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Journal articles on the topic 'Greek Cities and towns'
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1
Taylor, Peter J. "Transition towns and world cities: towards green networks of cities." Local Environment 17, no. 4 (April 2012): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.678310.
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CICANCI, OLGA. "ΤΟ ΣΤΑΔΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΑ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΣΠΟΡΑ ΣΤΟΝ ΡΟΥΜΑΝΙΚΟ ΧΩΡΟ (ΤΟΝ 17ο - 18ο ΑΙΩΝΑ)." Eoa kai Esperia 7 (January 1, 2007): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eoaesperia.99.
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<p>This paper offers an overview of the state of research on the Greek tradediaspora in Romania. The preoccupation of the Romanian historiographywith the Greek trade diaspora in Romania dates back to early 40's. The commercialactivity and the institutional organization of the Greek tradecompanies of Sibiu and Braçov was the topic which initially attracted theattention of Romanian historians. Since the 80's multiplied the number ofpublications and research projects concerning the history of Greek merchanthouses in the Transylvanian towns, while the economic role of Greeks hasbeen accentuated by scholars of the Romanian economic history of the 18thcentury. Recently, the research interest has been expanded to the study of theGreek commercial activity in the Romanian port-cities during the 19thcentury.</p><p>The paper includes information about archival data, unpublisheddocuments and doctoral theses, as well as a list of the more recentpublications concerning the history of the Greek trade diaspora in Romania.</p>
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Feltynowski, Marcin, and Jakub Kronenberg. "Urban Green Spaces—An Underestimated Resource in Third-Tier Towns in Poland." Land 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110453.
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Urban green spaces are frequently presented as being important for urban quality of life and urban development in general, but more detailed interpretations and discussions are typically confined to large urban centers, the so-called first- and second-tier cities. Not enough attention has been paid to smaller urban units, the third-tier towns. The main goal of this article is to investigate the share and types of urban green spaces in five selected towns in Poland. We compare different sources of data based on satellite imagery and land-use maps with those used in public statistics, to check whether town authorities are managing all potential green spaces or only a selected part of them. We find that the predominantly used data, based on what is classified as “urban green space” for the purposes of public statistics, obscure the complexity of urban green spaces and focus on the narrowly understood formally managed public green spaces (which occupy 3.5–5.7% of town areas). Meanwhile, based on other sources, such as the national land-use map (BDOT10k), Urban Atlas, and satellite imagery (Landsat 8), what is considered to be green space turns out to cover 50–80% of the town area. The latter large numbers are associated with the predominance of arable land, grasslands, and forests, overlooked in any green space management practices based on data and definitions adopted for the purposes of public statistics. The situation found in our five case study towns resembles that identified in larger cities in Poland, and it exhibits the inadequacy of public statistics definitions and the related management practices, hindering the management of urban green spaces as an interconnected system of urban green infrastructures.
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Canellis, Aline. "Désert et ville dans la Correspondance de saint Jérôme." Vigiliae Christianae 67, no. 1 (2013): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341118.
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Abstract Jerome travelled widely in East and West. Being a vir trilinguis, who was fluent in Greek and Latin and also knew Hebrew (and a few Syrian words), he was familiar with life in the desert and the cities. His letters make clear what living in the desert meant for him, and the same is true for life in the contemporary towns and cities. Thoroughly educated in classical and biblical culture, he pictures the desert and the city in a rather peculiar manner, by placing them in the history of Rome and Israel with the addition of exegetical interpretation.
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Dringelis, Liucijus, Evaldas Ramanauskas, Ingrida Povilaitienė, and Justina Mačiukėnaitė. "EXPLORATION AND RESPECTATION OF THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES, TOWNS, TOWNSHIPS AND VILLAGES AS A SIGNIFICANT FORMANT OF THEIR IDENTITY." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 39, no. 1 (April 14, 2015): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2015.1028509.
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Under the conditions of globalization and integration the issue of identity preservation with respect to the spatial structure of the Lithuanian cities, towns, townships and villages has been discussed by many authors. The need to protect the originality and identity of landscape in the countries of the world, their natural and cultural heritage, the spatial structure and architecture of the cities, towns, townships and villages under such complicated circumstances is considered in a number of national and international documents. On the basis of the carried out indoor research and field exploration the paper aims at the discussion of the most significant urbanistic, architectural, landscape and other features that form the specificity and identity of the Lithuanian cities, towns, townships and villages. The following specific features of the settlements have been analysed: the period when a settlement emerged, its visual interaction with the environment (panoramas, silhouettes), natural conditions (terrain line, water bodies, green spaces), plan and spatial structure (street network, building arrangement, squares, green spaces, etc.) and significant buildings (sacred, public and other buildings and constructions). Due to their significance and uniqueness all the mentioned features form the identity of the analysed object. The following objects were selected for the research: all towns (103), townships (249), church villages (301), villages as local administrative centres (97) and ordinary villages with adequate natural and cultural heritage (318), in all 1.068 settlements, or 5% from the total number of the country's settlements (21.043). On the basis of the carried out research, the paper analyses the historical development of Lithuanian cities, towns, townships and villages; the current demographical and urban status of the country's settlement system; defines the principles of settlement selection and identity research methods; discusses the research progress and the results obtained during the exploration of the specificity of the spatial structure of cities, towns, townships and villages. The analysis of the spatial structure of the country's largest cities has also been presented which reveals the violations of their most specific features (e.g. old towns, river valleys, etc.). The paper also offers a comparative analysis of the specificity of Lithuanian cities, towns, townships and villages and adequate types of settlements in foreign countries.
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Risson, Toni. "From Oysters to Olives at the Olympia Café." Gastronomica 14, no. 2 (2014): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2014.14.2.5.
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Greek cafés were a feature of Australian cities and country towns from the 1910s to the 1960s. Anglophile Australians, who knew the Greeks as dagos, were possessed of culinary imaginations that did not countenance the likes of olive oil, garlic, or lemon juice. As a result, Greek cafés catered to Australian tastes and became the social hubs of their communities. After establishing the diverse and evolving nature of food offered in Greek shops since their origins in the late nineteenth century – oyster saloons, cafés, fish shops, fruit shops, milk bars, snack bars, confectioneries – this article uses the concepts of “disgust” and “hunger” to offer new insights about food and identity in Australia’s Greek community and in the wider Australian culinary landscape. In particular, it applies Ghassan Hage’s work on nostalgia among Lebanese immigrants to the situation of Greek proprietors and reveals how memories of a lost homeland allowed café families to feel “at home” in Australia. In a land of “meat-n-three-veg,” a moussaka recipe the family had known for generations offered both a sense of identity and the comfort of familiarity, and Greek cafés, because they represented hope and opportunity, were familial spaces where feelings of nostalgia were affective building blocks with which Greeks engaged in homebuilding in a new land. And although their cafés did not serve Greek food, Greek proprietors and their families did eventually play a role in introducing the Australian palette to Mediterranean foods and foodways.
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James, N. "‘Egypt’: legitimation at the museum." Antiquity 90, no. 353 (September 15, 2016): 1380–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.146.
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Heracleion and Canopus were towns recorded in Classical sources about the Nile delta. Surveys near Alexandria in 1996 found ruins poking through the sands under four or five fathoms of murky water. Revealing complexes of temples, excavation then confirmed that these were the remains of Heracleion and the eastern part of Canopus, dating from the Late Dynastic era. The discoveries show how Greek traders had settled, and how the towns then thrived, after Alexander the Great's conquest (332 BC), during the Hellenistic or Ptolemaic period. Following a somewhat smaller display in Paris in 2015–2016, many of the finds can now be admired at the British Museum until 27 November 2016 in the exhibition ‘Sunken cities: Egypt's lost worlds’.
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Hajduková, Romana, and Alžbeta Sopirová. "Spatial Potential of Middle-Sized Towns in Slovakia: Lost Spaces of Humenné, Levice and Topoľčany." Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alfa-2021-0008.
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Abstract Under the pressure from investors, Slovakia has experienced significant urban sprawl into the countryside in the last three decades. This development resulted in the loss of agricultural land, despite the fact that towns and cities in the built-up area have great potential in the vacant land lots. It is crucial to identify the lost spaces and incorporate them in the regeneration of urban structure and green infrastructure of Slovak towns and cities. The paper presents the results of the case study of lost spaces in Slovak towns that aimed to confirm the hypotheses: “Can the intensification on lost spaces within the build-up area be a better alternative than the current urban sprawl into the countryside?” and “Is it true that most lost spaces are located in the centre of towns?” The research focuses on examining the lost spaces suitable for new development and the spatial potential of the built-up urban area in three towns – Humenné, Levice, and Topoľčany. The lost spaces examined in this study are: urban fallows, vacant lots, residential green space, green space connected to public amenities and green space connected to industrial zones. The study aims to determine the area of lost spaces compared to development sites in the suburbs and to confirm the hypothesis that the intensification of urban structure is a viable alternative to the urban sprawl into the countryside. The conclusion inferred from the research has brought interesting findings and useful information for further investigation. It is crucial to find the optimum ratio between the intensification of urban structure on the land of lost spaces and leaving some space free to become a part of the blue-green infrastructure of a town, which is specific to each city. The objective of the paper is to draw attention to the potential of lost spaces as prospective areas for intensification of the urban structure of Slovak towns.
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Chong, Jose, Sohel Rana, and Mark Ojal. "Public Spaces as an Invaluable Resource for Delivering Healthy and More Equitable Cities and Communities." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 5 n. 3 (November 30, 2020): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v5i3.1415.
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The state of our cities and towns is a significant determining factor of the health and wellbeing of most of the world’s population in the twenty-first century. Cities and towns have become the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has put to test the current urban development model including mobility, urban form, urban food systems and local economy. Cumulative social, economic and environmental inequalities reinforced by chronic spatial injustice have shaped exposure, vulnerability and ultimately, the risk and outcome of non-communicable, and infectious diseases. In the same context, green and public spaces have emerged as an infrastructure of opportunity to build back better, especially in low income and minority communities. This article looks at the impacts, responses and pathways for future-proofing cities and human settlements through green, and public spaces.
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Yukhnovskyi, Vasyl Yu, Olha V. Zibtseva, and Iurii M. Debryniuk. "Evaluation of green space systems in small towns of Kyiv region." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 53, no. 53 (September 1, 2021): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0019.
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Abstract We analysed the current state of greening of small towns in the Kyiv region; small towns constitute 80% of all towns and cities in the region. A difference is shown to exist between the classification of green plantings that is used in Ukraine and the world-wide approach of green infrastructure. This makes it incorrect to compare the indicators of landscaping of towns in Ukraine against those of other countries. Based on the data of Master Plans of towns, the generally accepted indicators of landscaping of urban areas were calculated: provision of greenery per capita and level of landscaping. These indicators of landscaping for small towns were analysed according to different approaches. It is found that, according to the traditional calculation, the provision of green plantations exceeds 300 m2 per capita for only 5% of small towns of the region, but for 70% according to the approach of green infrastructure. The provision of green areas for public use meets the established state standards (8–11 m2 per capita) for only 35% of small towns in the region. Small towns are grouped into four clusters according to the similarity of landscaping indicators, where only the difference in the availability of green plantings of public use was unreliable among the clusters.
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Ahmad, Asmalia Che, Nur Illiana Husin, Abdul Muhaimin Ab Wahid, and Syahrul Nizam Kamaruzzaman. "Tropical Environment Elements for Green Highway Assessment." Social and Management Research Journal 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/smrj.v13i2.5276.
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A highway is a main public road that connects towns and cities. Subsequently, a green highway is the transportation corridor which is based on a relatively new concept of roadway design that integrates major cities and towns. A green highway also provides more sustainable construction techniques and approaches to maximise its lifespan. The need for evaluation of sustainability and green development requires an assessment system of a green highway. An assessment system is required to evaluate the sustainability of a highway for construction projects. The aim of this study is to explore the environmental elements for green highway in the tropical climate of Malaysia. The objective is to identify the essential fundamental environment elements in a tropical climate for green highway assessment. The methodology is using desk study. This study has discovered eight fundamental environment elements of the green highway.
Keywords: tropical environment, green highway, assessment system
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Passos, João Décio. "TEOLOGIA E CIDADE: PANORAMA HISTÓRICO E INTERROGAÇÕES ATUAIS." Perspectiva Teológica 44, no. 123 (September 4, 2014): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.20911/21768757v44n123p257/2012.
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A teologia e a cidade são construções históricas que expressam o mesmo processo de racionalização do espaço e da religião. A leitura de fé sobre a cidade implica a distinção e a relação entre os projetos humanos e o Projeto de Deus, o discernimento sobre as configurações socioespaciais concretas e com seus vários modelos. O artigo enfoca de modo panorâmico as implicações teológicas das cidades em quatro momentos históricos distintos: a cidade grega, as cidades medievais, as cidades modernas e a metrópole atual.ABSTRACT: Theology and the city are historic constructions that express the same rationalization process of the space and of religion. The faith interpretation of the city implies the distinction and relationship between the human projects and the project of God, the discernment of the configurations of concrete social settings and with their various models. The article focuses through a panoramic mode on the theological implications of cities in four distinct historical moments: the Greek city, the medieval towns, modern cities and the current metropolis.
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Gelan, Eshetu, and Yared Girma. "Sustainable Urban Green Infrastructure Development and Management System in Rapidly Urbanized Cities of Ethiopia." Technologies 9, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9030066.
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Lack of sustainable strategic approaches has led to non-functional, unsafe, inaccessible, and fragmented urban green infrastructure within cities. In sub-Saharan African cities, the development and management of urban green infrastructure are not realized in many instances due to a lack of priorities and resources. The objective of the study is to develop strategic approaches that help to overcome the challenges of urban green infrastructure and promote a sustainable development and management system in Ethiopia with special references to the emerging towns of Oromia special zone that surrounds Finfinne. To design sustainable strategic approaches for an urban green infrastructure development and management system, the study collected data using key informant interviews, focus group discussion and document reviews. Findings identify seven potential strategic approaches that are needed to create a sustainable urban green infrastructure development and management system. Hence, improving the quantitative, qualitative, and accessibility standards on the provision of urban green infrastructure is needed for sustained development. Moreover, advanced development in budget allocation, capacity building, legal and institutional framework, awareness creation, and stakeholder’s involvement are also needed to promote a sustainable development and management system of urban green infrastructure in the urban centers of Ethiopia in general and emerging towns in particular.
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Yukhnovskyi, Vasyl, and Olha Zibtseva. "Green space trends in small towns of Kyiv region according to EOS Land Viewer – a case study." Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 6 (June 25, 2020): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/142/2019-jfs.
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The state of ecological balance of cities is determined by the analysis of the qualitative composition of green space. The lack of green space inventory in small towns in the Kyiv region has prompted the use of express analysis provided by the EOS Land Viewer platform, which allows obtaining an instantaneous distribution of the urban and suburban territories by a number of vegetative indices and in recent years – by scene classification. The purpose of the study is to determine the current state and dynamics of the ratio of vegetation and built-up cover of the territories of small towns in Kyiv region with establishing the rating of towns by eco-balance of territories. The distribution of the territory of small towns by the most common vegetation index NDVI, as well as by SAVI, which is more suitable for areas with vegetation coverage of less than 30%, has been monitored. We found that the share of dense vegetation in the territory of towns increased on average from 2.4 to 49.3% during 1990–2018. The share of the vegetation cover of moderate density decreased from 40.8 to 27.1%, and of sparse one from 37.5 to 14.9%. High variability of these indicators is noted. The share of open area for small towns decreased on average from 15.4 to 3.8%. The vegetation-free areas in 1990, 2005 and 2018 accounted for 3.8, 2.6 and 4.4%, respectively, which may indicate the intensive expansion of built-up areas over the last fifteen years. The development of urban greening systems was completely individual and depended not only on natural conditions but also on the manifestations of anthropogenic activity. The reduction of the ecological balance of the territories of small towns as of 2018 took place in the following sequence – Irpin, Tarashcha, Boiarka, Rzhyshchiv, Kaharlyk, Skvyra, Myronivka, Yahotyn, Uzyn.
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Swanwick, Carys, Nigel Dunnett, and Helen Woolley. "Nature, Role and Value of Green Space in Towns and Cities: An Overview." Built Environment 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.29.2.94.54467.
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Tang, Zhen Zhen, Xiao Qing Zhu, and Yi Wei Yu. "Investigation and Analysis on the Adaptability and Green Significance of Live-Work Settlements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.635.
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Small cities (including small towns) make contribution rate of 94% to the process of urbanization in the last century's accelerating development of urbanization. Accompany with this special industrialization and urbanization background, the typical way of work-live settlements gradually formed. Via studying on the feature of Work-live settlements, this paper plans to discover the living mode of the southern small towns in feature of region, so as to produce significant meaning to the residential environment construction of Yangtze River delta. Besides, through introducing the concept of interface and the characteristic of interface superposition, this paper puts forward primary study and discussion aiming at the interface space.
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Montès, Christian. "Reshaping the European City and Territory." Contemporary European History 9, no. 2 (July 2000): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300002083.
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Gordon Cherry, Town Planning in Britain since 1900 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 260 pp., £12.99, ISBN 0–631–19994–2.Mark Clapson, Invincible green suburbs, brave new towns (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 242 pp., £45.00 (hb), ISBN 0–719–04135–X.Mark Clapson, Mervyn Dobbin and Peter Waterman, eds., The Best Laid Plans. Milton Keynes since 1967 (Luton: University of Luton Press, 1998), 142 pp., ISBN 1–860–20556–9.Gilles Massardier, Expertise et aménagement du territoire. L'Etat savant (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1996), 286 pp., 160 FF, ISBN 2–738–44903–4.Danièle Voldman, La reconstruction des villes françaises de 1940 à 1954. Histoire d'une politique (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997), 488 pp., 270 FF, ISBN 2–738–45194–2.About one century ago, a movement was born which aimed at reforming the physical environment of cities in order to reform society. It greatly broadened the scope of the former, piecemeal Improvement Commissions which had begun to beautify the cities. Five recent and varied publications will be reviewed here, originating from both British and French academics and planners. We shall use them to make a second reading of ideas and processes contributing to the (re)shaping of town and country in two west European countries. Often described as entities with distinct political, social and economic agendas, both countries nevertheless developed strong confidence in the planning role of the state in cities as well as in ‘town and country’.
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Coutts, Andrew M., Nigel J. Tapper, Jason Beringer, Margaret Loughnan, and Matthias Demuzere. "Watering our cities." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, no. 1 (November 6, 2012): 2–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133312461032.
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Urban drainage infrastructure is generally designed to rapidly export stormwater away from the urban environment to minimize flood risk created by extensive impervious surface cover. This deficit is resolved by importing high-quality potable water for irrigation. However, cities and towns at times face water restrictions in response to drought and water scarcity. This can exacerbate heating and drying, and promote the development of unfavourable urban climates. The combination of excessive heating driven by urban development, low water availability and future climate change impacts could compromise human health and amenity for urban dwellers. This paper draws on existing literature to demonstrate the potential of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) to help improve outdoor human thermal comfort in urban areas and support Climate Sensitive Urban Design (CSUD) objectives within the Australian context. WSUD provides a mechanism for retaining water in the urban landscape through stormwater harvesting and reuse while also reducing urban temperatures through enhanced evapotranspiration and surface cooling. Research suggests that WSUD features are broadly capable of lowering temperatures and improving human thermal comfort, and when integrated with vegetation (especially trees) have potential to meet CSUD objectives. However, the degree of benefit (the intensity of cooling and improvements to human thermal comfort) depends on a multitude of factors including local environmental conditions, the design and placement of the systems, and the nature of the surrounding urban landscape. We suggest that WSUD can provide a source of water across Australian urban environments for landscape irrigation and soil moisture replenishment to maximize the urban climatic benefits of existing vegetation and green spaces. WSUD should be implemented strategically into the urban landscape, targeting areas of high heat exposure, with many distributed WSUD features at regular intervals to promote infiltration and evapotranspiration, and maintain tree health.
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Ghafury, Rezan Q. Abdullah, and Qader Mohammad Hassan. "وڵاتی كاردۆخیا له سهردهمی دهسهڵاتی فارسه هاخامهنشییهكاندا." Twejer 3, no. 3 (December 2020): 259–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2033.7.
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Carduchoi located in the Upper Mesopotamia in the area where the Taurus and Zagros Ranges met, it had a strategic location, several cities and towns built along the narrow valleys and plains along the Tigris river and its branches there. On the other hand, the area surrounded with high ranges of Carduchoi like (Judi Dag), these high mountains made a natural boundary and make the area inaccessible except from the mountain gorges and passes. These passes and gorges were the routes of the caravans and the military campaigns. After the fall of the Median Empire, the land of Carduchoi laid under the Achaemenid hegemony in 547BCE when Cyrus the Great crossed the Tigris and went up to Anatolia through Carduchoi. This paper deals with the political and cultural aspects of Carduchoi and the military and political unrests of the area in this period, discussing the real hegemony of the Achaemenids on Carduchoi, the role of the Carduchois in the revolts against Darius I, the Carduchois resists against the 10 thousands Greek retreat in the Xenophon’s Anabasis, and the relations of the Carduchois with their neighbors, the Achaemenids, and the Greeks.
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Roloff, Andreas, Sten Gillner, Rico Kniesel, and Deshun Zhang. "Interesting and new street tree species for European cities." Journal of Forest and Landscape Research 3, no. 1 (September 6, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jflr.v3i1.1995.
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Effects of climate change lead to decreasing vitality and increase mortality risk for many native tree species growing under harsh environmental conditions in towns and cities. Taking into account the risks of invasiveness, practical management and scientific experience alternative species and rising floristic biodiversity may help to reduce vulnerability of urban green space.
Regardless of the emotional debate considering foreign species, the potential of urban street tree species originating from China may be considered for European urban places in particular in regions with expected drier and hotter conditions. The selection of 40 commonly used Chinese tree species took as its starting point observations and local experiences of five research expeditions between 2009 and 2016 concentrating on the metropoles of Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, Wuxi, Jinan, and Fuyang. For the considered species only little practical and scientific knowledge is available for Central Europe.
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Mercadé Melé, Pere, Jesús Molina Gómez, and Maria José Sousa. "Influence of Sustainability Practices and Green Image on the Re-Visit Intention of Small and Medium-Size Towns." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030930.
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This study set a model to predict the effect of corporate social responsibility and green image on visit intention in small and medium-size towns (SMST). At present, there is a keen social awareness towards environmental problems, and cities are required to reduce their ecological footprint and make more sustainable use of natural resources. Increasingly, tourists are considering “green options” in their decision making. The questionnaire responses, obtained from a sample of 221 tourism in Malaga town (Spain) were analyzed using a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test the research hypothesis related to the positive influence of sustainability practices, green image, trust with the intention of revisiting related to the loyalty of the destination. This study shows that there is a positive relationship between sustainability practices and re-visit intention and between the green image and re-visit intention, both directly and indirectly, through trust. Also, the fact that this relationship is more significant if it is part of the green image than if it is part of sustainability actions. To practice, this study provides managerial implications to help executives adopt green actions, thanks to their positive effects on tourist loyalty and the different way of manifesting this loyalty.
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WEI, Houkai, Le LI, and Meng NIAN. "China’s Urbanization Strategy and Policy During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 09, no. 01 (March 2021): 2150002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748121500020.
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During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China’s urbanization construction has obtained remarkable achievements. Its urbanization continues to advance rapidly. The gap between different regions is constantly narrowed. City clusters have become the strategic core areas to promote urbanization and economic development. Currently, the key issue in China’s urbanization is not about the level or speed, but the quality. Tough challenges faced by China in its urbanization include: (1) granting permanent urban residency to people originally from rural areas (citizenization) is severely lagging-behind; (2) the key links in integrated urban–rural development system and mechanism are blocked and (3) the resources and environment costs in advancing urbanization are excessively high, etc. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China’s urbanization will continue to advance rapidly, but the speed will further slow down. By 2025, China’s urbanization rate is expected to reach about 65.5%, among which the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions will reach 73.0%, 63.1%, 61.2% and 66.7%, respectively. To this end, China’s urbanization should be people-centered and led by high-quality integrated urban and rural development; thus, the urbanization quality can be improved in an all-round way. It should be a path of high-quality urbanization with Chinese characteristics featuring moderate and reasonable advancing speed, effectively improved quality in citizenization, balanced and orderly urbanization pattern, deeply integrated urban and rural development, and green, healthy and sustainable development. In terms of specific measures, the government should strengthen the leading, demonstrating and radiating role of central cities and promote the formation of four-tier central city system, namely, the global central cities, national central cities, regional central cities and local central cities; plan and build 34 high-end metropolitan areas at the national level, making them the core areas of advancing new-type urbanization in the new era; accelerate the process of establishing cities, encourage the transformation of large towns into cities, and strictly control the transformation of counties into urban districts; implement differentiated policies for expanding, stable and shrinking cities and towns, respectively; connect the channels between homesteads exiting the market and collective construction land for commercial use entering the market.
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Sisodia, Pushpendra Singh, Vivekananda Tiwari, and Anil Kumar Dahiya. "Urban Sprawl Monitoring using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques of the City Jaipur, India." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 7, no. 3 (July 2016): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2016070104.
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The rapid increase in population of India forced people to migrate from rural areas and small towns to metropolitan cities for better employment, education, and, good lifestyle. Major cities of India were industrialized and required more work force in metropolitan cities, leading to uncoordinated and unplanned growth, often termed as urban sprawl. Urban sprawl destroyed the natural resources such as open green space, agricultural land, open water bodies and ground water. In this paper, an attempt has been made to monitor urban sprawl using Shannon's Entropy model, Remote Sensing, and GIS for city Jaipur, India. The changed entropy value during the years 1972–2013 proves more dispersed growth in the city. The built-up area of Jaipur has increased from 40 km2 in 1972 to 400 km2 in 2013. Land use percentage of urban settlement is doubled as compared to the urban population of Jaipur during 1972–2013. This study shows remarkable urban sprawl in fringe areas of Jaipur city in the last 41 years.
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Verschure, Han. "Lessons Learned from 55 (or More) Years of Professional Experience in Urban Planning and Development." Urban Planning 6, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3980.
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Reflecting on the many debates over the years on changing urbanization processes, on the towns and cities of yesterday, today, and tomorrow, the main challenge will be listening to lessons of wisdom from the past and adapting these to our future professional work. When Chief Seattle said that the Earth does not belong to us, we belong to the Earth, he called for more humility and respect so as to plan for the needs of today and tomorrow, and not for the greed of a few. The doomsday scenarios of overpopulation only make sense if we continue to exploit our planet the way we do today, as if we have an infinite reservoir of resources. Already back in the 1960s, Barbara Ward, John F. C. Turner, and particularly Kenneth Boulding taught me to rethink our whole perception of Spaceship Earth. I have seen many towns and cities grow as if resources were limitless; I myself have seen and worked on efforts to focus on spatial quality, respecting nature whenever possible for a growing number of people, recognizing resources as being precious and scarce, and yet guaranteeing equitable access to a good quality of urban life. Such objectives are not evident, when models in education, schools of thought, professional planners, and greedy developers are often geared towards the contrary: the higher the skyscrapers, the better; the more egotripping by architects, the more the rich like it; the more people are stimulated to consume, the better the world will be. Such narrow visions will no longer help. At several global urban planning and developments events (1976, 1992, 1996, 2016, etc.), new ideas and agendas have been put forward. Whether the present Covid-19 crisis may induce a more rapid change in vision and practice is still too early to confirm, but luckily, several towns and cities, and a few visionary planners and decision makers are showing some promising examples.
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Boguszewska, Kamila. "Municipal gardens as the synergic element of the structure of selected towns of Lublin region." Budownictwo i Architektura 18, no. 2 (November 20, 2019): 031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.553.
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Planning of municipal gardens as the integral part of urban landscape in the Lublin region was typified by the activity of the outstanding garden planners: engineer Feliks Bieczyński and Walerian Kronenberg. This movement to create public, municipal green areas commenced in 19th century and continued with success during the inter-war period. This process took place in the big cities of Lublin, Zamość or Lubartów. Newly established public gardens were usually located on the outskirts of the city as for example, Park Saski (1837), Ogród Bronowicki (the Bronowicki Garden) - formerly called the Foksal Park in Lublin, or Park Miejski im. Jana Kanclerza Zamoyskiego (the Zamoyski Municipal Park - 1926) located in the former fortification area in Zamość. The situation in smaller cities such as Lubartów, Radzyń Podlaski (1755, planner: Jakub Fontana) and Kock (planner: Szymon Bogumił Zug) was slightly different. The former garden complex adjacent to the magnate residence served a key role in the urban structure of the settlement (thus, determining its development) was later adapted to the function of a municipal park.
The article describes three selected garden complexes. The spatial relations of the parks in the context of their urban structure are analysed. The article takes into account their contemporary use and the state of preservation of their historic elements as presented in the original composition as presented in historic images and maps.Planning of municipal gardens as the integral part of urban landscape in the Lublin region was typified by the activity of the outstanding garden planners: engineer Feliks Bieczyński and Walerian Kronenberg. This movement to create public, municipal green areas commenced in 19th century and continued with success during the inter-war period. This process took place in the big cities of Lublin, Zamość or Lubartów. Newly established public gardens were usually located on the outskirts of the city as for example, Park Saski (1837), Ogród Bronowicki (the Bronowicki Garden) - formerly called the Foksal Park in Lublin, or Park Miejski im. Jana Kanclerza Zamoyskiego (the Zamoyski Municipal Park - 1926) located in the former fortification area in Zamość. The situation in smaller cities such as Lubartów, Radzyń Podlaski (1755, planner: Jakub Fontana) and Kock (planner: Szymon Bogumił Zug) was slightly different. The former garden complex adjacent to the magnate residence served a key role in the urban structure of the settlement (thus, determining its development) was later adapted to the function of a municipal park.
The article describes three selected garden complexes. The spatial relations of the parks in the context of their urban structure are analysed. The article takes into account their contemporary use and the state of preservation of their historic elements as presented in the original composition as presented in historic images and maps.
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Gago-Cortés, Carmen, and Isabel Novo-Corti. "Sustainable development of urban slum areas in northwestern Spain." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 6 (September 14, 2015): 891–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-06-2014-0095.
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Purpose – The persistence of shanty towns in cities is a major public issue due to the situation of poverty and abandonment of its inhabitants. Despite public authorities are concerned about this serious issue, they often fail to address suitably the problem due to their short-term goals. The purpose of this paper is to assess the public policies and green economy projects to improve the quality of life of people living in shanty towns in northwest Spain from the point of view of sustainable development and the interaction between social, economic and environmental areas. Design/methodology/approach – A systemic causal diagram is proposed for the empirical analysis. It has been contrasted through the study of the various actions undertaken in some shanty towns in Spain. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to complement this analysis. Findings – As a result, the study shows that the actions should not only be limited to providing access to adequate housing, but should also require more extensive cross-cutting projects. In this, green economy policies are shown as a good choice for improving the quality of life and development of the population. Originality/value – The study highlights the potential of green economic policies to mitigate environmental problems in slum areas and to support the social and economic development of its inhabitants. This paper provides some lines of action to improve the efficiency of public policies implemented in these cases. Thus, benefits in multiple areas such as social, environmental and urban could be generated.
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Wang, Peng, and Shi Xiang Huang. "Research of Green Belt Policy in China Based on Compared between China and Scotland." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4970.
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Green belt is a useful method to management growth of a city. It aims to prevent cities from growth irregularly, protect open spaces, provide recreational and educational space and prevent historic towns from urbanization. Green belt policy has been used to deal with the environment problems and nature conservation issues. Scotland has a long history of setting out green belt policy and putting it into practice successfully. This paper focus on comparing the green belt policy differences between Scotland and China based on history and planning system angles. The results of this study indicate that there are several problems during the process of setting and carrying out green belt policy in China. And it suggests that the green belt policy will be much more efficient by reducing planning procedures and increasing participation of local public.
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LIANG, Huilin, Di CHEN, and Qingping ZHANG. "ASSESSING URBAN GREEN SPACE DISTRIBUTION IN A COMPACT MEGACITY BY LANDSCAPE METRICS." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 25, no. 1 (March 21, 2017): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1210157.
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The pattern and structure of urban green space (UGS) plays a significant role in the landscape and ecological quality (LEQ) of UGS, especially in a compact city with limited space. Based on landscape metrics, this study proposes an innovative method to quantify the effects of UGS pattern and structure on LEQ. Taking Shanghai, China as the study area, we calculated all landscape-level spatial metrics in FRAGSTATS, used correlation analysis in SPSS for data reduction, and adopted factor analysis and cluster analysis to statistically analyze the metrics and assesse the LEQ of UGS. These methods bridge the research gap of UGS distribution assessment for LEQ value by landscape metrics. Results showed that new districts usually have higher LEQ of UGS than old towns. Of the 17 districts in Shanghai, Chongming has the highest LEQ of UGS and Hongkou has the lowest. For the UGS pattern and structure, the eight old towns are similar, in contrast to the new districts of Chongming and Pudong, which are more dissimilar than the other districts for LEQ of UGS. The findings could help compact cities having limited UGS to develop and achieve better LEQ.
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Gawlikowski, M. "Palmyra as a trading centre." Iraq 56 (1994): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002783.
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Ever since the Rostovtzeff's famous book Palmyra is commonly called a “caravan city”. As a matter of fact, it is the only real caravan city among those considered as such by the great scholar. Both Gerasa and Dura-Europos were calm, provincial towns living off the countryside, and no signs of a commercial vocation are on record in either. Petra was above all a royal capital, and the importance of its trade, though likely there, remains entirely to be demonstrated. We might now add that Hatra, also a royal city and a major religious centre, owed its prosperity more to these characteristics than to far-flung commerce.I shall leave aside the Jordanian cities, Petra and Gerasa, very different from each other and from the other three, including Palmyra, which have participated in a particular brand of civilisation, often and rather mistakingly called Parthian.These urban societies shared a common language, Aramaean, and a body of customs—religious and social—resulting from a mixed heritage in which a substantial nomad Arab contribution predominated over more ancient traditions of Syria and Mesopotamia. While practically no trace of Iranian influence can be detected, there was certainly a more or less thin veneer of Hellenism, generally supposed to have spread within the limits of the Parthian empire. Actually, there is not much to show in this respect for the Iranian part of the realm, or for the capital Ctesiphon. What is known concerns mostly the Greek cities of Susa and Seleucia, and does not manifest any close relation to the conditions of the Aramaic speaking cities we know further west. Whether Palmyra was a “spiritual daughter” of Seleucia, to quote an influencial and imaginative formula of Henri Seyrig's, is a question still waiting, after sixty years, for a documented answer.
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Lordkipanidze, Otar D. "Recent Discoveries in the Field of Classical Archaeology in Georgia." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1, no. 2 (August 31, 1995): 127–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/10.1163/157005794x00058.
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This article reviews the archaeological studies conducted in the 70s and 80s on the territory of modern Georgia (ancient Iberia and Colchis) for the period 8th-7th c B C to 4th c AD Archaeology has added considerably to our knowledge of the history and culture of ancient Colchis Systematic studies of the remains of ironworking show how the integration of mining in the uplands and metalfounding and agriculture in the coastal plain came to unite the area into a single economic (and then political) unit They also reveal the existence of mass production and an associated demographic boom in the 8th-7th c B C well before the period of Greek colonization in the area The Greeks arrived in an already densely settled coastal zone, long occupied and exploited by the local population Discoveries of large numbers of agricultural implements show the high level of intensive farming in the area Aerial surveys of the Rioni valley have revealed the structure of ancient Colchian settlements, with farms clustered around defended hegemon settlements and drained by complex canal systems Archaeological studies in Iberia (E Georgia) have focused on towns and conform the descriptions of ancient authors like Strabo of Iberian cities as developed urban centres with complex systems of defence works, their own farming territories and developed artisan manufacture ( e g studies at Htskheta, Ozalisa, the palace complex at Doghlauri and the cave city at Uplistsikhe)
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Jolley, Victoria. "The rural super city - Central Lancashire New Town." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196305003.
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From 1950 rural Lancashire, in England, became the focus of a major renewal scheme to accommodate population overspill from nearby cities of Liverpool and Manchester. Over a period of 15 years the initial proposal for a series of self-contained new towns progressed into an ambitious scheme for a single polycentric “supercity” for 500,000 people. Known as Central Lancashire New Town and designed by RMJM, this part-realised development was the last and largest New Town designated under the 1965 Act. Its theoretical urban pattern, which followed new and proposed infrastructure, was unique. Based on a ladder system this straddled rich agricultural land and declining post-industrial townscapes to unify and expand existing settlements with the aim of generating prosperity on a sub-regional scale. CLNT was not completed but its planning phases can be traced across Lancashire’s urban and rural landscapes by built communications networks and city-scale public and civic buildings. Referencing three different new town typologies this paper will outline the project’s evolution and identify the impact that designing for the motorcar and future change had on the provision of green space. This research has been undertaken using previously “closed” archival resources and architectural journal and local press articles.
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Кречко, Lyudmila Krechko, Попиков, Viktor Popikov, Попиков, Petr Popikov, Чепелев, and Stanislav Chepelev. "Modeling process of cutting of tree crowns and shrubs of green plantations." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6301.
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For silvicultural care of green plantings in cities and towns new design of a working body with a circular saw mounted on the manipulator has been developed. The machine comprises a lifting mechanism with hydraulic cylinder, which is mounted on the rotating column. On a rotating column the lower section of the boom is installed, to which by a cylindrical hinge middle section of the boom and hydraulic cy-linder of control is attached. The upper part of the middle section of the boom by a cylindrical hinge is connected to the outer section equipped with a hydraulic cylinder of control. Inside the outer section mounted steering gear rod around its longitudinal axis.
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Baklazhenko, E. "CLASSIFICATION AND ZONING OF RIVERINE TERRITORIES OF SMALL CITIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BELGOROD REGION." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-8-61-68.
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Riverine territories of the city are a special functional and typological subsystem with constantly emerging environmental problems, experiencing a stable anthropogenic load and requiring the development of its own zoning system. The article presents the systematization of riverine territories with different typological characteristics, and examines the accumulated experience of landscape classification. Riverine territories are also considered as part of the general typology of urban anthropogenic landscapes. Based on a field study of riverine spaces within the boundaries of small towns of the Belgorod region, existing land categories and the most common functional zones are identified. The scientific research is based on a contextual, theoretical, empirical and practical analysis of urban municipal landscapes and riverine territories of the cities of Valuek, Korocha, Alekseyevka, Grayvoron, Shebekino, Biryuch, Novy Oskol. A generalized system of typological zoning for riverine territories of small cities is proposed. As a result of the study, three most common types of territory are identified: natural green areas, natural and anthropogenic landscapes and built-up areas.
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Gregg, Robert C. "Marking Religious and Ethnic Boundaries: Cases from the Ancient Golan Heights." Church History 69, no. 3 (September 2000): 519–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169396.
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In the aftermath of the 1967 “Six Days' War,” 254 ancient inscribed stones were found in forty-four towns and villages of the Golan Heights—241 in Greek, 12 in Hebrew or Aramaic, and 1 in Latin. These stones, along with numerous architectural fragments, served as the basis of the 1996 book by myself and Dan Urman, Jews, Pagans, and Christians in the Golan Heights—a study of settlement patterns of people of the three religions in this region in the early centuries of the common era.1 The area of the Golan heights, roughly the size of Rhode Island, was in antiquity a place of agriculture and, for the most part, small communities. Though historians of religions in the late Roman period have long been aware of the “quartering” of cities, and of the locations of particular religious groups in this or that section of urban areas, we have had little information concerning the ways in which Hellenes, Jews, and Christians took up residence in relation to each other in those rural settings featuring numerous towns and hamlets— most presumably too small to have “zones” for ethnic and religious groups. The surviving artifacts of a number of the Golan sites gave the opportunity for a case study. Part 1 of this article centers on evidence for the locations and possible interactions of members of these religious groups in the Golan from the third to the seventh centuries and entails a summary of findings in the earlier work, while part 2 takes up several lingering questions about religious identity and ways of “marking” it within Golan countryside communities. Both sections can be placed under a rubric of “boundary drawing and religion.”
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Tüfekçioğlu, Dilara. "Impact of the Cultural Changes After the Population Exchange on Spatial Organization and Use of Spaces: Case of Trilye Houses." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 11 (December 28, 2017): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i11.2883.
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Turkey has hosted different cultures and societies throughout history, which is reflected in their buildings in all the cities in the country. However, modern adjustments are implemented by acknowledging the building as it is, or by completely renovating it. Trilye is a Greek town that was turned into a Turkish one after the population exchange between Turkey and Greece. Thus, while Trilye houses have the appearance of traditional Turkish houses, they were organised according to the Greek lifestyles. These buildings are on the verge of losing their authenticity due to the destructive effects of time and restorations. This study aims to examine the unity of the lifestyles, the space designs of different cultures, and the harmony and changing methods in the case of disharmony. It is an assessment of the method of survival and protection of historical values in Trilye by visiting and photographing many houses in Trilye, among others. Keywords: Greek-Turkish culture, lifestyles, living spaces, renovation, restoration
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Hronová Šafářová, Lucie. "Compositional development of spaces related to the fortification of cities from the point of view of garden art and landscape architecture." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 8 (2012): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260080087.
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The article deals with the specific urban and suburban spaces where landscape design and garden art were confronted with existing or later disappearing fortification system. It analyses structures related to the landscape architecture from the baroque and classical times to the era of the pseudohistorical style, from the end of the 17th century to the end of the 19th century, with special interest devoted to the less known historical forms of the 18th century and their development. Using detailed historical maps and plans, the research reveals elements of landscape architecture in smaller or larger scale of several types – gardens close to the city walls, tree plantings and gardens on the fortification bastions, gardens and promenade alleys under them on the glacis or private gardens on the surrounding grounds, that were still influenced by the existence of the fortification system.Two historically important Moravian cities were used here as an example – Brno and Olomouc, where main types of green spaces (near the walls on their both sides) and several possible ways of their development were followed and analysed, and specific types of compositional and spatial development were defined. These could be understood as basic ‘evolution types’ specific for central European cities in general, and can be found in variations in other cities and towns in this region.
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Akbar, Naji, Ismaila Rimi Abubakar, and Adel Saleh Bouregh. "Fostering Urban Sustainability through the Ecological Wisdom of Traditional Settlements." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 10033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310033.
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Several African and Asian countries have embarked on building new towns to address urbanization challenges such as crowded cities, slums, and pressure on existing infrastructure. These projects have been criticized for being inadequate in fostering environmental sustainability. Based on a desk study, this article reviews the environmental sustainability challenges of these projects and recommends some ecologically embedded practices of traditional settlements that wonderfully survived for many centuries with little adverse social and environmental impacts yet offered opportunities for urbanism. The article discusses how the architecture, urban form, and green infrastructure of traditional settlements present excellent cases of ecological wisdom and embeddedness where the local ecosystems are respected, and every human activity, including the creation of the built environment, is defined by the ecological allowances, where resilience is part of the built environment at both micro and macro scales, and where humanity and nature are equal stakeholders living in unison. The article concludes that these instances of successful ecological embeddedness in traditional settlements can provide lessons for contemporary cities to ponder when envisioning more sustainable built environments for the present and future generations.
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Fernández-Pablos, Eva, Amparo Verdú-Vázquez, Óscar López-Zaldívar, and Rafael V. Lozano-Diez. "Periurban Areas in the Design of Supra-Municipal Strategies for Urban Green Infrastructures." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050626.
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Nowadays, an increasing number of large cities, districts, and towns have tools for the Planning and Management of Green Infrastructures. All such tools seek a progression towards a future city model that is more resilient on an environmental, economic, and social level. To achieve this, emphasis is placed on the creation of a green infrastructure and, particularly, on improving urban biodiversity, urban forests, the value of natural areas in the urban environment, periurban agriculture, ecological connectivity, and accessibility. Moreover, the recent COVID19 health crisis has further highlighted that the city dweller’s relationship with the environment requires a reconciliation with nature and rural life that goes beyond typical compartmentalization. The objective must be to emphasize the need to establish creative processes which, through micro-scale activities (landscaping), generate the articulation of visible actions on a territorial scale (landscape planning) in both the natural environment (environmental landscape planning) and the urban environment (town planning based on the landscape). This article analyzes the issue of the large towns in south-west Madrid, where there is a dramatic divide on the border between the city landscape and the surrounding natural or agricultural landscape, and where there is an increasing need to establish landscapes with a certain uniqueness and to classify them as protected periurban areas, nature reserves, or land for which use and management is regulated. It is therefore important to develop environmental quality standards to assess Green Infrastructures as a whole: the administrative processes, their design, construction, maintenance, and resilience. This research focuses upon how this change in the planning and management of green periurban areas improves the multifunctionality of periurban spaces along with the intrinsic quality of the landscape, and promotes the city’s sustainability and resilience and improves governance. From the conclusions drawn, it should be noted that analysis, design, and action should be built on premises of sustainability and multifunctionality, and comply with the criteria for characterizing elements as green infrastructure. In the field of study, the characterization of the periurban area, and its subsequent assessment as a green infrastructure, provide the guidelines for action for devising an Open Space Strategy. This strategy constitutes a cross-disciplinary planning tool for local authorities when reading the landscape.
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Mansor, Mazlina, Ismail Said, and Ismail Mohamad. "Experiential Contacts with Green Infrastructure’s Diversity and Well-Being of Urban Community." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 2, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v2i2.178.
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The study explores the significance of residents’ experience with an array of green infrastructure in Taiping, a small town in central Peninsular Malaysia. It argues that the existence of a composite of greenery and open spaces in a town that has diversity contributes to sense of well-being of residents. Green infrastructure network is a composite of various types of greenery and open spaces linked by streets, waterways and drainages encircling and connecting urban areas, at all spatial scales. In Taiping, the green infrastructure network consists of a town park, street planting, open spaces of public buildings, pocket spaces between shop-houses, school playfields, neighbourhood open space, home gardens, and river corridors. Questionnaires (n=335) and semi-structured interviews (n=33) explored the diversity of the green infrastructure in the town and the causal relationship to well-being—physical, cognitive and social. The data suggested that green infrastructure afford residents diversity of experience. Diverse experiences of green infrastructure network, physically and visually attract residents to participate in active activities, to socialize and to perform other transactional activities outside their homes. Therefore, the effects from the participation trigger many positive moods such as serenity, relaxation, comfort and satisfaction. Moreover, in physical and social terms, experiencing urban green spaces such as parks and gardens afford town residents active living, and community participation and harmony. There were modest relationships between the dimensions of diversity with the well-being dimensions, suggesting that residents felt diversity affect their sense of well-being. Hence, the results implicate that urban green spaces are essential amenity for towns and cities that afford an individual and a community physical, cognitive and social well-being.
Keywords: Green infrastructure, Small town, Diversity, Well-being
© 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Merrill, William P. "Tò πλẽθος in a Treaty Concerning the Affairs of Argos, Knossos and Tylissos." Classical Quarterly 41, no. 1 (May 1991): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800003487.
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Two inscriptions, one (A) found at Tylissos on Crete, the other (B) found at Argos, both dated about 450, concern relations between Argos and the Cretan towns of Knossos and its smaller neighbour, Tylissos. The close relationship between the treaties of fragment A and fragment B – and therefore the interconnection among Argos, Knossos, and Tylissos – seems generally recognized by scholars. The articles of the agreement lay down a diverse and complex set of arrangements among the three parties, but as a whole, the treaty has been interpreted in two ways: (1) the three πóλεις have entered into some sort of federal union; (2) only Argos and Knossos are signatories to the treaty, while Tylissos is a dependency of Argos. The former interpretation has gained wider acceptance than the latter, and if it is correct, just such a federal union would represent a remarkable advance in the development of Greek political institutions. In this paper we shall press a philological point based upon the information we have both from the treaty and from contemporary sources, and in so doing, we shall attempt to show that a federal union is unlikely. We shall then offer our own interpretation of the regulations governing the insular cities with regard to the formation of alliances and the declaration of friends and enemies.
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Huo, Haiying, Haiyan Wang, and Yajie Li. "Study on collaborative innovation of central city and sub-central city in resource-based zone during the new-type urbanization." World Journal of Engineering 12, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.12.4.363.
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With the advancement of new-types of urbanization, our country needs to construct reasonable structures of the resource-based central city and sub-central city in the regions, to transform the mode of the development of the city, to achieve the coordinated and the sustainable in resources, to avoid the resources of waste and to build the green, low carbon, agglomeration and sustainable new towns. This paper does the analysis of SWOT by putting forward a specific example which establishes Handan as the central city and Wu’an and Feixiang act as the sub-central cities to explore the advantages of choosing resource-based city as a central city, which gives the support in theory and practice for realizing the winwin situation and maximization of interests in the regions.
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Rodgers, Christopher. "Nourishing and protecting our urban ‘green’ space in a post-pandemic world." Environmental Law Review 22, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452920934667.
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‘Green spaces’ provide important cultural ecosystem services in our towns and cities. ‘Green’ space may come in many forms – for example parks, village greens, urban commons, or just neglected and undeveloped wasteland. But all of it is important as it can provide much needed space for open air recreation and exercise in crowded urban areas. The covid-19 pandemic and associated lockdown has shown just how important it is for us to have easy access to open space for recreation and exercise. But much of our green space is, in an age of austerity, under threat. Covid-19 has shown that we need to reappraise planning policy for the designation and protection of new areas of green space in our urban environment; to better protect existing open space, including village greens and commons; and to seek to rebalance planning policy to ensure that the drive for new housing does not take place at the expense of ensuring that adequate green space is provided for existing and future communities.
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Rowell, S. C. "The Joyous Entry of Casimir I and IV into Lithuanian and Polish Cities." Lithuanian Historical Studies 11, no. 1 (November 30, 2006): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01101005.
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This article uses published and unpublished material to examine the entry of Casimir Jagiellończyk into various towns in Poland and Lithuania. Royal entry ceremonial demonstrated the social contract between the lord and his subjects: his legitimate and accepted position as dominus naturalis, his respect for his subjects’ liberties, and in return his subjects’ loyalty to their prince and acceptance of his legitimacy. There is a general format to entrees royales throughout Europe. The ceremonial has recognised overtones of religious ceremonial and the selection of dates for making a solemn entry was also connected with religious festivities. Lithuanian and Polish models are similar, as we would expect. Vilnius became a deliberate re-creation of Cracow with much centring on the Stanisław cult in the castle church-cathedral. However, Lithuania was not blocked out by Poland in this state theatre. Ceremonial under Casimir illustrates the diversity and unity of his realms. There is a colour for all participants – usually red with gold embroidery, sometimes green or indeed brown or black. However, just as Princess Jadwiga’s golden carriage with the shields of Poland and Lithuania represented both the Kingdom and the Grand Duchy, so the style of clothing of her Polish, Lithuanian and Tatar retinue was distinctive and noticeably varied. Even the breed of horses ridden by members of an entry retinue could differ – but not in an uncontrolled way. Despite the fact that Lithuanian and Polish practice does not follow the French model exactly, it is part of a general European political culture.
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Danielewicz, Justyna. "ZARZĄDZANIE INNOWACJAMI W METROPOLII SZTOKHOLMSKIEJ." Studia Miejskie 38 (June 1, 2020): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/sm.1056.
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Metropolitan areas are hubs of productivity and innovation. Although innovation can happen anywhere, it is usually concentrated in heavily urbanised areas. Cities therefore play a key role in the expansion of productivity and are drivers of economic development. Benefits created by cities reach beyond their borders. The impact of such spreading from cities to smaller towns and their surrounding and neighbouring regions is considerable, as is their positive economic influence manifesting in a radius of up to 200-300 km (OECD 2015). It is therefore vital to support innovation in order to internationally promote the competitiveness of metropolitan areas, thus consequently advancing whole regions and countries. Such development necessitates inter-sectoral collaboration, first and foremost, according to the Triple Helix concept, the collaboration of business, science and public authorities. This depends upon forms of collaborative governance at a regional and local level, which can set agreed priorities and operationalise this approach. This paper sets out to identify the forms of cooperation taken in Metropolitan Stockholm to generate innovation. The methodology applied in this research uses critical secondary data analysis, mainly the subject-matter literature and documents issued by public institutions. The paper starts with an introduction illustrating the meaning of innovation in the rise of competitiveness and development in metropolises. The next part of the paper elaborates on the concept of governance as the basis for cross-sectoral collaboration, to subsequently move to the core of the thesis, devoted to the analysis of good practice in innovation networks, particularly in ICT, life science and green economy. The summary indicates the main success factors.
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Lampugnani, Vittorio Magnago. "Die Konstruktion von Natur – Central Park neu besichtigt | The Construction of Nature – Central Park Revisited." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 156, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2005.0288.
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In the first half of the 19th century scientific philosophers in the United States, such as Emerson and Thoreau, began to pursue the relationship between man and nature. Painters from the Hudson River School discovered the rural spaces to the north of New York and began to celebrate the American landscape in their paintings. In many places at this time garden societies were founded, which generated widespread support for the creation of park enclosures While the first such were cemeteries with the character of parks, housing developments on the peripheries of towns were later set in generous park landscapes. However, the centres of the growing American cities also need green spaces and the so-called «park movement»reached a first high point with New York's Central Park. It was not only an experimental field for modern urban elements, but even today is a force of social cohesion.
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Cui, Lihua, Christoph D. D. Rupprecht, and Shozo Shibata. "Climate-Responsive Green-Space Design Inspired by Traditional Gardens: Microclimate and Human Thermal Comfort of Japanese Gardens." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052736.
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Urban green spaces can provide relaxation, exercise, social interaction, and many other benefits for their communities, towns, and cities. However, green spaces in hot and humid regions risk being underutilized by residents unless thermal environments are designed to be sufficiently comfortable. Understanding what conditions are needed for comfortable outdoor spaces, particularly how people feel in regard to their thermal environment, is vital in designing spaces for public use. Traditional gardens are excellent examples of successful microclimate design from which we can learn, as they are developed over the generations through observation and modification. This study analyzed how Japanese gardens affect people’s thermal stress on extremely hot summer days. Meteorological data was collected in three Japanese gardens, and human thermal comfort was evaluated through physiological equivalent temperature (PET). Statistical analysis examined the relationship between spatial configurations of the gardens and thermal comfort. Our study revealed that Japanese gardens can efficiently ameliorate thermal stress. Spatial analysis showed that garden elements affect thermal comfort variously depending on time of the day and spatial distribution.
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Mookerjee, Devalina, Sujoy Chakravarty, Shubhabrata Roy, Anirudh Tagat, and Shagata Mukherjee. "A Culture-Centered Approach to Experiences of the Coronavirus Pandemic Lockdown Among Internal Migrants in India." American Behavioral Scientist 65, no. 10 (March 17, 2021): 1426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027642211000392.
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India’s coronavirus lockdown forced low-wage migrant workers to return from the city to the home towns and villages from which they came. Pre-pandemic living and working conditions were already stressful and difficult for these migrants. The lockdown became an additional burden, since it shut down sources of income with no assurance about when, or if, work and earning to support families could be resumed. This article draws on the lens of the Culture-Centered Approach (CCA) to understand how workers engaged with and navigated these difficult times. A total of 54 migrant workers locked-down at home across the Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal were interviewed for this qualitative study. Financial worries were found to be endemic, with rising debt a major source of stress, and educational qualifications becoming an obstacle to earning. Returning migrants were suspected of bringing the virus from the city, and so stigmatized in their home towns and villages. However, the pandemic lockdown also showed some unexpected healthful consequences. It provided these marginalized, and always busy workers the time and space to stop working for a while, to stay home, eat home food, and take walks in the comparatively green and clean spaces of their home environments. In this, the pandemic lockdown may be seen to have enabled a measure of agency and health in the lives of these workers, an oasis albeit temporary, and ultimately subject to the demands of the globalized cities of India.
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Guan, Hai-ling. "Analysis of New Urban Planning Based on Green Ecological Economics." Open House International 41, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2016-b0018.
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With the development of social economy, the urbanization of the world has presented a new development trend. The green, ecological, and economic city has gradually attracted people's attention. How to plan new cities and towns to coordinate economic development with nature has been the focus of domestic and foreign scholars. Based on this premise, this article elaborates the domestic and foreign research status of ecological city and puts forward a new type of green ecological civilization from the perspective of evolution of civilization. From the perspective of green ecological economy, the evolution of China's urban planning is studied in terms of the urban and rural areas, nature, pollution, industry, culture, and other aspects. To accumulate experience, green ecological planning in New York is also analyzed at multiple levels, such as urban expansion, energy, and urban water use. According to the development of our country in the past 30 years, the development strategy of urbanization suitable to China's national conditions is introduced on the basis of ecological economy. From the perspective of green ecological planning and economy, practice has proved that new urban planning is able to promote the establishment of a resource-saving society, to enhance the coordinated development of the population, resources, environment, and economy, and to comprehensively improve people's quality of life.
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Frank, Andrea I., Andrew Flynn, Nick Hacking, and Christopher Silver. "More Than Open Space! The Case for Green Infrastructure Teaching in Planning Curricula." Urban Planning 6, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i1.3518.
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Since the mid-1990s, the concept of Green Infrastructure (GI) has been gaining traction in fields such as ecology and forestry, (landscape) architecture, environmental and hydrological engineering, public health as well as urban and regional planning. Definitions and aims ascribed to GI vary. Yet, agreement broadly exists on GI’s ability to contribute to sustainability by means of supporting, for example, biodiversity, human and animal health, and storm water management as well as mitigating urban heat island effects. Given an acknowledged role of planners in delivering sustainable cities and towns, professional bodies have highlighted the need for spatial planners to understand and implement GI. This raises questions of what sort of GI knowledge planners may require and moreover by whom and how GI knowledge and competencies may be conveyed? Examining knowledge and skills needs vis-à-vis GI education opportunities indicates a provision reliant primarily on continued professional education and limited ad hoc opportunities in Higher Education. The resulting knowledge base appears fragmented with limited theoretical foundations leading the authors to argue that a systematic inclusion of green infrastructure knowledges in initial planning education is needed to promote and aid effective GI implementation.
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Karanikola, Paraskevi, Evangelos Manolas, Stilianos Tampakis, and Thomas Panagopoulos. "The Coexistence of Humans and Companion Animals in the City Parks of Xanthi: The Views of the Citizens." Urban Studies Research 2012 (December 10, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/462025.
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Companion animals are very important to people of big cities. In Greece the families which own those animals take them for a walk in the parks and streets of their town but not always with care to not disturb other citizens. Laws and regulations for companion and stray animals are not respected in Greece, although as a result of the Athens Olympics in 2004 the Greek government started to provide funds for the collection, care, and sterilization of stray animals. This paper is a first attempt to record, through the aid of a structured questionnaire, the view of the citizens of the city of Xanthi in northern Greece regarding companion animals and what they do when animals become old. The paper also examines the extent to which the existence of stray and companion animals in parks disturbs the people who visit green areas looking for a place to get a rest or play on the grass. The majority preferred that stray animals are collected off the streets, recorded, treated from parasites, vaccinated, and sterilized and after that are available for adoption or are returned to the area they were found at.