Relevant bibliographies by topics / Greece Civilization To 146 BC

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Academic literature on the topic 'Greece Civilization To 146 BC'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Greece Civilization To 146 BC"

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Dularidze, Tea. "Information Exchange and Relations between Ahhiyawa and the Hittite Empire." Studia Iuridica 80 (September 17, 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4785.

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The majority of scholars identify the long-disputed term Ahhiyawa found in the Hittite texts as Achaea of the Homeric epics. According to the Hittite texts, Ahhiyawa and Hittite relations can be dated from the Middle Kingdom period. The term was first used in the records of Suppiluliuma I (1380-1346). Documents discussed (the records of Mursili II and Muwatalli II) demonstrate that Ahhiyawa was a powerful country. Its influence extended to Millawanda, which evidently reached the sea. Especially interesting is the “Tawagalawa letter” dated to the 13th century BC, in which the Hittite king makes
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Angelakis, A. N. "Urban waste- and stormwater management in Greece: past, present and future." Water Supply 17, no. 5 (2017): 1386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.042.

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Urban wastewater and storm management has a long history which coincides with the appearance of the first organized human settlements (ca. 3500 BC). It began in prehistoric Crete during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3200 BC) when many remarkable developments occurred in several stages known as Minoan civilization. One of its salient characteristics was the architecture and function of its hydraulic works and especially the drainage and sewerage systems and other sanitary infrastructures in the Minoan palaces and other settlements. These technologies, although they do not give a complete picture of
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Koutsoyiannis, D., N. Mamassi, and A. Tegos. "Logical and illogical exegeses of hydrometeorological phenomena in ancient Greece." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (2007): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.002.

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Technological applications aiming at the exploitation of the natural sources appear in all ancient civilizations. The unique phenomenon in the ancient Greek civilization is that technological needs triggered physical explanations of natural phenomena, thus enabling the foundation of philosophy and science. Among these, the study of hydrometeorological phenomena had a major role. This study begins with the Ionian philosophers in the seventh century BC, continues in classical Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, and advances and expands through the entire Greek world up to the end of Hel
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Potter, Liz. "British Philhellenism and the Historiography of Greece: A Case Study of George Finlay (1799-1875)." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 1 (January 20, 2005): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.176.

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<p>This article offers a case study of George Finlay, a British philhellene whose intellectual make-up deserves more attention than it has previously been given (1). Unlike many Western European philhellenes who returned home disillusioned with Greece, Finlay spent his life in Athens (2); and unlike the overwhelmingly classicising Hellenism of his British contemporaries, his was a Hellenism that insisted on the interest and instructiveness of the history of Greece from the Roman period onwards (3). From a study of his <em>History of Greece BC 146 to AD 1864 </em>(4), and an a
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Akbar, Reza. "SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN ILMU FALAK DALAM PERADABAN INDIA DAN KETERKAITANNYA DENGAN ISLAM." Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 17, no. 1 (2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v17i1.1511.

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Although it is acknowledged that Islamic astronomy developed very rapidly during the Abbasid period (750-1258 AD), it should be noted that before the advancement of astronomy of the Islamic world, Muslim scholars of the time were very incentive to translate astronomical books from other nations, one of them was from India. There were at least two factors that led to the emergence and development of astronomical science in pre-Islamic Indian civilization. The first, the teachings of Hinduism that made the sun as the ruler and source of life. The second, the influence of civilization from other
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Pettegrew, David. "D. Graham J. Shipley, The Early Hellenistic Peloponnese: Politics, Economies, and Networks 338-197 BC. pp. xxxii+355, 1 ill., 9 maps, 7 tables. 2018. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 2018978-0-521-87369-7, hardback $120." Journal of Greek Archaeology 5 (January 1, 2020): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v5i.464.

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The ‘decline’ of the polis in the late Classical and early Hellenistic periods numbers among the stock elements of historical narratives of ancient Greece. In the conventional rendition baked into old textbook descriptions of Greek civilization, the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War marked the end of a golden age as city-states devolved into a downward cycle of power play, hegemonic contest, and warfare that ended only with the conquests of Philip II and Alexander. The polis thereafter lost its autonomy, political directive, and ideological essence. As one popular textbook of western civiliza
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Tarasevych, Viktor. "Antique civilization: the birth of a polis state." Ekonomìčna teorìâ 2022, no. 1 (2022): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/etet2022.01.005.

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This article continues the series of publications on the universum evolution of ancient civilization, its subcivilizations and is devoted to the consideration of controversial socio-economic and political processes in the Athenian area of Ancient Greece in the second half of the 8th - the first half of the 4th century. BC e. Attention is focused on the characteristics of the important stages of state formation in Athens. It is shown that the accelerated development of market and commodity-money relations in the 7th - 6th centuries. BC e., catalyzed, among other things, by the great colonizatio
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Liddel, Peter. "Liberty and obligations in George Grote’s Athens." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 23, no. 1 (2006): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000090.

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In this article it is suggested that George Grote’s History of Greece (1846–56) employed a narrative history of Greece in an attempt to resolve the philosophical problem of the compatibility of individual liberty with considerable obligations to society. His philosophical achievement has been largely ignored by modern classical scholarship, even those who follow his lead in treating fifth-century Athens as the epitome of Greek civilization. The present reading of Grote’s History is informed by John Stuart Mill’s use of Athenian examples. Outlining the evidential, moral and spatial parameters o
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Rutter, Jeremy. "Margaretha Kramer-Hajos. Mycenaean Greece and the Aegean World: Palace and Province in the Late Bronze Age." Journal of Greek Archaeology 3 (January 1, 2018): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v3i.541.

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Diachronic surveys of Mycenaean civilization, our term for the material culture that flourished above all on the central and southern Greek mainland during the six or seven centuries (ca. 1700/1600-1000 BC) we assign to the Late Bronze Age, typically and understandably focus on the regional cores of that culture in the northeast (Argolid and Corinthia) and southwest (Messenia) Peloponnese where it arose and has been most extensively documented. The overview of this culture provided by Margaretha Kramer-Hajos (hereafter MK-H) is refreshingly different in its spatial focus on the Euboean Gulf re
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Ahmed, Abdelkader T., Fatma El Gohary, Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, and Andreas N. Angelakis. "Egyptian and Greek Water Cultures and Hydro-Technologies in Ancient Times." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (2020): 9760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229760.

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Egyptian and Greek ancient civilizations prevailed in eastern Mediterranean since prehistoric times. The Egyptian civilization is thought to have been begun in about 3150 BC until 31 BC. For the ancient Greek civilization, it started in the period of Minoan (ca. 3200 BC) up to the ending of the Hellenistic era. There are various parallels and dissimilarities between both civilizations. They co-existed during a certain timeframe (from ca. 2000 to ca. 146 BC); however, they were in two different geographic areas. Both civilizations were massive traders, subsequently, they deeply influenced the r
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Greece Civilization To 146 BC"

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Golightly, Paul. "The Light of Dark-Age Athens: Factors in the Survival of Athens after the Fall of Mycenaean Civilization." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799552/.

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When looking at Dark Age Greece, one of the most important sites to consider is Athens. The Dark Age was a transitional period between the fall of Mycenaean Greece of the Bronze Age, and Archaic Greece of the Iron Age. This period is called the Dark Age because the palaces that ruled the Mycenaean age collapsed, and with them fell civilization in mainland Greece. Writing, fine art, massive architecture, trade, and luxury goods disappear from mainland Greece. But Athens survived the fall of the Mycenaeans. In order to understand the reason why Athens survived one must look at what the causes of
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Willey, Hannah Rose. "Law and religion in the archaic and classical Greek poleis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607836.

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Tsipotas, Dimitrios. "Reviving Greek furniture : technological and design aspects through interdisciplinary research and digital three-dimensional techniques : the prehistoric period." Thesis, Bucks New University, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.714453.

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Arvanitakis, Jan Alexandros. "The emergence of palatial society in Late Bronze Age Argolis." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26250.

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This thesis proposes to evaluate the impact of factors such as trade, circumscribed resources, and growing militarism upon the development of social complexity in LBA Argolis, and to what extent these factors may be invoked as triggering mechanisms--or prime movers--in the rise of palatial society in the Argive plain towards the end of the 15th century B.C., during the LH III A-B period.<br>It is argued that the most plausible model for the rise of palatial society in LBA Argolis is one which acknowledges the interrelations and processes of feedback between these factors, of which trade and mi
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Klinck, Anne L. (Anne Lingard). "Women's songs and their cultic background in archaic Greece." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26286.

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This thesis applies to Archaic Greek literature the medievalist's concept of "women's songs," that is, love-poems given to a female persona and composed in a popular register. In the Greek context a distinct type can be recognised in poems of women's affections (not necessarily love-poems as such) composed in an ingenuous register and created for performance, choral or solo, within a women's thiasos. The poems studied are those of Sappho, along with the few surviving partheneia of Alcman and Pindar. The feminine is constructed, rather mechanically by Pindar, more subtly by the other two, from
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Rhodes, Anthony. "Jacob Burckhardt: History and the Greeks in the Modern Context." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/279.

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In the following study I reappraise the nineteenth century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897). Burckhardt is traditionally known for having served as the elder colleague and one-time muse of Friedrich Nietzsche at the University of Basel and so his ideas are often considered, by comparison, outmoded or inapposite to contemporary currents of thought. My research explodes this conception by abandoning the presumption that Burckhardt was in some sense "out of touch" with modernity. By following and significantly expanding upon the ideas of historians such as Allan Megill, Lionel Gossman
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Gillihan, Yonder Moynihan. "Socratic tradition in the fourth Gospel : appealing to popular notions of piety in the Hellenistic age." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115756.

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This study presents a systematic analysis of motifs, literary devices, and language in the Fourth Gospel that resemble similar motifs, literary devices, and language in Socratic tradition. The persistent recurrence of words and patterns of thought in the Fourth Gospel which are common to Platonic philosophy, Socratic progymnasmata, and well-known descriptions of Socrates’ moral heroism and martyr’s death lead me to conclude that the Johannine authors imagined Socrates’ life as a “pagan prophetic theme” which Jesus fulfilled; their use of Socratic tradition in the Fourth Gospel is subtle but o
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Duplouy, Alain. "Le prestige des élites: recherches sur les modes de reconnaissance sociale en Grèce entre les Xe et Ve siècles avant J.-C." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211382.

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Brisart, Thomas. "Un art citoyen: recherches sur l'orientalisation des artisanats en Grèce proto-archaïque." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210339.

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Cette thèse cherche à mettre en évidence les raisons qui ont amené une large part des ateliers grecs à orientaliser leurs productions durant la "période orientalisante" (VIIe siècle avant J.-C.). La méthode déployée pour répondre à cet objectif consiste en une contextualisation sociale des artisanats orientalisants, laquelle s'effectue par le biais de l'analyse d'un certain nombre de contextes archéologiques et de textes. Une fois le rôle des objets orientalisants dans la société proto-archaïque mis en évidence, leurs raisons d'être apparaissent plus clairement.<p>Le développement de la citoye
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Grousset, Gauthier. "L'historien et le peintre: représentations croisées de l'altérité en Grèce ancienne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210216.

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Nous nous proposons d’étudier, dans ce travail de thèse, le regard porté par les Grecs sur les étrangers, les « barbares », afin d’y déceler, en creux, quelques-uns des mécanismes de la construction de leur propre identité. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à certains des aspects de la représentation du monde, des contrées, des peuples et des individus, tels qu’ils apparaissent dans les Histoires d’Hérodote, ainsi qu’à la manière dont les peintres de céramique attique ont figuré les Noirs. <p>Lorsque l’on se place du point de vue de la perception et de la représentation d’un
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Books on the topic "Greece Civilization To 146 BC"

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Dillon, Matthew. Ancient Greece: Social and historical documents from archaic times to the death of Socrates (c. 800-399 BC). Routledge, 1994.

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Mitchell, Lynette G. Greeks bearing gifts: The public use of private relationships in the Greek world, 435-323 BC. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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Powell, Anton. Greece: 1600-30 BC. F. Watts, 1987.

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Dunstan, William E. Ancient Greece. Harcourt College Publishers, 2000.

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Hornblower, Simon. The Greek world, 479-323 BC. Routledge, 1991.

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Hornblower, Simon. The Greek world 479-323 BC. Methuen, 1985.

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Cartledge, Paul. Ancient Greece. Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Klingel, Cynthia Fitterer. Ancient Greece. Compass Point Books, 2003.

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Buckley, Terry. Aspects of Greek history 750-323 BC: A source-based approach. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2010.

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1949-, Shapiro H. A., ed. Cambridge companion to archaic Greece. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Greece Civilization To 146 BC"

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"5. The conquest of Gaul, Greece, and Spain." In Rome and the Mediterranean 290 to 146 BC. Edinburgh University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780748629992-011.

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Beckeld, Benedict. "Oikophobia in Ancient Greece." In Western Self-Contempt. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501763182.003.0002.

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This chapter emphasizes that Western civilization rests on two pillars: the Greco-Roman and the Judeo-Christian. Noting that the West begins with Greece, the chapter traces the first clear case of oikophobia. It delves into the period of the city-states, because apart from archaeological remains, the culture of the so-called Mycenaean Greeks survives only in the tales told by Homer several centuries later, in the Iliad and Odyssey, and these are only weak reflections of that culture. The chapter then analyses how Archaic Greeks developed and moved slowly from myth to science and rationalism through the work of the pre-Socratic philosophers in the sixth and early fifth centuries BC. The chapter reveals a repetitive pattern, namely that with wealth comes an unwillingness to die for one's civilization, and with that unwillingness, oikophobia goes hand in hand. The chapter elaborates on the first very clear trace of oikophobia that appears in the later Classical era: in the time of Socrates and his entourage.
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Fletcher, Peter. "Diverging Traditions 2: Europe." In World Musics in Context. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198166368.003.0007.

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Abstract The civilization that emerged in Europe was, ultimately, to prove more adaptable to change, and thus to show greater powers of evolution, than ancient civilizations to the east and south that preceded it. It developed, nevertheless, along familiar lines, with the progressive development of farming, pottery, writing, and monumental architecture. Until recently, it was widely accepted that its origin was in Crete, but recent studies suggest that it originated in the ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Asia. A Proto-Indo-European speech spread into Greece and Crete, from southern Anatolia, about 7000 BC, with the spread of farming. the original of Greek itself are still contentious. The view that it ‘arrived ‘ in Greece with Indo- European-speaking Dorian invaders, during the late second millennium, was compromised when the Cretan ‘Linear B ‘ dating from about 1450 BC and deriving from earlier models, were deciphered on the basis of Greek. In fact, invasions on the Greek mainland during the second millennium arrested the development of civilization there, while in Crete civilization was able to flourish.
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Kennedy, George A. "Rhetoric." In The Legacy of Rome. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198219170.003.0010.

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Abstract Rhetoric in the widest sense is the study and control of the power of words in human society. The classical Greeks were the first to conceive of rhetoric as an art and to make it a part of the formal education of a citizen, but through most of the history of Western civilization the basic rhetorical texts have been Latin treatises, handbooks, and speeches by, or attributed to, Cicero (106-43 BC), Quintilian (c.AD 40-95), and other Roman writers. Quintilian recognized Cicero as his greatest inspiration, and it is not too much to regard the Western rhetorical tradition as essentially Ciceronian: in its concept of the statesman as orator, in its theoretical categories and terminology, and in its artistic and stylistic values. But from later Antiquity until the Renaissance the authoritative texts were not what we might think of as Cicero’s major writings on rhetoric: the urbane dialogue On the Orator and the elegant treatises called Brutus and Orator.
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Colvin, Stephen. "Mycenaean Greek." In A Historical Greek Reader. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199226597.003.0002.

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Abstract At the beginning of our historical survey, c.1500 BC, we find two civilizations occupying a dominant position in the Aegean area. These have become known in modern times as the ‘Minoan’ civilization in Crete and the ‘Mycenaean’ in southern and central Greece. The non-Greek Minoan was the older of the two: the Mycenaeans were heavily influenced by Minoan culture, and Mycenaean civilization at its height was essentially a fusion of the Minoan and the native (‘Helladic’) culture of the Greek mainland. Between the sixteenth and the twelfth centuries BC, Mycenaean power and influence expanded at the expense of the Minoans, and the Mycenaeans seem to have taken control of Crete itself in the fifteenth century. Mycenaean power was at its height between 1400 and 1200, with the establishment of great palatial centres at Pylos, Mycenae, and Tiryns in the Peloponnese, and Thebes and Orchomenos in Boeotia. Mycenaean settlement is attested in the Cycladic Islands, the Dodecanese, and on the west coast of Asia Minor. There is also evidence for Mycenaean trading activity around the Mediterranean, with Cyprus and the Levant in particular, and with Sicily and southern Italy in the West.
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Feuer, Bryan. "Modeling Differential Cultural Interaction in Late Bronze Age Thessaly." In Modeling Cross-Cultural Interaction in Ancient Borderlands. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056883.003.0003.

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On the northern border of Mycenaean civilization and encompassing several ecological zones, the province of Thessaly represents an opportunity to test the Cross-Cultural Interaction Model involving processes such as acculturation and ethnogenesis in a border/frontier zone. In the Late Bronze Age (c. 1600–1100 BC) southeastern Thessaly, with a climate and topography similar to the Mycenaean core zone of southern and central Greece, was in direct contact with the centers of Mycenaean civilization and evolved in a similar manner, while in the inner plains further north, a transition zone between the Mediterranean environment of the coast and the Continental environment of southeastern Europe, local elites selectively adopted some aspects of Mycenaean culture, and in the mountainous zone further to the north and west nomadic pastoral tribes had little contact with the Mycenaean world and were even more selective borrowing cultural elements.
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Mitchell, Peter. "The Classical World." In The Donkey in Human History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749233.003.0011.

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Donkeys are the quintessential Mediterranean animal. This chapter explores the first two millennia and more of that association. It starts with the Bronze Age societies of the Aegean, but principally emphasizes the donkey’s contribution to the Classical world of the Greeks and Romans, a topic richly informed by literary, as well as archaeological, evidence. Summarizing that contribution, Mark Griffith noted that ‘Without them there would have been no food for the table or fuel for the fire; nor would the workshops, markets, and retail stores have been able to conduct their business’, while the Roman writer and politician Cicero simply observed that it would be unduly tedious to enumerate their services. Around 4,000 years ago urban, state-organized societies centred on large, multiroom ‘palaces’ were already active on the island of Crete. By the mid-second millennium bc similar societies had emerged on the Greek mainland in the form of the Mycenaean kingdoms. Bronze Age societies further west, however, were organized at a less complex level and did not use writing. The same holds true of Greece itself once Mycenaean civilization collapsed: only after 800 BC did the material culture and city-state political systems characteristic of the Classical period emerge. Without discussing the latter’s archaeology or history in detail, it is worth remembering that the Classical Greek world was far more extensive than the modern country, a result of early settlement of the west coast of Turkey, followed by large-scale migration into southern Italy and Sicily (‘Magna Graecia’ or ‘Greater Greece’) and smaller scale colonization elsewhere along the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Greeks—and the Phoenician merchants who preceded them—were attracted into the western Mediterranean by opportunities for trade as much as settlement. Of the region’s indigenous populations Italy’s Etruscans were among the first to engage with them, undergoing a rapid process of urbanization and increasing political and economic complexity from about 800 BC. On the Etruscans’ southern periphery emerged Rome. Through luck, strategy, and a geographically central location, by the third century BC it dominated the Italian Peninsula. Moreover, following wars with Carthage, an originally Phoenician city in Tunisia, and with the Macedonian kings who succeeded Alexander the Great, its sway extended across the whole of the Mediterranean by the time Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC.
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L.Sihler, Andrew. "Latin and the Italic Languages." In New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195083453.003.0003.

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Abstract THE LANGUAGES OF ITALY. In contrast to Greece, which in the historical period was a country of one language though many dialects, Italy was a land of many languages: non-IE, IE but not of the Italic branch, and those that were sister languages to Latin but not in any sense dialects of it. Etruscan, the language of that people which had the most profound influence upon early Roman civilization, is not obviously IE, though there may be some remote connection. The tradition of the Anatolian (specifically Lydian) origin of the Etruscans (Hdt. r.94) may be substantially true. In fact, a recent idea takes Etruscan to be a close relative of Hittite, but there are difficulties with this as with all other Etruscan theories. Epigraphic evidence for the ancient languages of Italy (Old Latin included) is very scanty; and, worse, in the 19th century forgeries of archaic Italic materials were produced in abundance. The consequences of this are still being sorted out. Ligurian, once spoken along the Gulf of Genoa, is believed by some to be an IE language intermediate between Italic and Celtic. However, the linguistic material is very scanty-local and tribal names. The ‘Lepontic’ inscriptions, from the region of the North Italian lakes, are better regarded as Celtic in fact-an archaic form of Gaulish (appropriately so for 550-150 BC) and more or less dating from the Celtic invasion, vid.inf.
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"description whether the adyton was part of the temple or a different structure altogether. Near where the temple of Palaimon should have been according to Pausanias, excavators found the foundations of an earlier stadium, as well as the concrete foundation of a Roman building. An earlier cult place for Melikertes was probably located somewhere in this area, but all remains were obliterated during the destruction of Corinth by Mummius (146 BC). Elizabeth Gebhard has tentatively identified an area located immediately to the south of the temple of Poseidon as a temenos for Melikertes, dating from the classical period.3 The earliest remains, however, that can be directly linked with Melikertes are from two sacrificial pits from the 1st century AD filled with animal bones, pottery, and lamps of a unique shape unknown anywhere else in Greece. The Palaimonion was rebuilt in the Roman period, and the temple as it stood in the second century AD has been reconstructed from the few remains found and from representations on coins from the Isthmus and Corinth. The reconstructed temple has eleven columns, with an opening leading to a passageway under the temple. From the foundations, the height of the passage can be estimated at about 1 m 90, high enough to allow a person to stand upright. The passage was completely underground, and a bend in the tunnel would have prevented light to penetrate inside the underground chamber. What about the cult, then, and the lament that is both “initiatory and inspired?” Philostratos is not our only source for this aspect of the ritual. Plutarch also mentions the cult in his life of Theseus:." In Greek Literature in the Roman Period and in Late Antiquity. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203616895-53.

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