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1
Oikonomidis, Agapios. "The impact of English in Greece." English Today 19, no. 2 (April 2003): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078403002104.
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This article provides an illustrated account of the extent to which elements of the English language have become commonplace in Greek, particularly in magazine and other texts, and particularly where Greek has long had a powerful influence on English and other Western European languages, especially in adding to their academic, medical, and technological lexicon. English now appears to be paying Greek back in kind and in full – across a wide range of registers. The illustrative material that accompanies the article helps demonstrate the extent to which present-day Greek has absorbed lexical material from English.
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Kainada, Evia, and Angelos Lengeris. "Native language influences on the production of second-language prosody." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45, no. 3 (December 2015): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100315000158.
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This study examined native language (L1) transfer effects on the production of second-language (L2) prosody by intermediate Greek learners of English, specifically the set of tonal events and their alignment, speech rate, pitch span and pitch level in English polar questions. Greek uses an L* L+H- L% melody giving rise to a low–high–low f0 contour at the end of the polar question that does not resemble any of the contours used by native speakers in English polar questions. The results showed that the Greek speakers transferred the full set of Greek tonal events into English associating them with stressed syllables, and consistently placed the focus on the verb. The Greek speakers also anchored the peak of the phrase accent in polar questions around the midpoint of the stressed vowel across L1/L2 despite using longer vowel durations in L2. At the same time, their productions deviated from L1 forms in terms of speech rate (slower in L2), pitch span (narrower in L2) and pitch level (lower in L2), indicating that even when learners adopt an L1 prosodic feature in their L2, they still produce interlanguage forms that deviate from L1.
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Papapavlou, Andreas. "Linguistic imperialism?" Language Problems and Language Planning 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.25.2.04pap.
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There is growing concern about the spread and influence of English worldwide. In Cyprus, the influence of English on the Greek Cypriot dialect has attracted much interest in recent years, becoming the subject of frequent media attention and, at times, creating acrimonious public discussion. While some people have reacted mildly to this phenomenon, others express strong views, seeing the ‘influx’ of foreign words as a ‘linguistic invasion’ that ‘contaminates’ their language, and referring to the ‘suppression’ of the Greek language by English. Such ‘protectors’ of language warn of a colonialist ‘dominance’ of English in the lives of Cypriots. This paper (a) examines concerns and fears that were expressed recently about the influx of English loanwords in Cypriot Greek and in general the influence of English in Cyprus and (b) reviews papers presented at a conference held in 1992 that dealt with the dominance of English and the ‘suppression’ of Cypriot Greek.
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Timofeeva, Olga. "Bide Nu Æt Gode Þæt Ic Grecisc Cunne: Attitudes to Greek and the Greeks in the Anglo-Saxon Period." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 51, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2016-0007.
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Abstract The Greeks were one of those outgroups to whom the Anglo-Saxons had reasons to look up to, because of the antiquity of their culture and the sanctity of their language, along those of the Hebrews and the Romans. Yet as a language Greek was practically unknown for most of the Anglo-Saxon period and contact with its native speakers and country extremely limited. Nevertheless, references to the Greeks and their language are not uncommon in the Anglo-Saxon sources (both Latin and vernacular), as a little less than 200 occurrences in the Dictionary of Old English (s.v. grecisc) testify. This paper uses these data, supplementing them with searches in the Dictionary of Old English Web Corpus, Brepolis Library of Latin Texts - Series A, monumenta.ch and Medieval Latin from Anglo-Saxon Sources, and analyses lexical and syntactic strategies of the Greek outgroup construction in Anglo-Saxon texts. It looks at lexemes denoting ‘Greek’ and their derivatives in Anglo-Latin and Old English, examines their collocates and gleans information on attitudes towards Greek and the Greeks, and on membership claims indexed by Latin-Greek or English-Greek code-switching, by at the same time trying to establish parallels and influences between the two high registers of the Anglo-Saxon period.
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Romano, Francesco Bryan. "Remarks on research of anaphora resolution in situations of language contact: Cross-linguistic influence and the PAS." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917693410.
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Purpose: This article proposes a new definition of cross-linguistic influence on anaphora resolution in situations of language contact appealing to the Position of Antecedent Strategy. Design: To this effect it examines existing evidence for and definitions of cross-linguistic influence across Spanish, Italian, Greek, and English, four languages research has concentrated on most intensively. Data and analysis: Methodological and theoretical issues are brought to the fore and the evidence of cross-linguistic influence re-evaluated in light of recent investigations of L1 processing of Spanish, Italian, and Greek anaphora. Findings/conclusions: The re-evaluation points to the conclusion that null pronouns are interpreted and processed in similar ways by native speakers, L2 speakers, and L1 attriters, even if speakers have contact with or are very proficient in languages such as English or Swedish where null anaphora is unavailable. Overt pronouns in Italian are more similar to Greek than Spanish and cross-linguistic influence affects only overt anaphora. Originality: If cross-linguistic influence is conceived in terms of the Position of Antecedent Strategy, then apparently contradictory cases such as the over-production of overt forms by Spanish speakers of Italian and the balanced co-reference of Spanish overt forms to topic and non-topic antecedents can be accounted for. Significance/implications: Cross-linguistic influence takes place from the language with less towards the language with more categorical biases. Recommendations for future research with the populations studied, data analysis and collection, and linguistic structures examined are made.
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Kaltsa, Maria, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli, and Froso Argyri. "The development of gender assignment and agreement in English-Greek and German-Greek bilingual children." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9, no. 2 (October 16, 2017): 253–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.16033.kal.
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Abstract The aim of this experimental study is to examine the development of Greek gender in bilingual English-Greek and German-Greek children. Four gender production tasks were designed, two targeting gender assignment eliciting determiners and two targeting gender agreement eliciting predicate adjectives for real and novel nouns. Participant performance was assessed in relation to whether the ‘other’ language was a gender language or not (English vs. German) along with the role of the bilinguals’ Greek vocabulary knowledge and language input. The results are argued to contribute significantly to disentangling the role of crosslinguistic influence in gender assignment and agreement by bringing together a variety of input measures such as early and current amount of exposure to Greek, the role of area of residence (i.e. whether Greek is the minority or the majority language), the effect of maternal education and the amount of exposure to Greek in a school setting.
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Damaskinidis, George. "Ideological shifts between bilingual EU texts." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, no. 5 (December 31, 2017): 702–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00005.dam.
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Abstract This article examines the translation of an official English European Council text, namely a Commission Communication, into Greek. A critical discourse analysis-based methodology is used to probe the manipulation of ideological shifts between the English source text and its Greek translation. The analysis of both texts aims to shed light on the way culturally-approved patterns reflect and also influence society’s priorities and preoccupations. The comparative analysis provides an example of how the European Union and its official working language influenced the translator’s attitudes and motivations in decoding various ideological patterns. Adopting a social view of political ideologies and their associated readerships, the article discusses how discourse and ideology mediate in the translation of the English-Greek language pair. It shows how discourse reinforces ideological assumptions and how it challenges them by emphasizing that the source culture violates the very norms and values the target culture holds dear.
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CHONDROGIANNI, Vasiliki, and Richard G. SCHWARTZ. "Case marking and word order in Greek heritage children." Journal of Child Language 47, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 766–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000849.
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AbstractThis study examined the linguistic and individual-level factors that render case marking a vulnerable domain in English-dominant Greek heritage children. We also investigated whether heritage language (HL) children can use case-marking cues to interpret (non-)canonical sentences in Greek similarly to their monolingual peers. A group of six- to twelve-year-old Greek heritage children in New York City and a control group of age-matched monolingual children living in Greece participated in a production and a picture verification task targeting case marking and (non-)canonical word order in Greek. HL children produced syncretic inflectional errors, also found in preschool monolingual children. In the comprehension task, HL children showed variable performance on the non-canonical OVS but ceiling performance on the SVO conditions, which suggests influence from English. Linguistic factors such as case transparency affected comprehension, whereas child-level factors such as proficiency and degree of (early) use of Greek influenced performance on both modalities.
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Tadauskienė, Elvyra Vida. "Pecularities of Economic and Information Terminology." Coactivity: Philology, Educology 15, no. 4 (April 15, 2011): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/coactivity.2007.42.
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The article investigates the pecularities of economic and information terminology and concludes their original source. As economic terms turn out to have appeared earlier than those of information, so the beginning of the emergence of them was influenced by the Greek and Latin languages. During the Soviet period economic terms were under the influence of the Russian language. A lot of information terms originated from the English language so the dominance of this language is still greatly felt. The common language can be considered to be the original source of some of the mentioned terminology when expanding the meaning of adequate terms. Translation of some of the terms creates problems related to the synonymous meaning of the terms or certain variations of the vocabulary meanings.
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Georgiou, Georgios P. "How Do Speakers of a Language with a Transparent Orthographic System Perceive the L2 Vowels of a Language with an Opaque Orthographic System? An Analysis through a Battery of Behavioral Tests." Languages 6, no. 3 (July 11, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030118.
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Background: The present study aims to investigate the effect of the first language (L1) orthography on the perception of the second language (L2) vowel contrasts and whether orthographic effects occur at the sublexical level. Methods: Fourteen adult Greek learners of English participated in two AXB discrimination tests: one auditory and one orthography test. In the auditory test, participants listened to triads of auditory stimuli that targeted specific English vowel contrasts embedded in nonsense words and were asked to decide if the middle vowel was the same as the first or the third vowel by clicking on the corresponding labels. The orthography test followed the same procedure as the auditory test, but instead, the two labels contained grapheme representations of the target vowel contrasts. Results: All but one vowel contrast could be more accurately discriminated in the auditory than in the orthography test. The use of nonsense words in the elicitation task eradicated the possibility of a lexical effect of orthography on auditory processing, leaving space for the interpretation of this effect on a sublexical basis, primarily prelexical and secondarily postlexical. Conclusions: L2 auditory processing is subject to L1 orthography influence. Speakers of languages with transparent orthographies such as Greek may rely on the grapheme–phoneme correspondence to decode orthographic representations of sounds coming from languages with an opaque orthographic system such as English.
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Wełna, Jerzy. "On early pseudo-learned orthographic forms: A contribution to the history of English spelling and pronunciation." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 46, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10121-010-0010-9.
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On early pseudo-learned orthographic forms: A contribution to the history of English spelling and pronunciation The history of English contains numerous examples of "improved" spellings. English scribes frequently modified spelling to make English words and some popular borrowings look like words of Latin or Greek origin. The typical examples are Eng. island, containing mute <s> taken from Lat. insula or Eng. anchor ‘mooring device’ (< Fr. ancre), with non-etymological <h>. Although such "reformed spellings" became particularly fashionable during the Renaissance, when the influence of the classical languages was at its peak, "classicised" spellings are also found earlier, e.g. in texts from the 14th century. In the present contribution which concentrates on identifying such earliest influences on spellings in Middle English attention is focussed on the regional distribution of reformed spellings, with a sociolinguistic focus on the type of the text. The data for the study come from standard sources like the Middle English Dictionary (2001) and Oxford English Dictionary (2009).
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Aliaskarovna, SafarovaUmida. "GREEK-LATIN AND ENGLISH-AMERICAN LEXICAL BORROWINGS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CONTAMINATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2017): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/3807.
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PANOU, Despoina. "Norms Governing the Dialect Translation of Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations: An English-Greek Perspective." International Linguistics Research 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): p49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v1n1p49.
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This paper aims to investigate the norms governing the translation of fiction from English into Greek by critically examining two Greek translations of Charles Dickens’ novel Great Expectations. One is by Pavlina Pampoudi (Patakis, 2016) and the other, is by Thanasis Zavalos (Minoas, 2017). Particular attention is paid to dialect translation and special emphasis is placed on the language used by one of the novel’s prominent characters, namely, Abel Magwitch. In particular, twenty instances of Abel Magwitch’s dialect are chosen in an effort to provide an in-depth analysis of the dialect-translation strategies employed as well as possible reasons governing such choices. It is argued that both translators favour standardisation in their target texts, thus eliminating any language variants present in the source text. The conclusion argues that societal factors as well as the commissioning policies of publishing houses influence to a great extent the translators’ behaviour, and consequently, the dialect-translation strategies adopted. Hence, greater emphasis on the extra-linguistic, sociological context is necessary for a thorough consideration of the complexities of English-Greek dialect translation of fiction.
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CHEREPNIOV, MIKHAIL, and ANTON SHVETZ. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF RESULTS OF BORROWING FOREIGN WORDS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE A REFLECTION OF THE PROCESS OF HISTORICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN RUSSIANS AND FOREIGNERS." Computational nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2020-7-2-79-89.
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As was mentioned by known sociologist Kenneth Ewart Boulding, the human community, divided into various social organizations, is the most complex class of biological systems. This article is dedicated for mathematical modeling of the process of historical interaction between Russians and foreigners, which are reflected in the formation of a living Russian language. The difficulty lies not only in the large number of relationships, but also in the complexity experienced by the researcher who is inside the system under study. The natural desire to abstract in this study from the system itself can be realized using a strictly scientific approach and computational programming. Namely, by using formal objects and the same formal methods of comparing them, as is customary in mathematics, physics, and other sciences that study the laws of nature in areas that are not directly related to human being and society. To form an objective knowledge base about the interaction of social groups of people, you can use the analysis of traces of this interaction, one of which is their language. It is in the language of a people that the main factors of influence of other peoples - native speakers of another language-remain. These traces, in particular, are borrowed words and expressions. To work with such words and expressions, you must first discard those matches that can be attributed to random. Only in this case can the nature of our research be objective. This article uses statistical analysis methods to identify the fact of accidental coincidence of phonetic and semantic images of words from different languages. The basic tool we have chosen is the birthday paradox theorem. As a result, a method for identifying borrowed words that appeared in the language as a result of the interaction of native speakers of different languages, excluding the random nature of their coincidence, is obtained. The application of software definition of matching words in digitized dictionaries is justified. The method is applied to the Russian language. Conclusions are made about the history of the development of the Russian people and its language. These conclusions are that the main significant influence on the Russian population and its language was exerted by Europeans, primarily the French. At the same time, no traces of the influence of Mongolian or other Eastern languages were found. The influence of the Turkic language group and the Greek language occupy a middle position. At the same time, if the semantic load of Turkic and Greek borrowings is of a general scientific or economic nature, then European borrowings are primarily associated with trade, administration, war, and luxuries. The authors concludes that the family character of interaction between native English speakers and language groups close to the English geographically with the Russian population, since the names of the main family members are borrowed mainly from the English language, while the corresponding names was already exist in the old Slavonic language.
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FELSER, CLAUDIA, LEAH ROBERTS, THEODORE MARINIS, and REBECCA GROSS. "The processing of ambiguous sentences by first and second language learners of English." Applied Psycholinguistics 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 453–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716403000237.
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This study investigates the way adult second language (L2) learners of English resolve relative clause attachment ambiguities in sentences such as The dean liked the secretary of the professor who was reading a letter. Two groups of advanced L2 learners of English with Greek or German as their first language participated in a set of off-line and on-line tasks. The results indicate that the L2 learners do not process ambiguous sentences of this type in the same way as adult native speakers of English do. Although the learners' disambiguation preferences were influenced by lexical–semantic properties of the preposition linking the two potential antecedent noun phrases (of vs. with), there was no evidence that they applied any phrase structure–based ambiguity resolution strategies of the kind that have been claimed to influence sentence processing in monolingual adults. The L2 learners' performance also differs markedly from the results obtained from 6- to 7-year-old monolingual English children in a parallel auditory study, in that the children's attachment preferences were not affected by the type of preposition at all. We argue that children, monolingual adults, and adult L2 learners differ in the extent to which they are guided by phrase structure and lexical–semantic information during sentence processing.
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Mahal, Dr Ramandeep, and Ms Tanu Bura. "Dialect, Class struggle and Immigration in The Lonely Londoners, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and Room At the Top." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 09 (September 2, 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/09507.
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This paper addresses a little piece of a lot more extensive undertaking looking at the connections between working class and migrant writing which will frame a piece of my thesis. I will discuss the employments of lingo, class struggle and interesting differences in these books from the 1950s – John Braine’s Room At the Top (1957), Alan Sillitoe’s Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1958) and Sam Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners (1956). I’ll begin with reference to a novel from the very period that maintains a strategic distance from broad utilization of tongue, prior to going to how these creators use vernacular and standard English alongside one another, just as set against one another, prior to getting done with an endeavor to historicize their employments of lingo. English the most prevalent language of the world has evolved with times influenced by German about 30%, Latin 30%, French 25%, Greek 5% and other languages about 10%. Surprisingly London alone has 300 other different languages spoken and they all influence add to the further development of Lingo and communication.
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Bella, Spyridoula. "A contrastive study of apologies performed by Greek native speakers and English learners of Greek as a foreign language." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 679–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.4.01bel.
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This paper investigates apologies produced by Greek native speakers and English learners of Greek as a foreign language in two informal (-P, -D) and two formal situations (+P, +D). Drawing on data elicited by means of an assessment questionnaire, a DCT and the participants’ verbal reports, the study attempts to explore the extent to which the two groups differ in their contextual assessments of the apology situations under examination and in strategy use. The results indicated that the learners of the study differed significantly from the native speakers in regard to their assessments of the contextual parameters (power, distance, severity of offence) involved in each apology situation. Furthermore, significant quantitative and qualitative differences were attested in relation of the two groups’ preferences in strategy use when performing apologies in Greek. On the basis of these results it is argued, that these learners interlanguage apology behavior is influenced both by their native cultural values and (negative) politeness orientation, as well as from lack of adequate socio-pragmatic development resulting mainly from their foreign language learner status.
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Zheleva, Zlatina, and Svetla Petrova. "THE TERMINOLOGY OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY- A CONTRASTIVE ENGLISH-BULGARIAN STUDY." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 1787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31061787z.
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The goal of terminology from its very beginning, and especially that of specialized medical or technical terminology, has been to establish and facilitate professional communication. The development of terminology and its theory is a long and difficult process, from its very beginning scientists of all fields have been trying to work out a unified system for term formation which would apply to all sciences and fields of science. The ‘fathers’ of the contemporary General Terminological Theory (GTT) were the Austrian scholar Wüster and the Russian scholar Lote, both working on terminology of engineering, and their goal was to create an unambiguous terminology which would enhance professional and scientific communication. The issue of internationalization was brought up and was one of the guiding principles in terminology formation. In medical terminology this issue is partly resolved due to the Greek and Latin origins of terms and concepts which are used in most countries throughout the world. Since English borrows most of its terms from Latin and Greek and since it has come to be the international language in the medical field, this has made scientific communication easier. However, these terms refer mainly to anatomical and clinical terms and do not include the new terminological entities which occur due to the constant development of the field. The present article aims at conducting a contrastive linguistic study of the terminology of paediatric dentistry and exploring the differences and similarities in English and Bulgarian languages. The materials used are textbooks from the field of paediatric dentistry used in the education of university students at Medical University-Plovdiv. Terminology discussed encompasses both anatomical and clinical entities and studies the origins, the manner of term formation in both languages and the manner in which English dental medical terminology influences the Bulgarian one. Terminology is classified according to the manner of its formation in the source language- English and the changes which it undergoes in being translated or transliterated into the other language- Bulgarian. The terms are discussed from the point of view of types of word formation such as derivation, compounding, which prevail in the already established terms which derive from Greek and Latin, and the forming of multi-word phrases which prevails nowadays and leads to the use of abbreviations. What is interesting is the use of the latter in contemporary medical literature in Bulgarian and the manner in which nouns, verbs etc. are directly borrowed from English and transliterated. The constant development of new medical terms and their usage in other languages is an ongoing and continuous process and it presents a challenge to the scientists who use it, the translators who work with texts and linguists who are interested in the principles of language development.
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Felser, Claudia, and Leah Roberts. "Processingwh-dependencies in a second language: a cross-modal priming study." Second Language Research 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307071600.
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This study investigates the real-time processing of wh-dependencies by advanced Greek-speaking learners of English using a cross-modal picture priming task. Participants were asked to respond to different types of picture target presented either at structurally defined gap positions, or at pre-gap control positions, while listening to sentences containing indirect-object relative clauses. Our results indicate that the learners processed the experimental sentences differently from both adult native speakers of English and monolingual English-speaking children. Contrary to what has been found for native speakers, the learners' response pattern was not influenced by individual working memory differences. Adult second language learners differed from native speakers with a relatively high reading or listening span in that they did not show any evidence of structurally based antecedent reactivation at the point of the indirect object gap. They also differed from low-span native speakers, however, in that they showed evidence of maintained antecedent activation during the processing of the experimental sentences. Whereas the localized priming effect observed in the high-span controls is indicative of trace-based antecedent reactivation in native sentence processing, the results from the Greek-speaking learners support the hypothesis that the mental representations built during non-native language processing lack abstract linguistic structure such as movement traces.
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Daskalaki, Evangelia, Vasiliki Chondrogianni, Elma Blom, Froso Argyri, and Johanne Paradis. "Input effects across domains: The case of Greek subjects in child heritage language." Second Language Research 35, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 421–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658318787231.
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A recurring question in the literature of heritage language acquisition, and more generally of bilingual acquisition, is whether all linguistic domains are sensitive to input reduction and to cross-linguistic influence and to what extent. According to the Interface Hypothesis, morphosyntactic phenomena regulated by discourse–pragmatic conditions are more likely to lead to non-native outcomes than strictly syntactic aspects of the language (Sorace, 2011). To test this hypothesis, we examined subject realization and placement in Greek–English bilingual children learning Greek as a heritage language in North America and investigated whether the amount of heritage language use can predict their performance in syntax–discourse and narrow syntactic contexts. Results indicated two deviations from the Interface Hypothesis: First, subject realization (a syntax–discourse phenomenon) was found to be largely unproblematic. Second, subject placement was affected not only in syntax–discourse structures but also in narrow syntactic structures, though to a lesser degree, suggesting that the association between the interface status of subject placement and its sensitivity to heritage language use among children heritage speakers is gradient rather than categorical.
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Goutsos, Dionysis. "Translation in Bilingual Lexicography." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 2 (August 20, 1999): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.2.02gou.
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Abstract Greek bilingual dictionaries have long been marked by lack of naturalness and inadequate semantic and stylistic discrimination between the various equivalents suggested in translation. Although this is a general problem of bilingual dictionaries, which necessarily deal with decontextualized instances of language in the construction of the lemma, translationese is common in English-Greek dictionaries as a result of the idiosyncratic history of Greek applied linguistic practice. The paper discusses issues of translation equivalence that came into view in the editing of the new Collins English-Greek Dictionary (1997). Specific problems relating to the translation from English to Greek are pointed out, with reference to the areas of lexical, grammatical and discourse equivalence. In particular, the occurrence of 'false friends' and register couplets, the categories of definiteness, countability and verb aspect and the varying Theme-Rheme structures constitute points of divergence between the two languages. The word-for-word translation of these linguistic aspects is mainly accountable for the lack of naturalness. Dictionary editing involves a multitude of detailed decisions along these parameters, which shape the lemmas and influence the quality of the final text. The help from both English and Greek corpora has been indispensable at defining the parameters of naturalness for each lemma and at solving problems specific to Greek bilingual lexicography. Résumé Les dictionnaires bilingues grecs ont été longtemps marqués par un manque de naturel, par une discrimination sémantique et stylistique inadéquate entre les différentes équivalences suggérées dans la traduction. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'un problème général propre aux dictionnaires bilingues, qui, nécessairement se fondent sur des exemples hors de leur contexte linguistique lors de la construction du vocable, des traductions trop influencées par la langue de sortie sont communes dans les dictionnaires anglais-grec à la suite de l'histoire idiosyncratique de la pratique de la linguistique appliquée grecque. L'article se penche sur les problèmes de l'équivalence traductionelle lors de la rédaction du nouveau dictionnaire anglais-grec (Collins - 1997). Des problèmes spécifiques relatifs à la traduction de la langue anglaise à la langue grecque sont mis en évidence relativement aux domaines de l'équivalence lexicologique, grammaticale et du discours. Plus spécialement, l'émergence de "faux amis" et de couples dans le registre, les catégories de précision, la comptabilité des substantifs et l'aspect des verbes ainsi que les structures variables thème-rhème constituent des points de divergence entre les deux langues. La traduction mot-à-mot de ces aspects linguistiques est surtout due au manque de naturel. La rédaction de dictionnaires implique une multitude de décisions détaillés suivant ces paramètres, qui régissent les vocables et influencent la qualité du texte final. L'aide des corpus anglais et grecs a été indispensable lors de la définition des paramètres du naturel pour chaque vocable et lors de la solution des problèmes spécifiques à la lexicographie bilingue grecque.
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Taylor, Richard. "The Book of Daniel in the Bible of Edessa." Aramaic Studies 5, no. 2 (2007): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/147783507x252685.
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Abstract The translation and accompanying notes for the forthcoming annotated English translation of the book of Daniel in the Bible of Edessa will be consistent with the following features of the Syriac Peshitta of Daniel. First, Peshitta-Daniel is a primary version of the Hebrew-Aramaic text and not a daughter version made from a Greek text. Second, some Peshitta-Daniel readings are superior from a text-critical perspective to readings of the MT. Third, Peshitta-Daniel is not significantly influenced by the Septuagint, although it does frequently align with the Greek text of Theodotion. Fourth, Peshitta-Daniel is essentially a literal translation of its Hebrew-Aramaic source text, while at the same time maintaining a high level of stylistic elegance in Syriac. Fifth, Peshitta-Daniel frequently reverses the order of matched pairs of words due to translation technique. Sixth, Peshitta manuscripts of the book of Daniel have interpretive glosses that guide the reader as to the exegesis of chapters 7, 8, and 11, adopting an approach to the interpretation of Daniel that suggests at least indirect influence from the pagan philosopher Porphyry.
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Džuganová, Božena. "Medical language – a unique linguistic phenomenon." JAHR 10, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/j.10.1.7.
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Medical language is the language used by medical experts in their professional communication and incorporates more than 2,500 years of a development influenced mostly by Greek and Latin medical traditions. Its specific features and characteristics are studied from various aspects. It is closely connected with the immense development of technology and science that brings new concepts to the language; medical vocabulary is an open and continually changing phenomenon and its units often acquire new meanings. Learning English medical language that has become a lingua franca during the last few decades creates certain obstacles for learners in the form of collocations, irregular forms, existence of synonyms, doublets, abbreviations, false friends, etc. To manage medical language at an appropriate level requires looking for the most convenient teaching and learning strategies. Good proficiency of English medical language opens new horizons to medical professionals and offers various options of its application in practice. As an international means of communication it slowly penetrates into national medical vocabularies worldwide.
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ATHANASOPOULOS, PANOS, LJUBICA DAMJANOVIC, ANDREA KRAJCIOVA, and MIHO SASAKI. "Representation of colour concepts in bilingual cognition: The case of Japanese blues." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 1 (September 30, 2010): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990046.
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Previous studies demonstrate that lexical coding of colour influences categorical perception of colour, such that participants are more likely to rate two colours to be more similar if they belong to the same linguistic category (Roberson et al., 2000, 2005). Recent work shows changes in Greek–English bilinguals' perception of within and cross-category stimulus pairs as a function of the availability of the relevant colour terms in semantic memory, and the amount of time spent in the L2-speaking country (Athanasopoulos, 2009). The present paper extends Athanasopoulos' (2009) investigation by looking at cognitive processing of colour in Japanese–English bilinguals. Like Greek, Japanese contrasts with English in that it has an additional monolexemic term for ‘light blue’ (mizuiro). The aim of the paper is to examine to what degree linguistic and extralinguistic variables modulate Japanese–English bilinguals' sensitivity to the blue/light blue distinction. Results showed that those bilinguals who used English more frequently distinguished blue and light blue stimulus pairs less well than those who used Japanese more frequently. These results suggest that bilingual cognition may be dynamic and flexible, as the degree to which it resembles that of either monolingual norm is, in this case, fundamentally a matter of frequency of language use.
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Damholt, Ronald. "Rightwiseness and Justice, a Tale of Translation." Anglican Theological Review 97, no. 3 (June 2015): 413–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000332861509700303.
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In most English-language Bibles—particularly those arising out of Protestantism—the Greek word dikaiosyne, which occurs most often in Romans, is overwhelmingly translated “righteousness.” Scholars have long voiced concerns with this rendering, and in this article I both review their objections and ask why this tradition of translation has been so tenacious. The answer proposed is twofold: first, the ancient Anglo-Saxon pedigree of the word right-wiseness (whose meaning originally included notions of justice about which Paul seems to have been writing) and its consequent preference by the first English Bible translators, the Wycliffites; and second, the penetrating brilliance and lasting influence of William Tyndale, along with his inclination to follow the Wycliffite choice in this matter. I also consider alternative traditions of New Testament translation relative to this important Greek word and sketch the historical context out of which these divergent traditions have developed.
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Cooper, Michael D. "Law, Policy, and the Social Construction of Disaster." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 113 (2019): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.176.
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Emerging in the English language during the 1590s, the etymological origins of the word “disaster” are found in désastre from Middle French (1560s) and disastro from Italian, meaning “ill-starred,” with “dis-,” a pejorative and “astro” meaning “star” or “planet”—from the Latin astrum and from the Greek ástron. The notion was of “an unfavorable aspect of a star or planet,” a “malevolent astral influence,” or a “calamity blamed on an unfavorable position of a planet.”
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ROBERTS, LEAH, and CLAUDIA FELSER. "Plausibility and recovery from garden paths in second language sentence processing." Applied Psycholinguistics 32, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 299–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000421.
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ABSTRACTIn this study, the influence of plausibility information on the real-time processing of locally ambiguous (“garden path”) sentences in a nonnative language is investigated. Using self-paced reading, we examined how advanced Greek-speaking learners of English and native speaker controls read sentences containing temporary subject–object ambiguities, with the ambiguous noun phrase being either semantically plausible or implausible as the direct object of the immediately preceding verb. Besides providing evidence for incremental interpretation in second language processing, our results indicate that the learners were more strongly influenced by plausibility information than the native speaker controls in their on-line processing of the experimental items. For the second language learners an initially plausible direct object interpretation lead to increased reanalysis difficulty in “weak” garden-path sentences where the required reanalysis did not interrupt the current thematic processing domain. No such evidence of on-line recovery was observed, in contrast, for “strong” garden-path sentences that required more substantial revisions of the representation built thus far, suggesting that comprehension breakdown was more likely here.
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Fuss, Eric. "On the historical core of V2 in Germanic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 26, no. 2 (December 2003): 195–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586503001082.
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This paper focuses on the origin of the V2 property in the history of Germanic. Considering data from Gothic and Old English (OE), it is suggested that the historical core of the V2 phenomenon reduces to V-to-C movement that is triggered in operator contexts. Therefore, the historical system shares basic properties with limited V2 in Modern English. It is shown that apparent deviations from this pattern that can be observed in Gothic can be attributed to the influence of Greek word order. Concerning the apparently more elaborate V2 properties of OE, it is claimed that a large part of them in fact do not involve a Spec-head relation, but rather result from linear adjacency between the clause-initial element and a finite verb located in T0. Special attention is paid to the placement of pronominal subjects in OE, which are claimed to occupy SpecTP. This contrasts with a lower position of full subjects due to the absence of an EPP in OE. Finally, the loss of superficial V2 orders in the Middle English period is attributed to the development of an EPP feature in T.
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Bouti, Khalid, and Rajae Borki. "English as a Lingua Franca of Science in Morocco." International Journal of Medicine and Surgery 1, no. 2 (December 21, 2014): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15342/ijms.v1i2.58.
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EXTRACT: During the Golden Age of Arabic-Islamic science (8th to 13th centuries C.E.), and due to the Islamic extension in the world, where a large part of the earth, from southern Europe throughout North Africa to Central Asia and on to India, was controlled by and/or influenced by the new Arabic-Muslim Empire, the Arabic science translations from Greek, Latin, and Chinese into Arabic were necessary, which made Arabic as the only language of science in Africa, Asia, and Europe during that age. Between the 15th and 17th centuries, Latin took this strategic role, .
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Goksan, Sezgi, Froso Argyri, Jonathan D. Clayden, Frederique Liegeois, and Li Wei. "Early childhood bilingualism: effects on brain structure and function." F1000Research 9 (May 15, 2020): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23216.1.
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Growing up in a bilingual environment is becoming increasingly common. Yet, we know little about how this enriched language environment influences the connectivity of children’s brains. Behavioural research in children and adults has shown that bilingualism experience may boost executive control (EC) skills, such as inhibitory control and attention. Moreover, increased structural and functional (resting-state) connectivity in language-related and EC-related brain networks is associated with increased executive control in bilingual adults. However, how bilingualism factors alter brain connectivity early in brain development remains poorly understood. We will combine standardised tests of attention with structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in bilingual children. This study will allow us to address an important field of inquiry within linguistics and developmental cognitive neuroscience by examining the following questions: Does bilingual experience modulate connectivity in language-related and EC-related networks in children? Do differences in resting-state brain connectivity correlate with differences in EC skills (specifically attention skills)? How do bilingualism-related factors, such as age of exposure to two languages, language usage and proficiency, modulate brain connectivity? We will collect structural and functional MRI, and quantitative measures of EC and language skills from two groups of English-Greek bilingual children - 20 simultaneous bilinguals (exposure to both languages from birth) and 20 successive bilinguals (exposure to English between the ages of 3 and 5 years) - and 20 English monolingual children, 8-10 years old. We will compare connectivity measures and attention skills between monolinguals and bilinguals to examine the effects of bilingual exposure. We will also examine to what extent bilingualism factors predict brain connectivity in EC and language networks. Overall, we hypothesize that connectivity and EC will be enhanced in bilingual children compared to monolingual children, and each outcome will be modulated by age of exposure to two languages and by bilingual language usage.
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Goksan, Sezgi, Froso Argyri, Jonathan D. Clayden, Frederique Liegeois, and Li Wei. "Early childhood bilingualism: effects on brain structure and function." F1000Research 9 (November 4, 2020): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23216.2.
Full textAbstract:
Growing up in a bilingual environment is becoming increasingly common. Yet, we know little about how this enriched language environment influences the connectivity of children’s brains. Behavioural research in children and adults has shown that bilingualism experience may boost executive control (EC) skills, such as inhibitory control and attention. Moreover, increased structural and functional (resting-state) connectivity in language-related and EC-related brain networks is associated with increased executive control in bilingual adults. However, how bilingualism factors alter brain connectivity early in brain development remains poorly understood. We will combine standardised tests of attention with structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in bilingual children. This study will allow us to address an important field of inquiry within linguistics and developmental cognitive neuroscience by examining the following questions: Does bilingual experience modulate connectivity in language-related and EC-related networks in children? Do differences in resting-state brain connectivity correlate with differences in EC skills (specifically attention skills)? How do bilingualism-related factors, such as age of exposure to two languages, language usage and proficiency, modulate brain connectivity? We will collect structural and functional MRI, and quantitative measures of EC and language skills from two groups of English-Greek bilingual children - 20 simultaneous bilinguals (exposure to both languages from birth) and 20 successive bilinguals (exposure to English between the ages of 3 and 5 years) - and 20 English monolingual children, 8-10 years old. We will compare connectivity measures and attention skills between monolinguals and bilinguals to examine the effects of bilingual exposure. We will also examine to what extent bilingualism factors predict brain connectivity in EC and language networks. Overall, we hypothesize that connectivity and EC will be enhanced in bilingual children compared to monolingual children, and each outcome will be modulated by age of exposure to two languages and by bilingual language usage.
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Anastassiou, Fotini, and Georgia Andreou. "Speech Production of Trilingual Children: A Study on Their Transfers in Terms of Content and Function Words and the Effect of Their L1." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 6 (September 16, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n6p30.
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The present study investigated the speech production of trilingual children whose L1 was either Greek or Albanian and their L3 was English. Since this specific combination of languages has not been widely studied in current literature this study can contribute to our knowledge and the teaching of these children. Moreover, research into transfers from content and function words could help us comprehend the different roles word classes have in trilingual speakers since Paradis (2009) has suggested that the tendency to transfer function words from L2, rather than from L1, into L3 supports the idea that content words and function words have the same status in an L2 but not in L1. Also, although content words are often transferred from both L1 and L2 into L3, studies have indicated that function words are mainly transferred from the L2 and not from the L1 (Ringbom, 1987; Sjögren, 2000; Stedje, 1977). The aim of this study was to find out the source language of our participants’ transfers, whether there would be any influence of our speakers’ L1 or L2 on Content and Function words, as well as whether cross-linguistic influence had any effect on Content and Function words, following Cenoz (2001).The participants of our study were asked to narrate a picture story in their third language and the main source of their transfers was surveyed. Also, the ratio of Content to Function words and the effect of the children’s L1 was investigated since former research showed function words are mainly transferred from the L2 and not from the L1. The results of this study showed that the main source of transfer was Greek (whether as an L1 or an L2) and that the children’s transfers were mainly from content words. Finally, the ratio of Greek content/ function words was found to be greater for those children whose L1 is Greek compared to the children whose L1 is Albanian.
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Aroshidze, Marine, and Nino Aroshidze. "The Role of the Language Priorities in Development of Society." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i1.6.
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The need to comprehend contemporary global problems the mankind is facing poses demands to modern science to expand the range of functions and strengthen interac-tion between areas of society. The modern anthropocentric scientific paradigm makes a focus on the interdisciplinary research of the civilizational processes of social de-velopment, which created the need for a comprehensive study of sociocultural and linguistic processes in their functional interaction during the historical development of society.The process of human socialization is, first of all, the mastery of the symbolic cultural code and cultural memory of society, which in modern society is losing its usual monoculturism and is increasingly acquiring a bi- and multicultural character, which poses a pressing multifaceted problem for society - linguistic policy, linguistic consciousness, persona lingua. The language policy of any particular country or region is dictated by the prevailing socio-political situation in the country and contributes to shaping the fate of this country for it regulates the status of the state language, the language of the press, education, and science.In each society, certain language priorities are formed, as well as language prohibitions that regulate the life of society, and the formation of the worldview of the participants in society depends on the languages being assimilated. Not surprisingly, the problems of language (with the light hand of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgen-stein) have long exceeded philological problems of philological problems. The language policy of small countries largely depends on foreign policy fac-tors; it is interesting to follow the example of Georgia to trace the change in language priorities in different historical eras (from Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, Turkish to Russian, and now to English). The Second World War became an important milestone for Soviet Georgia in language policy: the spiritual unity of all the peoples of the USSR was so intense that the formation of a single supra-ethnic community “Soviet nation” was successfully supported by language policy: having Russian as the second native language. The education system and the press were fully focused on the Russian language. The schools taught foreign languages (French, German, English) by choice, but the minimization of hours, the grammatical approach and the lack of language practice allowed only units to learn European languages at the level of free communi-cation.The 1990s became a period of forced breaking of habitual linguistic priorities for Georgia, free of imperial influence. English has become compulsory subject matter at all stages of the Georgian educational system, Russian is studied only by choice as a second foreign language with a minimum number of hours. The previously banned Turkish language is strengthening its position, especially in Adjara, neighboring Turkey.
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Leivada, Evelina. "Language Processing at Its Trickiest: Grammatical Illusions and Heuristics of Judgment." Languages 5, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5030029.
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Humans are intuitively good at providing judgments about what forms part of their native language and what does not. Although such judgments are robust, consistent, and reliable, human cognition is demonstrably fallible to illusions of various types. Language is no exception. In the linguistic domain, several types of sentences have been shown to trick the parser into giving them a high acceptability judgment despite their ill-formedness. One example is the so-called comparative illusion (‘More people have been to Tromsø than I have’). To this day, comparative illusions have been tested mainly with monolingual, neurotypical speakers of English. The present research aims to broaden our understanding of this phenomenon by putting it to test in two populations that differ in one crucial factor: the number of languages they speak. A timed acceptability judgment task was administered to monolingual speakers of Standard Greek and bi(dia)lectal speakers of Standard and Cypriot Greek. The results are not fully in line with any of the semantic re-analyses proposed for the illusion so far, hence a new proposal is offered about what interpretation induces the illusion, appreciating the influence of both grammatical processing and cognitive heuristics. Second, the results reveal an effect of developmental trajectory. This effect may be linked to an enhanced ability to spot the illusion in bi(dia)lectals, but several factors can be identified as possible culprits behind this result. After discussing each of them, it is argued that having two grammars may facilitate the setting of a higher processing threshold, something that would entail decreased fallibility to grammatical illusions.
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Bernaisch, Tobias, Stefan Th Gries, and Joybrato Mukherjee. "The dative alternation in South Asian English(es)." English World-Wide 35, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.35.1.02ber.
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The present paper focuses on the modelling of cross-varietal differences and similarities in South Asian English(es) and British English at the level of verb complementation. Specifically, we analyse the dative alternation with GIVE, i.e. the alternation between the double-object construction (John gave Mary a book) and the prepositional dative (John gave a book to Mary) as well as their passivised constructions with regard to the factors that potentially exert an influence on this alternation in seven varieties of English. The South Asian varieties under scrutiny are Bangladeshi English, Indian English, Maldivian English, Nepali English, Pakistani English and Sri Lankan English, while British English serves as the reference variety. The patterns of GIVE are annotated according to the following parameters including potential predictors of the dative alternation: syntactic pattern and semantic class of GIVE; syntactic complexity, animacy, discourse accessibility and pronominality of constituents (cf. Gries 2003b; Bresnan and Hay 2008). The choices of complementation patterns are then statistically modelled using conditional inference trees and a random-forest analysis. The results indicate that many of the predictors found to be relevant in British English are at play in the South Asian varieties, too. The syntactic pattern of GIVE is, in descending order, uniformly influenced by the predictors pronominality of recipient, length of recipient, semantic class of GIVE and length of patient. Interestingly, the predictor country is marginal in accounting for the dative alternation of GIVE across the varieties at hand. Based on this observation, we derive variety-independent protostructions, i.e. abstract combinations of (cross-varietally stable) features with high predictive power for a particular syntactic pattern, which we argue to be part of the lexicogrammatical “common core” (Quirk et al. 1985: 16) of English. The implications of the present paper are twofold. While the order of the predictors regarding their influence on the dative alternation is clearly compatible with earlier studies (cf. e.g. Green 1974; Ransom 1979; Hawkins 1994; Gries 2003b), the stability of the order across varieties of English calls for a) a more fine-grained gradation of linguistic forms and structures at the lexis-grammar interface as indicators of structural nativisation and b) a revision of earlier verb-complementational findings specific to individual or groups of varieties of South Asian English.
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Akulina, Kseniia, and Evgeniya Tikhonova. "Characteristics of loanwords in Chinese language on the example of digital economy sphere." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 182 (2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-182-43-51.
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It is devoted to the study of borrowing methods in Chinese and the degree of influence of the English language on these methods on the example of terminological units from the digital economy sphere. The digital economy is one of the rapidly developing industries in the world, which attracts the attention of a large number of specialists from various fields of science. From the linguistics point of view, the interest of this industry is caused by the following question: what borrowing methods are used to “absorb” new vocabulary into the language, at a time when society in the shortest possible time receives a huge amount of information about new objects and phenomena from around the world? In other words: does the language manage to select the appropriate equivalents or adapt the phonetic calque for foreign lexical units? The aim of this work is to study the degree of influence of the English language on borrowing methods in Chinese. To achieve the goal, tasks were set. Firstly, to study the classification of borrowing methods of do-mestic and foreign sinologists. Among the many scientific works, we note the works of such scien-tists as V.I. Gorelov, A.L. Semenas, V.G. Burov, I.D. Klenin, V.F. Shchichko, Gāo Míngkǎi, Ruitsin Miao, Kui Zhu, Liu Yongquan. Secondly, to consider and describe in detail the graphical borrowing method in Chinese. The emphasis on this borrowing method was made because it ex-amines in detail lexical units, consisting in whole or in part of Greek or Latin letters. Thirdly, to analyze the terminological base of the Chinese language from the digital economy sphere, that is, to distribute lexical units according to groups corresponding to borrowing methods.
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Abdulla Abdorahman Banqeeb, Abdulla Abdorahman Banqeeb. "Disparity of Views Concerning (Al-Badie) book by Ibn Al-Moa’taz A Study of Contemporary Researchers' Opinions (English Abstract)." journal of king abdulaziz university arts and humanities 27, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/art.27-1.3.
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Abstract. This research studies the issues related to, Al-Badie book by Ibn Al-Moa’taz, upon which there were opposing opinions by contemporary researchers on how it should be understood. The first part of this research has tackled the issue of classifying this book. Secondly, the research looked at the reasons behind authoring this book. Thirdly, the research has discussed the book's chapters. Finally, our research also studied the Greek influence. This research has concluded that this disparity of views is due to several reasons such as: the book was authored at the beginning stage of Arabic culture shifting from oral mode to writing mode, the nature of the brief language used in this book and the contemporary researchers' academic backgrounds and their various intellectual streams.
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Kostantaras, Dean. "Byzantine Turns in Modern Greek Thought and Historiography, 1767-1874." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 12 (December 30, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.8805.
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<p>This article examines representations of Byzantium in Modern Greek historical<br />thought, from the first translation (1767) of the Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae to<br />the publication of Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos’ complete Ἱστορία τοῦ Ἑλληνικού Ἔθνους<br />[History of the Greek nation (1860-1874)]. In doing so, it reassesses conventions, especially<br />prevalent in English-language works, regarding the range and complexity of endeavors in<br />this vein. Developments in European thought are used throughout as a vantage point, as<br />they represent a contingency of great importance for any assessment of Greek attitudes<br />toward the past. However, these influences did not always point in one direction; a factor<br />which, in tandem with local generational and ideological divisions, helps to explain the<br />diverse perspectives on Byzantium in Greek works from the period under review.</p>
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Fotopoulos, Nikos, Vicky Karra, and Christos Zagkos. "Education, Ideology and Social Effigies: Exploring Facets from the English Course Books of the Greek State Primary Education." International Journal of Education 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v9i3.11540.
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Textbooks are important in many ways as they influence a student or a learner inside and outside school. Since students spend quite some time on textbooks especially in the Greek society, they are regarded more important and influential than friends, teachers, school and classroom activities, games, media and society. What needs to be considered before starting the analysis is the fact that ideology plays a significant role through the process of shaping collective representations. Additionally, it is a way of referring to a world-view of a particular culture due to their drastic impact to social consciousness. It is important to mention here that the term ‘culture’ is used in a broad sense to denote customs, attitudes and perceptions accepted and formed by people of a society, ideas and beliefs. The present article is a critical discourse analysis of ideological contents related to culture in Greek English language books of the Greek primary state education. It critically examines the following books: English 5th Grade and English 6th Grade which are taught in all primary state schools in Greece. The analysis aims at finding out the cultural ideologies which are embedded in the aforementioned textbooks. Fairclough’s analytical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA) will be partly implemented in order to explore cultural themes related to social events. Related often to CDA, the term ideology does not have an exact meaning or definition since it is looked at differently in several contexts, thus making its perspectives a bit elusive. However, trying to have at least a bit of understanding of it, the objectives of this discourse analysis of the Greek textbooks are: a) to see how far they pose an impact on the learners’ worldviews, b) to examine the relationship between dominant ideology, national identity and textbook content, c) to interpret their role through the educational apparatuses & d) to be aware concerning issues such as leisure time, social and cultural effigies.
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Høy, Asta. "Morphological considerations concerning the nationalisation of medical terms." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 13, no. 25 (February 23, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v13i25.25582.
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The Danish medical terminology, part of which used to be in pure Latin and Greek, is characterized by an increasing degree of nationalisation, due mainly to the decreasing knowledge of the classical languages. At the same time, the terminology is influenced by English, this century’s medical lingua franca. The present situation calls for an overall language policy including both the status and the corpus of the language for medical purposes. Hopefully, the future Danish Medical Language Advisory Board, which has been in the melting pot for a couple of years, will be able to act as a decision-and consensus-maker concerning these questions. In this article, the types of mor-phemes involved in the construction of the so-called neo-classical compounds are considered. Indeed, it may be assumed that a clear view of the morphological charac-teristics of the Danified neo-classical terms, the hybrids, could be a help in connection with setting up some general guidelines for their construction and spelling which might eliminate the confusion now prevailing in the area.
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Tulloch, Alexander. "The thyme is nigh." English Today 24, no. 4 (November 7, 2008): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078408000412.
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ABSTRACTSome religious etymologies in English.Whatever religious beliefs we hold or do not hold, there is no denying the fact that all cultures are affected to a greater or lesser degree by religion. Whether or not we attend church on a Sunday, the mosque on a Friday or the synagogue on the Sabbath the language we use during the rest of the week will be peppered with words and phrases which can be traced back to religious rites and practices of one sort or another. In the case of English, which has absorbed some of the vocabulary of most of the main religions in the world, the dominant influence has to be Christianity. And because the early church texts and documents were frequently written in, and heavily dependant upon, Latin and ancient Greek their influence is still detected in many of the religious and cultural references we make in everyday speech.
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Papadopoulos, Isaak. "Shaping the intercultural communicative profile of young foreign language students: a multidimensional analysis of their written." JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2019.12.1.9.
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Intercultural communication competence has recently been established within research and teaching as a key priority within second and foreign language teaching classrooms. More specifically, developing intercultural communication skills fosters students’ intercultural as well as linguistic competence in a way that prepares them to be able to interact with speakers of other languages and from different cultures. A very important component of effective communication is the persuasiveness of the message that is conveyed with a particular aim. In the speakers’ attempt to achieve persuasiveness, they make use of several means which are used to change the beliefs, attitudes, values, feelings and intentions of a person by communicative means, that is, speakers employ several persuasive strategies. This study recorded the persuasive strategies employed by 200 EFL language students (11 years of age) at the A1 language level according to CEFR when using English to communicate with speakers of other languages than Greek with the purpose of recommending an interesting work of literature. As for the analysis of the written communication, it was carried out through the 5R approach which consists of five stages called ‘Investigatory Readings’, in which the researcher stressed certain elements as regards the research hypothesis and a priori goals. This particular approach, written discourse examination, was also used in several studies at the national level, which recorded the communication strategies employed by language students when producing written discourse. The processing and analysis of the results indicated that A1 language level students made use of more rational persuasive strategies such as Authority, Model and Information in their attempt to persuade and influence others. Toward this goal, they appeared to activate this mode of persuasion through assertive speech acts including claims and assurances, which are highly relevant to their goal and the context of the study. Finally, A1 language students seemed to use mainly adjectives, periods and exclamation marks as elements of evaluation in their written discourse attempting to express directly and indirectly the judgement of their proposals.
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Zacharakis, Asterios, Konstantinos Pastiadis, and Joshua D. Reiss. "An Interlanguage Study of Musical Timbre Semantic Dimensions and Their Acoustic Correlates." Music Perception 31, no. 4 (December 2012): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2014.31.4.339.
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A study of musical timbre semantics was conducted with listeners from two different linguistic groups. In two separate experiments, native Greek and English speaking participants were asked to describe 23 musical instrument tones of variable pitch using a predefined vocabulary of 30 adjectives. The common experimental protocol facilitated the investigation of the influence of language on musical timbre semantics by allowing for direct comparisons between linguistic groups. Data reduction techniques applied to the data of each group revealed three salient semantic dimensions that shared common conceptual properties between linguistic groups namely: luminance, texture, and mass. The results supported universality of timbre semantics. A correlation analysis between physical characteristics and semantic dimensions associated: i) texture with the energy distribution of harmonic partials, ii) thickness (a term related to either mass or luminance) and brilliance with inharmonicity and spectral centroid variation, and iii) F0 with mass or luminance depending on the linguistic group.
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Padel, Ruth. "Homer's Reader: A reading of George Seferis." Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 31 (1985): 74–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068673500004764.
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The reader I have in mind is a poet. My immediate interest is the example he provides of a writer's relationship with her or his reading. My aim is double: to suggest both that Homer illuminates the work of the later poet and that the later poetry can function as an interpretation of Homer which offers even to a scholar valuable ways of reading the epics, especially the Odyssey. Accordingly, I shall usually offer translations both of the modern and of the ancient Greek, since not all classicists know modern Greek intimately and those who study modern Greek do not always know the ancient language well.Let us begin by reading one of Seferis' best-known poems. He wrote it in the Thirties and many contemporary poetic influences, both French and English, are at work in it. But I want to read it now from a special perspective, which I shall argue was crucial to Seferis through all his work. I shall read it as a search for a significant but bearable relationship in his own poetry with Homer and, through Homer, with the whole ancient poetic tradition.
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Seiradakis, Emmanouela. "First-Year Students’ EFL Reading Difficulties at a Greek Merchant Marine Academy: An Activity Theory Perspective." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n3p378.
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This paper explores how the transition from secondary to tertiary education influences Greek marine engineering students’ EFL reading behaviors and strategies from an activity-theory perspective. Data were gathered through individual semi-structured interviews with four first-year students who struggled with reading texts in English. Findings suggest that these students experience difficulties in reading lengthy discipline-specific texts such as technical manuals due to the fact they still use the same EFL reading strategies and have the same expectations they had before entering tertiary education. From an activity theory perspective, these students’ difficulties are associated with two distinct EFL reading activity systems which have diverse goals, tools, values, and division of labour. The first system is placed within the wider Greek foreign language education context these students belonged in high school. The second, involves the system that emerged after they entered the Merchant Marine Academy as tertiary education students. These two EFL reading systems clash and create obstacles in their discipline-specific reading which in turn slows down their disciplinary socialization in the marine engineering community.
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Bemis, Michael F. "Book Review: Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia." Reference & User Services Quarterly 56, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56n3.215c.
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Classical civilization represents the foundation upon which rests all of modern-day Western society. The English language, in particular, is larded with allusions to the Greeks and Romans of yesteryear, from “Achilles’s heel” to “deus ex machina” to “Trojan Horse,” which make reference to the many influences that these cultures have had on our art, literature, theater, and, unfortunately, war and military (mis)adventures. For all these reasons, it behooves the modern reader to have at least a passing familiarity with what transpired all those thousands of years ago. The editors would appear to agree with this assessment, as they state in the “Preface” that this three-volume work “is intended to fill a gap in current reference works. It meets the need for a standard reference work on Greek and Roman military history and related institutions that is accessible to nonspecialists” (xxiii). Just what criteria the editors used in framing this statement is unknown; however, a literature search reveals many well-regarded titles covering this subject matter. From the topic-specific, such as John Warry’s Warfare in the Classical World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors, and Warfare in the Ancient Civilizations of Greece and Rome (University of Oklahoma Press 1995) to the more general, such as the venerable Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press 2012), now in its fourth edition, there is certainly no shortage of print reference materials concerning warfare during the time of the Greek and Roman empires.
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Zaretsky, Eugen, and Benjamin P. Lange. "Ob Italienisch Deutsch fördert." Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 4, no. 1 (August 17, 2015): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.4.1.11zar.
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In this study, some extralinguistic factors were examined which might influence the language acquisition process in Italian and other immigrant preschool children acquiring German as their second or third language. The following methods of the language assessment were utilized: (a) a modified, validated version of language test Marburger Sprachscreening and (b) a classification of children as needing or not needing additional educational support in learning German. Italians scored significantly higher on vocabulary and grammar than other immigrant children. This can be attributed to the fact that Italians attended German nursery schools and played with German children after the daycare center time significantly more often than other immigrants. Immigrant groups with the most advanced German skills were English speaking children and Greeks. Linguistically weakest groups were Turks and Arabs. For these groups, dependence of the language acquisition process on extralinguistic factors was also shown.
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Chorna, Olena. "Socio-Communicative Approach to the Borrowing in the Ukrainian Tax Terminology." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-29.
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The influence of scientific terminology on the formation of the national language is manifested in the expansion of the terminological vocabulary of the Ukrainian language at the expense of words associated with new types of mental and practical activity, in interaction with the lexical system of living, spoken language, in categorical differentiation of lexemes (belonging to different categories – names processes, objects, phenomena, individuals, institutions), in the formation of the first system formations on the disparate terms basis. Tax terminology belongs to the ancient layers of the lexical system, its formation depends on many linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and ordering were the least studied of Ukrainian Linguistic issues. The least studied in linguistic-Ukrainian studies were the questions of the functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and organization. The analysis of the historical background of economic activity in the Ukrainian language aspect, is closely linked to the Ukrainian political history. In addition, we take into account the geopolitical situation that arose as a result of the distribution of Ukrainian lands for several centuries between different states, where Ukrainians followed to legislations of these countries, where the rights and status of the Ukrainian language manifested itself in different ways. Different linguistic and political orientations of the regions of Ukraine had influenced on the formation of the tax terminology on the Dnieper and Dniester territories. As follows, there were extralinguistic factors of analyzed terms borrowing which had the main influence on the process, such as: Integration processes in science, the high level of development of this science-applied discipline in the countries of Western Europe. The long existence of Ukraine in conditions of economic, socio-political and cultural dependence on neighbouring states. As a result of the historical and political factors, the stages of free, natural development of terminology, dominance in all spheres of special language, specifically Ukrainian vocabulary, as alternating with the stages of artificial Russification, polonization or Germanization of the economic vocabulary of the Ukrainian language with parallel withdrawal from the circulation of terms created on its own linguistic basis. The sources of the Ukrainian tax terminology were such languages as Latin, Greek, French, German, Lithuanian, Italian, English, Turkish, Arabic, Polish. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity of approaches that has developed in Ukraine in the field of scientific language (scientific style in general) requires serious linguistic analysis and developing of specific recommendations for the creation and use of terms due to their solidity in science and the language, convenience, and the correspondence of the Ukrainian language system. That is why particular importance is the question of the correlation of the national language and foreign languages terms, the role of borrowing in the system of development modern Ukrainian terminology. The best option is to use national terms if they correspond to the optimal aesthetic, linguistic and cultural characteristics, psychological characteristics. The situation of uncertainty ambiguity of approaches which has developed in Ukraine in the field of the scientific language, (the scientific style in general),needs serious linguistic analysis and making specific recommendations as for creating and using terms, considering on their solidity in science and language, convenience, compliance with the Ukrainian language system.
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Kourkouta, L., P. Ouzounakis, A. Monios, and Ch Iliadis. "Nutritional habits in the elderly." Progress in Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5163.
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Introduction: Aging is accompanied by several physiological and psychological changes in the organism of an individual (e.g., decreased sense of taste and smell, disruption of satiety, depression), which affect the nutritional intake. Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study is to highlight the nutritional habits of elderly people. Materials and methods: Extensive review of the recent literature in electronic databases (Pub med, Google scholar) and journals. Exclusion criterion for the articles was the language than the Greek and English. Results: The increase life expectancy is important to be accompanied by physical and mental health, quality of life and, where possible, from participation in social, economic, cultural and spiritual life. Adopting healthy dietary patterns, combined with daily physical activity, and factors such as avoiding smoking, could help considerably in reaching these goals. The physical and psychological changes occurring during aging may adversely affect nutritional status. Instead, a proper diet can positively influence the physical and emotional state of elderly people. Conclusions: Diet and generally nutrition habits of the elderly play an important role in their health.
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Vázquez Diéguez, Ignacio. "Tonicidad diferente entre portugués y español. Procesos de adecuación." Epos : Revista de filología, no. 33 (August 23, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/epos.33.2017.19274.
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En este artículo se dan ciertas informaciones para intentar explicar la diferente pronunciación de un conjunto de palabras entre español y portugués. Las causas de dicha diferencia son diversas. Se observa, sobre todo, una distinta evolución y/o adaptación del término originario (principalmente latín y griego), en ocasiones esperable y en otras no; también se ve la influencia de una tercera lengua (francés, sobre todo, inglés y otras) y en palabras formadas a partir de otras dos, a veces domina el acento de una y a veces el de la otra.The aim of this article is to try and explain the different pronunciation of a set of words between Spanish and Portuguese. The causes of this difference are diverse. We observe, above all, a different evolution and/or adaptation of the original term (mainly Latin and Greek), sometimes expected and sometimes not; the influence of a foreign language (French, especially, English and others) is also seen, and —in compound words formed from other two— sometimes prevails the stress of one word and sometimes prevails the other.