Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Greek polis'

Texte remanié de: M.A. dissertation--Faculty of the School of philosophy--Washington (D.C.)--Catholic university of America, 1988.
Mentions de collection et de collection parallèle partiellemnt translittérées du grec. Bibliogr. p. 99-114. Index.

This thesis examines the ways in which slaves are represented in classical Greek sources. The aim of this study is to examine the ideology which informed Greek depictions of slaves. Through such an analysis, we can learn a great deal not only about important issues such as Greek perceptions of barbarians and manual labour, but also wider issues, such as the nature of our sources and the ways in which Greeks defined themselves through their use of the antithetical image of the slave - the quintessential "Other" to the Greek ideal. Since slaves are depicted in a range of material, this thesis draws upon representations of slaves from sources as varied as art, drama, oratory, and philosophy. In short, this study examines representations of slaves in their own right. It highlights the cross-generic pervasiveness of slave representation and examines how representation functioned to naturalise and perpetuate the institution of slavery in ancient Greece.

This thesis uses the evidence for a wide range of phenomena relating to the exile of citizens, by judicial decision or through stasis, to investigate the political cultures of Greek poleis in the period c. 404-146 BC: the fundamental ideas about citizenship which were in circulation in poleis in that period. Political communication in the context of exile phenomena forced citizens to make explicit their fundamental assumptions about the criteria for civic inclusion and exclusion and about the extent and basis of civic obligation. Analysis of surviving evidence for that communication thus offers unique insights into prominent Greek ideas about citizenship. This method is applied, in chapters 1 and 2, to laws and discussions relating to, first, lawful expulsion and exclusion and, second, civic reconciliation and the reintegration of exiles; and, in chapters 3 and 4, to the political rhetoric, organisation and ideas of participants in exclusionary stasis and of exiled citizens. Wherever possible, ancient Greek philosophers’ arguments, rhetoric and assumptions are compared with those of non-philosophers. Study of the four different bodies of evidence suggests that most poleis’ political cultures were distinguished by their extremes, paradoxes, indeterminacies and contradictions. In particular, many poleis’ political cultures included very significant, radical norms of civic voluntarism, encouraging citizens to exercise extensive voluntary initiative in political contexts. Moreover, most poleis political cultures were dominated by two coexisting, radically opposed basic paradigms of the good polis and of good citizenship: these are defined in the introduction and chapter 1 as a ‘unitarian teleological communitarian’ paradigm and a ‘libertarian contractarian’ paradigm. In addition to revealing fundamental ideas of citizenship, some of the exile evidence enables study of the effects of those ideas in practice in this period: citizens’ political choices, claims and behaviour in relevant periods of stress, such as a bout of exclusionary stasis or a spell of political agitation while in exile, represent a well-defined and revealing case-study of the multiple, competing effects of those ideas on political interaction. It is argued that the exile evidence suggests that the same fundamental ideas of citizenship were conducive both to civic stability and flourishing and to destructive civic unrest.

This thesis examines the Greek institution of proxenia and uses it to explore how inter-polis institutions functioned in shaping the behaviour of both individuals and communities in the ancient world. In response to continuing debate concerning the nature of proxenia, I demonstrate that, throughout the Classical and Hellenistic periods, it was defined as an honorific status by the practical intermediary role which it performed in facilitating interactions between different poleis. As such proxenia was a central element of a broader system of inter-polis institutions which constituted the dominant interstate discourse in the ancient Mediterranean. This thesis shows that Proxenia with its particularly rich epigraphic record allows us to explore how poleis made use of this institutional language of status and legitimacy to assert membership of an interstate system which was conceived of as a society of poleis. In Chapter 1 I propose a new model for reconstructing how proxenia was understood based on the expectations – of what proxenoi should be and do – which poleis communicated in their stereotypical descriptions of honorands in proxeny decrees. Chapter 2 then explores how this abstract understanding of proxenia worked in practice in the political realities of elite competition in the Greek poleis. In Chapter 3 I use proxeny lists to reconstruct the perspective of the polis on proxenia – in the networks of hundreds of proxenoi which even small poleis amassed as a result of constant interaction. Chapter 4 explores the role of proxenia, within a broader system of institutions, in the construction of communal identity within an anarchic interstate system. In Chapter 5 I develop quantitative methods to explore the epigraphic record for proxeny’s decline, arguing that proxenia, along with the other inter-polis institutions, disappeared because the Roman authorities at the centre replaced inter-polis connections as the source of communal identity and prestige.

Social, political and philosophical dynamics which supposedly played an important role in the formation of the grid-plan in ancient Greek cities are explored in this thesis. In this respect, the thesis aims to expose the socio-political and philosophical matrix of Greek society in which the grid was implemented with an emphasis on the concepts of equality, rationality and geometric harmony. Having formulated a theoretical framework, it concentrates on several cases from different regions and contexts in the Mediterranean in order to confirm this framework. The thesis investigates the nature of the Greek grid-plan within three main parts
first the grid-plans of non-Greek cultures with which ancient Greeks had close contacts
second the relationship between the grid-plan and political power in Greek poleis with special attention to the formation of &
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egalitarian&
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ideals in society
third the physical expressions of the philosophical concepts of perfection, mathematical regularity and geometrical equality in the cosmos on urban pattern.

O presente estudo pretende examinar o papel desempenhado pelo culto de Zeus na legitimação de grupos e regimes políticos nas póleis gregas, bem como na construção de redes de identidade grega em contexto políade. Queremos oferecer explicações válidas sobre quais fatores políticos e sociais levaram à emergência do culto de Zeus na pólis grega no final do século VII a.C., à apropriação de seu culto a partir do século VI a.C. - o período no qual a pólis alcançou o seu primeiro ápice de urbanização e no qual ocorreu o primeiro aumento de santuários cívicos do deus (no território e na área urbana) e do uso da imagem da águia em moedas gregas -, assim como ao fenômeno de proliferação dos santuários e de imagens monetárias de Zeus e do raio nos séculos V e IV a.C., quando o culto se consolidou na cidade grega. A nossa documentação básica será: 1) todos os componentes de todos os santuários gregos dedicados a Zeus, conhecidos arqueologicamente, entre a Idade do Bronze e a época clássica (até 345/44 a.C.); e 2) todas as moedas conhecidas com imagens de Zeus e de seus atributos, o raio e a águia, cunhadas a partir do período arcaico e até 345/44 a.C. Moedas e santuários compõem a documentação, pois têm em comum o caráter de oficialidade e de identidade da cidade grega: os dois tipos de documento partem de uma mesma entidade política, a pólis. Essa pesquisa oferecerá um panorama geral do culto de Zeus na pólis na longa duração, além de uma abordagem regional que sublinhará os casos mais significativos a respeito de ambos os tipos de documentação referentes à divindade no Peloponeso, em Creta, na Sicília e na Itália do Sul.
The present study is designed to examine the role played by the cult of Zeus in the legitimization of political groups and regimes in Greek poleis, as well as in the construction of networks of Greek identity in a polis context. This investigation aims to offer valid explanations to the following subjects: a) the political and social factors that caused the emergence of cult of Zeus in the Greek polis in the end of the 7th century BC; b) the appropriation of his cult in the poleis from the 6th century BC (the period in which the polis achieved the first apex of urbanization, when occurred the first increase of civic sanctuaries of the deity and the use of eagles types on Greek coins); c) the phenomenon of proliferation of sanctuaries and coin types of Zeus and thunderbolts during the 5th and 4th centuries BC, when the cult was consolidated in the Greek cities. The basic sources of this research are: 1) all components of all known Greek sanctuaries dedicated to Zeus between the Bronze Age and the Classical period until 345/44 BC).; and, 2) all known coins with images of Zeus or his attributes, in this case the thunderbolt and eagle minted between the Archaic period and 345/44 BC. The choice of coins and sanctuaries as the main sources was due to the fact that both share characteristics of identity and officiality of the Greek city, both types of data originate from the same political entity, the polis. This research will provide an overview of the cult of Zeus in poleis in a long-term perspective, as well as a regional approach which will focus on both types of data (sanctuaries and coin types) regarding the deity in four areas of the Greek world - Peloponnese, Crete, Sicily and Southern Italy.

The public realm of the ancient, Western city evolved situationally - over time and in response to the ethos of its citizens. Some of the urban forms that were born within the context of the ancient city are still in use today. These now archetypal forms met the specific needs of the ancient city, and as they were repeated, patterns arose that came to define what a physical city was. The physical form of the city and the citizen body were intrinsically linked in the ancient world - and in ancient Greece were defined by the same word - polis. In Rome, the city and the collective citizenry come to be defined separately - as urbs and civitas, respectively. The Romans continue to use and elaborate upon the urban forms and patterns developed in Greece, in support of the Roman civitas. The development of the public realm and its most archetypal forms, from the stoa to the public plaza, of a selection of ancient cities will be examined in three parts; Greece, Rome, and Roman colonies. Within these three representative examples, a tripartite examination of the myths, rituals, and development of the public realm will give a complete picture of the city - its form and its ethos. First, the Greek city will be discussed using the architectural development of the Athenian agora within its historical and political context. With an understanding of the Greek public realm, specific architectural advancements, including the stoa form, of the Greeks can be better understood. Second, the Roman elaboration of the Greek forms will be traced in the growth of the Forum Boarium in Rome. While situationally-developed, the archetypal urban forms that grew in Greece and Rome came to define urban patterns that could be used in new settings, like those of colonial settlements, while retaining the ethos of the original. From its first colony of Ostia to its exemplary Gallic capital of Lyon, Rome established a codified set of urban patterns that both represented and explained Roman urban values to its expanding populace. Finally, the Roman contributions, particularly the colony and fora patterns that evolved in Gaul, will be examined in detail using the colonial capital of Lyon as the primary example. As new socio-political systems evolved - the polis in Athens and the Empire in Rome - correlating urban forms developed in support of them. In the ancient city, the city and the public realm were the containers for ritual action - and the architecture that developed reflected this basic purpose of the city.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-02

The purpose of my research is to investigate the processes and mechanisms of semantic change in two basic colour terms: green in English and zielony in Polish. My research methodology focuses on existing English and Polish corpora, namely the British National Corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the National Corpus of Polish. I analyze my data both synchronically and diachronically (comparing two periods of time: 1985-1994, 2001-2010). My study also evaluates the use of corpus evidence for the purpose of investigating the processes of semantic change. Various factors have caused the Basic Colour Terms (BCTs) green and zielony to form metaphorical and metonymical meanings that have been conventionalised in English and Polish respectively. These processes have long played an important role in our understanding of the surrounding world. Investigating semantic changes in these two colour terms and two periods of time is key to my cross-cultural research, and this entails answering the questions: Why do green and zielony develop different senses? What are the similarities and differences between these two colour terms? How have these two terms developed and might they develop new senses in future? Are metonymy and metaphor the only mechanisms of semantic change in green and zielony? The semantic change of each colour term is shown through a network of meanings, where all the different meanings of green and zielony are presented together with their stages of development in the form of codes. Additionally each stage is a separate prototype. The aim of the network is to show the etymological prototype and various senses (new prototypes) developing from this original sense. Moreover the number of occurrences of each prototype might indicate which meaning or meanings are most common or even central in a given language at a certain point in time. The network of meanings is a visual representation of semantic change and processes involved in it. A very detailed analysis of corpus examples provides an insight into the uses of green and zielony in English and Polish respectively. The data are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Such an approach offers a thorough analysis of the two terms in question.

This thesis aims to uncover and explore a series of everyday experiences of migration, a phenomenon which can be both a monumental upheaval and an ordinary activity. The research for this study has been carried out in Leicester, a city recognised for its large and diverse migrant population, orientating around Polish, Greek-Cypriot and Italian immigrants, three relatively small but distinctive migrant groups. Based on evidence collected from 55 oral history/in-depth interviews and supplemented by other sources including the census, local newspapers and several pie-recorded interviews, four overlapping themes are considered. The first studies the migration process itself, highlighting the important contrast between voluntary and involuntary migration and examining the different memories and legacies of migration. While migration has been the pivotal experience in Polish life histories, for example, it has been notably less significant for the Italian and Greek-Cypriot interviewees. Secondly, the national, rather than ethnic, identities of the groups are analysed, demonstrating how national consciousness survives the upheaval of migration to continue through the recognition of national histories, traditional rituals and material culture, and the persistence of national myths and ambiguities. The third theme incorporates the different respondents' memories and experiences of their homelands, focusing especially on the transnational connections that are established with the national territory after migration. Subscriptions to national satellite television channels, for example, have become an important feature in homeland relationships in the past decade. Finally, different experiences of community life in Leicester are studied, considering how 'community' is projected in the interviews, and analysing the shared social and cultural norms and values that underpin community life. Using the individual testimonies, the study highlights the tensions felt between collective ideals and personal autonomy. Overall the thesis seeks to assert the continued importance of national identity in migrants' everyday lives, and the flexibility of collective constructs which allow each respondent to experience migration, nation and community individually.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
Propolis is a resinous material collected by bees from different parts of plants. Both its composition as its biological properties are dependent on factors such as climate, soil, vegetation and species of collecting bees. Propolis has great potential for therapeutic use due to its chemical composition and pharmacological properties. Herein it was determined the contents of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and chemical composition (assessed by HPLC-PAD) of twelve green propolis samples from beekeepers and sixteen commercial propolis extracs from different regions of Southeast Brazil. The antioxidant abilities of the extracts were qualitatively determined through the total phenolic contents using the Folin?Ciocalteau method. Total flavonoids were assessed by the method of complexation with aluminium chloride. The quantitative antioxidant activiti of propolis extracts were determined both by trapping the organic radicals DPPH and ABTS.+ as well by the iron reduction method (FRAP). High pressure liquid chromatography allowed the identification and quantification of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, para-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, hesperidin, naringenin, pinobanksin, kaempferol, 4-hydroxy-3,5-diprenyl cinnamic acid (Artepillin-C), kampheride and pinostrobin. Artepillin C, a well known chemical marker of propolis, was present in all propolis extracts analyzed. We highlight that the presence of rosmarinic acid in propolis samples from Rio de Janeiro was reported for the first time in this work. The discrimination between green propolis in natura and commercial green propolis extracts was performed using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) statistical method. The antioxidant capacity in vivo of propolis extracts were evaluated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as biological system model, assessing important parameters as stress tolerance and lipid peroxidation rate. The antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of propolis in natura were tested against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporium.
A pr?polis ? um material resinoso coletado pelas abelhas de diferentes partes das plantas, sua composi??o e as suas propriedades biol?gicas dependem do clima, solo, vegeta??o e da esp?cie da abelha. A pr?polis tem grande potencial de aplica??o terap?utica, devido ? sua composi??o e propriedades farmacol?gicas. Nesse trabalho foi determinado o teor de subst?ncias fen?licas, a capacidade antioxidante e composi??o qu?mica por CLAE-DAD de doze amostras de pr?polis verde, adquiridas de apicultores, e dezesseis extratos de pr?polis comerciais, provenientes de diferentes regi?es do Sudeste do Brasil. A capacidade antioxidante dos extratos foi avaliada qualitativamente atrav?s do teor de fen?licos totais, pelo m?todo de Folin?Ciocalteau, e flavonoides pelo m?todo de complexa??o com cloreto de alum?nio. A quantifica??o do potencial antioxidante foi realizada pela captura dos radicais org?nicos DPPH e ABTS.+, al?m do m?todo de redu??o do ?on f?rrico (FRAP). An?lises por cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia permitiram a identifica??o e quantifica??o de ?cido clorog?nico, ?cido cafeico, ?cido fer?lico, ?cido para-cum?rico, ?cido rosmar?nico, ?cido 3,5-diprenil-4-hidroxicin?mico (Artepillin C), vanilina, hesperidina, naringenina, pinobanksina, canferol, canferide e pinostrobina. Em todos os extratos de pr?polis analisados foi identificado o Artepillin C, marcador qu?mico para pr?polis verde. Destacamos que neste trabalho foi reportada pela primeira vez a presen?a de ?cido rosmar?nico em pr?polis do Rio de Janeiro. M?todos quimiom?tricos de an?lise explorat?ria, utilizando ?nalise por Componentes Principais foram utilizados para discriminar extratos de pr?polis verde in natura daqueles extratos comerciais. O potencial antioxidante in vivo dos extratos etan?licos de pr?polis foram avaliados utilizando cepas controles de Saccharomyces cerevisiae como modelo de sistema biol?gico e foram avaliados toler?ncia ao estresse e proxida??o lip?dica. A atividade antif?ngica dos extratos etan?licos de pr?polis in natura foram avaliados, e inibiram o crescimento in vitro do fungo fitopat?geno Fusarium oxysporum.

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Novos poli?steres a partir do ?cido isoft?lico e glicerol foram sintetizados por policondensa??o. As amostras foram sintetizadas em diferentes condi??es obtidas pela combina??o das vari?veis: propor??o molar ?cido isoft?lico:glicerol, temperatura, press?o e tempo de rea??o, denominadas AM1 (1,0:2,3; 195 ?C; 1,0 atm; 100 min), AM10 (1,0:1,5, 210 ?C; 0,29 atm; 30 min), AM11 (1:1,5, 203 ?C, 1,0 atm; 60 min), AM12 (1:1,5, 197 ?C; 1,0 atm; 110 min) e AM13 (1,0:2,3, aquecimento por micro-ondas; 1,0 atm; 3 mim). As amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia na regi?o de infravermelho (FTIR), an?lise termogravim?trica (TGA) e calorimetria diferencial explorat?ria (DSC) e difratometria de raios-x (DRX). Filmes dos poli?steres foram analisados por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e ?ngulo de contato. A partir dos espectros de FTIR foi poss?vel confirmar a esterifica??o para todos os materiais sintetizados pelo aparecimento da banda em ~1710 cm-1 , caracter?stica da liga??o C=O de ?ster. A an?lise das curvas de TGA e suas derivadas (DTG) demonstrou para o poli?ster AM1 duas etapas de degrada??o t?rmica predominantes: em 214 ?C e 393 ?C. O poli?ster AM10 apresentou dois principais picos de degrada??o t?rmica localizadas em 247 ?C e 373 ?C. Os poli?steres AM11, AM12 e AM13 apresentaram picos de degrada??o bem pr?ximas entre si, em 415 ?C, 423 ?C e 413 ?C, respectivamente. A partir dos termogramas de DSC constatou-se a temperatura de transi??o v?trea de cada poli?ster em 47,31 ?C, 48,06 ?C, 39,62 ?C, 17,44 ?C, 56,44 ?C, para AM1, AM10, AM11, AM12 e AM13, respectivamente. Os picos das temperaturas de fus?o foram identificadas para a AM1 em 131,9 ?C, AM10 em 131,2 ?C, 148.0 ?C e 164,5 ?C, para a AM11 em 144,5 ?C e 160,7 ?C, para AM12 em 149,6 ?C, 163,5 ?C, 169,7 ?C e para a AM13 em 131,9 ?C e 149,2 ?C. Os difratogramas demonstraram que os materiais sintetizados s?o semicristalinos. A micrografias de MEV revelaram uma morfologia homog?nia para as amostras AM12 e AM13, e heterog?nea com dom?nios escuros AM10 e AM11. Os valores da energia livre superficial foram 66, 59, 61 e 67 mN.m-1 para as amostras AM10, AM11, AM12 e AM13, respectivamente. Testes de for?a necess?ria para romper a ader?ncia foram realizados nos diferentes tipos de amostras que se comportaram de forma vari?vel nos cinco diferentes substratos utilizados. No substrato de vidro, a?o e cobre o poli?ster AM10 apresentou maior resist?ncia para a separa??o das placas com o valor de 4,18, 5,88 e 8,19 Kgf/mm?, respectivamente. No alum?nio a AM11 apresentou valor de 2,02 Kgf mm?. E, na madeira o poli?ster AM12 demonstrou press?o necess?ria para o rompimento de 4,40 Kgf/mm?. Esses resultados demonstram a possibilidade de aplica??o dos poliesteres sintetizados neste trabalho como adesivos hot melt.
Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Tecnologia, Sa?de e Sociedade, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
New polyester from isophthalic acid and glycerol were synthesized by polycondensation. The samples were synthesized at different conditions obtained by the combination of variable, namely isophthalic acid: glycerol molar ratio, temperature, pressure and reaction time. These different experimental conditions yielded samples called AM1 (1.0:2.3, 195 ?C; 1.0 atm; 100 min), AM10 (1.0:1.5, 210 ?C; 0.29 atm, 30 min), AM11 (1:1.5, 203 ?C, 1.0 atm, 60 min), AM12 (1:1.5; 197 ?C; 1.0 atm; 110 min) and AM13 (1.0:2.3, microwave heating; 1.0 atm, 3 min). Samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Films of polyesters were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle. FTIR spectra confirmed that the esterification occurred for all materials synthesized by the appearance of the band at ~ 1710 cm-1, characteristic of the C=O stretching. TGA curve and its derivatives (DTG) demonstrated two main thermal degradation peaks at 214 ?C and 393 ?C for AM1 sample. The AM10 polyester presented two main thermal degradations peaks located at 247 ?C and 373 ?C. The thermal degradation peaks of AM11, AM12 and AM13 were very close and occurred at 415 ?C, 423 ?C, and 413 ?C, respectively. From the DSC thermograms, it was found glass transition temperature of each polyester at 47.31 ?C, 48.06 ?C, 39.62 ?C, 17.44 ?C, 56.44 ?C, for AM1, AM10, AM11, AM12 and AM13, respectively. Melting temperature was founded for AM1 at 131.9 ?C, for AM10 at 131.2 ?C, 148.0 ?C and 164.5 ?C, for AM11 at 144.5 and 160.7 ?C, for AM12 at 149.6 ?C, 163.5 ?C and 169.7 ? C, and for AM13 at 131.9 ? C and 149.2 ?C. The XRD difratograms reveled that syntethized materials are semi-crystalline. MEV analisys revealed the existence of dark domains for AM10 and AM11 samples, and a homogeneous smooth surface for AM12 and AM13 samples. Surface free energy values were of 66, 59, 61 and 67 mN.m-1 for AM10, AM11, AM12 and AM13, respectively. Single lap shear tests were carried out in five different types of substrates. For glass, steel and copper AM10 showed greater resistance, with shear strengh value of 4.18 Kgf mm? 5.88 Kgf mm? and 8.19 kgf mm?, respectively. For aluminum, AM11 showed a shear strengh value of 2.02 kgf mm?. And, for wood, AM12 showed shear strengh value of 4.40 kgf mm?. These results revealed technological applicability for polyesteres synthetized here, such as their use as hot melt adhesives.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um sistema polimérico bi-componente formado por Poli(Ácido carboxílico)-Poli(Eter-poliol), constituído primariamente de um polímero acrílico polimerizado pelo processo de polimerização em solução aquosa por mecanismo de radicais livres ao qual foi adicionado seqüencialmente, um Poli(Eter-poliol), ambos de baixo peso molecular médio. Tal sistema tem por finalidade atuar como dispersante-ligante em sistema cerâmico à base de caulim CADAM, uma vez que este sistema apresenta propriedades termoplásticas e termorrígidas a diferentes temperaturas. Foram sintetizados 03 protótipos de um sistema polimérico e o critério para escolha teve como base o pH do sistema em sentido generalizado, isto é, compreendendo as diversas fases de preparação dos polímeros e sua aplicação final. É do conhecimento comum que a reação de esterificação entre grupos COOHOH requer catálise ácida para ocorrer, o qual usualmente é realizada em pH abaixo de 4 e, neste ensaio, este pH ácido é devido à presença de ácido para-toluenosulfônico, que atua como catalisador de esterificação. Em tal intervalo de pH, em virtude do ponto isoelétrico do caulim ser comumentemente abaixo de 4, a estabilização da dispersão de caulim por repulsão eletrostática utilizando polímeros sintéticos é improvável de ocorrer, razão pela qual buscou-se mecanismos alternativos para obtenção de uma tal estabilização, entre os quais o mecanismo estérico surge como opção. O sistema polimérico do presente estudo apresenta-se na forma de uma solução aquosa sendo, de fato, uma mistura homogênea de um copolímero de ácido acrílico, N- metiloacrilamida e metacrilato de metoxipolietileno glicol e um poli(eter-poliol). O poli(eter-poliol) e N-metilolacrilamida presentes no sistema polimérico são principais fontes de grupo hidroxila para reação de poliesterificação e formação de ligações cruzadas à temperatura de 150 a 200 °C. No estado termoplástico o sistema polimérico produzido pela mistura poli(ácido carboxílico)-poli(eter-poliol) pode ser utilizado como dispersante de argilas com especial fóco sobre caulim como tratado neste trabalho. A propriedade dispersante pode ser atribuida à presença de grupos carboxílicos e metoxipolietilenoglicol aleatoriamente distribuídos ao longo da cadeia polimérica e, também, ao baixo peso molecular médio. A temperaturas entre 150 a 200 °C, o polímero é reticulado (crosslinked) por reação de poliesterificação, catalisada por ácido, entre grupos carboxila e grupos hidroxila, sendo as hidroxilas provenientes tanto de poliol como de N-metilolacrilamida (NMAM). Assim, do ponto de vista térmico comporta-se como termorrígido, sendo nesta condição insolúvel em água e adequado atuar como ligante na manufatura de materiais cerâmicos. Medidas de mobilidade eletroforética e viscosidade são aplicadas à caracterização de caulim e do sistema polimérico a fim de avaliar a potencialidade de aplicação como dispersante desta argila. Também, as transições dos estados termoplásticos para termorrigidos foram determinadas por análise termogravimétrica (TG) e análise dinâmico mecânica (DMA) nos polímeros isoladamente e depois com medidas de resistência mecânica do sistema caulim/polímero. O sistema apresentou comportamento dispersante em água e ligante após cura. Um sistema polimérico assim sintetizado foi propriamente curado por calor tornando- se, na forma termorrígida, um ligante para peças cerâmicas com propriedades mecânicas de alto desempenho, como resistência a flexão no estado cru (green strenght).
This work presents the study of a polymeric bi-component system made from Poly(carboxylic acid)-Poly(ether-polyol) primarily constituted of an acrylic acid polymerized through the process of aqueous solution polymerization by free radical mechanism, to which a poly(ether-polyol) has been sequentially added, both of them of low average molecular weight. Such a system has the aim to act as dispersing-binding balance on CADAM kaolin targeting to evaluate the applicability potential or the preparation of ceramic bodies as this polymeric system presents thermoplastic and thermosetting properties at different temperatures. Were made the synthesis of 03 polymeric system prototypes which criteria for choice was based on pH of the system at whole sense, that is, regarding the several steps for polymers preparation and its final application. It is knowledge that esterification reaction between COOH-OH groups requires acid catalyst to occur, which usually is done at pH below 4 and, in this work this pH is due to p-toluene sulfonic acid that act as esterification catalyst. In this range of pH, due to the isoeletric point of kaolin to be below 4 the electrostatic stabilization of dispersion is unlikely to occur, from which reason was looked for an alternative mechanism to achieve the dispersion stabilization, among them the steric mechanism arises an option. The polymeric system of this study is the form of an aqueous solution, which actually is a homogeneous blend of a copolymer of acrylic acid, N-Methylolacrylamide Methoxypolyethyleneglycol Methacrylate (MPEGMA) and Poly(ether-polyol). The Poly(etherpolyol) and the N-Methylolacrylamide presents at the polymeric system are the main sources of hydroxyl groups to enhance the polyesterification reaction for further crosslinking at temperatures from 160 to 200 °C. At the thermoplastic state the polymeric system made by Poly(carboxilic acid)poly(ether-polyol) macromolecules may be used as clay dispersant focusing on kaolin for this work. The dispersant property may be attributed to the carboxylic and methoxypolyethyleneglycol group randomly distributed along the polymeric chain backbone and, also to the low average molecular weight. At temperatures between 150 to 200 °C, the polymer is crosslinked by polyesterification reaction catalized by acid between carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups, in such way that hydroxyls groups comes both from the polyol base polymer and NMethylolacrylamide (NMAM) present at first polymer backbone. Thus, through a thermal standpoint it behaves as thermoset being that, under this condition, water insoluble and adequate to act as binder for manufacturing of ceramic materials. Electrophoretic mobility and viscosity measurements were applied for the characterization of kaolin and the polymeric system targeting to the evaluation its potential application as a dispersant for this clay. Also, the transitions from the thermoplastic to the thermoset state have been determined by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG) and dynamicmechanical analysis (DMA) for the Poly(carboxylc acid)poly(ether-polyol) polymers alone and further by mechanical resistance measurements for a clay-polymer system. The system has presented both dispersant behavior on aqueous media and binder just afterward cure. A polymeric system thus synthesized was properly cured by heat turning and then, at the thermoset state, become suitable for act as a binder for ceramic bodies with high performance mechanical properties measured as flexural resistance at green strength.

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The objective of the research was to identify the environmental perception of the users physical activity program of the Municipal Health Secretariat (SEMUS) of São Luís - MA investigating the factors that contribute positively and/or negatively to the performance of activities in green areas and/or enclosed spaces. Evaluated as well, the level of user satisfaction and physical education teachers who work in the program. The quantitative and qualitative research was taking place in the first stage, literature and analysis of the National Health Promotion (PNPS) addressing their guidelines, operationalization and its effects on the development of the Municipal Policy fighting the Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) São Luís - MA. The data on hypertension and diabetes were collected on Registration and Monitoring System for Hypertensive Diabetics - HIPERDIA in the period 2005-2011. In the second stage, the data were obtained from semi-structured interviews applied to users and Physical Education teachers working in the program. We used the theory of Social Representation focusing on qualitative and quantitative research through technical analysis of the subject discourse, from the interviews. The program "São Luís in Moviment" was created in 2008, is organized in 04 centers: Park Bom Menino; Coroado-Sacavém; COHAB and Vinhais, serving on average 200 registered users, aged between 16 and 70. As a general conclusion it is emphasized that the users' perception regarding physical exercise is positive, because the regularity of activities in the field provides benefits physiological, psychological and social aspects of the respondents. When comparing the two groups of users that perform activities in areas with green spaces and closed the first group evaluated more positively than the second. However, users who perform in closed stressed the factor of "security" as a determinant to prefer these spaces. We conclude that although the PNPS determine the adoption of a preventive policy against the advancement of NCDs, the research showed that lack of proper structuring, both in the green areas as in enclosed place where the program activities compromise the achievement of the goals established evident that preventive actions are not priorities of local public administrations. The data HIPERDIA revel that during the evaluation period was the growth of the diseases reported, especially hypertension among women. Alongside it was observed that there was a reduction in vegetation cover capital of Maranhão affect even more the availability of green areas for the practice of physical activities, the population in general and users of the program. Thus, it is suggested the expansion and/or maintenance of green areas, open spaces in the capital of Maranhão in conditions of minimal infrastructure needed to encourage sports activities and leisure in general, in addition to expanding the program by creating other hubs in different neighborhoods.
O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a percepção ambiental dos usuários do programa de atividade física da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SEMUS) de São Luís - MA investigando os fatores que contribuem positiva e/ou negativamente para a realização das atividades em áreas verdes e/ou espaços fechados. Avaliou-se assim, o nível de satisfação dos usuários e professores de Educação Física que atuam no programa. A pesquisa foi qualiquantitativa realizando-se na primeira etapa, levantamento bibliográfico e análise da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS) abordando suas diretrizes, operacionalização e seus reflexos no desenvolvimento da Política Municipal de combate as Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) em São Luís - MA. Os dados sobre hipertensão arterial e diabetes foram coletados no Sistema de Cadastramento e Acompanhamento de Hipertensos e Diabéticos - HIPERDIA, no período de 2005-2011. Na segunda etapa, os dados levantados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas aos usuários e professores de Educação Física atuantes no programa. Utilizou-se a teoria da Representação Social com foco na pesquisa qualiquantitativa por meio da técnica de Análise do Discurso do Sujeito, a partir das entrevistas realizadas. O programa “São Luís em Movimento” foi criado em 2008, está organizado em 04 polos: Parque do Bom Menino; Coroado-Sacavém; COHAB e Vinhas, atendendo em média 200 usuários cadastrados, na faixa etária entre 16 e 70 anos. Como conclusão geral destaca-se que a percepção dos usuários quanto à prática do exercício físico é positiva, pois a regularidade das atividades proporciona benefícios no campo fisiológico, psicológico e social dos entrevistados. Quando comparados os dois grupos de usuários que realizam as atividades em áreas com espaços verdes e fechados, o primeiro grupo avaliou mais positivamente que o segundo. Entretanto, usuários que realizam em espaços fechados destacaram o fator “segurança” como determinante para preferirem esses espaços. Conclui-se ainda que, apesar da PNPS determinar a adoção de uma política preventiva frente ao avanço das DCNT, a pesquisa evidenciou que ausência de estruturação adequada, tanto nas áreas verdes quanto nos espaços fechados onde acontecem as atividades do programa compromete o cumprimento das metas estabelecidas evidenciado que ações preventivas ainda não são prioridades das gestões públicas locais. Os dados do HIPERDIA revelaram que no período avaliado houve o crescimento dos agravos notificados, sobretudo hipertensão arterial entre as mulheres. Paralelamente observouse que houve redução na cobertura vegetal da capital maranhense comprometendo mais ainda a disponibilidade de áreas verdes para a prática das atividades físicas, da população em geral, e usuários do programa. Dessa forma, sugere-se a ampliação e/ou manutenção das áreas verdes, espaços livres na capital maranhense em condições de infraestrutura mínima necessária para estimular as práticas desportivas e lazer em geral, além da ampliação do programa através da criação de outros polos em diferentes bairros da cidade.

The following dissertation sets out to explore the evolution of a handful of civic institutions in the Hellenistic era. The first chapter focuses on the institution of the ephebeia and citizen-training. It centres on three documents: the gymnasiarchic law of Beroea (I. Beroeae 1 [ca. 167 BCE]), the oath of the agelaoi of Dreros (I. Cret. 1.9.1 [ca. 200 BCE]) and the honorary decree for Menas of Sestos. It argues first that citizen training programs of the Hellenistic period had higher rates of participation than the Athenian evidence seems to suggest, and second that three virtues of gymnastic training, euexia, eutaxia and philoponia, were also political and social virtues. The second chapter focuses on Zosimos of Priene (I. Priene 113 [ca. 100 BCE]) and the connection between his two most important reforms: instituting a system of duplicate record-keeping and funding rhetorical training for ephebes. It argues that the speeches of envoys and ambassadors (presbeutic rhetoric) constituted the dominant mode of Hellenistic rhetoric; within that genre, arguments based on history and on official records were considered the most effective. The third chapter focuses on Fabius' letter to Dyme (Syll.3 684 [144 BCE]). It argues that the destruction of Dyme's public archives was not part of a 'socialist' revolution, but rather was a means of rejecting changes to the citizen body forced on the city by Rome. The final chapter turns to the island of Kos. It explores Diokles' decree (IG XII.4.1 75 [ca. 200 BCE]) as an example of how the balance between self-interest and communal interests were negotiated.

Pour les Grecs de l’antiquité, la religion était indiscernable du reste de la vie quotidienne – au point que dans la polis, le concept d’une « division de la religion et de l’État », comme il est connu aujourd’hui, n’existe pas. La musique, ou l’idée grecque de μουσική, fonctionne de même, comme faisant partie intégrale de leurs rites et, par extension, de leur façon de vie; c’est-à-dire la musique et la religion deviennent une idée centrale à leur identité culturelle. Plusieurs de cultes civiques, comme par exemple le culte dionysiaque, utilisaient toujours la musique dans leurs rites – beaucoup d’exemples existent en antiquité qui montrent le rôle de la musique dans la pratique du culte, comme les images sur les vases et les murales, les hymnes, etc. L’orphisme, ou le culte qui utilisaient les écritures qui venaient prétendument du musicien légendaire Orphée, diffèrent des autres rites civiques dans la façon qu’il y en a des aspects plus ou moins obscurés. Il n’y a pas beaucoup d’information sur leurs rites hormis des écritures comme le papyrus de Derveni, un poème orphique qui détaille une théogonie pareille à celui d’Hésiode et les hymnes orphiques, qui changent la façon qui l’orphisme était vu dans le deuxième moitié du 20ème siècle. Ce mémoire va donc utiliser ces sources pour découvrir le rôle de la musique dans les rites orphiques en antiquité tout en faisant des comparaisons entre l’orphisme et les traditions établies des autres cultes civiques. En regardant aussi l’utilisation des instruments et les autres conventions ritualistes, ce mémoire va découvrir le rôle d’orphisme dans la polis grecque.
For the Greeks in Antiquity, religion was indiscernible from the rest of their daily lives – so much so that within the polis, the concept of a “separation between church and state”, in the way it is known today, did not exist. In this same realm of thought, music also functioned in a much similar way, an integral part of their religious ceremonies and, by extension, their way of life; through this, their music and religion became central to their idea of cultural identity. Many civic cults, such as the cult to Dionysus, utilized music to its fullest effect – many examples that detail the role that music played in their cult worship survive from antiquity, which vary from images found on vases and murals to hymns and other ritual texts. Orphism, or the cult which utilized writings said to have been passed down by the legendary musician Orpheus, differs from many other religious groups around Greece in that many aspects of it remain wrapped in an enigma. Not much is known about the specific cult practices outside of a few writings and inscriptions, including the Derveni papyrus, an analysis of an Orphic poem outlining a theogony similar to that of Hesiod, and the Orphic Hymns, both of which which are changing the way scholarship on these practices has been viewed through the years. This thesis will, therefore, use these sources in order to discover the role that music played in the cult rituals of Orphism during this period while also making comparisons between Orphism and the established traditions of other civic cults. Taking into account the utilization of instruments and other ritualistic conventions, this thesis hopes then to uncover Orphism’s overall role in the Greek polis.

À la période Archaïque, la colonisation grecque avait pour but l’expansion et l’exportation des coutumes sociales des diverses cités États à travers différentes régions. Bien que le sujet de la colonisation grecque soit abondamment basé sur des sources primaires biaisées, causant une confusion concernant l’établissement du lien entre une cité mère et ses colonies, il demeure néanmoins qu’une connexion entre la cité de Milet et les colonies de la Mer Noire est observée au sein des institutions religieuses instaurées sur ces territoires. Le culte d’Apollon fut prédominant tout au long des périodes Archaïque, Classique et Hellénistique de la Grèce antique. À l’époque de la colonisation par Milet, la cité avait pour divinité principale Apollon qui était également dieu de la colonisation et dieu de la navigation. Pour les milésiens, Apollon autorisait et sanctionnait le droit de coloniser et d’y instaurer de nouveaux cultes. Dans les colonies fondées le long de la côte de la Mer Noire, une influence claire du culte de cette divinité est discernable dans la tradition littéraire, ainsi que dans les registres archéologiques. Grâce à un catalogue raisonné, concernant seize colonies dites milésiennes situées autour de la Mer Noire, unissant toute l’information archéologique et littéraire pertinente relatif au culte d’Apollon, ce mémoire propose qu’une forte représentation de ce culte dans cette région est attribuable à son instauration par les Milésiens dans l’espoir que les institutions religieuses des colonies reflètent celles de la cité mère. Il en découle qu’Apollon devint, par le fait même, la divinité principale de la majorité des colonies milésiennes de la Mer Noire.
Greek colonisation in the Archaic period had as its goal the expansion and the exportation of a city state’s social and religious customs into different regions. Although the subject of Greek colonisation is often vague, and based on erroneous, and generous primary sources, which can confound links between the colonies and their apparent mother city, a connection can nevertheless be established between the colonies in the Black Sea and the mother city of Miletus through the religious institutions that were installed upon colonisation. The cult of the god Apollo was prevalent throughout the ancient Greek world during the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. For the Archaic period colonizing Greek city state of Miletus, Apollo was patron deity, the god of colonisation, as well as the god of seafaring. For the Milesians, Apollo was the deity who sanctioned the right to set up new cults in new locations, as well as authorising the very act of establishing colonies. In the colonies founded by Miletus located along the coast of the Black Sea, there is a clear disposition towards the cult of Apollo in the literary tradition, as well as in the archaeological record. This thesis proposes, by means of a well-defined catalogue uniting all pertinent archaeological and literary information relating to the cult of Apollo in 16 colonies located around the Black Sea said to have been colonies of Miletus, that the reason for such a strong representation of the cult of Apollo in these colonies is a result of the Milesians installing the cult of their patron deity Apollo with the wish that the colonies’ religious institutions mirror that of the metropolis. The inventory demonstrates that Apollo was the patron deity of the majority of Miletus’s colonies in the Black Sea. This thesis will also propose that a proper study of religious trends found in city states and their supposed colonies can act as a methodology for identifying which colonies belonged to which mother city, as I propose that the patron deity in a city state will be the patron deity in their colony.

This thesis is concerned with the idea of the rise of the moral political economy. Whilst Aristotle did not invent the word 'economics' he came closer than many think. This thesis is an exploration in the field of the history of ideas. It views the origins of distant economic-like thinking as having a moral and political bases of existence.
PhD Doctorate

Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Biomédica apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Um cimento ósseo é um material biocompatível endurecível usado para preencher defeitos ósseos que deve possuir características parecidas com os tecidos ósseo e dentário. Os cimentos à base de fosfatos de cálcio disponíveis revelam alta microporosidade (permite a deposição de moléculas biológicas e o escoamento de nutrientes/lixos metabólicos) e têm “parecenças” químicas à hidroxiapatite de cálcio do osso. No entanto, revelam baixa eficiência mecânica (para aplicação em áreas de carga elevada) e baixa macroporosidade (para migração de osteoblastos e consequente regeneração óssea).Diferentes formulações de cimentos à base de fosfato de cálcio/gelatina fora produzidos incorporando pedaços altamente porosos de poli(ε-caprolactona)/nanopartículas de sílica (92:8 % m/m) (aditivados com glicofurol, um agente porogénico, compatibilizante de polímero/inorgânico e plastificante) processados por uma técnica de foaming/mistura assistida por dióxido de carbono supercrítico. Estes biomateriais foram produzidos de maneira a melhorar as propriedades morfológicas (tais como área de superfície, macroporosidade e densidades aparente e real), mecânicas (módulo de Young e força de compressão à rutura) e de compatibilidade dos cimentos ósseos produzidos. A composição dos pedaços produzidos pela técnica de foaming/mistura assistida por dióxido de carbono supercrítico a serem incorporados nos cimentos à base de fosfato de cálcio/gelatina foi investigada. As propriedades morfológicas e mecânicas dos cimentos ósseos produzidos foram avaliadas e ensaios de hemocompatibilidade e libertação de um fármaco osteogénico (dexametasona) foram realizados.Foi concluído que os cimentos ósseos produzidos são rapidamente endurecíveis (~7,5 minutos). A alta composição mássica percentual dos pedaços produzidos pelo método de foaming/mistura supercrítico (12 m/m %) não melhorou diretamente as propriedade dos cimentos ósseos. No entanto, alguns dos cimentos ósseos produzidos mostraram valores superiores de propriedades mecânicas (tais como 45 MPa e 2.1 MPa para o módulo de Young e força de compressão à rutura, respetivamente) e porosidade (>70%) (particularmente revelando alta macroporosidade) quando comparados com outos cimentos de fosfato de cálcio comerciais (tais como Ostim® e ChronOS®Inject). Foi também concluído que os cimentos ósseos produzidos são capazes de libertar dexametasona até 21 dias, o que é considerado pela literatura como um intervalo de tempo adequado para estímulo da regeneração óssea.Conclui-se que os cimentos ósseos produzidos são candidatos para enchimento de defeitos de osso/dentes, no entanto mais pesquisa deve ser realizada a formulações de cimentos de fosfato de cálcio, particularmente à percentagem de composição mássica dos pedaços produzidos pelo método de foaming/mistura supercrítica.
Bone cement is a biocompatible setting biomaterial used for bone defect fill that must have similar features to bone and dental tissues. Available calcium phosphate-based bone cements reveal high microporosity (enable deposition of biological molecules and nutrients/metabolic wastes flow) and have higher chemical similarities to bone calcium hydroxyapatite. However, they reveal low mechanical performance (to high load-bearing application areas) and low macroporosity (for osteoblast migration and consequent bone regeneration).Different formulations of calcium phosphate/gelatine-based bone cements were produced incorporating highly porous pieces of poly(ε-caprolactone)/silica nanoparticles (92:8wt.%) (additivated with glycofurol, a porogenic, polymer/inorganic compatibilizer and plasticizer agent) processed by supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted foaming/mixing method. These biomaterials were produced in order to enhance morphological (such as surface area, macroporosity and bulk and real densities), mechanical (Young’s modulus and compressive strength at break) and compatibility properties of the produced bone cements. The composition of pieces produced by supercritical foaming/mixing method to be incorporated into the calcium phosphate/gelatine-based bone cements was investigated. Morphological and mechanical properties of the produced bone cements were evaluated and hemocompatibility and osteogenic drug release (dexamethasone) assays were also performed. It was concluded that the produced bone cements are fast-setting (~7.5 minutes). The higher weight percent composition of pieces (12 wt.%) produced by supercritical foaming/mixing method did not directly enhance the properties of the bone cements. However, some of the produced bone cements showed higher values of mechanical properties (such as 45 MPa and 2.1 MPa for Young’s modulus and compressive strength at break, respectively) and porosity (>70%) (particularly, revealing high macroporosity) when compared to other commercial calcium phosphate cements (such as Ostim® and ChronOS®Inject). It was also concluded that the produced bone cements are able to release dexamethasone for an estimated period of 21 days, which is considered by the literature as a suitable time interval to stimulate bone regeneration.It was concluded that the produced bone cements are candidates for bone/dental defect fillers, however more research should be performed to calcium phosphate cement formulations, particularly on the weight percent composition of pieces produced by supercritical foaming/mixing method.

No
Discoverability or visibility is a challenge that faces all researchers worldwide – with an ever increasing supply of good research entering the scholarly marketplace; this challenge is only becoming intensified as time passes. The global language of scholarly research is English and so the obstacle of getting noticed is magnified manyfold when the article is not written in the English language. Indeed, despite rapid advances in technology, the “tyranny of language” creates a segmentation inhibiting scholarly research and innovation generally. Mass translation of non-English language articles is neither feasible nor desirable. Our paper proposes a strategy for remedying this segmentation – such that, the work of non-English language scholars become more discoverable. The core piece of this strategy is a “reverse-engineering” [RE] application of Faff’s (2015, 2017) “pitching research” template. More specifically, we provide translated versions of the “cued” template across THIRTY THREE different languages: (1) Arabic; (2) Chinese; (3) Dutch; (4) French; (5) Greek; (6) Hindi; (7) Indonesian; (8) Japanese; (9) Korean; (10) Lao; (11) Norwegian; (12) Polish; (13) Portuguese; (14) Romanian; (15) Russian; (16) Sinhalese; (17) Spanish; (18) Tamil; (19) Thai; (20) Urdu; (21) Vietnamese; (22) Myanmar; (23) German; (24) Persian; (25) Bengali; (26) Filipino; (27) Italian; (28) Afrikaans; (29) Khmer (Cambodia); (30) Danish; (31) Finnish; (32) Hebrew; (33) Turkish. Further, we showcase illustrative dual language examples of the RE strategy for the Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and French cases.

Yes
The global language of scholarly research is English and so the obstacle of getting noticed is montainous when the article is not written in the English language. Indeed, despite rapid advances in technology, the “tyranny of language” creates a segmentation inhibiting scholarly research and innovation generally. Mass translation of non-English language articles is neither feasible nor desirable. Our paper proposes a strategy for remedying this segmentation – such that, the work of non-English language scholars become more discoverable. The core piece of this strategy is a “reverse-engineering” [RE] application of Faff’s (2015, 2017a) “pitching research” template. More specifically, we provide access to translated versions of the “cued” template across thirty-three different languages, and most notably for this journal, including the Romanian and French languages. Further, we showcase an illustrative dual language French-English example.