Journal articles: 'Greco bactria'

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Umarov, I. "Ancient Bactria in Historical Sources." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/64/46.

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Ancient Bactria is a country where early urban planning traditions and foundations of statehood were formed in Central Asia. Historical sources give a lot of information about Ancient Bactria. In terms of development, the northern regions of Bactria were especially distinguished. Here, since the bronze age, agriculture, handicrafts, trade, culture, urban planning were highly developed and still attracts the attention of the world scientific community. This article provides information about the history of Ancient Bactria, its population, cities and historical regions based on Greco-Roman sources.

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Korovchinskiy, Ivan. "To the question of the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου in economic inscriptions of Ai-Khanoum." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 8 (August 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.8.32347.

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The subject of this research is the inscriptions 117 and 119 from Ai-Khanoum (Greco-Bactria, II century BC) according to numeration Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum (Part 2, Volume 1). It is very likely that they represent two copies of the same text, which survived in two variations. The goal of this work is to determine the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου appearing in these inscriptions, as well as the overall meaning of the inscriptions, the understanding of which depends on interpretation of these words. Relevance of such research is substantiated by the fact that the survived written sources on the economy of Greco-Bactria are extremely brief and fragmentary, therefore every single word matters for the scholars. The comparison of inscriptions of Al-Khanoum with the papyri of Zenon Archive is carried out for the first time. The papyri under consideration contain a range of textual parallels with the reviewed Greco-Bactrian inscriptions. It is concluded that based on the analogies from the mentioned Egyptian texts, the words τοῦ ἡμιολίου (verbatim “one and a half” in the genitive) are direct object to the words ἀπὸ κεραμίων δύο (“out of two amphorae”) and indicate pouring olive oil over from one amphora and half of another amphora. The author provides a new translation of the unified text of inscriptions 117 and 118. The field of application of the presented materials is the source studies of ancient world, economic history of Greco-Bactria, Hellenistic world and ancient world.

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Aripdjanov, Otabek. "ARTISTIC FEATURES AND SYMBOLISM OF IMAGES IN THE BONE CARVING OF KUSHAN BACTRIA." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 3, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2020-3-1.

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In this scientific article, on the basis of various everyday objects, historical and artistic significance of jewelry, analysis of their decorative design, description of or namentand artistic images, image symbols, the peculiar aspects of Bactrian bone carving art,its connection with Indian, Greco-Roman and nomadic cultures are identified, and also their mutual influence

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Popov, A. A. "The origins and the genesis of Greco-Buddhism in India and Bactria." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture 1 (42) (2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2020-1-62-68.

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Shulga, Daniil, Jianwen Chen, and Golovko Golovko. "Nomadic World, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and China: ethno-cultural situation in the South of Central Asia in the 3rd – 2nd cent. BCE." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 14, no. 2 (2020): 587–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2020-14-2-587-608.

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After the dissolution of the Empire of Alexander of Macedon the layer of Hellenized aristocracy began to appear in Asia under the influence of mixed marriages and cultural syncretism. The announcement of the establishment of the independent state of Bactria made by Diodotus I triggered the appearance of a special culture, characterized by the mixture of Iranian, North Indian and Greek cultural elements. Ultimately, its subsequent spread to the East lead to influence on the China-dominated world. Based on all the mentioned above, the given article aspires to collect and analyze the data, primarily from narratives as sources and foreign literature, for the purpose of researching the processes that connected two ancient and very influential civilizations – Greece and China. The main stages of explicit and implicit relations between China and Hellenistic Bactria is defined. The role of nomad cultures in establishment of connections between West and East is determined and exemplified by the events of the 3rd century B.C. and the early 1st century B.C. Conditional character of the names, referred to nomad entities by ancient writers, is analyzed. We show the controversy of interpretation the given names with the ethnic groups in modern meaning as well as the range of sources on the relations between Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and China and their characteristics. Finally, we construe the equal role of nomads, Chinese and Hellenes in the described contacts of ancient societies.

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Pugachenkova, G. A. "The Antiquities of Transoxiana in the Light of Investigations in Uzbekistan (1985-1990)." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2, no. 1 (1996): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005795x00010.

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AbstractThe archaeological study of pre-Islamic Uzbekistan (Bactria, Sogdiana) has been intensified since. World War II and this survey presents the most important recent results of this work. Bronze Age sites show a process of cultural change in Bactria, particularly the settlement of the area by farmers and the emergence in proto-cities of new urban forms of social organisation and systems of belief. The Iron Age sees the assimilation of new ethnic groups into the region, the expansion of a strong (Achaemenid) state, the development of defended cities and administrative centres and the beginnings of specialised craft industries. In the Classical period the Macedonian conquest brought about the sharp decline of existing urban centres, but the centralised states that followed were able to establish (e.g. through irrigation projects) new cities in new agricultural zones. Excavation into the lower levels of medieval cities has revealed several previously unknown ancient cities, many of which seem to have been derelict in the period before or during the Arab conquest. Bactrian cities of the Classical period have been shown to be extensive in area, well defended by strong walls and a citadel, and to have performed administrative, economic, religious as well as military functions. Cult buildings discovered show the presence of Avestan religion (although not the orthodox Zoroastrianism of Iran), cults of the Great Mother Goddess, and Buddhism (though limited to a few remarkable centres), and in the North of Sarmatian totemic cults using zoomorphic representations, finds of art, sculpture and wall-painting reveal a process in Bactria in which a native substratum was synthesized with Hellenistic, Indian and Sako-Sarmatian elements to produce work of high quality and originality. Epigraphical finds include ostraca, graffiti, inscriptions, and even papyri, representing scripts and languages from Bactrian to Pahlavi, to Greek and Latin. Finds of coins, including Greco-Bactrian and Parthian, help to date archaeological layers and produce accurate chronologies. Scholars from Uzbekistan have also contributed to the "Great Silk Road" programme, which is showing that routes crossing the region were formed in the 1st mill. B.C. and constituted a dense branched network by the end of the Classical period.

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Ivanov, S. S. "Key Stages of Ethno-Political History of the Saka Haumavarga." History 17, no. 8 (2018): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-8-9-19.

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In the beginning of the I Millennium BC on the territory of ancient Central Asia a special ethnopolitical union of nomadic people was formed, known in ancient Persian sources as the Saka haumavarga. They are most often referred to as Sakas, who worshiped or prepared the sacred drink of haoma. This article systematically investigates the process of formation and historical development of the ethno-political union of the Saka haumavarga as one of the most powerful associations of ancient nomads in Central Asia. Special attention is also paid to the issue of various features which formed this group of nomads. In addition, the aim of the study was to examine the influence of external factors on the integration of pastoral populations in isolated mountainous areas of PamirAlay as this phenomenon is poorly understood. The process of formation of ethno-political education of the Saka haumavarga was rather lengthy - supposedly having been completed at the turn of the 7th – 6th centuries BC. In the second half of the 6th century BC the Saka haumavarga are occupied by the Achaemenid Empire and forced to pay taxes and supply military contingents of the Persian kings. Around the turn of the 5th and 4th centuries BC they are freed of their subordination. After the conquest of Central Asia by Alexander the Great, they establish a variety of relations with the Hellenistic states. Despite cool relations with the Greco-Bactria, there is evidence of the presence of mercenaries from the Saka haumavarga within the troops of this Hellenistic kingdom. At the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC as a result of military activity of the Greco-Bactrian kings, a reduction of territory of this Saka haumavarga union commences its gradual decline. The final collapse of this ethno-political group occurs towards the end of the 2nd century BC, as small independent tribes of local nomads are known to be the only inhabitants of the Pamir-Alay territory at this point in time.

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Popov, A. A. "Hellenistic traditions in Greco-Bactrian army." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (2019): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2019-2-40-45.

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Popov, Artem Anatol’evich. "Cultural features of Greco-Bactrian administrative organization." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture 4 (December 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2018-4-49-55.

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Popov, Artem Anatol’evich. "Ethnic and social influences in Greco-Bactrian Army." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture 1 (March 2019): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2019-1-32-38.

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Rtveladze, Édvard V., and Alexeï N. Gorin. "Hellenistic Coins from Kampÿrtepa." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 21, no. 1 (July 20, 2015): 120–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341279.

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The article is concerned with Seleucid and Graeco-Bactrian coins found in the excavations at Kampÿrtepa, carried out by the Tokharistan archaeological expedition of the Fine Arts Research Institute during the years 1979-1991 and 1999-2010. In all, 30 coins of interest have been found there: 2 coins of the Seleucid king Antiochusiand 28 of the Graeco-Bactrian rulers, including coins of Diodotus, Euthydemusi, Demetriusi, Euthydemusii, and Eucratidesi. Most of the coin finds were small-denomination bronzes. Two more unique coins of an unknown type were uncovered at Kampÿrtepa: the legend on one of them contains the name Heliocles [iii]. In addition, three rare imitations of Demetriusiand Eucratides coins are presented in this paper.

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Peterson, Sara. "A closer look at the Tillya-tepe folding crown and attached pendants." Afghanistan 3, no. 1 (April 2020): 48–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2020.0045.

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Tillya-tepe, the 1st century AD burial site, was situated in ancient Bactria, modern Afghanistan. Among the numerous gold artefacts found in the six excavated graves was a spectacular gold crown worn by a high status woman. This article analyses the design and iconography of this crown against the backdrop of a number of factors, including the steppe nomadic heritage of the Tillya-tepe people, and the presence of Graeco-Roman style imagery which appears on some of their most important possessions.

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Treister, Mikhail Yu. "Silver Phalerae with a Depiction of Bellerophon and the Chimaira from a Sarmatian Burial in Volodarka (Western Kazakhkstan). A Reappraisal of the Question of the So-Called Graeco-Bactrian Style in Hellenistic Toreutics." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 18, no. 1 (2012): 51–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005712x638654.

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Abstract This article aims to publish unique specimens of Hellenistic toreutics – a pair of silver phalerae decorated with gilding and forming part of an horses’ harness, which was found during excavation of the Volodarka-I Burial-ground on the west bank of the River Ural in western Kazakhstan in 1981. A detailed analysis is provided of the subject depicted on the phalerae – fighting between Bellerophon seated on the winged horse Pegasos and the monster Chimaira, of the iconography of the figures, of the details and decorative elements of the depictions and the techniques used. The phalerae from Volodarka are compared with other phalerae, similar with regard to their construction and the composition of the depictions, which were found in the lower reaches of the Volga (Novouzensk), on the bank of the River Ishim and on the east bank of the Irtysh (Sidorovka), and also with phalerae of unknown origin bearing depictions of elephants from the Hermitage collection. In this connection a detailed discussion on the question of the “Graeco-Bactrian style” in toreutics and the possibility of classifying of examples of Hellenistic artwork in silver follows. The author draws the conclusion that the given phalerae cannot be regarded as examples of one particular style of Hellenistic toreutics, as certain scholars would have us believe. The analysis we have carried out shows that a subject widespread in the Classical art of the 5th-4th centuries BC was taken as the basis of the composition for the Volodarka phalerae, albeit with minor innovations typical for the art of the Hellenistic era. Certain difficulties arise when it comes to determining their centre of production: these make it impossible to classify them unequivocally as examples of Graeco-Bactrian or Parthian toreutics. Observations regarding the style, dimensions and weight of the phalerae would appear rather to point to the first option. The fact that we possess documentary confirmation (Khorezmian inscriptions and a Parthian one on vessels from Isakovka) of the probable origin of at least some silver vessels found in Isakovka as being from Parthia and Khorezm, does not, however, give us grounds for ruling out the other option. The probable historical context (the movement of nomadic tribes in Central Asia, the fall of Graeco-Bactria, incursions into Parthia by nomads) does not contradict observations made during analysis of the phalerae and makes it possible to define the third quarter of the 2nd century BC as the terminus ante quem for the manufacture of the Volodarka phalerae, some of the most striking examples of Eastern toreutics from the Hellinistic period. The phalerae, found in a warrior’s burial at Volodarka, were most likely acquired by their owner as war booty between 145 and 120 BC. There is every reason to link the appearance of the silver phalerae and of silverware found in nomads’ burials across an enormous arc between the interfluve of the Lower Volga and the River Ural in the West and the east bank of the Irtysh in the East with the above mentioned historical events.

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Guillaume, Olivier. "An Analysis of the Modes of Reconstruction of the Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek History." Studies in History 2, no. 1 (February 1986): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025764308600200101.

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Rotter, Manfred L., Günter Kampf, Miranda Suchomel, and Michael Kundi. "Population Kinetics of the Skin Flora on Gloved Hands Following Surgical Hand Disinfection With 3 Propanol-Based Hand Rubs: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 3 (March 2007): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/510865.

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Objective.To study the bacterial population kinetics on gloved hands following hand treatment with 3 optically indistinguishable, alcohol-based surgical hand rubs, with and without supplements to delay bacterial regrowth.Design.Prospective, randomized, double-blind, balanced quasi-Greco-Latin square design.Setting.Microbiology laboratory of the Medical University Vienna, Austria.Participants.Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers without skin lesions.Surgical Hand Rubs.The following hand rubs, all stained blue, were applied to the hands for 3 minutes: 1-propanol 60% vol/vol (A); 2-propanol 70% m/m plus chlorhexidine gluconate 0.5% wt/wt (B); 2-propanol 45% wt/wt plus 1-propanol 30% wt/wt plus mecetronium etilsulfate 0.2% wt/wt (C). As a reference formulation (R), 1-propanol 60% vol/vol, unstained, was applied for the same amount of time.Method.In 8 once-weekly tests, 24 subjects randomly assigned to use the 4 hand rubs in groups of 6 persons each performed hand hygiene according to the method described in European Norm 12791. Every subject used one preparation at a time, the antimicrobial effect of which was evaluated at 2 sampling times. After week 8, each volunteer had tested every preparation at every preset sampling time. All preparations were tested in parallel.Results.The mean pretreatment counts of viable bacteria (in colony-forming units per milliliter) in fluid samples were not significantly different between week 1 and week 8, nor between the right and left hands (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P > .1). Immediately after applying the formulation (t0), bactericidal effects of the blinded formulations A and C were equivalent to that of the reference formulation R, whereas the effect of B was questionable. The population kinetics of the flora on the hands proceeded from large and fast initial reductions of the skin flora by 2.7 log units (A), 3.1 log units (B), 3.3 log units (reference formulation), and 3.5 log units (C), to slow regrowth. However, even after 6 hours wearing gloves viable bacterial counts remained significantly (P < .01) below the baseline values (by 0.9 log [reference formulation], 1.1 log [A and B], and 1.5 log [C]). The slowest regrowth 1 and 3 hours after application (∆ from t0, 0.1 log and 0.7 log respectively) was seen with formulation C, and the slowest regrowth after 6 hours was seen with formulation B (∆ from t0, 1.6 log). These differences did, however, not reach statistical significance.Conclusions.With respect to the rapid and dramatic antibacterial action of suitable alcohols at high concentrations and with appropriate neutralizers, the contribution of supplements to the delay of bacterial regrowth on gloved hands appears rather minor, if a product only exerts an immediate effect equivalent to that of the reference disinfection procedure described in EN 12791.

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Lo Muzio, Ciro. "Gandharan Toilet-Trays: Some Reflections on Chronology." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17, no. 2 (2011): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x595167.

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Abstract A thorough investigation on Gandharan toilet-trays, taking into consideration archaeological, social and religious data along with iconographic, stylistic and technical issues, is still to be done. The following notes are mainly aimed at suggesting a new perspective in the chronology of these fascinating finds, which, according to an apparently unshakable assumption, have been and are still considered as a bridge linking the Hellenistic (i.e. Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek) period and the threshold of the Kushan epoch. Toilet-trays are commonly thought of as a pre-Gandharan (and pre-Buddhist) chapter in the art of the North-West of the Indian Subcontinent or a preparatory as well as experimental stage (2nd and 1st centuries BCE) of Gandharan sculpture in its proper sense (from the 1st century CE onwards). G. Erdosy’s reconsideration of the archaeological data yielded by J. Marshall’s excavations at Sirkap, and the chronological shift deriving from it, indicate that the picture sketched above might not be the right one: since a major percent of Sirkap toilet-trays is very likely to be dated into the 1st or even the early 2nd century CE, we are compelled to re-evaluate their relationship with Gandharan art.

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Olson, S. Douglas. "SOPHOCLES IN AFGHANISTAN." Classical Quarterly 69, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838819000740.

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In 1977, French excavations at Aï Khanoum in north-east Afghanistan—a foundation of Antiochus I Sotēr and subsequently one of the major cities of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom—of a building dating to shortly before the destruction of the place in 145 b.c.e. uncovered inter alia the remains of a papyrus and a parchment document. The papyrus text, dated by Cavallo on the basis of its letterforms to the mid third century b.c.e., preserved a fragment of a philosophical dialogue seemingly to be associated with the Peripatetic school. The second document consisted of two separate portions of a piece of parchment roughly assigned on the basis of its letterforms to the second half of the third or the first half of the second century b.c.e.; as also in the case of the papyrus, the letters survived not on the parchment itself but impressed upon the hardened dirt that surrounded it. Only column II of the original editors’ ‘Texte 2a’ (the more substantial of the two parchment fragments) contains a significant amount of text, which appears in neither TrGF nor PCG. I present it here without regard to standard editorial niceties, which are rendered impossible by the desperate state of the original document, now almost certainly lost, and the nature of the original publication.

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Cobb, Matthew. "GREECE, BACTRIA AND INDIA - (R.) Mairs (ed.) The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World. Pp. xxiv + 687, figs, ills, maps. London and New York: Routledge, 2021. Cased, £190, US$250. ISBN: 978-1-138-09069-9." Classical Review 71, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x21001402.

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Hu, Zixuan, Miao Lin, Xiaoyu Ma, Guoqi Zhao, and Kang Zhan. "Effect of Tea Tree Oil on the Expression of Genes Involved in the Innate Immune System in Goat Rumen Epithelial Cells." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082460.

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In subacute rumen acidosis (SARA), the rumen epithelium is frequently attacked by endotoxin (LPS), which is caused by the lysis of dead Gram-negative bacteria. However, the rumen epithelium innate immune system can actively respond to the infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that tea tree oil (TTO) has good bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TTO on the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory cytokines in goat rumen epithelial cells (GRECs) triggered by LPS. Our study shows that rumen epithelial cells isolated from goat rumen tissue can be cultured in vitro in 0.25% trypsin for a long time. These cells were identified as epithelial cells by the expression of cytokeratin 18, monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), Na[+]/H[+] hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), putative anion transporter 1 (PAT1), vH+ ATPase B subunit (vH+ ATPase), and anion exchanger 2 (AE2). The mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-2, NF-κB, CXCL6 and CXCL8 genes was significantly increased when LPS was used compared to untreated controls. In addition, mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-2, NF-κB, CXCL8, CXCL6 and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) genes was also significantly higher in the LPS group compared to the 0.05% TTO group. However, the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-2, CXCL6 and IFIT3 genes was significantly lower in the LPS and 0.05% TTO group compared to the 1 μg/mL LPS group. These results suggest that TTO can inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines expression in GRECs.

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Martinez-Sève, Laurianne. "Ai Khanoum after 145 BC." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 24, no. 1-2 (November 5, 2018): 354–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341336.

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AbstractThe attack that caused the ruin of Ai Khanoum around 145 BC was a key event of its history. This was the beginning of the so-called post-palatial period, which is often considered of short duration. The article intends to provide a general study of this last stage of the history of the city, taking into account the information already published, but also the new evidence resulting from the ongoing study of its main sanctuary (henceforth the Sanctuary). The few inhabitants of Ai Khanoum still living in the city after 145 BC reoccupied its private and public buildings and were engaged in the recovering of all the riches of the former Graeco-Bactrian capital. They exploited the stone materials, the metallic objects, the furniture and even reused the ceramics abandoned in the town. The Sanctuary remained in activity for a while, under the control of an authority who undertook maintenance operations, but the religious conceptions of the population underwent some major changes. This study also enables to review the common assumptions regarding the role played by nomadic people during this period.

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Lahiri, Nayanjot. "Book Reviews : OLIVIER GUILLAUME, edited and compiled, Graeco-Bactrian and Indian Coins from Afghanistan, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1991, xiv + 199 pp., Rs. 140." Indian Economic & Social History Review 30, no. 2 (June 1993): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469303000209.

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Deyell, John. "Book Reviews : OLIVIER GUILLAUME, Analysis of Reasonings in Archaeology: The Case of Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Numismatics, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1990, xxi + 133 pp." Studies in History 8, no. 2 (August 1992): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025764309200800208.

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Skripkin, Anatoliy. "The Nomadic World of the South of Eastern Europe in the 2nd - 1st Centuries BC (Eastern Innovations, Facts, Causes and Consequences)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2019): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.1.2.

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Introduction. In the process of developing the chronology of early Sarmatian culture we have allocated the monuments dated by the 2nd - 1st centuries BC and characterized by their specificity both in the material culture and in burial rites. Methods and materials. This article is devoted to the series of items from the Sarmatian burials of the 2nd - 1st centuries BC from the south of Eastern Europe having close analogies in the sites of Central Asia. The items are represented with different types of swords, bronze openwork belt buckles, latticed and gigantic belt buckles, clay cubic censers, miniature copies of boilers and quivers with bows. Analysis. New features have been marked in the funeral rites. Burials in the decks got popularity, which had resemblance with the decks used in the burial practice of Tuva’s population of the last centuries BC. The percentage of northern orientation of the buried was significantly increased in some areas of the Volga and the Don regions. The analysis of the historical situation testifies to the migration of a number of nomadic groups away from China’s northwestern borders due to the aggressive policy of Xiongnu. This event caused the changes in ethnopolitical situation in Central Asia, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom ceased to exist due to nomadic attacks. The nomadic population of this region with the eastern elements in their culture had significantly increased. Great changes occured in the South Ural, the Volga-Don region and in the Northern Black Sea Coast, where the groups of nomads appeared which had not been mentioned in written sources before: Aorses, Siraki, Roksolans, Satarkhi. The occurred changes found reflection in written works of ancient authors. Results. Thus, the events that took place on the northern borders of China, associated with the formation of the Hunnish nomadic empire, led to a significant change in the ethnopolitical situation up to the Northern Black Sea Coast region.

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Hamilton, Bernard. "Western Christian Contacts with Buddhism, c.1050–1350." Studies in Church History 51 (2015): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400050129.

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The existence of Buddhism was known to some people in the Graeco-Roman world. Writing about two centuries after the birth of Christ, Clement of Alexandria recorded: ‘Some of the Indians obey the precepts of Buddha, whom, on account of his extraordinary sanctity, they have raised to divine honours.’ No Latin translation was made of this part of Clement’s work, and nothing was known of Buddhism in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages. In 1048 an anonymous Western scholar living in Constantinople made a Latin translation from the Greek of a story called Barlaam and Ioasaph, which was wrongly attributed to John of Damascus (d. c.75o).This appeared to be a saint’s life: it told how the Indian prince Ioasaph had renounced the world and embraced an austere ascetic life under the direction of the hermit Barlaam. In fact, this was a life of Prince Gautama, the Buddha. This version had originated in the kingdom of Bactria and had been translated into Arabic and later into Georgian, from which the Greek version was made in the early eleventh century. In the process of transmission the text had been Christianized. Prince Ioasaph, who renounced earthly glory to lead the contemplative life, fitted easily into the pattern of Christian hagiography, and his life proved popular because of its exotic setting in the Indies. During the Middle Ages the Latin version was translated into most Western languages, but Western people remained ignorant of Buddhism until the rise of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century made it possible for them to travel to central and eastern Asia.

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Lahiri, Nayanjot. "Book Reviews : OLIVIER GUILLAUME, Analysis of Reasonings in Archaeology: The case of Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Numismatics, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1990, 133 pp., Rs. 125." Indian Economic & Social History Review 30, no. 2 (June 1993): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469303000208.

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Bivar, A. D. H. "Jeffrey D. Lerner: The impact of Seleucid decline on the eastern Iranian plateau: the foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria. (Historia Einzelschriften 123.) 139 pp., 2 plates Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. DM68." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63, no. 1 (January 2000): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00006509.

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"Ancient Tajikistan Studies in History, Archaeology and Culture (1980-1991)." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1, no. 3 (1995): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005794x00165.

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AbstractSystematic archaeological research began immediately after WW II with work on Iran Age monuments at Kala-i-mir, Boldai-tepe and Baidudasht IV. Of recently studied Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic monuments, the most important is Takhti-Sangin (thought to be the source of the Oxus treasure). More than 5000 votive objects have now been recovered from the temple here (now completely excavated and dated to the first quarter of the 1st c. B.C.). Excavations at Ai-Khanoum prove that the strength and persistence of Hellenic culture seen at the Oxus temple was not unique in Bactria, while a complex now being studied at Dushanbe pushes the range of Greco-Bactrian culture far further to the north than was hitherto thought. Investigation of burial monuments at Tup-khana testifies to the acceptance of Bactrian material culture by incoming nomad groups, whereas study of a Buddhist complex of the 3rd-4th c. A.D. at Ushurmullo shows its continued use down to the 7th-8th c. Ancient written sources on the history of Central Asia have been studied by I.V. Pyankov, whilst E.V. Zeimal has produced a description, classification and analysis of the coin series of the region. Finally, T.P. Kiyatkina has written a series of works on palaeo-anthropological material from Tajikistan and Turkmenia.

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Drusano, G. L., Sarah Kim, Mohammed Almoslem, Stephan Schmidt, D. Z. D’Argenio, Jenny Myrick, Brandon Duncanson, et al. "The Funnel: A screening technique for identifying optimal two-drug combination chemotherapy regimens." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 16, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02172-20.

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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug discovery effort has generated a substantial number of new/repurposed drugs for therapy of this pathogen. The arrival of these drugs is welcome, but another layer of difficulty has emerged. Having single agent therapy is insufficient for patients with late stage tuberculosis, because of resistance emergence. To achieve our therapeutic ends, it is requisite to identify optimal combination regimens. These regimens go through a lengthy and expensive evaluative process. If we have a modest group of 6-8 new or repurposed agents, this translates into 15-28 possible 2-drug combinations. There is neither time nor resources to give an extensive evaluation for all combinations. We sought a screening procedure that would identify combinations that had a high likelihood of achieving good bacterial burden decline. We examined pretomanid, moxifloxacin, linezolid and bedaquiline in Log-phase growth, Acid-phase growth and NRP (Non-Replicative Persister)-phase in the Greco interaction model. We employed the interaction term α and the calculated bacterial burden decline as metrics to rank different regimens in different metabolic states. No relationship was found between α and bacterial kill. We chose bacterial kill as the prime metric. The combination of pretomanid plus moxifloxacin emerged as the clear frontrunner, as the largest bacterial declines were seen in Log-phase and Acid-phase with this regimen and it was second best in NRP-phase. Bedaquiline also produced good kill. This screening process may identify optimal combinations that can be further evaluated in both the Hollow Fiber Infection Model and in animal models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

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Hammond, Norman. "Rachel Mairs (ed.). 2021. The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek world. Abingdon & New York: Routledge; 978-1-138-09069-9 hardback £190." Antiquity, July 12, 2021, 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.93.

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de Miranda Silva, Carolina, Amirhossein Hajihosseini, Jenny Myrick, Jocelyn Nole, Arnold Louie, Stephan Schmidt, and George L. Drusano. "Effect of Linezolid plus Bedaquiline againstMycobacterium tuberculosisin Log Phase, Acid Phase, and Nonreplicating-Persister Phase in anIn VitroAssay." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 62, no. 8 (June 4, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00856-18.

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ABSTRACTTuberculosis is the ninth-leading cause of death worldwide. Treatment success is approximately 80% for susceptible strains and decreases to 30% for extensively resistant strains. Shortening the therapy duration forMycobacterium tuberculosisis a major goal, which can be attained with the use of combination therapy. However, the identification of the most promising combination is a challenge given the quantity of older and newer agents available. Our objective was to identify promising 2-drug combinations using anin vitrostrategy to ultimately be tested in anin vitrohollow fiber infection model (HFIM) and in animal models. We studied the effect of the combination of linezolid (LZD) and bedaquiline (BDQ) onM. tuberculosisstrain H37Rv in log- and acid-phase growth andM. tuberculosisstrain 18b in log- and nonreplicating-persister-phase growth in a plate system containing a 9-by-8 matrix of concentrations of both drugs alone and in combinations. A characterization of the interaction as antagonistic, additive, or synergistic was performed using the Greco universal response surface approach (URSA) model. Our results indicate that the interaction between LZD and BDQ is additive for bacterial killing in both strains for both of the metabolic states tested. This prescreen strategy was suitable to identify LZD and BDQ as a promising combination to be further tested in the HFIM. The presence of nonoverlapping mechanisms of drug action suggests each drug in the combination will likely be effective in suppressing the emergence of resistance byM. tuberculosisto the companion drug, which holds promise in improving treatment outcomes for tuberculosis.

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Al-Haifi, Abdulrahman Y., Abdul Salam Mohamed Al Makdad, Mohammed Kassim Salah, and Hassan A. Al-Shamahy. "URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN POST OPERATIVE PATIENTS: PREVALENCE RATE, BACTERIAL PROFILE, ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS." Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, July 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v5i3.411.

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Background and objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common minor complication after operations, mostly due to bladder catheterization that used routinely during operations. This investigation seeks to determine prevalence rate, bacterial features, antibiotic sensitivity and risk factors for urinary tract infection in postoperative patients in tertiary hospitals in Sana’a, Yemen. Methods: This prospective analysis included 390 patients undergoing surgery between 2017 and 2018 at Al-Thawra Hospital. The study includes 258 male and 132 female between the ages 5 to 80 years. Clinical and demographic data and factors affecting UTIs were collected in the standard questionnaire, and the sample was obtained after catheter removal; or, in patients with a clinical indication of continuous catheterization, a sample was obtained after the replacement of a new catheter. The samples were cultured, examined for significant possible bacterial pathogens, isolated and identified by standard laboratory techniques, and microbial sensitivity testing was carried out by disc diffusion method. The operative characteristics associated with postoperative UTI were also analysis. Results: Postoperative UTI (POUTI) occurred in 144/390 (37%), and the predominant post-operative uropathogen was Escherichia coli (34%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1(27%) and Staphylococcus coagulase negative (16.7%). In Gram-negative bacteria, high resistance to ampicillin (95%), nalidixic acid (63%), ceftriaxone (68%) and cotrimoxazole (55%) was recorded, while high sensitivity to amikacin (98%) and ciprofloxacin. (84%), cefotaxime (87%), gentamicin (87%) and imipenem (98%). In Gram-positive bacteria, high resistance to penicillin (90%), erythromycin (85%), and amoxicillin (78%) was recorded, while high sensitivity to aztreonam (94%), augmentin (83%), ciprofloxacin (93%), cefotaxime (86%), gentamicin (85%), Rifampicin (100%) and vancomycin (97%). The following characteristics are independently associated with postoperative UTI: female sex (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.2), Rubber PTFE catheter (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.99–11.4), longer duration of catheterization >10 days (OR 4.4, 95% CI 2.3–8.3), overweight (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.9), and emergency surgery (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.0). Conclusions: POUTI remains an important problem in our hospitals and what complicates the situation is that all the causative microorganisms are MDR with few treatment options; and several risk factors were independently associated with POUTI. Peer Review History: Received 14 May 2020; Revised 15 June; Accepted 1 July, Available online 15 July 2020 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Name: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly Affiliation: Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh E-mail: amalbgadley@pnu.edu.sa Name: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike Affiliation: University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria E-mail: amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Comments of reviewer(s): Similar Articles: A SHORT REVIEW OF URINARY SYMPTOMATOLOGY- GRECO ARAB MEDICINE BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF UROPATHOGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN IBB CITY -YEMEN

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Dąbrowa, Edward. "The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau. The Foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria. Stuttgart, F. Steiner Verlag, 1999 (Historia Einzelschriften, Heft 123), 139 p." Abstracta Iranica, Volume 22 (May 15, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/abstractairanica.36413.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Greco bactria'

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