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Journal articles on the topic 'Greek War οf Independence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Evi, Psarrou. "Seeking Greek Independence in the Aegean: an Unsuccessful Venture in 1822." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 04, no. 09 (2021): 2470–74. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i9-28.

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The aim of the present study is to discuss one of the first episodes of the Greek War of Independence that took place in the Aegean Sea in 1822, which ended at the devastation of Chios Island and the defeat of its inhabitants. In this framework the organization of the campaign is examined, the course of the military operations and the final outcome. The importance of the study lies in the fact that it examines the events not in the light of the local history of Chios island but in the broader context of the Greek Revolution and the impact the events had on European public opinion.

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Özkan, Dilek. "The Greek War of Independence in Turkish historiography." Journal of Greek Media & Culture 7, no. 2 (2021): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgmc_00038_1.

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How was the Greek War of Independence or the Greek Revolution narrated in Turkish historical texts? How did the Turkish historians’ approach to the establishment of the Greek State affect Greek‐Turkish relations? On the occasion of the bicentenary of the Greek War of Independence, this article reviews the approaches of the Ottoman/Turkish historians to the Greeks, to the establishment of the Greek State and to outbreak the Greek Revolution, and demonstrates to what extent their perceptions have changed from the Ottoman period to the present day. Offering an analysis based on three historical p

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Lekas, Padelis E. "The Greek War of Independence from the Perspective of Historical Sociology." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 2 (January 20, 2006): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.188.

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<p>This is an attempt to place the Greek War of Independence in the wider context of the clash between Tradition and Modernity in the European periphery. It focuses on the ideology and the movement of nationalism - a phenomenon springing up in modernity and bringing forward the concept of the nation as the proper unit of state organisation. Being the undisputed offspring of nationalism (which is viewed here as both the product and the vehicle of modernisation), the Greek War of Independence is discussed not solely in its political dimensions but also in terms of its contribution to a muc

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Papanikos, Gregory T. "Wars and Foreign Interventions in Greece in the 1820s." ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY 8, no. 1 (2021): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.8-1-1.

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In Greece, the 1820s is a well-remembered decade. Many things happened which future Greek generations can study and learn. In the beginning of the decade (1821), some Greeks rebelled against the Ottomans, but, parallel with this War of Independence, they, as did so many times in their heroic past, started fighting between themselves (1823-1825). The Olympians intervened, as in Homer’s masterpieces, and “independence” came as a result of a direct foreign (divine) intervention by Britain (Poseidon), France (Athena) and Russia (Hera). This began first in the battlefields in 1827, and then at the

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Efstathiadou, Anna. "Representing Greekness: French and Greek Lithographs from the Greek War of Independence (1821-1827) and the Greek-Italian War (1940-1941)." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 29, no. 2 (2011): 191–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2011.0023.

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6

Spinoula, Barbara. "τὸ ὄνομά σου εἰς τὸ μαρτυρολόγιον: Your Name in the Martyrology—A Funeral Oration for Frank Abney Hastings". Mediterranean Studies 32, № 2 (2024): 182–211. https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0182.

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ABSTRACT Captain Frank Abney Hastings, a young British naval officer and a devoted supporter of the Greek cause, played a pivotal role in the Greek War of Independence, achieving many victories. Tragically, he sustained fatal injuries near Missolonghi in 1828. During his official funeral ceremony the following year, Prime Minister Spyridon Tricoupis, serving under Ioannis Capodistrias, delivered a eulogy. This speech stands as a remarkable sample of nineteenth-century Greek rhetoric, honoring War of Independence fighters. It not only extols Hastings’s contributions but also highlights the Euro

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Dr., Marios Kyriakidis. ""Military Training, Espionage, and Counter-Espionage in the Modern History of the Greek Army (1821–1947): A Strategic Evolution in Military Pedagogy"." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) III, no. I (2025): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14615128.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>This study examines the evolution of military training, espionage, and counter-espionage within the Greek Army from 1821 to 1947, a period marked by Greece's struggle for independence, state-building, and participation in major global conflicts. It explores the foundational role of military pedagogy in shaping the Greek Army's strategic capabilities, tracing its development from informal guerilla tactics during the War of Independence to the establishment of structured training systems and academies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</em> <em>The research

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8

Frary, Lucien J. "Russian consuls and the Greek war of independence (1821–31)." Mediterranean Historical Review 28, no. 1 (2013): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518967.2013.782671.

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9

Taki, Victor. "Russian military perspectives on the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0135.

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Abstract The refusal of Alexander I to declare war on the Ottoman Empire in support of the Greek Uprising in 1821 provided Russian military men with a possibility to reflect on the past Russian–Ottoman wars and prepare the best strategy for future confrontation. One of the aspects of this reflection was the growing interest of Russian military planners in the ethno-confessional composition and political attitudes of the local population in the territory of the prospective war theater. This article argues that increased attention to the population reflected the desire of the tsarist planners to

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Dr., Marios Kyriakidis. "" Fugitives of War: Desertion, Defection, and Military Disobedience in the Greek Army (1821–1949)"." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) III, no. I (2025): 449–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14856360.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>Military history often glorifies heroism, discipline, and loyalty, leaving the stories of desertion, defection, and military disobedience largely unexamined. This study, "Fugitives of War: Desertion, Defection, and Military Disobedience in the Greek Army (1821–1949)," explores the phenomenon of military desertion across pivotal moments in modern Greek history. From the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) to the Greek Civil War (1946–1949), this research examines the motives, consequences, and historical silence surrounding Greek soldiers who ab

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11

Gerd, Lora. "Konstantinos Oikonomos and Russian Philorthodox relief during the Greek war for independence (1821–1829)." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0134.

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Abstract After the Archipelago expeditions of the Russian Navy in 1769–1774 and 1805–1807, thousands of Greeks fled the Ottoman Empire and resettled in the province of Novorossiia (southern Russia). Among the migrants were prominent merchants who strongly supported the Philiki Etaireia (Friendly Society) and the cause for Greek independence. Although Tsar Alexander I could not openly support the insurrection that broke out in 1821, Russia provided invaluable material assistance to the Greek refugees, who arrived in Russian cities such as Odessa and Kishinev. Special committees under Russian of

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12

Dr., Marios Kyriakidis. ""Letters from the Front: The Greek Army in Modern History Through Soldiers' Writings (1821–1949)"." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) III, no. I (2025): 413–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14840336.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>This study explores the lived experiences of Greek soldiers through their personal writings - letters, diaries, and memoirs - spanning from the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830) to the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). While military history has traditionally emphasized strategy, leadership, and battlefield outcomes, this research shifts the focus to the voices of ordinary soldiers, revealing their perceptions of war, hardship, identity, and duty. By analyzing unpublished and lesser-known sources, the study examines how soldiers expressed their emotions

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Karabıçak, Yusuf Ziya. "Ottoman Attempts to Define the Rebels During the Greek War of Independence." Studia Islamica 114, no. 3 (2020): 316–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19585705-12341403.

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Abstract This article uses tools developed by conceptual history to examine what it might have meant for Ottoman officials in Istanbul to use the term Rum milleti during the Greek War of Independence. The revolution that started in 1821 has been seen as the first successful national uprising in Europe. It has long been ascertained that the Ottomans did not understand the national undertones that was seen in the declarations of the leaders of the Greek Revolution. Moreover, the Ottoman response to the eruption of this revolution has generally been examined in the context of Istanbul, Morea and

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Doxiadis, Evdoxios. "Defining a Hellene. Legal constructs and sectarian realities in the Greek War of Independence." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0132.

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Abstract The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) is a fascinating mélange of the old and new of traditional identities and modern concepts. Perhaps nothing exemplifies this better than questions of identity, ethnicity, and nationality as they played out and developed over the nine years of the conflict. This article examines two trajectories on the question of identity and nationality that seamlessly coexisted not only during the Greek War of Independence but also for much of the early history of the Modern Greek State. The first looks at popular understandings of identity and the second the

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15

Assinder, Semele. "A revolution of one’s own: Elizabeth Edmonds translates the Greek War of Independence." Journal of Greek Media & Culture 7, no. 2 (2021): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgmc_00034_1.

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In the wake of a ‘crushing sorrow’ at the age of 50, Elizabeth Edmonds (c.1821‐1907) turned to Modern Greece for a solution. After four months’ stay in Athens in 1880, she returned to London a confirmed Philhellene. Her connections in Athens saw her engaging with the emergent Athenian generation of the 1880s; Palamas, Karkavitsas, Drosinis, Xenopoulos and Vizyinos were published in English translation long before they became figures of the Greek establishment. Edmonds’s links to Oscar Wilde and the diplomat Ioannis Gennadios put her in a fine position from which to promote the Greek cause in B

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16

Nichols, Irby C., and Paul Constantine Pappas. "The United States and the Greek War for Independence, 1821-1828." Journal of the Early Republic 5, no. 4 (1985): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3123077.

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Daniel, Robert L., and Paul Constantine Pappas. "The United States and the Greek War for Independence, 1821-1828." Journal of American History 72, no. 4 (1986): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908919.

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18

Field, James A., and Paul Constantine Pappas. "The United States and the Greek War for Independence, 1821-1828." American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (1986): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1867374.

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19

Svane, Marie-Louise. "Tragedy or Melodrama? The Greek War of Independence in European Theatre." Romantik 8, no. 1 (2019): 77–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/jsor.2019.8.1.77.

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20

Bartle, George. "The Greek Boys at Borough Road during the War of Independence." Journal of Educational Administration and History 20, no. 1 (1988): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022062880200101.

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21

Katsikas, Stefanos, and Sakis Dimitriadis. "Muslim Converts to Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence, 1821–1832." European History Quarterly 51, no. 3 (2021): 299–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914211025378.

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This article explores the conversion of Muslims to Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) and the first post-independence years as a case study which shows that religious boundaries in the Balkans do not seem to have been as insurmountable as one might think. The bonds between people of different religious affiliations, including Christians and Muslims, were not so loose in the chaotic period of the nineteenth century. Even though religious differences have always existed in South-eastern Europe, the inhabitants of that region have not always seen fellow humans

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22

Dr., Marios Kyriakidis. ""Forging the Nation: Class, Region, and Identity in the Greek Army (1821–1949)"." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) III, no. I (2025): 168–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14697085.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>This study examines the social composition of the Greek Army from the War of Independence (1821–1829) to the conclusion of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949), exploring how class, regionalism, and ethnic diversity shaped its structure and function. While the Greek Army played a pivotal role in nation-building, its internal dynamics have often been overshadowed by political and military narratives. By analyzing recruitment patterns, training practices, and the experiences of soldiers, this research uncovers the army’s role as a microcosm of Greek soc

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23

Cox, Jeremy. "American Philhellenes and the Poetics of War." Journal for the History of Rhetoric 23, no. 3 (2020): 253–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jhistrhetoric.23.3.0253.

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ABSTRACT Between 1821 and 1829, the Greek War for Independence attracted widespread and enthusiastic support in the United States. While most were content to simply follow along with the war’s proceedings, a small but vocal group of “philhellenes” took the remarkable step of making Greece’s cause their own. American philhellenes used nationalistic appeals couched in the language of an emergent middle-class sentimentality to raise funds for the Greeks while also lobbying for deeper American involvement in the conflict. Greece’s revolution, American philhellenes argued, was not a foreign war to

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24

Umunç, Himmet. "Hemingway in Turkey: Historical Contexts and Cultural Intertexts." Belleten 69, no. 255 (2005): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2005.629.

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As a young reporter, Ernest Hemingway visited İstanbul and the Thracian part of Turkey between 29 September and 18 October 1922. During his stay, he closely followed the military and political consequences of the Great Offensive, which was a major stage in the Turkish War of Independence, and also witnessed at first hand the Greek evacuation of eastern Thrace. His impressions of the İstanbul under occupation and also his observations of the events and developments at the time were included in the short stories which he wrote later on. In his fictions, he described and represented his observati

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Wallace, Jennifer. "‘We are all Greeks’?: National Identity and the Greek War of Independence." Byron Journal 23 (January 1995): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bj.1995.3.

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Stivachtis, Yannis A. "‘International society’ versus’ ‘world society’: Europe and the Greek War of Independence." International Politics 55, no. 1 (2017): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41311-017-0069-1.

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Sampatakakis, George. "Rebranding the nation: Performances of 1821." Journal of Greek Media & Culture 8, no. 1 (2022): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgmc_00053_7.

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This visual essay discusses some of the performances celebrating the bicentenary of the Greek War of Independence. Ranging from historical reenactments to deconstructive appropriations and ironic adaptations, the performative renderings of 1821 challenged the tangibility of the past and the nation’s cultural expectations, creating an intriguing landscape of conflicted interests.

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Dr., Marios Kyriakidis. ""Forging National Identity: Cultural Representations of the Greek Army in Modern History (1821–1949)"." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) III, no. I (2025): 333–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14793516.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>This manuscript examines the cultural representations of the Greek Army and its role in shaping national identity during the critical period of modern Greek history, from the War of Independence in 1821 to the aftermath of the Greek Civil War in 1949. By analyzing a diverse range of primary sources, including literature, newspapers, propaganda posters, films, military uniforms, and public rituals, this study explores how the army functioned not only as a military institution but also as a powerful symbol of unity, authority, and nationalism. The research is struct

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Dr., Marios Kyriakidis. ""Forging National Identity: Cultural Representations of the Greek Army in Modern History (1821–1949)"." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) III, no. I (2025): 333–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14799315.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>This manuscript examines the cultural representations of the Greek Army and its role in shaping national identity during the critical period of modern Greek history, from the War of Independence in 1821 to the aftermath of the Greek Civil War in 1949. By analyzing a diverse range of primary sources, including literature, newspapers, propaganda posters, films, military uniforms, and public rituals, this study explores how the army functioned not only as a military institution but also as a powerful symbol of unity, authority, and nationalism. The research is struct

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Georganta, Konstantina. "Bourbachokátzouli: A Greek Governess in Victorian England." Victoriographies 14, no. 3 (2024): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2024.0543.

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In Victorian fiction, the Greek woman often appears as a representation of modern Greece, with the 1821 War of Independence as a backdrop. When the novel A Modern Greek Heroine appeared in 1880, the Morning Post naturally noted that ‘this is not, as might possibly be supposed from its title, the biography of any champion of Hellenic independence, but a novel of English life’ (3). Henry Cresswell, the novel's author, imagined an alternative universe for his heroine. In A Modern Greek Heroine, Bourbachokátzouli has lost her father and connection to her homeland and is haunted not by the ghost of

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Pissis, Nikolas. "“Little Malta”: Psara and the Peculiarities of naval warfare in the Greek Revolution." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0136.

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Abstract The tiny island of Psara, located in the northeastern Aegean Sea, constitutes a lieu de mémoire for the Greek War of Independence. Psara occupied a prominent place in Philhellenic discourse due to the spectacular achievements of the island’s fireships and due to the bloody reprisals after an attack in 1824 by the Ottoman navy. This chapter utilizes the case of Psara as a laboratory for examining various questions related to military history (such as the nature of naval operations, their resources, techniques, and command) in an Ottoman and Mediterranean framework (particularly involvi

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Kotsiou, Antonia. "Uvjeti javnoga zdravstva i medicinske njege tijekom grčkoga rata za neovisnost 1821." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 22, no. 1 (2024): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.22.1.6.

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Τhe 1821 Greek War of Independence, following 400 years under Turkish occupation, resulted, after long-term sacrifices, in the establishment of Greece as a sovereign nation-state, marking the first in the autocratic Europe of the time. The poor public health and the lack of doctors, medical supplies, safe water, food, and sewage favored the outbreak of epidemics. The Greek cause attracted worldwide support, and a great number of philhellenes, physicians, and aristocrats offered services and even their lives on the battlefields. Greek and foreign historians stress the international importance o

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Kiselov, Serhii. "“A Historical Sketch of the Greek War of Independence…” by G. Paleolog and M. Sivinis as a Historiographical Source." Kyiv Historical Studies 17, no. 2 (2023): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2023.21.

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The article presents a historiographical analysis of “A Historical Sketch of the Greek War of Independence…” as one of the first writings in Russian historiography on the Greek Revolution and the participation of the great powers in it. The writing was published in St. Petersburg in 1867 by two Russian military historians of Greek origin — G. Paleolog and M. Sivinis. It was based on preserved materials from the personal archive of Russian admiral Pyotr Ricord, an active participant in the last episodes of the war. Besides the fact that the authors have used a many new historical sources (mostl

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Tompros, Nikos, and Nikos Kanellopoulos. "The Battle of Peta (1822): when the Philhellenes fought like the Greek irregulars." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 45, no. 2 (2021): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/byz.2021.5.

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The most direct and definite expression of Philhellenism during the Greek War of Independence (1821–9) was military action by European volunteers, generally officers, on the side of the revolutionaries. This article discusses the Philhellenes’ military action at the Battle of Peta in 1822, as recorded in the diary of one of the few survivors, the physician Johann-Daniel Elster. Elster's information is compared with other Greek and European sources about the battle and the conditions of the campaign in Epirus and the circumstances that led to the Philhellenes’ defeat re-evaluated.

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Birvural, Ali. "The Economic Historical Significance of the Ionian Occupation State." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 2 (January 2025): 75–90. https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2024-002004.

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The Greek troops announced the establishment of the Ionian State in Western Anatolia in July 1922, with its capital in Izmir. This state lasted five weeks until the Turkish army came to Izmir on September 9, 1922. The economic uncertainties during the Greek Occupation and the Turkish War of Independence led to the bankruptcy of the Greek economy. The article also examined the economic reasons behind the conflicts of interest and conflicts between the Allied Powers and the Greek powers. It also looked at the economic structures of the Ionian State, which were not internationally recognized. The

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Krzak, Andrzej. "The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922: Causes, Course, Effects." Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne 32 (September 29, 2023): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543733xssb.23.004.18430.

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The Greco-Turkish war, in its strictest sense, was a multifaceted conflict characterized by the varied actions of the combatants. Even though there were not any coalitions comprising military contingents, joint command structures, or coordinated military forces between the Greek, Armenian, and French nationalist factions, one can argue that each theatre of warfare – Armenian, Cilician, and Greek (Anatolian) – operated as a cohesive strategic unit. For many Greeks and Armenians, this conflict represented an extension of their national liberation effort, driven by territorial aspirations, a ques

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Petrunina, Olga. "The Greek Revolution of 1821 (the Greek War of Independence) in National Painting of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries." ISTORIYA 16, no. 2 (148) (2025): 0. https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840034674-0.

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The Greek Revolution of 1821 (the Greek War of Independence), which marked the beginning of modern Greek statehood, became a significant theme in the development of modern Greek painting from the 19th century to the early 20th century. The study of how this historical event was reflected in art reveals the evolution of the revolution&apos;s perception in public consciousness. The first depictions of the revolution were created by the icon painters of the Zographos family, who used traditional Byzantine techniques to portray events, as well as European philhellenes who participated in battl

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Chatziioannou, Maria Christina. "War, Crisis and Sovereign Loans: The Greek War of Independence and British Economic Expansion in the 1820s." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 10 (December 13, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.305.

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<p>This article focuses on the principal actors who undertook the financial intermediation of the Greek loans of 1824 and 1825 and the agents who carried it out, the financial market, the stock market exchange and the joint-stock corporate organization. The main argument is that there was an asymmetric relationship between these principal<br />actors and agents. My research hypothesis works on the convergence of two different crises at the same time: the systemic banking crisis of 1825 in London; and the severe internal crisis for the insurgent Greeks. I argue that the causes for t

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Ruprecht, Louis A. "Freedom's Course: Hegel's Concept of World History and the Greek War for Independence (1821–1831)." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 42, no. 2 (2024): 285–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2024.a937519.

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Abstract: A little-remarked aspect of Hegel's lecture courses on the philosophy of world history is that he delivered them five times during a nine-year period (1822–1831) that aligns almost perfectly with the years of the Greek War for Independence. If Hegel was tracking the French and Haitian Revolutions while writing The Phenomenology of Spirit , then he may have been similarly tracking the Greek Revolution when delivering these lectures. What Hegel had done conceptually in 1807 in his Phenomenology of Spirit , he now intended to do historically in this lecture course: namely, to theorize t

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Andriakaina, Eleni. "The Promise of the 1821 Revolution and the Suffering Body. Some thoughts on Modernisation and Anti-intellectualism." Synthesis: an Anglophone Journal of Comparative Literary Studies, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/syn.17431.

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How can we understand and interpret the popular narrative of the 1821 revolution that speaks for the suffering body of the fighter while it reproaches the "Frenchified heterochthons" and conveys a kind of anti intellectualism (defined broadly and loosely by Merle Curti as "a suspicion of, opposition to, or derogation of intellectuals")? The popular view of 1821 has its origins in the memoirs of the "freedom fighters" written after the War of Independence. Its main motifs travelled from the early nineteenth to the late twentieth century and lent themselves to multiple readings and various ideol

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Emmanouel, Xynadas, and Psarrou Evi. "Travelling in Macedonia in the Eve of the Greek Revolution European Travellers in Imathia." International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 05, no. 02 (2022): 590–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6300893.

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Abstract : The present paper refers to the phenomenon of “Travelling” in Macedonia during the pre-revolutionary years of the Greek War of Independence.  The study focuses on the area of Imathia revealing- through the travel literature- important information in reference to the towns of Naoussa and Veroia shortly before the outbreak of the revolutionary movement in the area in the spring of 1822.

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Conley, Thomas. "Greek Rhetorics After the Fall of Constantinople: An Introduction." Rhetorica 18, no. 3 (2000): 265–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.3.265.

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Abstract: This short paper will sketch the twilight years of Greek rhetorics, roughly from 1500 until just after the Greek War of Independence. This is an area that, like much else in neo-Greek intellectual history, has been sadly ignored in “Western” scholarship. Greek scholars played an important part in the reception of the works of Hermogenes, Longinus, and pseudo-Demetrius in the mid- and late-sixteenth century. But other Greek teachers and scholars at the College of St. Athanasius in Rome, at the University of Padua, at the Flanginian Academy in Venice, and at schools in Bucharest, Janni

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Hatzopoulos, Miltiades. "Cypriot Archaelogy, Modern Numismatics and Social Engineering: The Iconography of the British Coinage of Cyprus." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 2 (January 20, 2006): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.189.

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<p>This article examines the use of numismatic iconography by the British colonial administration of Cyprus in order, initially, to legitimise its possession of the island and, subsequently, to promote an Eteocypriot, an "authentic Cypriot", identity as counter-poison against Greek nationalism. In this endeavour of social engineering, archaeological items and other symbols from Cyprus' past played a prominent part. The outbreak of the Cypriot guerrilla war for union with Greece in 1955 highlighted the bankruptcy of this operation. Nevertheless, British efforts to evade Cyprus' overwhelmi

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Popek, Krzysztof. "The The Emigration of Muslims from the Greek state in the 19th century. An Outline." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 27 (December 13, 2020): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2020.27.7.

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Modern Greek statehood began to take shape with the War of Independence that broke out in 1821 and continued with varying intensity for the next years. As a result of these events, the Greeks cast of the foreign rule, which for many not only meant separation from the Ottoman Empire, but also the expulsion of Muslims living in these lands. During the uprising, about 25 000 Muslims lost their lives, and a similar number emigrated from the territory of the future Greek state. The next great exodus of Muslims from Greek lands was related to the annexation of Thessaly by the Hellenic Kingdom, which

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Popek, Krzysztof. "The The Emigration of Muslims from the Greek state in the 19th century. An Outline." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 27 (December 13, 2020): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2020.27.7.

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Modern Greek statehood began to take shape with the War of Independence that broke out in 1821 and continued with varying intensity for the next years. As a result of these events, the Greeks cast of the foreign rule, which for many not only meant separation from the Ottoman Empire, but also the expulsion of Muslims living in these lands. During the uprising, about 25 000 Muslims lost their lives, and a similar number emigrated from the territory of the future Greek state. The next great exodus of Muslims from Greek lands was related to the annexation of Thessaly by the Hellenic Kingdom, which

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Gürel, Berkay. "Middle Class-Imperial Relationship in the Example of Ancient Greece." Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi (SKAD) 11, no. 22 (2025): 99–112. https://doi.org/10.25306/skad.1700270.

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This article analyses in detail the relationship between the ‘middle class’ and ‘empire’ in the Ancient Greek context. The basic proposition is that empire gains strength with the weakening of the middle class. From this point of view, the article analyses the relationship between the existence of a middle class in Ancient Greece, the absence of a bureaucratic structure controlling agricultural production, and the military structures of Greek states before they became bureaucratic states. These structures enabled the middle class to maintain its economic independence by preventing the bureaucr

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Quayle, Jonathan. "Directing the ‘Unfinished Scene’: Utopia and the Role of the Poet in Shelley's Hellas." Romanticism 26, no. 3 (2020): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2020.0478.

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Hellas; A Lyrical Drama (1822) reveals profound tensions in Shelley's thinking about the role that poets play in writing the future. In the Preface, Shelley invokes his ‘poet's privilege’ to imagine the outcome of the ‘unfinished scene’ – the ongoing Greek War of Independence – but the final chorus, which begins by triumphantly announcing the return of a ‘great age’, also voices an anxiety that it may be impossible to imagine a future that is unbound by the failures of the past. This essay examines the ways in which Shelley imagines the outcome of the Greek War in Hellas, especially in dialogu

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Salvanou, Aimilia (Emilia). "Z : Memory Politics in Youth Activism in the Greek 1960s." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 41, no. 2 (2023): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2023.a908557.

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Abstract: The Lambrakis Youth Movement in early 1960s Greece, although grounded in the nation’s post-Civil War political and social framework and oriented toward the future—trying to create a society of freedom, national independence, and social justice—nevertheless made memory and memory work an important aspect of its activism. More specifically, the Youth Movement cultivated a new memory and historical culture, and it was only through this process that the imagining of an alternative political and social future became possible. Memory is important not only for its symbolic content but for i

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Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The United States and the Greek War for Independence, 1821–1828 (review)." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 5, no. 1 (1987): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2010.0254.

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KÖYLÜ, Murat. "The Causes of Failure Greek Minority Army in the Battle of Sakarya." Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences 22, no. 2 (2023): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21547/jss.826446.

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Ankara Operation launched by the Greek Army with the support of the Entente Stateshad ended with a great defeat in the Sakarya regions without achieving its goal for signing of the Sevres Treaty by the Ankara Government and break the violent resistance against the invasions. With the defeat, the course of the Greek Asia Minor Army's Anatolian adventure had changed, Greek commanders, who had been thinking about the attack until that day, started defensive operations after the Battle of Sakarya. The reasons for the failure had explained in detail by the military experts of the period in their po

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