." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/64/46.

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Ancient Bactria is a country where early urban planning traditions and foundations of statehood were formed in Central Asia. Historical sources give a lot of information about Ancient Bactria. In terms of development, the northern regions of Bactria were especially distinguished. Here, since the bronze age, agriculture, handicrafts, trade, culture, urban planning were highly developed and still attracts the attention of the world scientific community. This article provides information about the history of Ancient Bactria, its population, cities and historical regions based on Greco-Roman sources.
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Korovchinskiy, Ivan. "To the question of the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου in economic inscriptions of Ai-Khanoum." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 8 (August 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.8.32347.

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The subject of this research is the inscriptions 117 and 119 from Ai-Khanoum (Greco-Bactria, II century BC) according to numeration Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum (Part 2, Volume 1). It is very likely that they represent two copies of the same text, which survived in two variations. The goal of this work is to determine the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου appearing in these inscriptions, as well as the overall meaning of the inscriptions, the understanding of which depends on interpretation of these words. Relevance of such research is substantiated by the fact that the survived written sources on the economy of Greco-Bactria are extremely brief and fragmentary, therefore every single word matters for the scholars. The comparison of inscriptions of Al-Khanoum with the papyri of Zenon Archive is carried out for the first time. The papyri under consideration contain a range of textual parallels with the reviewed Greco-Bactrian inscriptions. It is concluded that based on the analogies from the mentioned Egyptian texts, the words τοῦ ἡμιολίου (verbatim “one and a half” in the genitive) are direct object to the words ἀπὸ κεραμίων δύο (“out of two amphorae”) and indicate pouring olive oil over from one amphora and half of another amphora. The author provides a new translation of the unified text of inscriptions 117 and 118. The field of application of the presented materials is the source studies of ancient world, economic history of Greco-Bactria, Hellenistic world and ancient world.
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Aripdjanov, Otabek. "ARTISTIC FEATURES AND SYMBOLISM OF IMAGES IN THE BONE CARVING OF KUSHAN BACTRIA." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 3, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2020-3-1.

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In this scientific article, on the basis of various everyday objects, historical and artistic significance of jewelry, analysis of their decorative design, description of or namentand artistic images, image symbols, the peculiar aspects of Bactrian bone carving art,its connection with Indian, Greco-Roman and nomadic cultures are identified, and also their mutual influence
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Popov, A. A. "The origins and the genesis of Greco-Buddhism in India and Bactria." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture 1 (42) (2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2020-1-62-68.

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Shulga, Daniil, Jianwen Chen, and Golovko Golovko. "Nomadic World, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and China: ethno-cultural situation in the South of Central Asia in the 3rd – 2nd cent. BCE." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 14, no. 2 (2020): 587–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2020-14-2-587-608.

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After the dissolution of the Empire of Alexander of Macedon the layer of Hellenized aristocracy began to appear in Asia under the influence of mixed marriages and cultural syncretism. The announcement of the establishment of the independent state of Bactria made by Diodotus I triggered the appearance of a special culture, characterized by the mixture of Iranian, North Indian and Greek cultural elements. Ultimately, its subsequent spread to the East lead to influence on the China-dominated world. Based on all the mentioned above, the given article aspires to collect and analyze the data, primarily from narratives as sources and foreign literature, for the purpose of researching the processes that connected two ancient and very influential civilizations – Greece and China. The main stages of explicit and implicit relations between China and Hellenistic Bactria is defined. The role of nomad cultures in establishment of connections between West and East is determined and exemplified by the events of the 3rd century B.C. and the early 1st century B.C. Conditional character of the names, referred to nomad entities by ancient writers, is analyzed. We show the controversy of interpretation the given names with the ethnic groups in modern meaning as well as the range of sources on the relations between Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and China and their characteristics. Finally, we construe the equal role of nomads, Chinese and Hellenes in the described contacts of ancient societies.
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Pugachenkova, G. A. "The Antiquities of Transoxiana in the Light of Investigations in Uzbekistan (1985-1990)." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2, no. 1 (1996): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005795x00010.

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AbstractThe archaeological study of pre-Islamic Uzbekistan (Bactria, Sogdiana) has been intensified since. World War II and this survey presents the most important recent results of this work. Bronze Age sites show a process of cultural change in Bactria, particularly the settlement of the area by farmers and the emergence in proto-cities of new urban forms of social organisation and systems of belief. The Iron Age sees the assimilation of new ethnic groups into the region, the expansion of a strong (Achaemenid) state, the development of defended cities and administrative centres and the beginnings of specialised craft industries. In the Classical period the Macedonian conquest brought about the sharp decline of existing urban centres, but the centralised states that followed were able to establish (e.g. through irrigation projects) new cities in new agricultural zones. Excavation into the lower levels of medieval cities has revealed several previously unknown ancient cities, many of which seem to have been derelict in the period before or during the Arab conquest. Bactrian cities of the Classical period have been shown to be extensive in area, well defended by strong walls and a citadel, and to have performed administrative, economic, religious as well as military functions. Cult buildings discovered show the presence of Avestan religion (although not the orthodox Zoroastrianism of Iran), cults of the Great Mother Goddess, and Buddhism (though limited to a few remarkable centres), and in the North of Sarmatian totemic cults using zoomorphic representations, finds of art, sculpture and wall-painting reveal a process in Bactria in which a native substratum was synthesized with Hellenistic, Indian and Sako-Sarmatian elements to produce work of high quality and originality. Epigraphical finds include ostraca, graffiti, inscriptions, and even papyri, representing scripts and languages from Bactrian to Pahlavi, to Greek and Latin. Finds of coins, including Greco-Bactrian and Parthian, help to date archaeological layers and produce accurate chronologies. Scholars from Uzbekistan have also contributed to the "Great Silk Road" programme, which is showing that routes crossing the region were formed in the 1st mill. B.C. and constituted a dense branched network by the end of the Classical period.
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Ivanov, S. S. "Key Stages of Ethno-Political History of the Saka Haumavarga." History 17, no. 8 (2018): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-8-9-19.

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In the beginning of the I Millennium BC on the territory of ancient Central Asia a special ethnopolitical union of nomadic people was formed, known in ancient Persian sources as the Saka haumavarga. They are most often referred to as Sakas, who worshiped or prepared the sacred drink of haoma. This article systematically investigates the process of formation and historical development of the ethno-political union of the Saka haumavarga as one of the most powerful associations of ancient nomads in Central Asia. Special attention is also paid to the issue of various features which formed this group of nomads. In addition, the aim of the study was to examine the influence of external factors on the integration of pastoral populations in isolated mountainous areas of PamirAlay as this phenomenon is poorly understood. The process of formation of ethno-political education of the Saka haumavarga was rather lengthy - supposedly having been completed at the turn of the 7th – 6th centuries BC. In the second half of the 6th century BC the Saka haumavarga are occupied by the Achaemenid Empire and forced to pay taxes and supply military contingents of the Persian kings. Around the turn of the 5th and 4th centuries BC they are freed of their subordination. After the conquest of Central Asia by Alexander the Great, they establish a variety of relations with the Hellenistic states. Despite cool relations with the Greco-Bactria, there is evidence of the presence of mercenaries from the Saka haumavarga within the troops of this Hellenistic kingdom. At the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC as a result of military activity of the Greco-Bactrian kings, a reduction of territory of this Saka haumavarga union commences its gradual decline. The final collapse of this ethno-political group occurs towards the end of the 2nd century BC, as small independent tribes of local nomads are known to be the only inhabitants of the Pamir-Alay territory at this point in time.
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Popov, A. A. "Hellenistic traditions in Greco-Bactrian army." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (2019): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2019-2-40-45.

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Popov, Artem Anatol’evich. "Cultural features of Greco-Bactrian administrative organization." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture 4 (December 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2018-4-49-55.

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Popov, Artem Anatol’evich. "Ethnic and social influences in Greco-Bactrian Army." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture 1 (March 2019): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2019-1-32-38.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Greco bactria"

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Chassanite, Christophe. "L'idéologie et les pratiques monarchiques des rois grecs en Bactriane et en Inde." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1009/document.

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Des rois grecs ont régné sur l'Asie centrale et l'ouest de l'Inde antique du IIIème siècle av. J.C. jusqu'au début de l'ère chrétienne. Ils laissent une image belliqueuse, car le fondement de leur pouvoir fut d'abord militaire. Des indices permettent d'envisager qu'à l'instar des autres souverains hellénistiques ils diffusèrent leurs portraits, mirent en place un culte royal, associèrent parfois leur fils au pouvoir, vécurent entourés d'une cour royale itinérante. Leur gestion économique fut suffisamment efficace pour que la région ne souffrît pas des guerres fréquentes ; les voies de communication furent préservées, le commerce et l'irrigation se développèrent, le système fiscal et administratif semble comparable en efficacité à celui des Perses ou des Séleucides. L'originalité de ces souverains réside dans leur adaptation aux milieux linguistiques et religieux : s'ils défendirent la langue et la culture grecque, pour des raisons identitaires et politiques, ils usèrent parfois du bilinguisme dans les monnaies et y firent graver des dieux compatibles avec les croyances ou les habitudes picturales locales. On peut envisager qu'au tournant de l'ère chrétienne les Grecs aient été lentement absorbés dans le monde asiatique
Greek kings' domination in Central Asia and Western Antique India was effective from the IIIth Century BC till the beginning of Christian Era. The Greek kings of Central Asia image appears warlike, because their power was at the beginning and mainly a military one. We may suppose that, according to the example of the other Hellenistic sovereigns, these kings spread their sculptured portraits, organized a royal cult, and sometimes ruled with their son ; a royal itinerant court escorted them. The economic management of Greek Central Asia was so effective that the area prospered in spite of wars : the roads were protected, trade and irrigation developed, their fiscal and administrative system is similar to the Persian or Seleucid efficiency. These kings were remarkable because they adapted to the linguistic and religious environments : they defended the Greek language and culture, for political reasons and to preserve their identity ; the coins they engraved were sometimes bilingual, and we identify on it the image of Gods who are compatible with local faiths or pictorial habits. We may suppose that, circa Christian era, after defeat or disappearance of their kings, Greeks were slowly absorbed into the Asian world
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Hysi, Ledio. "The Hellenic Axel: The Greek Hellenization of Central Asia and its Impact of the Development of Buddhism." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1600.

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The study of the Hellenistic period has produced a historical construction of the various relationships that formed between the Greco-Macedonian settlers and the natives they came into contact with. Hellenic kings established kingdoms as far as modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan and India, bringing them into contact with the Persian and Indian natives. The study herein is focused on the relationship that formed between the Greco-Macedonian descendants and the Buddhist group that emerged out of India. Numismatic evidence shows that Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings held political control over regions bordering the Hindu Kush; furthermore, the Indo-Greek coins indicate a relationship between their kings and the Buddhists. Artistic representations found in various cities, such as Ai-Khanoum, illuminate on the cultural blending that occurred as Greek themes began to be represented through local techniques and material. Ancient literature and archeological remains provide further proof of interaction and help to give an identity to key Greek and Indian monarchs. With regard to Buddhism, these monarchs played an important role in the growth of the religion as, alongside artistic expression, the religion had prospered since its beginnings through the aid of royal patronage. In the Greek kingdoms the Buddhists found new mediums of artistic expression and kings that supported their monastic and lay lives; in turn the Greeks saw a pacifist religious group that attracted merchants and wealth. The relationship was mutually beneficial and numismatic evidence from the Indo-Greeks shows that their kings showed favoritism towards the Buddhists. The conclusion herein is that the Greeks provided the structural foundations for the growth of Buddhism who in turn attracted wealth and provided a medium for cooperation between the Greek monarchs and parts of the native population.
B.A.
Bachelors
History
Arts and Humanities
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Baratin, Charlotte. "Les provinces orientales de l’empire parthe." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20074.

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Le croisement des sources écrites permet de restituer des confins parthes comprenant la Margiane, l’Arie, la Drangiane, l’Arachosie, une partie de la Bactriane et la vallée de l’Indus. La rareté et l’ambiguïté des sources avaient fait négliger les indications sur la Bactriane et envisager l’indépendance des autres régions à partir du Ier siècle de notre ère. Les récents renouvellements de la documentation, en particulier numismatique et archéologique, concernant l’Asie centrale et le nord-ouest de l’Inde, et les progrès accomplis par la critique des sources permettent aujourd’hui de reconsidérer la question. L’objectif de notre enquête consiste à explorer l’hypothèse d’une intégration politique de cet espace à l’empire parthe, occupé en partie par des populations réputées scythes et dont les pratiques monétaires sont habituellement interprétées comme le témoignage d’une indépendance politique. La reconstitution d’un corpus adéquat, la relecture critique des sources écrites et la reconsidération du matériel disponible montrent que la réinterprétation des données permet d’intégrer celles-ci de façon plus cohérente dans une synthèse d’ensemble enrichie. Cette étude, en faisant intervenir des « Sakas-Parthes » de Bactriane, des Parthes « scythisés » de Margiane et des « Indo-Sako-Parthes » dans les régions sud-orientales, veut montrer que la question de l’origine ethnique est de peu d’intérêt pour rendre compte de la culture et des pratiques politiques de groupes que leur position géographique frontalière vouait à avoir un peuplement ethniquement mêlé et à subir de puissants effets d’acculturation communs aux pays voisins et constamment renouvelés
Intersecting written sources allows a restitution of Parthian eastern borders comprising Margiana, Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia, one part of Bactria, and the Indus Valley. The rarity and the ambiguity of sources had caused us to neglect the indications pertaining to Bactria and to envision the independence of the other regions from the 1st century of our era. The recent revival of sources -- in particular numismatic and archeological ones -- concerning central Asia and north-west India, as well as the progress accomplished by the criticism of sources allow us today to reconsider this statement. Our investigation aims at exploring the hypothesis of a political integration of these regions to the Parthian Empire, partly occupied by populations known as Scythian, whose monetary practices are usually interpreted as a mark of political independence. The reconstitution of an adequate corpus, the critical re-evaluation of the written sources, as well as the reconsideration of the available material allow us to reinterpret the data and to integrate them in a more consistent way within an overall improved synthesis. This study involves so called Bactrian 'Saka-Parthians', Margian 'scythianized Parthians' and south-oriental 'Indo-sako-Parthians'; it seeks to demonstrate that the issue of ethnical origin is of little interest to understand the cultural and political practices of these groups, which, due to their geographical position on the frontier, were doomed to have an ethnically mixed population and to undergo powerful acculturation effects which were common to neighbouring countries and which where constantly renewed
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Bordeaux, Olivier. "Les successeurs d’Alexandre le Grand en Asie Centrale et en Inde, à partir de la restitution des trésors monétaires et des études de coins." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040129.

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La présence des Grecs en Asie Centrale et en Inde est la conséquence directe des expéditions d’Alexandre le Grand, lesquelles donneront naissance vers 250 avant J.-C. au royaume gréco-bactrien et vers 180 avant J.-C. au royaume indo-grec, séparés par l’Hindu Kush. 260 ans plus tard, le dernier souverain grec tombe sous les assauts indo-scythes. L’étude des monnaies frappées par les 45 rois de ces deux royaumes est fondamentale pour comprendre leur évolution économique et politique.A partir d’un corpus majoritairement inédit, fondé sur les monnaies issues du marché de l’art, nos travaux de thèse se sont focalisés sur six souverains présentant des problématiques intéressantes : la division du monnayage des souverains homonymes Diodote I et II, l’évolution typologique de l’Héraclès au revers des monnaies d’Euthydème I, les liens existants entre les monnayages d’Eucratide I et de Ménandre I, la place d’Hippostrate dans les souverains indo-grecs et indo-scythes.La méthodologie retenue, l’étude de coins, nous a permis d’apporter de nouvelles et précieuses informations sur les ateliers monétaires et le sens que l’on peut attribuer aux monogrammes
The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms find their origins in the consequences following Alexander the Great’s expeditions in Central Asia and India. Circa 250 BC, the Seleucid satrap seceded from the Seleucid kingdom and became king under the name Diodotus I; the Indo-greek kingdom appears circa 180 BC when the Greeks cross the Hindu Kush. 260 years later, the Indo-Scythians put an end to their presence. The coins struck by the 45 Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings are the main data available to historians.Mostly based on unpublished coins sold on the art market, our PhD focuses on six kings, each of them offering a specific problematic: the coinages of Diodotus I and II, that presents the same title and typology; the evolution of the Heracles on the reverse of Euthydemus I’s coins; the links regarding especially the position of the legend on Eucratides I’s and Menander I’s coins; the position of Hippostratos among the last Indo-Greek kings in the West Panjab and the Indo-Scythians.The data provided by the die-studies allows us to dismiss or sustain the many hypotheses concerning the mints and their locations, as well as the meaning of monograms
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Books on the topic "Greco bactria"

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Head, Barclay V. The earliest Graeco-bactrian and Graeco-indian coins. Chicago: Ares, 1985.

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Tarn, W. W. The Greeks in Bactria & India. 3rd ed. Chicago, Ill: Ares, 1997.

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Mairs, Rachel. The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World. Edited by Rachel Mairs. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513.

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ʻAzīzī, Naẓar Muḥammad. Barʹrasī-i tārīkhī-i maktab-i hunarī-i Grīkū-Būdīk va Grīkū-Bākhtarī. Kābul: Riyāsat-i Nasharāt-i Akādimī-i ʻUlūm, 2012.

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Guillaume, Olivier. Analysis of reasonings in archaeology: The case of Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek numismatics. Delhi: New York, 1990.

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Thundering Zeus: The making of Hellenistic Bactria. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

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The impact of Seleucid decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: The foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1999.

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Rapin, Claude. La trésorerie du palais hellénistique d' Aï Khanoum: L'apogée et la chute du royaume grec de Bactriane. Paris: Diff. de Boccard, 1992.

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Mairs, Rachel. Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Mairs, Rachel. Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Greco bactria"

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Martinez-Sève, Laurianne. "Afghan Bactria." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 217–48. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-13.

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Coloru, Omar. "The quest for Bactra." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 127–41. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-9.

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Mairs, Rachel. "Introduction." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 1–8. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-1.

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Fenet, Annick. "The original ‘failure’? A century of French archaeology in Afghan Bactria 1." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 142–70. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-10.

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Gorshenina, Svetlana, and Claude Rapin. "Hellenism With or Without Alexander the Great." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 171–214. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-11.

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Stančo, Ladislav. "Southern Uzbekistan 1." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 249–85. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-14.

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Lindström, Gunvor. "Southern Tajikistan." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 286–312. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-15.

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Lyonnet, Bertille. "Sogdiana." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 313–34. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-16.

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Puschnigg, Gabriele. "Merv and Margiana." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 335–56. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-17.

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Ball, Warwick. "Arachosia, Drangiana and Areia 1." In The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World, 357–85. New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge worlds: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315108513-18.

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