Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Greece Hist'

This thesis is a systematic study of the representations of Telamonian Ajax in archaic and classical Greece. Its aim is to trace, examine, and understand how and why the constitutive elements of his myth evolved in the way they did in the long chain of its receptions. Particular attention is paid to the historical, socio-cultural and performative contexts of the literary works and visual representations I analyse as well as to the audience for which these were produced. The study is divided into three parts, each of which reflects a different reality in which Ajax has been received (different with respect to time, place, or literary genre). Artistic representations of the hero, as well as his religious dimension and political valence, are consistently taken into account throughout the thesis. The first part - Ajax from Salamis - focuses on epic poetry, and thus investigates the Panhellenic significance of the hero (rather than his reception in a particular place). It treats the entire corpus of early Greek hexameter poetry that has come down to us in written form as the reception of a common oral tradition which each poem has adapted for its own purpose. I establish that in the larger tradition of the Trojan War, Ajax was a hero characterised by his gift of invulnerability. Because of this power, he is the figure who protects his companions - dead or alive - par excellence. However, this ability probably also led him to become over-confident, and, accordingly, to reject Athena's support on the battlefield. Hence, the goddess's hostility towards him, which she demonstrated by making him lose the reward of apioteia (Achilles' arms). His defeat made Ajax so angry that he became mad and committed suicide. I also show how this traditional Ajax has been adapted to fit into the Iliad's own aesthetics. The second part - Ajax in Aegina - concentrates on the reception of Ajax in the victory odes of Pindar and Bacchylides for Aeginetan patrons. I argue that in the first part of the fifth century, Ajax becomes a figure imbued with a strong political dimension (especially with regard to the relationship between Athens and Aegina). Accordingly, I show how the presence of Ajax in Pindar's and Bacchylides' poems is often politically charged, and significant within the historical context. I discuss the influence this had on his representation. Finally, the third part moves to Athens, as I consider Ajax's reception during three distinct periods: the sixth century, the first half of the fifth century, and finally the rest of the classical period. I equally insist on the political dimension of the figure. I demonstrate that his figure undergoes a shift of paradigm in the early fifth century, which deeply affects his representation. By following in the footsteps of Ajax, this study prompts a series of reflections and comments on each of the works in which the hero features as well as on the relationship of these works to the historical context in which they were produced.

Hospital Information Systems (HIS) are considering a significant aspect for supporting health care professionals in their work. However, a large number of them are often poor to provide the needed information for accomplishing various work activities in the oriented environment. The aim of this research is to address users’-Administrators and Clinicians- perceptions in order to gain a deeper knowledge about problems they encounter with daily work performed through IS. Additionally, the scope is extended into formulating suggestions through the employment of Soft System Methodology (SSM) that could bring improvements. A qualitative interpretive method with an inductive analysis was followed. Data collection completed through focus group interview sessions and the adoption of SSM three activities in order to acquire the complexity of the problem situation.   Research findings revealed that despite IS Lisora serves as a tool for supporting users work operations, it causes significant problems in their daily operations since the information flow are not feasible. Thus, the research study suggests five feasible and desirable improvements that could improve the overall processes followed by the hospital’s users and bring improvements. In all, SSM was proved to be very efficient in identifying problems that exist. In this way proposed solutions to the problems were enlightened. The general hospital of Preveza shall benefit from the higher efficiency offered by the system, which in turn shall improve the quality of health-care services offered.

Thesis (Th. M.)--Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, Brookline, Mass., 1998.
Original [Greek] texts of Elias Meniates' sermons on repentance and confession included in appendix. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-159).

The Annales of the Roman poet, Quintus Ennius, was not an isolated example of an historical epic. Other poets before Ennius' time had written epics of various types, and different sorts of poems that dealt with historical or national material, and some of these influenced Ennius. This study will consider Ennius' relationship to the Homeric epics, and show how he imitated them in form and style. The writings of other Greek poets who preceded Ennius will be examined to determine whether they might also have influenced the Roman poet. The works of the two Roman poets who wrote before Ennius will be looked at, and some observations made about other historical materials that may have been available for the poet to use in his work. Finally, the place of Quintus Ennius and his Annales in the historiography of Rome will be discussed. The Annales seems to have been unique in that it was an epic poem which encompassed the whole history of the Roman people from the earliest times right down to the period in which the poet lived. Other poets before Ennius had dealt with some aspects of their cities' backgrounds, including mythological and legendary material. Ennius was the first to combine ancient legends and more recent history into one coherent epic poem, his Annales.
Arts, Faculty of
Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of
Graduate

This thesis explores Pindar's relationship to his audiences. Part One demonstrates how his victory odes take into account an audience present at their premiere performance and also secondary audiences throughout space and time. It argues that getting the most out of the epinicians involves simultaneously assuming the perspectives of both their initial and subsequent audiences. Part Two describes how Pindar uses his audiences' knowledge of other lyric to situate his work both within an immanent poetic history and within a contemporary poetic culture. It sets out Pindar's vision of the literary world past and present and suggests how this framework shapes an audience's experience of his work. Part Three explains how Pindar's victory odes made lucid sense as linear unities to fifth-century Greeks imbued in the traditions of choral lyric. An annotated text shows how each sentence in the epinician corpus forms part of a coherent chain of rational discourse.

Fiktion der Handlung? This highly conventional genre can, I claim, through both embracing and problematising its very conventionality express itself with irony and subtlety that is at least as effective as open self-praise by poets in comic genres that allow it.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 216 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisors: Kirk Freudenburg, Dept. of Greek and Latin; Brian D. Joseph, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 208-216).

Une etude histologique cinetique de l'expression de l'incompatibilite localisee a ete menee chez le poirier (pyrus communis l. ) et l'abricotier (prunus armeniaca l. ), sur differentes combinaisons de greffe compatibles ou incompatibles, prelevees de 1 jour a 1 an apres le greffage. Les coupes histologiques ont ete decrites grace a 35 a 45 variables prealablement definies. Les donnees histologiques recueillies sur un tres grand nombre de coupes ont ete analysees par afc (analyse factorielle des correspondances). Chez le poirier et l'abricotier, nous avons caracterise les differentes etapes de raccordement greffon/porte-greffe: formation d'une ligne de necrose, cohesion, mise en place du cal de jonction, formation de neophellogenes, mise en place des neocambiums, production d'elements vasculaires derives de ces neocambiums. L'analyse statistique des donnees histologiques obtenues sur les differentes combinaisons de greffe nous a permis de caracteriser les symptomes precoces d'incompatibilite. Les premiers symptomes structuraux ont ete deceles des 15 jours apres greffage. Ces symptomes d'incompatibilite, observes chez le poirier et l'abricotier, sont les suivants: faible activite mitotique dans l'ecorce et retard de mise en place des neocambiums (des 15 jours apres greffage) ; faible epaisseur de bois neoforme dans la zone d'interface (50 jours apres greffage) ; involution cambiale et faible teneur en amidon dans les tissus de l'interface (5 mois apres greffage). Une difference d'expression des symptomes d'incompatibilite, entre le poirier et l'abricotier, a ete soulignee. Elle semble resulter d'une difference d'intensite et non de nature des symptomes. Par ailleurs, notre etude a mis en evidence d'autres facteurs de variation structurale de l'interface greffon/porte-greffe, notamment la variabilite induite par la technique de greffe ou par les niveaux d'observation dans l'union. Au plan physiologique, nous avons etabli que, chez les greffes jeunes, cultivees en serre, l'expression des symptomes d'incompatibilite se traduit par des perturbations de la neoformation et du fonctionnement cambial, plutot que par l'apparition de phenomenes de necroses a l'interface. L'ensemble de ces resultats permet d'envisager l'elaboration d'un test de diagnostic precoce de l'incompatibilite localisee, fonde sur l'analyse de parametres histologiques discriminants de l'incompatibilite

The thesis regards the extraordinary power of Sappho in the 1860s as resulting in a form of “Sapphic Possession” which laid hold on Swinburne, shaped his verse, produced a provocative new poetics, and which accounted for a critical reception of his work that was both hostile and enthralled. Using biographical material and Freudian psychology, I show how Swinburne became attracted to Sappho and came to rely on her as a substitute mistress and particular kind of muse, and I demonstrate the pre-eminence of the Sapphic presence in Poems and Ballads: 1, as a dominant female muse who exacts peculiar sacrifices from the poet of subjection, necrophilia, and even a form of “death” in the loss of his own personality; as a result, he is finally reduced to acting as the muse’s mouthpiece, a state akin to that of Pythia or Sibyl. Verse written under such duress instigates a new poetics where the demands and constructs of the muse produce a sublime composed of aberrance, fracture and the darkness of myth. To explicate this argument I read Poems and Ballads: 1 through carnival, a form of Bacchanal or Sapphic Komos which has the effect of blurring the boundaries between life and lyric, and which demands a joyous and reciprocal response from its readers, in which they must acknowledge their own attraction to the Sapphic sublime.

This paper examines how green areas may be used as strategic recovery zones in the event of an earthquake and how these zones may strengthen the resilience for future quakes in Istanbul. The paper also refers to investigating why the planning system in Turkey can pose a threat for the provision of green areas. Green areas have proven to be an important feature in natural disaster stricken cities for coping with disasters by strengthening the city’s resilience. However due to rapid population growth and high demand for housing and infrastructure, green areas risk disappearing when the city expands. This problem is evident all major cities of turkey and particularly in the country’s largest city Istanbul, where green areas are benign exploited instead of preserved; leaving larger city’s such as Istanbul vulnerable for future earthquake disasters. The high demand for new housing and functioning infrastructure in conjunction with a complicated planning system in Turkey leads to a vaguely regulated planning system, which creates a threat to green areas. This creates an uncertain situation for the city's ability and resilience to withstand a future earthquake disaster. The study will be based on a qualitative method. The empirical material will be presented through a previous research overview and a case study, which is also based on previous research on the subject. Essay analysis will be performed based on a quantitative text analysis based on concepts; urban disaster resilience, green infrastructure, land use planning and governance, presented in the essays theoretical framework. The general conclusions of the study are that there is a lack of good governance in the planning system in Turkey, which creates restrictions for a sustainable and resilient urban planning in the city of Istanbul. Green areas are resilience and capacity building areas in the city to handle future earthquake disaster, by providing open recovery zones in a densely built city. It is therefore important to plan for a long-term land use and to regard the green areas in the city to uphold strong urban disaster resilience for future earthquakes in Istanbul.

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This study analyzes the trajectory of expansion of Western Greco-Roman colonization along the Mediterranean, until reaching Iberian Peninsula. Therefore, it verified political-strategic importance and wealth of resources Hispania territory used to offer, attracting Mediterranean colonizers who founded several colonial towns in order to settle at the peninsular territory. Through the phenomenon of colonization, trades and inter-ethnic contacts, Greco-Roman colonial towns have achieved great success and led Iberian Peninsula to a long process of cultural influences by both Hellenism and Romanization, culminating, thus, in Greek-Roman culture spreading in Hispania. Ancient colonial towns have registered Greco-Roman influences that has remained expressed via urbanism and architecture, legated to posterity mainly by its ruins of monuments and buildings found in situ. Process of Romanization was highlighted in this study based on analysis of archaeological, architectural and urban vestiges evidence of the capital of Province of Hispana Ulterior of Lusitania the Roman colonial town of Emerita Augusta during the High Roman Empire period. Characteristics that used to comprise a Roman colonial town can show how magnificent and influent this provincial town was then, besides revealing the importance of that culture in antiquity and their influence to the present.
Esse estudo analisa a trajet?ria da expans?o da coloniza??o greco-romana ocidental pelo Mediterr?neo, at? chegar ? Pen?nsula Ib?rica. Para tanto, verificou-se a import?ncia pol?tica-estrat?gica e riqueza de fonte recursal que o territ?rio hispano oferecia, atraindo colonizadores mediterr?neos que se utilizaram da funda??o de diversas cidades coloniais para se estabelecerem pelo territ?rio peninsular. Atrav?s deste fen?meno colonizador, das trocas comerciais e dos contatos inter?tnicos, as cidades coloniais greco-romanas alcan?aram grande ?xito e implicaram que a Pen?nsula Ib?rica sofresse um longo processo de influ?ncias culturais tanto do helenismo como da romaniza??o, culminando portanto, na difus?o da cultura grecoromana pela Hisp?nia. As antigas cidades coloniais registraram as influ?ncias grecoromanas que permaneceram expressas via urbanismo e arquitetura, legados ? posteridade, principalmente, atrav?s de suas ru?nas de monumentos e edif?cios encontrados in situ. O processo de romaniza??o foi destacado neste estudo a partir da an?lise de evid?ncias de vest?gios arqueol?gicos, arquitet?nicos e urbanos da capital da Prov?ncia Hispana Ulterior da Lusit?nia, a cidade colonial romana de Emerita Augusta, em per?odo do Alto Imp?rio Romano. Tais caracter?sticas que compunham uma cidade colonial romana podem apontar a magnific?ncia e influ?ncia de uma cidade provincial em seu tempo, al?m de revelar a import?ncia desta cultura na Antiguidade e tamb?m seus reflexos em per?odo atual.

This thesis takes as a focal point an important Archbishop of the Greek community in Venice, Meletios Typaldos, who lived in the turbulent era of the late seventeenthearly eighteenth century (1651-1713). An enquiry into the course of his life was deemed worthy of scholarly research: first, because he had not been till now adequately investigated; second, because he is a multi-faceted personage who is highly representative of the ambiguities of that historical period but also clearly and sophisticatedly involved in them. In addition, a study of his life and work reveals a great deal about the religious and cultural beliefs and bias of the flourishing Greek Diaspora of Venice during this historical period. The dissertation investigates initially the political background within which Venice played a crucial role. Moreover, it brings to the fore the religious conflicts of the era as well as the renewal of the theological and philosophical ideas related to scholastic Aristotelism, derived from the teachings at Padua University which spread to the territory of the city-state of Venice. The emphasis in the dissertation is to focus on the impact that these ideas had on the beliefs and views of Typaldos. Principally, the thesis disambiguates the initiatives of Meletios Typaldos who, as head of the Orthodox Church in Venice, planned to convert the Orthodox Greeks to Catholicism without taking into consideration the church body, i.e., the Greek Orthodox clergy and congregation. In contrast to the prevailing view that his ambition to become a cardinal drove him to the acceptance of the Catholic doctrine, this dissertation argues that Typaldos’ activities were inspired by his desire to play a crucial role in a Uniate Church under the Pope’s auspices, with the ultimate ambition to convert all Greeks to it. Finally, specific attention has been given to the resistance of the Greeks of Venice to Typaldos’ plans. After examining the evidence, the thesis concludes that the will of the Greek Confraternity to maintain its social independence -that was guaranteed by the Venetian state - and its passionate desire to maintain unchanged the Confraternity’s Greek ethnic and religious identity are the main causes that determined its reactions against Typaldos. The conflict between the Archbishop and leadership of the Greek community ended in Typaldos’ excommunication by the Patriarchate of Constantinople and, with the loss of his leadership, the decline of the Greek Community of Venice.

The Sermo antequam iret in exilium and the Sermo cum iret in exsilium are two homilies allegedly pronounced by John Chrysostom in Constantinople at the end of summer 403, some time between the verdict of the Synod of the Oak and the day he left the city for his first exile. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate that a new critical edition of these texts is needed before any study of their literary and historical value can be conducted. Chapter one sketches the historical background to which the text of the homilies refers and a concise survey about previous scholarship on the homilies on the first exile, from the time of Montfaucon’s edition until our days. The problem of the authenticity occupies the last part of the chapter. Chapter two investigates the history of the texts and takes into account both the direct and indirect traditions. It discusses the existence of double recensions hitherto unknown and provides the prefatory material for the new critical edition of recensio α of Sermo antequam iret in exilium and of the Sermo cum iret in exsilium. Chapter three comprises the Greek editions of the two homilies, as well as a provisional edition of the Latin version of the Sermo antequam iret in exilium. Chapter four is divided into two parts, each presenting a philological commentary on the text of the new editions. Systematic analysis of all the most important variant readings is offered. The final chapter summarizes the new findings and assesses the validity of previous criteria used for discerning the authenticity of the homilies on the exile.

L’ensemble d'histoires autour du bosom serpent se réfère à des croyances et des récits diffus qui attribuent, de manière interculturelle, le mal-être physique à l’intrusion présumée d'animaux qui entrent et vivent dans le corps du souffrant. Les recherches se sont concentrées jusqu’alors sur le folklore bosom serpent moderne et contemporain : les témoignages prémodernes ont été, de fait, largement ignorés. En me concentrant, dans cette étude, sur une vaste gamme de sources prémodernes, dont les exemples proviennent en grande partie d’Eurasie, et en adoptant une perspective comparée à la fois folklorique, historique, médicale et ethnologique, mon objectif sera de mettre en lumière ce thème d’un point de vue diachronique. Je remonterai dans le temps en suivant les occurrences des bosom serpents et j’examinerai les ramification et les adaptations variées des ethiologies traditionnelles qui les concernent. Dans leur ensemble, ces disciplines (folklore, histoire, médecine et ethnologie) offrent une apporche crédible, promeuvent la recherche collaborative et permettent l’utilisation d’une méthode scientifique basée sur une multiplicité de sources. Je montrerai qu’une grande quantité de ressemblances interculturlles, jusqu'alors considérées étrangères ou même inexplicables, font en réalité partie d'un même ensemble narratif. Ces ressemblances sont les adaptations de l’idée polymorphe, mais prédominante, centrée sur l'impossible intrusion d’animaux dans le corps humain. Les bosom serpents prémodernes, solidement ancrés dans les notions médicales et religieuses de tous les jours, furent formellement acceptés comme des faits concrets et tangibles, pouvant être appréhendés par la médecine, la démonologie et la sorcellerie. Leur charge émotive était puissante, parfois latente, et ils figurèrent probablement depuis toujours dans les traditions narratives humaines et dans les expériences personnelles. Dans ce contexte, une attention particulière sera donnée aux thèmes expérientiels et aux délires chrnoniques d’hommes et de femmes qui croient avoir été pénétrés par des animaux fantastiques. De la même manière que les bosom serpents entendus comme agents et causes de maladie, ces patients souffrant de zoopathie interne peuvent être retracé sur une longue période temporelle, jusqu’aux origines de la psychopathologie
The bosom serpent story-complex refers to widespread cross-cultural narratives and beliefs attributing physical discomfort to alleged animals entering and living in the body of the sufferer. Scholarly enquiries have concentrated on modern and contemporary bosom serpent folklore: pre-modern evidence has been largely neglected. Focusing, in this dissertation, on a vast range of pre-modern sources – examples can be found from much of Eurasia –, and adopting a folklore, a historical, a medical and an ethnological comparative perspective, my aim will be to throw more light on the theme from a diachronic point of view. I will, in fact, follow evidence for bosom serpents back through time and examine the ramifications and various adaptations of traditional aetiologies involving them. Taken together these disciplines (folklore, history, medicine and ethnology) offer a credible approach, encourage collaborative research and allow a multi-source method. I will show that a great deal of cross-cultural similarities, hitherto considered unrelated or unexplained, belong to the same story-complex. They are adaptations of the polymorphic and predominant idea of the impossible intrusion of animals into a human body. Pre-modern bosom serpents, firmly grounded in everyday medical and religious notions, were formerly accepted as concrete and tangible facts to be understood in terms of medicine, demonology, and sorcery. They had a powerful or latent emotional charge and have perhaps always figured in story-telling traditions and personal experience narratives. In this context, particular attention will be devoted to experiential themes and the chronic delusions of men and women who believed themselves to have been involuntarily penetrated by fantastic animals. Like bosom serpents cast as causative agents of disease, these suffers from internal zoopathy can be traced back in time at the beginnings of psychopathology
Il complesso di storie sul bosom serpent si riferisce a diffusi racconti e credenze che attribuiscono, cross-culturalmente, il disagio fisico a presunti animali intrusivi che entrano e vivono nel corpo del sofferente. Le indagini degli studiosi si sono concentrate sul folklore bosom serpent moderno e contemporaneo: l’evidenza pre-moderna è stata largamente ignorata. Concentrandomi, in questa dissertazione, su una vasta gamma di fonti pre-moderne – esempi possono essere rintracciati in gran parte dell’Eurasia –, e adottando una prospettiva comparata folklorica, storica, medica e etnologica, il mio obiettivo sarà quello di gettare più luce sul tema da un punto di vista diacronico. Seguirò, infatti, le evidenze di bosom serpents indietro nel tempo ed esaminerò le ramificazioni e i vari adattamenti delle eziologie tradizionali che li riguardano. Nel loro insieme queste discipline (folklore, storia, medicina ed etnologia) offrono un approccio credibile, promuovono la ricerca collaborativa e permettono l’utilizzo di un metodo scientifico basato su molteplici fonti. Mostrerò che una grande quantità di somiglianze cross-culturali, fino a questo momento considerate estranee o addirittura inspiegabili, appartengono allo stesso complesso narrativo. Esse sono adattamenti dell’idea polimorfica, ma predominante, incentrata sull’impossibile intrusione di animali nel corpo umano. I bosom serpents pre-moderni, saldamente radicati nella nozioni mediche e religiose di tutti i giorni, furono formalmente accettati come fatti concreti e tangibili intesi in termini di medicina, demonologia e stregoneria. Essi ebbero una carica emotiva potente, talvolta latente, e probabilmente figurarono da sempre nelle tradizioni umane del narrare e nelle esperienze personali. In questo contesto, un’attenzione particolare verrà dedicata ai temi esperienziali ed ai deliri cronici di uomini e donne che credettero di essere stati penetrati da animali fantastici. Esattamente come i bosom serpents intesi come agenti causa di malattia, questi pazienti sofferenti di zoopatia interna possono essere rintracciati molto indietro nel tempo nei primordi della psicopatologia

From the viewpoint of classical reception studies, I am asking what contemporary British art (by, for example, Sarah Lucas, Damien Hirst, and Mark Wallinger) has to do with the classical tradition – both the art and literature of Greco-Roman antiquity. I have conducted face-to-face interviews with some of the leading artists working in Britain today, including Lucas, Hirst, Wallinger, Marc Quinn, and Gilbert & George. In addition to contemporary art, the thesis focuses on Greco-Roman art and on myths and modes of looking that have come to shape the western art historical tradition – seeking to offer a different perspective on them from that of the Renaissance and neoclassicism. The thesis concentrates on the generation of artists known as the YBAs, or Young British Artists, who came to prominence in the 1990s. These artists are not renowned for their deference to the classical tradition, and are widely regarded as having turned their backs on classical art and its legacies. The introduction asks whether their work, which has received little scholarly attention, might be productively reassessed from the perspective of classical reception studies. It argues that while their work no longer subscribes to a traditional understanding of classical ‘influence’, it continues to depend – for its power and provocativeness – on classical concepts of figuration, realism, and the basic nature of art. Without claiming that the work of the YBAs is classical or classicizing, the thesis sets out to challenge the assumption that their work has nothing to do with ancient art, or that it fails to conform to ancient understandings of what art is. In order to do this, the thesis analyses contemporary works of art through three classical ‘lenses’. Each lens allows contemporary art to be examined in the context of a longer history. The first lens is the concept of realism, as seen in artistic and literary explorations of the relationship between art and life. This chapter uses the myth of Pygmalion’s statue as a way of thinking about contemporary art’s continued engagement with ideas of mimesis and the ‘real’ which were theorised and debated in antiquity. The second lens is corporeal fragmentation, as evidenced by the broken condition of ancient statues, the popular theme of dismemberment in western art, and the fragmentary body in contemporary art. The final chapter focuses on the figurative plaster cast, arguing that contemporary art continues to invoke and reinvent the long tradition of plaster reproductions of ancient statues and bodies. Through each of these ‘lenses’, I argue that contemporary art remains linked, both in form and meaning, to the classical past – often in ways which go beyond the stated intentions of an artist. Contemporary art continues to be informed by ideas and processes that were theorised and practised in the classical world; indeed, it is these ideas and processes that make it deserving of the art label.

Systematic studies of basal nonsense suppression, orthogonality of tRNAPyl variants, and cross recognition between codons and tRNA anticodons are reported. E. coli displays detectable basal amber and opal suppression but shows a negligible ochre suppression. Although detectable, basal amber suppression is fully inhibited when a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)-tRNAPyl_CUA pair is genetically encoded. trnaPyl_CUA is aminoacylated by an E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase at a low level, however, this misaminoacylation is fully inhibited when both PylRS and its substrate are present. Besides that it is fully orthogonal in E. coli and can be coupled with PylRS to genetically incorporate a NAA at an ochre codon, tRNAPyl_UUA is not able to recognize an UAG codon to induce amber suppression. This observation is in direct conflict with the wobble base pair hypothesis and enables using an evolved M. jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNAPyl_UUA pair and the wild type or evolved PylRS-tRNAPyl_UUA pair to genetically incorporate two different NAAs at amber and ochre codons. tRNAPyl_UCA is charged by E. coli tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, thus not orthogonal in E. coli. Mutagenic studies of trnaPyl_UCA led to the discovery of its G73U form which shows a higher orthogonality. Mutating trnaPyl_CUA to trnaPyl_UCCU not only leads to the loss of the relative orthogonality of tRNAPyl in E. coli but also abolishes its aminoacylation by PylRS.