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1
Oliveira, Alan ébano de. "Modelagem da infiltração de água no solo com modelo Green-Ampt." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5611.
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Modeling water infiltration using physical based models, including the vertical variability of soil and rainfall intensity throughout a precipitation event, allows to estimate the runoff and infiltration measured in uncontrolled environments. In this study, the hypothesis was evaluated that, for natural rainfall conditions, a layered heterogeneous soil profile and at plot scale, the assumption of piston-type flow before and after the ponding allows to simulate satisfactorily the infiltration and runoff rates. Infiltration and runoff were simulated for ten events of rainfall, in plots of soil with heterogeneous profile and using the Green-Ampt model (piston type). The calibration of the model was done with the modification of only two parameters, the final degree of saturation and the initial soil water content, implying changes in other parameters of the model but preserving the physical relations. To evaluate model performance, statistical indexes were calculated by comparing the simulated cumulative runoff (Es) with the measured cumulative runoff (Eo). For seven of the ten events, only the adjustment of the degree of saturation was enough for good performance of the model. For the other three events an adjustment the degree of saturation and the initial soil water contente was necessary. Although some simulations did not reproduce the gradual increase in the measured runoff, the model was able to estimate runoff satisfactorily in all events, especially in those of longer duration.<br>A modelagem da infiltração de água por meio de modelos de base física, incluindo a variabilidade vertical do solo e da intensidade de chuva ao longo de um evento, permite uma melhor estimativa do escoamento e da infiltração medidos em ambiente não controlado. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a hipótese que, para condições de chuva natural em perfil de solo estratificado e escala de parcela, a presunção de fluxo tipo pistão antes e depois do empoçamento permite simular satisfatoriamente a infiltração e o escoamento superficial. A infiltração e o escoamento superficial foram simulados para dez eventos de precipitação, em parcelas de solo com perfil heterogêneo e usando o modelo Green-Ampt (fluxo tipo pistão). A calibração do modelo foi feita com a modificação de apenas dois parâmetros, o grau de saturação final e o conteúdo de água inicial, os quais implicam modificações nos demais parâmetros do modelo, preservando as relações físicas. Para avaliação do desempenho do modelo, índices estatísticos foram calculados, comparando o escoamento acumulado simulado (Es) com o escoamento acumulado medido (Eo). Para sete dos dez eventos de chuva, o ajuste somente do grau de saturação foi suficiente para que houvesse bom desempenho do modelo. Para os outros três eventos foi necessário ajustar o grau de saturação e o conteúdo inicial de água do solo. Embora algumas simulações não tenham reproduzido o incremento gradual no escoamento medido, o modelo permitiu estimar satisfatoriamente o escoamento em todos os eventos, principalmente nos mais longos.
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Sande, Leif Andrew. "Experimental Studies on Infiltration/Soil-Water Movement Processes and Green-AMPT Modeling." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29329.
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Experimental studies on infiltration/soil-water movement processes are vital to
better understanding movement of soil-water in the vadose zone. The objective of this
experimental research was to investigate infiltration/soil-water movement processes
utilizing laboratory experiments and computer modeling. Small scale laboratory soil box
infiltration experiments were conducted and utilized for the improved parameterization of
the Green-Ampt (GA) saturated moisture content parameter to produce an effective
moisture content parameter (Be) for utilization in a modified GA model. By incorporating ?e
values into GA modeling, modeling results showed greatly improved wetting front
prediction across different soil conditions. A new soil packing method was proposed for
replicating complex microtopographical surfaces with uniform bulk densities in laboratory
soil box experiments which proved efficient and effective at accomplishing both objectives.
A rainfall simulator and an instantaneous-profile laser scanner were used to simulate
rainfall and quantify surface microtopography for experiments. The results clearly show the
effect of microtopography on infiltration and soil-water movement characteristics. This
offers valuable insight into infiltration/soil-water movement processes as affected by
different soil and surface microtopographic conditions.<br>National Science Foundation (Grant No. EAR-0907588)
3
Sabeh, Darwiche. "Adapting the Green and Ampt model to account for air compression and counterflow." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000493.
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Cecílio, Roberto Avelino. "Modelagem da infiltração da água no solo fundamentada na equação de Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9761.
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Previous issue date: 2005-08-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>O conhecimento do processo de infiltração da água no solo é de extrema importância para diversas áreas da engenharia de conservação de água e solo. O modelo de Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson (GAML) é um dos mais utilizados para a simular a infiltração por ser relativamente simples e por vir apresentando bons resultados na estimativa do processo. Todavia, a difícil determinação dos parâmetros de entrada de GAML e o fato destes parâmetros não representarem efetivamente as condições reais de ocorrência da infiltração ainda dificultam sua aplicação. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de melhorar a estimativa da infiltração de água no solo, considerando, para tal, duas vertentes distintas e independentes: uma baseada em uma análise físico- matemática mais detalhada do processo de infiltração e do deslocamento da frente de umedecimento pelo perfil do solo; e outra baseada em simples adequações dos parâmetros de entrada de GAML. Desenvolveu-se um novo modelo para a estimativa da infiltração de água no solo (GAML-c), fundamentado no GAML, baseando-se numa descrição mais aproximada da geometria e do deslocamento da frente de umedecimento. O GAML-c realiza uma discretização do teor de água para o qual o solo é umedecido quando da ocorrência do processo de infiltração, simulando o deslocamento simultâneo de diversas sub-frentes de umedecimento pelo perfil do solo. Paralelamente, propôs-se, também, a adequação dos parâmetros de entrada de GAML, a saber: substituir o teor de água do solo na saturação (θ s ) pelo teor de água na zona de transmissão (θ w ); substituir a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K 0 ) pela taxa de infiltração estável (Tie); e calcular o potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento (ψ f ) por meio de uma equação baseada na condutividade hidráulica relativa aos teores de água inicial do solo (θ i ) e da zona de transmissão, e dos parâmetros pressão de borbulhamento (ψ b ) e índice de distribuição do tamanho de poros (λ), oriundos do ajuste da curva de retenção de água no solo feito pelo o modelo de Brooks & Corey. O conjunto de adequações propostas foi denominado GAML-t, não tendo qualquer relação com o procedimento GAML-c. Testes experimentais foram realizados em laboratório a fim de determinar a infiltração em três diferentes classes de solo: Argissolo Vermelho (PV), Latossolo Vermelho (LV) e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA). Avaliou-se o desempenho de GAML-c e de GAML-t, comparando-os com o modelo de GAML aplicado em sua forma original e também adequado segundo cinco diferentes propostas. O GAML-c foi avaliado considerando quatro diferentes cenários, relativos à consideração dos parâmetros de entrada K 0 e θ w : K 0 igual à Tie e θ w experimental (TW); K 0 determinado pelo permeâmetro de carga constante e θ w experimental (KW); K 0 igual à Tie e θ w igual a θ s (TS); e K 0 determinado pelo permeâmetro de carga constante e θ w igual à θ s (KS). Verificou-se que o GAML-c aplicado utilizando-se os parâmetros da simulação TW foi capaz de estimar o perfil de umidade do solo, provendo estimativas de infiltração aceitáveis em todos os tipos de solo estudados; mas ainda necessitando de ajustes. O GAML-t foi capaz de prover boas estimativas da infiltração de água em todos os solos estudados, sendo recomendado para aplicação na estimativa de infiltração.<br>Knowledge of water infiltration process is extremely important to many areas of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Gren-Ampt-Mein-Larson infiltration model (GAML) is one of the models that are most used to predict infiltration process because of its relative simplicity and encouraging results. However, the major obstacle in using GAML model is not just due to the difficulties in estimating it's parameters, but also due to the fact these parameters do not represent field infiltration conditions. This study have had the objective of give better alternatives in predicting infiltration process, considering two different ways: one based on a most detailed physical-mathematical analysis of the infiltration process and of the wetting front movement through the soil profile; and other one based on simple modifications of GAML model parameters. It was developed a new model to simulate infiltration process (GAML-c) that is based on GAML model, and that provides a better description of the wetting front geometry and displacement through the soil profile. GAML-c model simulates the simultaneous displacement of many sub-wetting fronts through the soil profile. It was also proposed the following modifications in GAML model parameters: replace the saturation moisture content parameter (θ s ) with the "filed saturation" moisture content (θ w ); replace the saturated hydraulic conductivity parameter (K 0 ) with the infiltration rate after long time of wetting (Tie); and calculate wetting front suction head (ψ f ) by the use of an equation that makes use of relative hydraulic conductivity in the initial soil moisture (θ i ) and "field saturation" moisture, and also of Brooks & Corey bubbling pressure and pore-size distribution index parameters. These three modifications were called GAML-t and do not have any relation to GAML-c model. Experimental infiltration tests were conduced at laboratory using three different soil types: Red Ultisol (PV), Red Oxisol (LV) and Red-Yellow Oxisol (LVA). The performances of GAML-c model and GAML-t modifications were evaluated and compared to the performances of GAML model applied with its original and modified parameters. Five different ways of modify GAML parameters were used. GAML-c was evaluated using four different scenarios: considering K 0 equals to Tie and the maximum soil moisture equals to θ w (TW); considering K 0 value determined by constant-head permeameter method and the maximum soil moisture equals to θ w (KW); considering K 0 equals to Tie and the maximum soil moisture equals to θ s (TS); and considering K 0 value determined by constant-head permeameter method and the maximum soil moisture equals to θ s (KS). It was verified that GAML-c model applied using TW scenario was able to simulate soil water profile, giving acceptable prediction of infiltration to the three soil types. However, GAML-c still needs better development. GAML-t was able to give very good predictions of infiltration to the three soil types, being strongly suggested to simulate infiltration process.<br>Tese importada do Alexandria
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Cecílio, Roberto Avelino. "Aplicação da equação de Green-Ampt na modelagem da infiltração de água em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo estratificado." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2002. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9439.
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Previous issue date: 2002-03-15<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A infiltração de água no solo é um dos principais fenômenos componentes do ciclo hidrológico, pois é um dos fatores que determinam a disponibilização de água para as culturas, a recarga dos aqüíferos subterrâneos, a ocorrência e magnitude do escoamento superficial e o manejo do solo e da água. O modelo de Green-Ampt é um dos mais utilizados na previsão da infiltração por se basear em aspectos físicos do processo, entretanto diversos autores alertam para a necessidade de adequação dos parâmetros de entrada deste modelo para as condições de campo. Como este modelo foi desenvolvido para solos homogêneos faz-se necessário a realização de estudos deste em solos estratificados, principalmente para solos típicos de regiões de clima tropical. Neste trabalho, procurou-se avaliar o modelo de Green-Ampt, assim como as diversas proposições de correção dos seus parâmetros de entrada (umidade de saturação, θ s ; condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, K 0 ; e, potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento, ψ), aplicado a um típico solo brasileiro sob condições de estratificação de sua textura, o Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um utilizando colunas e outro uma caixa de solo, dentro dos quais compactou-se material de solo pertencente a cada um dos três horizontes do Latossolo Vermelho- Amarelo (A, B e C). Determinou-se a infiltração acumulada (I), taxa de infiltração (Ti), bem como as características físicas do perfil necessárias para a aplicação do modelo de Green-Ampt. Verificou-se que o valor de umidade de saturação de campo (θ w ) que melhor simulou os valores medidos de infiltração quando não se considera θ w variável com a textura do solo variou entre 0,81 θ s (caixa de solo) e 0,86 θ s (colunas de solos). Quando se considera, para a caixa de solo, θ w variável com a textura, os melhores valores foram de 0,79 θ s para o material de solo de textura argilosa (horizontes A e B) e 0,86 θ s para o material de solo de textura franca (horizonte C). Utilizando-se estes valores nas simulações de Ti, I e profundidade da frente de umedecimento, percebeu-se que a textura do solo exerce grande influência no valor de θ w , pois todas as simulações foram melhores quando se considerou a variação deste parâmetro de acordo com a granulometria do material de solo. Utilizando-se, nas simulações, combinações entre seis metodologias para o cálculo de ψ e três para a determinação da condutividade hidráulica, percebeu-se que três diferentes combinações simularam bem a infiltração ocorrida nas colunas (condição de baixa umidade inicial) e que quatro diferentes combinações simularam bem o processo de infiltração ocorrido na caixa de solo (condição de alta umidade inicial). Para a condição de baixa umidade inicial (colunas de solo), as proposições que melhor simularam a infiltração foram: K w igual a 0,5 K 0 associada a ψ igual a ψ (θ i ); K w igual a K 0 associada a ψ igual à média entre ψ (θ w ) e ψ (θ i ) e; K w igual à taxa de infiltração estável (T ie ) associada a ψ calculado com base na textura e porosidade do solo. Já para a condição de alta umidade inicial (caixa de solo), estas proposições foram: condutividade hidráulica (K w ) igual a 0,5 K 0 associada ao potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento (ψ) igual a ψ (θ i ); K w igual à T ie associada a ψ igual à média entre ψ (θ w ) e ψ (θ i ); K w igual a K 0 associada a ψ calculado com base na textura e porosidade do solo e; K w igual à T ie associada a ψ calculado com base na textura e porosidade do solo. Duas das combinações foram exatamente as mesmas tanto para a condição de alta, quanto de baixa umidade inicial. O modelo de Green-Ampt simulou melhor o processo de infiltração da água no Latossolo Vermelho- Amarelo estratificado quando este apresentou menor variação na condutividade hidráulica ao longo do perfil.<br>Soil water infiltration is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle because it is one of the factors that determines the water that will be avaible for the cultures, the recharge of the underground aquifers, the occurrence and magnitude of the surface runoff and the handling of soil and water. The Green-Ampt model is one of the most used in the prediction of infiltration because it’s based in the physical aspects of the process, however several authors alerts for the need of some adaptation in the model’s input parameters for field conditions. As the Green and Ampt model was developed for homogeneous soils it’s necessary the accomplishment of studies in stratified soils, mainly for typical soils of tropical climate areas. In this work, it was tried to evaluate the Green-Ampt model, as well as several propositions of correction of its entrance parameters (saturation moisture, θ s ; saturated hydraulic conductivity, K 0 ; and, matric potential in the wetting front, ψ), applied to a typical Brazilian soil under stratified conditions, the Red-Yellow Latosol. Two experiments were led, one using soil columns and other using a soil box, were soil material belonging to each one of the three horizons (A, B and C) of the studied soil was compacted. The accumulated infiltration (I) was determined, as well as the infiltration rate (Ti) and the physical characteristics of the profile that were needed for the application of the Green-Ampt model. It was verified that the value of field saturation moisture (θ w ) that best fitted experimental data when it’s not considered θ w variable with the texture of the soil varied among 0,81 θ s (soil box) and 0,86 θ s (soil columns). For the soil box, when was considered that θ w was variable with the texture, the best values were 0,79 θ s for the material of soil of clay texture (horizons A and B) and 0,86 θ s for the material of soil of sandy loam texture (horizon C). Using these values in the Ti, I and wetting front depth simulations, it was noticed that the soil texture exercises great influence in the value of θ w , because all the simulations were better when it was considered the variation of this parameter in agreement with the soil material texture. Using, in the simulations, combinations among six methodologies for the ψ calculation and three for the hydraulic conductivity determination, it was noticed that three different combinations simulated well the infiltration that happened in the columns (condition of low initial moisture) and that four different combinations simulated well the infiltration process that happened in the soil box (condition of high initial moisture). For the condition of low initial moisture (soil columns), the propositions that best simulated the infiltration process were: hydraulic conductivity (K w ) equals to 0,5 K 0 associated with ψ equals to ψ (θ i ); K w equals to K 0 associated to ψ equals to the average among ψ (θ w ) and ψ (θ i ) and; K w equals to the stable infiltration rate (T ie ) associated to ψ calculated with base in soil texture and soil porosity. For the high initial moisture condition (soil box), these propositions were: hydraulic conductivity (K w ) equals to 0,5 K 0 associated with ψ equals to ψ (θ i ); K w equals to T ie associated to ψ equal to the average among ψ (θ w ) and ψ (θ i ); K w equals to K 0 associated to ψ calculated with base in soil texture and soil porosity and; K w equals to T ie associated to ψ equal to calculated with base in soil texture and soil porosity. Two of the combinations were exactly the same for both of the experiments. The Green-Ampt model simulated better the water infiltration process when the soil profile presented lower variation in the hydraulic conductivity.<br>Dissertação importada do Alexandria
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Mello, Luis Tomás Azevedo de. "Avaliação de metodologias para obtenção dos parâmetros do modelo de Green-Ampt modificado por Mein e Larson." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2003. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9551.
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Previous issue date: 2003-08-11<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Os modelos de infiltração embasados em princípios físicos são uma importante ferramenta a ser utilizada na modelagem hidrológica. O modelo de Green-Ampt é uma dessas ferramentas que vem sendo usada em diversas áreas relacionadas ao assunto. Entretanto, a adequação de seus parâmetros a solos brasileiros ainda precisa ser melhor estudada. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes proposições de determinação dos parâmetros (umidade de saturação, θ s ; condutividade hidráulica, K e potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento, ψ f ) do modelo de Green-Ampt modificado por Mein e Larson (GAML) e sua aplicabilidade a diferentes condições de perfis homogêneo e heterogêneo de solo. O experimento foi conduzido em oito colunas de solo montadas com combinações distintas de horizontes (A, B e C) e massa específica (1,03 g/cm 3 e 1,23 g/cm 3 ), sendo seis colunas com perfil homogêneo e duas com perfil estratificado, sob condições de precipitação constante. Determinaram as características físico-hídricas dos solos das colunas necessárias à aplicação do modelo de GAML e, por meio da técnica chamada de “Time Domain Reflectometry” (TDR), foi possível determinar o avanço da frente de umedecimento a partir da qual foram determinadas a infiltração acumulada (Ia) e a taxa de infiltração (Ti). Os valores da umidade na zona de transmissão (θ w ), determinada ao final dos testes de infiltração, variaram de 0,76 a 0,94 da porosidade, dependendo da textura e da massa específica em questão. Esses valores foram usados como um dos parâmetros de entrada no modelo GAML. Curvas de avanço da frente de umedecimento, de infiltração acumulada e de taxa de infiltração foram simuladas usando o modelo GAML com 36 combinações de proposições para correção de Kw e ψ f . Os resultados simulados e experimentais foram comparados, usando-se coeficientes estatísticos e análise gráfica. Também foram comparados os tempos correspondentes ao início do escoamento superficial determinados experimentalmente e simulados. Não foi encontrada uma única combinação de proposições que melhor representasse todos os casos. No entanto, o uso da condutividade hidráulica (K w ) sendo igual a taxa de infiltração básica (Tib) e o do potencial matricial (ψ f ) calculado em função da textura e da porosidade do solo, fez com que o modelo GAML simulasse bem o processo de infiltração em solos com perfil de massa específica homogênea. Outra combinação que merece destaque é o uso de K w igual à condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K 0 ), determinada pelo método do permeâmetro de carga constante, associado ao potencial matricial (ψ f ) correspondente à umidade na zona de transmissão, que representou muito bem as curvas de infiltração obtidas nas colunas com perfil homogêneo dos horizontes A e B, para as duas condições de compactação. De modo geral, quando os parâmetros de entrada do modelo de GAML são bem determinados, o mesmo pode ser usado para a estimativa do processo de infiltração, em solos homogêneos. Em solos heterogêneos, o modelo foi sensível às variações físico-hídricas do perfil do solo, mas não foi preciso em estimar o tempo de ocorrência das mudanças na taxa de infiltração devido à estratificação do solo.<br>The infiltration models based on physical principles are important tools to be used on the hydrological modeling. The Green-Ampt model is one of these tools that has been being used in different areas related to the subject. However, the adequacy of its parameters to Brazilian soils still needs to be better studied. This work’s objective is to evaluate the different propositions of parameters determination (saturation humidity, q s ; hydraulic conductivity, K and matrix potential before humidification, y f ) of the Green-Ampt model modified by Mein and Larson (GAML) and its applicability to different conditions of homogeneous and heterogeneous soil profiles. The experiment was carried out in eight columns of soil mounted with different horizons combinations (A, B and C) and specific mass (1.03 g/cm 3 and 1.23 g/cm 3 ), being six of the columns with homogeneous profile and two of them with stratified profile, under constant precipitation conditions. The physical-hydric characteristics of the columns soils needed to the GAML model application were determined, and through the technique called “Time Domain Reflectometry” (TDR), it was possible to determine the advancement of the humidification front from which the accumulated infiltration (Ia) and the infiltration rate (Ti) were determined. The humidity value on the transmission zone (θ w ), determined at the end of the infiltration tests, varied from 0.76 to 0.94 of porosity, depending on the texture and on the specific mass in question. These values were used as one of the entrance parameters into the GAML model. Advancement curves of the humidification front, of the accumulated infiltration, and of the infiltration rate were simulated using the GAML model with 36 propositions combinations for the correction of Kw and ψ f . The simulated and experimental results were compared using statistic coefficients and graphic analyses. The times correspondent to the beginning of the superficial drainage experimentally determined and simulated were also compared. A sole combination of proposition that better represented all the cases was not found. However, the use of hydraulic conductivity (K w ) as being equals to the basic infiltration rate (Tib) and to the matrix potential (ψ f ) calculated in relation to the texture and porosity of the soil, made the GAML model simulate well the infiltration process on soils with profile of homogeneous specific mass. Another combination that deserves to be highlighted is the use of Kw equals to the hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil (K 0 ), determined by the constant charge permeameter method, associated to the matrix potential (ψ f ) correspondent to the transmission zone humidity, that represented very well the infiltration curves obtained on the columns with homogeneous profile of the A and B horizons, for both compactness conditions. In general, when the entrance parameters of the GAML model are well determined, it can be used for the estimate of the infiltration process in homogenous soils. In heterogeneous soils the model was sensitive to the physical-hydric variations of the soil profile, but it was not necessary to estimate the occurrence time of changes on the infiltration rate due to the soil stratification.<br>Dissertação imortada do Alexandria
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Zhang, Jie, and s3069216@student rmit edu au. "A laboratory scale study of infiltration from Pervious Pavements." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070125.164003.
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Increased urbanization causes pervious greenfields to be converted to impervious areas increasing stormwater runoff. Most of the urban floods occur because existing drainage systems are unable to handle peak flows during rainfall events. During a storm event, flood runoff will carry contaminants to receiving waters such as rivers and creeks. Engineers and scientists have combined their knowledge to introduce innovative thinking to manage the quality of urban runoff and harvest stormwater for productive purposes. The introduction of pervious pavements addresses all the principles in Water Sensitive Urban Design. A pervious pavement is a load bearing pavement structure that is permeable to water. The pervious layer sits on the top of a reservoir storage layer. Pervious pavements reduce the flood peak as well as improve the quality of stormwater at source before it is transported to receiving waters or reused productively. To be accepted as a viable solution, understanding of the influence of design parameters on the infiltration rate (both from the bedding and the sub-base) as well as strength of the pavement requires to be established. The design of a particular pavement will need to be customized for different properties of sub layer materials present in different sites. In addition, the designs will have to meet local government stormwater discharge standards. The design of drainage systems underneath pervious pavements will need to be based on the permeability of the whole pervious system. The objectives of the research project are to: Understand the factors influencing infiltration capacities and percolation rates through the pervious surface as well as the whole pavement structure including the bedding and the sub-base using a laboratory experimental setup. Obtain relationships between rainfall intensity, infiltration rate and runoff quantity based on the sub-grade material using a computational model to assist the design of pervious pavements. A laboratory scale pavement was constructed to develop relationships between the surface runoff and the infiltration volume from a pervious pavement with an Eco-Pavement surface. 2 to 5mm crushed gravel and 5 to 20mm open graded gravel were chosen as the bedding and sub-base material. Initial tests such as dry and wet density, crushing values, hydraulic conductivity, California Bearing Ratio tests for aggregate material were conducted before designing and constructing the pavement model. A rainfall simulator with evenly spaced 24 sprays was set up above the pervious pavement surface. The thesis presents design aspects of the laboratory scale pavement and the tests carried out in designing the pavement and the experimental procedure. The Green and Ampt model parameters to calculate infiltration were obtained from the laboratory test results from aggregate properties. Runoff results obtained from rainfall simulator tests were compared with the Green and Ampt infiltration model results to demonstrate that the Green and Ampt parameters could be successfully calculated from aggregate properties. The final infiltration rate and the cumulative infiltration volume of water were independent of the rainfall intensity once the surface is saturated. The model parameters were shown to be insensitive to the final infiltration capacity and to the total amount of infiltrated water. The Green and Ampt infiltration parameters are the most important parameters in designing pervious pavements using the PCSWMMPP model. The PCSWMMPP model is a Canadian model built specially for designing pervious pavements. This is independent of the type of sub-grade (sand or clay) determining whether the water is diverted to the urban drainage system (clay sub-grade) or deep percolation into the groundwater system (sand sub-grade). The percolation parameter in Darcy's law is important only if the infiltrated water recharges the groundwater. However, this parameter is also insensitive to the final discharge through the subgrade to the groundwater. The study concludes by presenting the design characteristics influencing runoff from a pervious pavement depending on the rainfall intensity, pavement structure and sub-grade material and a step-by step actions to follow in the design.
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Lukyanets, Yuliya. "The Green and Ampt Infiltration Model Accounting for Air Compression and Air Counterflow in the Shallow Water Table Environment: Laboratory Experiments." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3471.
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Water infiltration into the unsaturated zone especially in a shallow water table environment is affected by air compression ahead of the wetting front and air counterflow. Neglecting air compression in infiltration modeling can overestimate infiltration and infiltration rates, whereas not accounting for air counterflow can underestimate infiltration and infiltration rates due to unrealistic buildup of air pressure resistance ahead of the wetting front. A method, derived on the basis of the Green and Ampt (1911) infiltration model, is introduced to simulate air compression and air counterflow during infiltration into a shallow water table. The method retains the simplicity of the Green and Ampt (1911) model but adds the air pressure resistance term ahead of the wetting front. Infiltration equations are derived on the basis of the Green and Ampt (1911) and Sabeh’s (2004) infiltration model which accounts for air compression and air counterflow. The difference between this method and Sabeh’s (2004) model is that air counterflow, air compression, and infiltration are decoupled and updated with each wetting front increment whereas Sabeh’s (2004) method uses time step as a decoupling mechanism. Air compression ahead of the wetting front is predicted using the perfect gas law.
Laboratory experiments showed that the introduced method is reasonably accurate when modeling cumulative infiltration values. Results of laboratory experiments were compared to results of the modeled infiltration methods: original Green and Ampt (1911) model and Green and Ampt with air compression and counterflow.
The advantage of this new method is its simplicity. The new method uses parameters that are generally needed for modeling infiltration with the Green and Ampt (1911) approach. Disadvantages of the model are assumptions of the uniform water content and the uniform pressure. Another shortcoming of the model is that it does not account for air compression and air counterflow prior to ponding.
Laboratory experiments described in this work and a proposed model can be further used for modeling and studying infiltration with air effects. In addition, this work can be of use to someone studying irrigation techniques of rice or other crops.
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Brevnova, Elena V. "Green-Ampt infiltration model parameter determination using SCS curve number (CN) and soil texture class, and application to the SCS runoff model." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2039.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 149 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63).
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CASTRO, Thiago Quintiliano de. "Avaliação do desempenho de pavimentos permeáveis." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/620.
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Previous issue date: 2011-09-22<br>This study aimed to evaluate the experimental performance of three types of permeable pavements constructed in three different structural conditions in order to control runoff in
urbanized areas of the city of Goiania, Goias, adapting to the legal requirements and using local manufactured materials. It was evaluated nine experimental plots of 3.2 m² as the
following types: PAV - concrete block "paver", PCP - porous concrete plate and GCC - concrete block "concregrama" and the following structural conditions: I - base of sand and
natural subgrade, II - base of sand and compacted subgrade and III - base of sand, gravel subbase and compacted subgrade. Using an artificial rain simulator, 18 tests were performed with two pre-defined rain, a medium intensity (69 mm / h) and a high intensity (180 mm / h). The subgrade soil and building materials were characterized, measured the surface and subsurface runoff, and moisture of the layers of the pavement. The parameters of the models of Horton
and Green-Ampt were obtained by adjusting the calculated data infiltration. Combinations PCP-II, PCP-III, II-CCG, CCG-III and PAV-III showed little or no runoff. The delay and
persistence in critical times of the runoff hydrograph also secured good results to the PCP, which generally showed higher soaking times (7,2 to 30,4 minutes) compared to the other types of pavement. The structure that showed the best hydrological performance was the III, whose results ranged from 0 to 0,19 for the runoff coefficient. The results showed that porous pavements evaluated in this study contribute to the reduction of runoff, because of low runoff coefficients (0 to 0,36) obtained. Constructive guidelines on the type of permeable pavement that performed better were drawn and described.<br>O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho experimental de três tipos de pavimentos permeáveis construídos em três condições estruturais diferentes com vistas ao controle do escoamento superficial em áreas urbanizadas do município de Goiânia, Goiás, adequando-se às exigências legais e utilizando-se de materiais provenientes de fabricantes locais. Foram avaliadas nove parcelas experimentais de 3,2 m² conforme os seguintes tipos de
revestimento: PAV - Bloco de concreto maciço tipo paver , PCP Placa de concreto poroso e CCG Bloco de concreto vazado tipo concregrama , e as seguintes condições estruturais: I - base de areia e subleito natural, II - base de areia e subleito compactado e III - base de areia, sub-base de brita tipo 1 e subleito compactado. Utilizando-se de um simulador de chuva artificial, foram realizados 18 ensaios com duas chuvas pré-definidas, uma de média intensidade (69 mm/h) e outra de alta intensidade (180 mm/h). Foram caracterizados o solo do subleito e os materiais de construção, medidos os escoamentos superficial e subsuperficial, bem como a umidade das camadas dos pavimentos. Os parâmetros dos modelos de Horton e
de Green-Ampt foram obtidos por meio do ajuste dos dados calculados de taxa de infiltração. Os pavimentos PCP-II, PCP-III, CCG-II, CCG-III e PAV-III apresentaram pouco ou nenhum
escoamento superficial. O retardo e o prolongamento nos tempos críticos do hidrograma de escoamento superficial também garantiram bons resultados ao revestimento PCP, que no geral apresentou os maiores tempos de embebição (7,2 a 30,4 minutos) em comparação aos demais tipos de revestimento. A estrutura que apresentou o melhor desempenho hidrológico foi o Trecho III, cujos resultados variaram de 0 a 0,19 para o coeficiente de escoamento. A análise dos resultados mostrou que os pavimentos permeáveis avaliados neste trabalho contribuem à redução do escoamento superficial, em razão dos baixos coeficientes de escoamento (0 a 0,36) obtidos, assim como ao armazenamento temporário de águas de chuva e ao incremento da infiltração de água no solo urbano. As diretrizes construtivas do tipo de pavimento permeável que obteve melhor desempenho foram traçadas e descritas.
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Ataide, Wendy Fonseca. "Modelagem do potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9744.
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Previous issue date: 2005-08-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Infiltração é o processo pelo qual a água passa da superfície para o interior do solo, sendo dependente da carga hidráulica na superfície, do teor de água inicial, da textura, da estrutura, da condutividade hidráulica e da porosidade do solo. Diversos modelos se propõem a estimar este processo, dentre os quais se destaca o de Green-Ampt modificado por Mein e Larson (GAML), baseado numa análise física do processo. Embora seja bastante utilizado, este modelo apresenta como desvantagem a dificuldade de obtenção de seus parâmetros de entrada, principalmente do potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento ( ψ m ). Assim sendo, este trabalho teve como objetivos: obter as variáveis necessárias à estimativa do potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento, utilizando-se para tal o modelo de Green-Ampt modificado por Mein e Larson, e estabelecer modelo matemático que relacione o potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento com as características físicas e a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, para sua aplicação no modelo de Green-Ampt modificado por Mein e Larson. Foram utilizadas três classes de solos (Latossolo Vermelho - Amarelo – LVA; Latossolo Vermelho – LV; e Argissolo Vermelho – PV). Estes solos foram secos ao ar, destorroados e peneirados em peneira de malha 10 mm, sendo posteriormente acondicionados em colunas de PVC de 200 mm de diâmetro e 800 mm de altura, de modo que a densidade do solo ficasse próxima daquela observada em campo. Na lateral das colunas, foram instaladas horizontalmente sondas de TDR para a determinação do teor de água e para o acompanhamento da frente de umedecimento. Aplicou-se água sobre a superfície das colunas sob taxa constante, por meio de um simulador de chuvas, sendo que o excesso escoado superficialmente foi conduzido para uma caixa de coleta na qual foi instalado um medidor de nível denominado Thalimedes. O volume infiltrado foi determinado por diferença entre o volume precipitado e o escoado. Após a realização dos testes, foram coletadas amostras de solo para determinação da granulometria, densidade do solo, porosidade, macroporosidade e microporosidade. Foram determinados, ainda, os teores volumétricos de água na zona de transmissão e no início do processo e a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado. O potencial matricial foi calculado por intermédio de um rearranjo no modelo de GAML, considerando a taxa de infiltração estável (Tie) como representativa da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e o teor volumétrico de água na zona de transmissão em lugar do teor volumétrico de água correspondente à saturação. De posse dos valores de ψ m e das características do solo, foram ajustados modelos de regressão, sendo a escolha do melhor modelo feita por meio dos coeficientes de determinação (R 2 ), pela significância dos parâmetros no modelo, pelo menor número de variáveis envolvidas e pela facilidade de obtenção dessas variáveis (características do solo). Os valores de condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, de porcentagem de silte e de macroporosidade foram significativos em todos os modelos nos quais foram utilizados. A Tie não foi significativa em nenhum dos modelos. Todas as equações obtidas utilizando-se a porcentagem de silte em combinação com outras variáveis apresentaram bons resultados na modelagem do ψ m , sendo que, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para o modelo que relaciona o ψ m com a porosidade, a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e a porcentagem de silte.<br>Infiltration is the process by which water passes through the soil surface down to the soil, being dependent on hydraulic load in the surface, on the antecedent moisture, on texture, structure, soil hydraulic conductivity and soil porosity. Several models aim to estimate this process, among which the Green-Ampt modified by Mein and Larson (GAML) model is based on a physical analysis of the process. Although it is frequently used, this model has a limitation for obtaining input parameters, such as the potential head at the wetting front ( ψ m ). This work aimed to obtain the ψ m for GAML model for soils typical of tropical areas, using three classes of soils (Red-Yellow Oxisol, Red Ultisol and Red Oxisol). These soils were air-dried, ground and sieved through 10 mm mesh sieve, placed in PVC columns of 200 mm diameter and 800 mm height, so that the soil density was similar to the field. In the lateral of the columns, horizontal TDR probes were installed for the moisture determination and for the monitoring of the wetting front. The water was applied to the surface of the columns at a constant rate by means of a rain simulator device and the excess drained superficially, was collected and measured in a box using a “Thalimedes” device. The infiltrated volume was calculated by the difference among the precipitate volume and the runoff. After the tests, soil samples were collected for determination of the texture, soil density, porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, volumetric moisture (before and after the tests) and soil hydraulic conductivity. The pressure head at the wetting front was calculated through an adjustment in the GAML model, considering the rate of stable infiltration (Tie) as representative of the hydraulic conductivity, and the transmission zone moisture instead of the moisture saturation. Once having the ψ m values and soil characteristics, regression models were adjusted, choosing the best fit by R 2 , significance of parameters, less number of variables and easy of obtaining soil variables. The soil hydraulic conductivity values, percentage of silt and macroporosity were all significant for all equations. Tie was not significant in none of the equations. All the obtained equations using the amount of silt in combination with another variable showed good results in the ψ m modeling. The best fitted equation was the one which related the ψ m with the porosity, the soil hydraulic conductivity and the percentage of silt.<br>Dissertação importada do Alexandria
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Malam, Abdou Moussa. "Etats de surface et fonctionnement hydrodynamique multi-échelles des bassins sahéliens ; études expérimentales en zones cristalline et sédimentaire." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU004/document.
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Ce travail vise à caractériser et comparer les fonctionnements hydrodynamiques à plusieurs échelles spatiales en zones cristalline et sédimentaire de l’Ouest nigérien et par suite à proposer un modèle simple de fonctionnement hydrodynamique des bassins expérimentaux cristallins qui soit potentiellement transposable aux échelles supérieures.L’analyse qualitative du paysage montre que ces deux domaines ont des états de surface communs et spécifiques.L’étude expérimentale effectuée sur les états de surface communs (surface biologique, BIOL, d’érosion, ERO, structurale, ST-jac, et cultivée, C) montre, à l’échelle ponctuelle, que la surface ERO a la même valeur de conductivité hydraulique K dans les deux contextes. En revanche, les surfaces C et surtout ST ont des conductivités plus faibles en zone cristalline. Le suivi temporel effectué sur ces deux états de surface en zone cristalline a mis en évidence la stationnarité de la conductivité sur ST (jachère de 5 ans) durant la saison des pluies tandis qu'elle varie fortement sur la surface cultivée en fonction du calendrier cultural et du cumul de pluie. K décroit d’une valeur initiale de 170 mm/h après le sarclage à 20 mm/h (soit la conductivité mesurée sur ST) lorsque la surface sarclée reçoit un cumul de pluie de l’ordre de 70 mm. La conductivité atteint même la valeur de 10 mm/h après un cumul de pluie de 180 mm. Cette variation de la conductivité montre l’avantage à court terme du sarclage qui améliore l’infiltration mais qui à long terme tend à dégrader la surface.Les résultats obtenus à l’échelle de la surface élémentaire (10 m²) valident bien les mesures ponctuelles. La surface ERO a le même coefficient du ruissellement (Kr) en zones cristalline et sédimentaire tandis que les surfaces ST et cultivée ont un Kr plus élevé en zone cristalline. L’analyse de l’évolution temporelle du Kr de la surface cultivée du socle a montré que sur 63 événements pluvieux observés entre 2011 et 2013, 22 ont un Kr supérieur à la moyenne (qui est de 0.25) dont près de 2/3 sont observés après plus de 70 mm de pluie qui suivent le sarclage. Les résultats obtenus à ces deux échelles (ponctuelle et surface élémentaire) sont donc cohérents et montrent que la surface cultivée s’encroûte et peut ruisseler plus que la surface ST et autant que la surface ERO. A l’échelle du bassin versant (5 ha), les Kr sont plus élevés sur les bassins cristallins à cause de ces fortes valeurs de Kr des surfaces élémentaires mais aussi parce qu’ils sont composés d’autres surfaces à forte capacité ruisselante que sont la surface d’affleurement du socle altéré et la surface gravillonnaire ayant un Kr de 0.58. A ces trois échelles (ponctuelle, élémentaire, petit bassin), on note la non-dépendance du fonctionnement hydrodynamique à l'état hydrique initial.L’exploitation des résultats ponctuels obtenus sur le site cristallin (conductivité moyenne de BIOL, ERO, et ST et conductivité variable sur la surface cultivée) dans le modèle de Green et Ampt a permis de caler le potentiel de front par état de surface et décrire de manière très satisfaisante les ruissellements mesurés sur les surfaces élémentaires. Sur la base des ruissellements ainsi calculés, nous avons simulé les hydrogrammes à l’exutoire des bassins expérimentaux en assimilant le fonctionnement de ces derniers à celui des surfaces élémentaires en spatialisant leur infiltrabilité. En faisant l’hypothèse d’une ré-infiltration nulle sur les versants, nous avons appliqué une fonction de transfert simple prenant en compte la distance de chaque surface élémentaire par rapport au réseau hydrographique, une vitesse d'écoulement constante et une pluie imbibante de 3 à 4 mm devant saturer la couverture sableuse de ravine, ce qui est beaucoup moins qu'en zone sédimentaire. Finalement, les hydrogrammes simulés reproduisent assez bien les caractéristiques des hydrogrammes mesurés, ce qui offre une perspective d’application de certains principes du modèle sur de plus grands bassins<br>This work aims at characterizing and comparing the hydrodynamical functioning at several spatial scales within the granitic-basement and sedimentary zones of Western Niger. Then, a simple hydrological model that could be suitable for use at larger scales is proposed and tested.Qualitatively, the two geological domains have common and specific surface features.The experimental work carried out onto common surface features (biological crust, BIOL; erosion crust, ERO; fallow structural surface, ST and cultivated, C) shows that, at the point scale, ERO has the same hydraulic conductivity K value in both contexts. On the other hand, surfaces features C and especially ST have lower K values in granitic context.Monitoring of the ST and C sites along the rainy season proved the stationarity of the ST conductivity value. On the contrary, K varies widely with the amount of rain received from an initial value of 170 mm/h after weeding down to 20 mm/h (i.e. the ST measured value) after 70 mm of rain and even 10 mm/h after 180 mm of rain. This variation shows the short-term benefit of weeding onto infiltration but a degradation of the soil surface on the long term.At the plot scale (10 m2), runoff measurements are consistent with point measurements. ERO has the same runoff coefficient (Kr) in granitic and sedimentary zones while ST and C surfaces have a higher Kr in granitic context.Runoff monitoring of the granitic site cultivated plots showed that from a total of 63 rain events between 2011 and 2013, 22 had a Kr value higher than the average value (0.25) from which 2/3 are observed after the surface had received more than 70 mm rain after weeding.Results obtained at the two scales (point and 10-m2 plot) are thus consistent and show that the cultivated surface gets crusted and may produce runoff more than fallow ST sites and as much as ERO features.At the basin scale (5 ha), Kr values are higher in the granitic site, not only because of the higher Kr value for a given surface feature but also because of the specific low-infiltrating surfaces which are granite outcrops and gravel crusts (Kr = 0.58).At the three previous scales (point, plot and small basin), runoff volume was found independent of soil initial moisture.Using the previous point-scale results in a Green-Ampt infiltration model led to calibrate the wetting front pressure head for each surface feature and to satisfactorily describe runoff volumes obtained at the plot scale.By estimating runoff with the Green-Ampt infiltration model at any given point, basin-scale hydrograms were obtained by adding the contribution of all elementary surfaces. Assuming no re-infiltration of runoff water within the basins, a simple transfer function was chosen accounting for the distance of each surface to the hydrological network, a constant water velocity of 0.05 m.s-1 and a volume of 3-4 mm of water necessary to fill the kori sand cover, which is much less than that in the sedimentary context. Finally, simulated hydrograms reproduce nicely the measured ones, which offers the perspective of applying some principles of the model to larger basins
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Rosnoblet, Jérôme. "Dynamique du bilan hydrique parcellaire au sein de l'espace rural-conséquences sur les transferts hydrologiques." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2002. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000266.
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Nous montrons que deux processus habituellement négligés dans les modèles simples de bilan hydrique journalier des cultures, ont pourtant un effet non négligeable sur le bilan hydrique, et en particulier diminuent le drainage vers les nappes phréatiques: la captation de l'eau de pluie par le couvert végétal, et le ruissellement hortonien. Sur une culture de maïs, nous calculons ainsi en valeur moyenne annuelle une perte nette pour le sol de 26.7 7.8 mm et 23.7 14.4 mm respectivement pour la captation et le ruissellement. En vue d'études pluriannuelles, nous développons des modèles simples et à base physique de captation et d'infiltration/ruissellement, que nous couplons au modèle de bilan hydrique agropédoclimatique journalier d'un sol multicouches, BILHYNA (TUZET et al., 1992). La captation et le ruissellement sont calculés en continu selon un pas de temps de 0.01 h et abaissent la quantité de pluie journalière incorporée au sol. Une image réaliste des pluies est calculée à partir de mesures instantanées, ou par un modèle original restituant une courbe d'intensité de forme gaussienne à partir des mesures horaires classiques et d'un paramètre climatique. Les modèles sont testés face aux résultats de 3 années continues de mesures sur une parcelle expérimentale de Thiverval-Grignon, alternant culture de maïs et labour d'hiver. Nous calculons la captation avec le modèle simple de MERRIAM (1960). En supposant que le couvert ne transpire pas lorsqu'il est mouillé, nous multiplions la transpiration journalière par la fraction de la journée pendant laquelle le couvert est sec. L'infiltration de l'eau de pluie est décrite par le modèle de GREEN-AMPT (1911), appliqué à un profil de sol hétérogène en humidité initiale (BOUWER, 1969), en succion effective au front d'humectation (YOUNGS, 1974) et en conductivité hydraulique à saturation (selon HILLEL et GARDNER, 1970). Nous fixons les paramètres d'infiltration à partir de relations de VAN GENUCHTEN (COQUET et al., 2002), à -10 cm de potentiel hydrique pour la saturation partielle du sol lors de l'infiltration (BRAKENSIEK & RAWLS, 1983; FOX et al., 1998). Trois couches sont distinguées: lit de semence, labour, et sol non travaillé. Nous traduisons les processus dynamiques essentiels à l'aide de relations empiriques simples et de mesures: développement et sénescence du couvert (LAI), évolution de la rugosité et de la capacité de flaquage de la surface du sol en fonction de l'énergie cinétique des pluies (ONSTAD et al., 1984, ONSTAD, 1984 / KAMPHORST, 2000), évolution de la résistance hydraulique de la croûte de battance (BRAKENSIEK & RAWLS, 1983), modification des paramètres d'infiltration par le travail du sol. Le test du modèle sur la culture du maïs 1999 montre de très bons résultats face aux ruissellement mesuré sur placettes de 1m², sauf en fin de saison où la négligence de la fissuration de la surface du sol amène le modèle à surestimer le ruissellement (37.1% d'erreur, soit 9.8mm, sur toute la période d'étude). Face aux mesures d'humidité du sol (TDR, gravimétrie), le modèle BILHYNA intégrant captation et ruissellement montre une erreur ponctuelle de 20mm au plus du stock d'eau du sol sur 1.10m de sol, traduisant un besoin d'amélioration du drainage à proximité de la capacité au champ, et d'ajustement des paramètres de transpiration du couvert. En moyenne annuelle sur les trois années, sous une pluie de 773.7 59.3 mm, la captation et le ruissellement constituent ensemble une perte nette pour le sol de 65.1 11.9 mm. Leur effet est de 20mm maximum sur le stock d'eau du sol, de l'ordre de l'incertitude sur la mesure de l'humidité. Captation et ruissellement abaissent néanmoins de manière nette la transpiration du couvert et le drainage profond, respectivement de 28.5 3.1 mm et de 45.4 13.9 mm. Ce dernier résultat montre l'importance potentielle d'intégrer la captation et le ruissellement pour améliorer le bilan hydrique du sol et des nappes phréatiques.
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Milvet, Karly R. "Green, Green, & Tender." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1461168477.
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Gonzalez-Ramirez, Noemi. "Simulating Flood Propagation in Urban Areas using a Two-Dimensional Numerical Model." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/648.
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A two-dimensional numerical model (RiverFLO-2D) has been enhanced to simulate flooding of urban areas by developing an innovative wet and dry surface algorithm, accounting for variable rainfall, and recoding the model computer program for parallel computing. The model formulation is based on the shallow water equations solved with an explicit time-stepping element-by-element finite element method. The dry-wet surface algorithm is based on a local approximation of the continuity and momentum equations for elements that are completely dry. This algorithm achieves global volume conservation in the finite element, even for flows over complex topographic surfaces. A new module was implemented to account for variable rainfall in space and time using NEXRAD precipitation estimates. The resulting computer code was parallelized using OpenMP Application Program Interface, which allows the model to run up to 5 times faster on multiple core computers. The model was verified with analytical solutions and validated with laboratory and field data. Model application to the Malpasset dam break and Sumacarcel flooding event show that the model accurately predicts flood wave travel times and water depths for these numerically demanding real cases. To illustrate the predictive capability of the enhanced model, an application was made of the city of Sweetwater flooding in Miami-Dade County, FL caused by the Hurricane Irene. The simulation starts with dry bed and rainfall is provided by NEXRAD estimates. Integrating NEXRAD rainfall estimates, developing a novel dry-wet area algorithm and parallelizing RiverFLO-2D code, this dissertation presents a proof of concept to accurately and efficiently predict floods in urban areas, identifying future improvements along this line of research.
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Pan, Qingyu. "Green & Clean Al-Cu Alloys." Digital WPI, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1273.
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For aluminum alloy casting, degassing is a necessary step for molten metal, which can extract the dissolved hydrogen in the melt. For copper-containing aluminum alloys, a traditional method is that using the mixed gas of inert gas and chlorine as the degassing agent. Because of the toxicity of the gaseous chlorine, the industrial is trying to avoid using it even though this method can contribute to good castings. As a potential solution, the foundry only used argon during degassing, however, the castings with this method were unacceptable since the occurrence of defects.
The goal of this project is to develop a new green and clean degassing method for copper- containing alloys without the usage of gaseous chlorine. To achieve this goal, identify those defects and figure out the source of those defects are necessary. Totally four hypotheses of the occurrence of defects were supposed and two of them were discussed in this thesis. They are ineffective hydrogen removal and metal-mold reaction. Experiments were set in WPI and Palmer Foundry to investigate defects from samples with different conditions. This thesis collected and discussed the results from experiments, and made the conclusion that whether these two hypotheses contribute to the occurrence of defects.
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Ip, Man-ting Angel, and 葉敏婷. "The investigation & exporation of green belt in Hong Kong : evaluation method & design solution for green belt." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207147.
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Adanir, Suleyman. "Efficient Computation Of The Green'." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612968/index.pdf.
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Numerical analysis of periodic structures in layered media is usually accomplished by using Method of Moments which requires the formation of the impedance matrix of the structure. The construction of this impedance matrix requires the evaluation of the periodic Green&rsquo<br>s function in layered media which is expressed as an infinite series in terms of the spectral domain Green&rsquo<br>s function. The slow converging nature of this series make these kinds of analysis computationally expensive. Although some papers have proposed methods to accelerate the computation of these series successfully for a single frequency point, it is still very computation intensive to obtain the frequency response of the structure over a band of frequencies. In this thesis, Discrete Complex Image Method (DCIM) is utilized for the efficient computation of the periodic Green&rsquo<br>s function. First, the spectral domain Green&rsquo<br>s function in layered media is approximated by complex exponentials through the use of DCIM. During the application of the DCIM, three-level approximation scheme is employed to improve accuracy.
Then, Ewald&rsquo<br>s transformation is applied to accelerate the computation of the infinite series involved in the periodic Green&rsquo<br>s functions. The accuracy and the efficiency of the method is demonstrated through numerical examples.
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Jeong, Hyoung-Wook. "Green democratization in a developing country : a case study of South Korean green politics." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250190.
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Gardner, Ambar. "Green School Guidelines & Application in Arid Regions." The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607231.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project<br>There is a worldwide movement towards sustainability. A stepping-stone towards a sustainability conscience population starts in the education of the younger generation. Focusing
on improving education specifically in middle schools in arid regions regarding sustainability
will shift and shape youths’ interests and lifestyles into an educated community. This
sustainability conscience community will continue to make moral sustainable decisions in their
future endeavors.
The curriculum implemented will reduce the dropout rate because it is a hand-on
curriculum that is interesting and enjoyable for kids. The focus of the curriculum is to rely on
outdoor activities to create an outdoor learning environment. The curriculum is based on three
different sections: 1) campus-wide adaptable strategies implemented by the students, 2) long
term investments implemented by professionals, 3) and hands-on activities that will encourage
students to go outdoors and experience real-life problems.
To create this education system, the author will propose design guidelines and
applications that will be used to improve middle schools particularly in arid regions to become
“Green Schools”. This program will validate the sustainable strategies, projects, and efforts done
at schools and will also market their school as a model to follow. This will explain what it takes
to become a Green School in arid regions and how to achieve these standards.
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Rahman, Md Minur. "Green Products : A Study on Young & Native Swedish Consumers’ Purchase Intentions of Green Products." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-83525.
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The aim of this study to explore the green products purchases intentions of the young & native Swedish consumers. Many studies have done on the green products and consumers of green products. Researcher also focused on the consumers’ and their purchase intention based on the age. Some studies conducted only on the young consumers of a particular country. However, this study focused on the young consumers of Sweden. Attitude, knowledge and friends and family influences are considered as the three basic factors of this study. I tried to investigate the influence of these three factors on the green purchase intentions of young Swedish. The Theory of Planned Behavior is used to predict human behavior. The theory is on the basis of three factors, those factors are attitude to the behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavior control. As mentioned before that I have considered three factors for this study and theses three factors are related with the other three factors of the Theory of Planned Behavior. This research used quantitative method, and quantitative method requires large numbers of sample. To fulfill the quantitative method’s requirement on sample numbers, I have considered 190 young Swedish from different places of Umeå and Stockholm. Analysis of the consumers’ response showed me positive response of young consumers on green products. The TPB helped me to explain my three factors as these factors are related with the factors of TPB. All the factors I have considered are positively explained and supported by Theory of Planned Behaviors. Findings of this study describes that Swedish are environment conscious consumers. They have positive knowledge, attitude on green product and intention to buy green products. As this study was based on young Swedish and they have showed their positivity on the green products and indented to purchase green products in future.
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SILVA, DENNIS C. JR. "GREEN VALLEY: RECREATION RETIREMENT COMMUNITY & AGE SPECIFIC DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTION PLAN FOR GREEN VALLEY, ARIZONA." The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555296.
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Sabbi, Enrico, and Triantafyllia Karampini. "Venture Capital & Green Ventures : Developing an Understanding of the Investment Decision." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161360.
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There has been a continuous interest in academia with regard to the venture capital (VC) as themain flourishing aid to new business. Nowadays, academia and the public consider it ‘hot‘ to argue and invest in business that define their activities with sustainable goals, and callthemselves ‘green’, ‘clean’ or ‘eco’. Furthermore, circles of discussions about sustainability, triple bottom line, green, clean, eco, and other terms related with positive impact towards society environment alongside financial returns have created uncertainty with respect to what defines an entity as green and how this can be used as a competitive advantage in the attractiveness of the business in the very first steps of its existence. However, green startups are considered a strong tool for the emergence of the environmentally friendly solutions needed in order to avoid dangerous and irreversible climate change. Furthermore, venture capitalists (VCs) are a key provider of financial capital for emerging firms. Therefore, given the complex nature of the VC investment decision, it is paramount to understand the VCs perspective on what are the factors andcharacteristics that attract and repel investors toward green startups. By undertaking this investigation, we seek to create an understanding of the evaluation criteria, as well as, characteristics and challenges related to VC investments in green startups. Therefore, contributing to the fields of environmental entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial finance, by identifying what VCs take in consideration when evaluating green startups. To develop this understanding of the VCs perspective on green startups we first developed an in-depth literature review of the extant research, then we conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with practitioners from the mainstream and the greenVC industry operating in Sweden. Furthermore, we implemented an interpretative approach which enabled us to analyze the individual perspectives of VC depending on the context in which they operate. This study provided interesting results that complement the existing literature and provide useful insights on the current state of green VC. Combining the findings of our study with the theories discussed in our comprehensive literature review on green entrepreneurs, green startups and venture capital, we provide an understanding of the evaluation criteria and investment thesis relevant to green startups as well as, insight on characteristics, challenges and opportunities related to investments in green startups. Therefore, this study generates new knowledge in this scarcely studied area of research and provide interesting insights for future research. To the end of this continuum, both actors involved - VCs and green entrepreneurs - will benefit from the findings which provide: green entrepreneurs with the tools to develop green startups with more potential to attract investors; and VCs with an understanding of the nature, challenges and opportunities of green startups´ investments.
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Hammarsten, Anna, and Emma Ohlsson. "Attitudes & Incentives of Green Marketing in the Clothes and Accessory Industry - Companies Perspectives." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-21691.
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This is a comparative, qualitative study conducted through comparing three different companies that are in some extent using Green marketing in their marketing communication. The issue that this study addresses is the problematics connected to the use of green marketing. To address this problem, the purpose of this study will be to investigate how companies relates to the phenomena and how the attitudes differ between these. The thesis will target companies within the clothing and accessory industry and will furthermore investigate why the concerned companies choose to use green marketing. The empirical data collection consists out of interviews with key-persons that have a deep understanding of their respective company. Three beginning interviewees was performed and later on supplemented with a in-depth interview with representatives from each company’s market department. The selected interviewees are all representative for the respective companies attitudes in this thesis. The three companies compared in this thesis are Sandgrens Clogs, Houdini and Tenson. After conducting the interviews, the interviews were transcribed and analyzed, thereafter the empirical data collection could be compared to each other. Through the interviews we could distinguish three themes: Green marketing, Greenwashing and sustainability.The result from the thesis will provide an understanding of why companies choose to use green marketing. To get a deeper understanding, the thesis will also cover the different attitudes towards the phenomena green marketing and sustainability. Furthermore it will give an understanding of why and how Sandgrens Clogs, Houdini and Tenson uses green marketing in their market communication. Companies as well as consumers could gain from the awareness of the usage of green marketing that this thesis are contributing with.
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Imad, Fadel. "Green Relationship." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3465.
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Green Relationship is a design solution attempting to raise awareness toward the environment and reduce consumerism. Waste generation and pollution have become major concerns of many governments, municipalities, organizations and individuals around the world since they are affecting human wellbeing and the environment. As an MFA student with VCUQatar, I chose to use design to contribute in protecting the environment hoping to make a difference in life. The thesis includes a research and a design component. The research explores the recycling programs and facilities in Qatar, the governmental and private sector actions toward waste generation and collection, as well as precedent solutions applied around the world. Furthermore, it includes a survey on recycling to gather and analyze the community’s feed back in order to come up with a solution that aims to change people’s behavior toward waste generation and to promote green lifestyle. The design component defines the Green Relationship as the personal connection between the individual and the silent partner, “the environment.” It fulfills the basic survival needs, “food and water,” and the one and only independency need, “oxygen.” The elements of the Green Relationship are the projection of the generic relationships elements we know of through the theory of “Humimicing” that I introduce in my thesis. Humimicing is the design theory that mimics human innate attributes and behaviors to develop design concepts to be applied in different industries. Every element of the Green Relationship is visualized through a different design discipline similar to its nature. Therefore, interactive, product and critical designs are the mediums used to represent Green Communication, Care and Ethics respectively through public installation, experimentation and conceptual design definition. The thesis methodology, which is “Make it Personal,” concludes in creating the Green Relationship that aims to change the behavior of individuals and ultimately to reach out to the wider community. Under the maxim, “Green is not just a color; it is a Lifestyle,” the thesis promotes the use of design to inspire people, designers and manufacturers to consume less and generate less waste in order to save natural resources and the environment.
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Crute, Stephen John. "Computer simulations of green spruce aphid populations." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281228.
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Coldwell, Deborah F. "Cultural ecosystem service delivery from green-space : impacts of urbanisation, green-space visits & landscape-scale restoration." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17309/.
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Popa, Tiberiu. "Metal oxide catalysts for green applications." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1955861591&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Erythropel, Hanno. "Designing green plasticizers." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103728.
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Plasticizers are additives in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations that render the material flexible. This is important for many applications. Because these plasticizers are not bound to the polymer chemically, they will eventually leach out upon disposal. Considering also the widespread use of flexible PVC, it is not surprising that some plasticizers, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are considered ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Previous studies have shown that DEHP, upon degradation, forms stable, toxic metabolites. Because of this and other concerns, DEHP and other phthalates have already been banned in certain products in Canada and other countries. Hence, there is a strong incentive to develop new, green plasticizers. A series of diesters based on maleic acid, which resembles a part of the phthalate chemical structure, was tested, along with other series based on the structural isomer of maleic acid, fumaric acid, and the saturated analogue, succinic acid. The alcohols used to form the ester bonds varied in length from ethanol to octanol and, also, included the branched 2-ethyl hexanol. Each of these diesters was incorporated into unplasticized PVC at about 30 weight-percent and then evaluated for plasticizer properties such as glass transition temperature Tg and tensile strength. These data were compared to each other and to results with DEHP. Pure samples of the diesters were tested for their biodegradability by the common soil bacterium Rhodococcus rhodocrous (ATCC 13808) while it was growing on hexadecane as a primary carbon source. The results demonstrated that esters based on succinic and maleic acids performed at least as well as or were even superior to DEHP as plasticizers. In particular, the esters with the longer alcohols were very good plasticizers. There was little effect due to branching on the plasticizer properties. The experiments with Rhodococcus rhodocrous showed how important the structure of the central diacid is for the rate of biodegradation. In particular, the maleates, which have an orientation of the two ester groups very similar to that in DEHP, showed little to no susceptibility to biodegradation over the course of 30 days. The fumarates exhibited some degradation and the succinates were degraded very quickly. These results indicate that the orientation of the esters in DEHP, is responsible for the stability of this compound in the environment. The other factor in the rate of biodegradation was the length of the alcohol and the longest chains had the slowest rates. However, all straight-chained alcohols were biodegraded without the build-up of stable metabolites. The compounds made with the branched 2-ethyl hexanol did result in the formation of stable metabolites. Consequently, several of the tested diesters could be considered as "green". Yet, in terms of a middle molecule, the succinates should be considered as the best choice. As for side chain length, plasticizer properties improve with increasing alcohol length, and biodegradation properties improve with decreasing alcohol length. A potential candidate for a compromise would thus be dihexyl succinate.<br>Les plastifiants sont des additifs ajoutés au poly (chlorure de vinyle) (PVC) pour obtenir des plastiques souples; une propriété importante pour plusieurs applications. Ces plastifiants ne forment pas de liens covalents avec la matrice de polymères, ils peuvent donc graduellement migrer hors de celle-ci. Dû à la grande utilisation du PVC souple, il n'est pas étonnant que certains plastifiants, tel le di(2-éthyle hexyl) de phtalate (DEHP), soient considérés comme des polluants omniprésents dans l'environnement. Des études ont démontrées que la biodégradation du DEHP mène à l'accumulation de produits métaboliques toxiques. Ces considérations, entre autres, ont déjà conduit à l'abolition ou à la restriction, au Canada, aux États-Unis et dans l'Union Européenne, de l'utilisation de certains phthalates. Ainsi, il y a un intérêt prononcé pour le développement de nouveaux plastifiants « verts » complètements biodégradables. Une série de composés diesters ayant l'acide maléique comme molécule de base et ressemblant partiellement à la structure chimique des phthalates, a été testée. De même, des séries basées sur l'isomère structurel de l'acide maléique, l'acide fumarique, et son équivalent saturé, l'acide succinique ont aussi été testées. L'estérification des ces acides a été réalisée avec des alcools de longueur variable allant de l'éthanol à l'octanol, incluant aussi le 2-éthyle hexanol. Tous ces diesters ont été incorporés à du PVC à une composition d'environ 30% de la masse du matériau. La température de transition vitreuse (Tg) et la résistance à la traction ont été mesurées pour déterminer l'efficacité de ces plastifiants potentiels. Ces données ont été comparées entre elles ainsi qu'avec des résultats obtenus avec le DEHP. Des échantillons de plastifiants potentiels ont été testés pour déterminer leur biodégradabilité par la bactérie Rhodococcus rhodocrous (ATCC 13808); l'hexadécane étant utilisé comme source principale de carbone. Les résultats obtenus pour les diesters de l'acide succinique et de l'acide maléique ont démontrés qu'ils étaient d'aussi bons ou de meilleurs plastifiants que le DEHP. Dans le groupe des diesters de l'acide succinique, ceux contenant des alcools plus longs étaient de meilleurs plastifiants. Il a été déterminé que la présence d'une chaîne 2-éthyle dans certains diesters avait un effet significatif sur les propriétés des composés. Les expériences de biodégradabilité avec Rhodococcus rhodocrous ont démontré l'importance de la structure chimique de l'acide central des diesters. Les maléates en particulier, dans lesquels la position des deux groupes esters ressemble à celle du DEHP, n'ont démontré aucune susceptibilité à être biodégradés après 30 jours. Les fumarates ont été dégradés partiellement tandis que les succinates l'ont été très rapidement. Ces résultats indiquent que l'orientation des deux groupes esters, comme dans le cas du DEHP, est responsable de la stabilité de ces composés dans l'environnement. L'autre facteur influençant le taux de biodégradation est la longueur des alcools utilisés pour l'estérification: les molécules les plus longues avaient des taux plus bas. Toutefois, tous les alcools sans chaîne secondaire furent dégradés sans accumulation de métabolites stables. Inversement, tous les plastifiants potentiels contenant du 2-éthyle hexanol, ont démontrés une telle accumulation. Plusieurs diesters testés pourraient être considéré comme « verts ». En ce qui a trait au choix de l'acide central, les diesters de l'acide succinique représente probablement le meilleur choix. Pour les alcools utilisés pour l'estérification, les alcools longs démontrent de meilleures propriétés plastifiantes, alors que pour la biodégradation, les alcools courts étaient meilleurs. Un candidat représentant un bon compromis entre ces propriétés est le dihexyl de succinate.
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Youngquist, Timothy Dennis. "What is green infrastructure? an evaluation of green infrastructure plans from across the United States /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464412.
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Yazgan, Uzunefe Yasemin. "Vestiges Of Greek Tragedy In Three Modern Plays &." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1252238/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyses three modern plays that are identified as modern tragedies,
Equus, A View From the Bridge and Long Day&<br>#8217<br>s Journey Into the Night, to
find out whether they share certain themes with classical Greek tragedies. These
themes are namely values and conflict, hamartia and learning through suffering.
Three Greek plays, Agamemnon, Oedipus Rex and Medea will be used as foils to conduct this comparative study. The study will aim to support the view that these major themes appear both in ancient Greek and modern tragedies.
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Talebi, Mujtaba. "Computer power consumption benchmarking for green computing." Click here for download, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1490085671&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thorud, Joshua D. "Limelight & Indigestion." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3863.
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This thesis chronicles the progression toward and creation of my thesis show, Limelight & Indigestion, as well as the cultural, technological and artistic influences and discussions that underpin the works therein. The show is an exploration of celebrity, mass media, and the nature of the desire for fame. I hope to situate my work through an investigation of topics such as Hollywood and the use of green screens and associated technology, our physical and ideological connection to cinema, the absurd in cinema history, and the complex nature of media digestion.
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Carkner, Andrew. "Green metal nanoparticle synthesis." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22037.
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Title: Green Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis Silver and nickel nanoparticles have diverse applications in catalysis, composite materials, and electronics. Current production methods rely on high-energy processes or harsh chemicals; thus it is preferable to use environmentally benign compounds for their synthesis. This project studied the aqueous synthesis of nickel nanoparticles from nickel acetate using glucose, formate, and hydrazine as reducing agents. It was found that although the reactions are thermodynamically favourable, nickel nanoparticles could not be produced using glucose or formate at pH 4-12 and T ≤ 100oC. The conversion was negligible even after 8 hours. With hydrazine, high temperature and pH are necessary for a rapid reaction. At pH 12, 100oC, and 20 mM nickel acetate, a conversion of 70% can be achieved in 30 minutes. For pH below 10 or temperature below 80oC, conversion is negligible even after 3 hours.<br>Titre: Production vert de nanoparticules métalliques Les nanoparticules d'argent et de nickel ont de diverses applications en catalyse, matériaux composites et électronique. Cependant la production actuelle utilise soit beaucoup d'énergie soit de composés dangereux ; il sera mieux pour la santé et l'environnement de trouver d'alternatives. Ce projet a examiné le glucose et le formate comme alternatifs au hydrazine pour la synthèse aqueuse des nanoparticules. Quoique les conditions thermodynamiques sont favorables, je n'ai pas pu produire de nanoparticules de nickel sauf avec le hydrazine dans la région pH 4-12 et T ≤ 100oC. Avec le glucose ou le formate, la conversion demeure insignifiant après 8h. Avec le hydrazine, une haute température et pH sont nécessaires pour une réaction rapide. Avec pH 12, 100oC et 20 mM d'acetate de nickel, la conversion est 70% après 30 minutes. Sous pH 10 et 80oC, la conversion est négligeable même après 3 heures.
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LIMA, Cícero Aurélio Grangeiro. "Estudo da variabilidade espacial da infiltração: aspectos teóricos e experimentais." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 1992. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/2165.
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Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-10T13:49:36Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
CÍCERO AURÉLIO GRANGEIRO LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1992..pdf: 25126677 bytes, checksum: 344ec8cc3722c36124b4e9b1b88b50b3 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-10T13:49:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
CÍCERO AURÉLIO GRANGEIRO LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1992..pdf: 25126677 bytes, checksum: 344ec8cc3722c36124b4e9b1b88b50b3 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 1992-11-12<br>Testes de infiltração com infiltrômetro duplo anel de nível constante foram efetuados em 32 pontos de uma malha retangular de uma parcela agrícola da Fazenda Experimental
da EMEPA - Pb. Ajustamentos as Leis de Philip e de Green e Ampt foram efetuados. Medições da granulometria, densidade aparente seca do solo e umidade volumétrica antes e depois dos testes foram também efetuadas. Utilizou-se a seguir técnicas de análises estatística clássica e geoestatística para caracterizar a variabilidade espacial dos parâmetros de infiltração obtidos pelos ajustamentos. Nenhum dos parâmetros estudados apresentou estrutura espacial definida. Correlações simples e múltiplas evidenciaram dependência da percentagem de Argila + Silte com o espaço físico, e independência entro os parâmetros de infiltração. Ilustrações sobre o efeito da variabilidade espacial sobro o ponto de vista agronômico o hidrológico são mostradas.<br>Infiltration tests with double-ring infiltrometers were performed in a 33 paint reiangular regular]y spaced grid of an agri cultural site. Fitting of the infiltration curve obtained by Philip and Green and Ampt laws allowed to obtain the sorptivity, the infiltration rate at steady state and the suction parameters of Green and Ampt,for each point. Measurements of pre- and post-humidi ty, granulometry and dry density were also performed. Classical statistical and geo-statistical techniques were used to characterize spatial variability.
None of the parameters studied showed a defined spatial structure. Single and muitiple correlations showed a dependence between Cclay + siltD percentage with space but
no correlation between parameters was obtained. I11ustrative considerations about spatial variability were ma de with agronomic and hydrologic applications.
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Scott, Caroline Daphne. "The role of blue-green algae as marine fouling organisms." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282555.
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Valassakis, Antonios. "Greek & the Internet, the affects of electronic mail exchange on the Greek language." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq62994.pdf.
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Powtongsook, Sorawit. "Physiology and biotechnology of glycerol production using the green microalga Dunaliella." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15086/.
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Henderson, Julius Nathan. "Crystallographic and spectroscopic studies of photoswitching in fluorescent proteins /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1417810431&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-151). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Barnett, Faires Anthony. "Upper Green River Basin streamflow reconstructions and drought variability." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445046271&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Ruggero, E. Colin. "Radical Green Populism environmental values in DIY/Punk communities /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 125 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885562141&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Follum, Michael Lee. "Upper Green River Basin precipitation reconstructions and drought analysis." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798481411&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Adkin, Kevin R. "India's 'Garden City'? Bangalore's disappearing greenbelt green to gone /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 183 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1694328971&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Alabdullatif, Talal. "SABIC Green Logistics Systems & Profitability : To explore chemical industries green logistics and contribution to profitability with a particular case of SABIC." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management (CeLS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36513.
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Background: Logistics is paramount in the business operations as it ensures transit of goods from one point to the other. Green logistics are measures in the logistics systems that are put in place to minimize the environmental implication of logistics operations while at the same time saving on cost. Thus, green logistics is adopted as it conveys a competitive merit which enhances performance of a company. Saudi Basic Industries (SABIC) is one of the biggest petrochemicals in Saudi Arabia and holds the fifth position in the world among the leading producers of petrochemicals. The company already has green logistics in place. Purpose: To explore chemical industries green logistics practices and profitability with a particular case study of SABIC. The goal of this paper was achieved by investigating how has SABIC incorporated green practices into supply chain operations to remain profitable. The study answers “how has chemical industries incorporated green practices into supply chain operations to stay profitable?’ And “how do logistic managers recognize green logistics and to what level do chemical industries apply green logistics? Investigating a chemical industry green logistics is important as it contributes to literature since no single study has been carried out in this area. Suggestions from this study are crucial to SABIC, other chemical industry besides any other industry since in one way or the other companies do logistics. Method: The study utilized interpretivism. This study was a case study type of thesis focusing merely on SABIC, and it employed induction approach as well as the qualitative method of collecting data. Interviews were used to explore the experiences, beliefs, motivations and views of individual participants. Using non-probability sampling method, five members in SABIC supply chain department were selected. Conclusion: The results show that SABIC or chemical industries utilize most of the green logistics activities (fuel efficiency, route optimization package optimization and calculating carbon emission). However, it was found out that fuel efficiency, route optimizations, and packaging optimization were most common activities. It was also discovered that one major objective of chemical industries going green was to cut cost which contributes positively to its profitability. However, reverse logistics was not familiar because of its nature; it cannot be sufficient on its own.
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Wells, Tyrone. "Lignin for bioenergy & biomaterials." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53575.
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Sustainable waste treatment and lignin development strategies targeted for biorefineries will benefit industry, consumers, and the environment. This dissertation demonstrates the feasibility of a novel biochemical pathway capable of converting sugars and lignin sourced from biorefinery waste streams into microbial oils suitable for biodiesel, cosmetic, and biopharmaceutical applications. This biochemical pathway also presents interesting avenues for the commercial production of higher-value intermediate metabolites such as catechol, protocatechuate, pyruvate, and succinate. Alternatively, this dissertation also demonstrates a unique polymerization strategy for lignin that can be adopted towards the production of green polymeric biomaterials. Overall, these strategies jointly present intriguing routes for lignin valorization.
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Mavrommatis, Ioannis. "Classroom assessment in Greek primary schools." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/5a055807-d52e-4432-8c14-3c4aa27050ec.
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Varelas, Dimitris. "Orff-Schulwerk applications in Greek settings." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272706.
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Hanos, Stergios. "Developing information skills in Greek schools." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28124.
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This thesis addresses the problem of facilitating learning by the use of information skills in Greek schools. It examines the interrelationship between the teaching of information skills and the need for a re-orientation of educational priorities and objectives for Greek education.
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Sweeney, Julia. "Societal Value Change and Change inProduct Portfolio : A Case Study of Henkel AG & Co. KGaA with Special Considerationof ‘Green’ Product Innovations in Germany 1970-2010." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71157.
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BackgroundThe biggest issue of our time is the environmental damage we have caused. Publics are becomingincreasingly aware of this challenge: environmental concern has risen. This change toward greenvalues is commonly referred to as “greening of society”. Having generally been considered theenvironmental villains, companies are now also seen as the solution to the environmentalproblem. More and more companies are going green as they have realized the potential of greeninnovations to yield competitive advantages. Therefore, a greening of the business domain canalso be observed. However, only little research has been conducted on why and howenvironmental issues are integrated into the development of new products. Considering thatchemical companies are the epitome of the environmental villains, investigating the case of amanufacturer of branded chemical goods that has been the market leader in the highly contesteddetergent market for more than a century – despite or even because of – pursuing an ecoleadershipstrategy becomes more intriguing.AimThe aim of this study is to investigate the how and part of the why of integrating environmentalissues into product development by analyzing and discussing Henkel’s environmentallycompatible product innovations and their relation to the greening of society.MethodThe method of choice is content analysis. Drawing on secondary data, the research strategy isqualitative and the design is longitudinal while the approach is descriptive and idiographic.ResultsSocietal values and Henkel’s product portfolio seem to move in the same direction as both havebecome greener and greener ever since the 1970s. However, concluding that the portfolio changesas a response to the value change is premature, especially because the innovations are often theresult of decades of research and development. Also, the portfolio has not become greener at anincreasing pace because the corporate goals have changed. Rather, the greening progress has beenaccelerated by technological progress. While over the years Henkel’s innovations have offeredgreen benefits at an increasing proportion, this development is not strongly reflected inadvertisement. Until recently green values have – if at all – only been addressed rather as an aside;the most emphasis has always been on performance. While the latest positioning of innovations astruly green indicates that promotional strategy now acknowledges that preserving the environmenthas become a mainstream value, societal value change has been more strongly reflected inadvertisement in terms of values associated with convenience rather than with the environmentand sustainability.
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Moreo, Andrew. "Green Consumption in the hotel industry a an examination of consumer attitudes /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 67 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597631261&sid=16&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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