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Journal articles on the topic 'Green coconut shell powder'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Pino, Gabriela Huamán, Luciana Maria Souza de Mesquita, Mauricio Leonardo Torem, and Gustavo Adolfo Saavedra Pinto. "Biosorption of cadmium by green coconut shell powder." Minerals Engineering 19, no. 5 (April 2006): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.12.003.

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2

Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar, Sarojrani Pattnaik, and Mihir Kumar Sutar. "Investigation on the Influence of Different Additives on Properties of Green Sand Mould." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.29.

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Green sand mixtures which are used for moulding purposes in foundry industries should possess sufficient green compression strength, flowability, toughness and air-permeability. Usually, the aforementioned properties for a particular casting differ due to variation in composition of the moulding sand mixtures, sand grain shape and size, bonding capacity of the binder, type and quantity of additives used, etc. The present work focuses on the effect of various additives namely, camphor powder, coconut shell ash, mixture of camphor powder and coconut shell ash at diverse proportions on permeability and green compression strength of the sand moulds. The quantity of the aforementioned additives for experimentation was varied from 0.5 to 3.5 wt. %. It was found that the mould’s permeability increased on addition of 1 wt. % additives for all cases. Similarly, the optimum quantity of additives that needs to be added to the sand mixtures for enhancing green compression strength was found to be 2 wt. %. Among all the additives used for improving the mould’s permeability, substitution of camphor exhibited best results. The green compression strength was found to be highest for the coconut shell ash containing sand mould. The moulding sand containing a combination of camphor powder and coconut shell ash between 1 to 2 wt. % exhibited fine mould permeability along with sufficient green strength.

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3

Pino, G. H., L. M. S. de Mesquita, M. L. Torem, and G. A. S. Pinto. "Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Powder of Green Coconut Shell." Separation Science and Technology 41, no. 14 (October 2006): 3141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496390600851640.

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4

Kholil, A., S. T. Dwiyati, A. Sugiharto, and I. W. Sugita. "Characteristics composite of wood powder, coconut fiber and green mussel shell for electric motorcycle brake pads." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402 (December 2019): 055095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/5/055095.

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5

Kholil, A., S. T. Dwiyati, R. Riyadi, J. P. Siregar, N. G. Yoga, and A. I. Aji. "Characteristics of wood powder, coconut fiber and green mussel shell composite for motorcycle centrifugal clutch pads." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1098, no. 6 (March 1, 2021): 062034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1098/6/062034.

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6

Pashaei, Shahryar, Soleyman Hosseinzadeh, and Akheel Ahmed Syed. "Studies on coconut shell powder and crysnanoclay incorporated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber/ styrene butadiene rubber (NBR/SBR) green nanocomposites." Polymer Composites 38, no. 4 (June 22, 2015): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.23632.

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7

Palsan, Sannasi Abdullah, Jia Yi Lim, and Abdullah Nor Asfaliza. "Synthesis and Characterization of Active Biocarbon Material for Use in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products." Key Engineering Materials 841 (May 2020): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.841.266.

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Consumer’s preference towards organic material enriched nature based green products in the cosmetics and personal care industry have intensified over the years. This paper shares the synthesis and characterization of an active organic biocarbon material derived from carbonized powdered coconut shell by bicarbonate cured activation for use in charcoal-based cosmetic and personal care products. The optimum conditions for activation was observed at 800 °C, run for 180 min, with a bicarbonate impregnation ratio of 1:3. Experimental design followed Box-Behnken approach. The increase in iodine (757.30 mg/g) and methylene blue number (111.00 mg/g) are indicative of a highly porous biocarbon material that reflects its excellent adsorption capability. Suitability of the biocarbon material for application in charcoal-based cosmetic formulation mixture was supported through proximate, texture, and color analysis. Overall material characteristics are beneficial for effective adsorbent and exfoliant functions in cleansing, detoxifying, and scrubbing.

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8

Xavier, A., J. Gandhi Rajan, D. Usha, and R. Sathya. "Removal of Methylene Blue by Adsorption Process - A Comparative Study." Materials Science Forum 699 (September 2011): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.699.245.

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Methylene blue is a heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound with the molecular formula C16H18N3SCl. It has used in the biology and chemistry field. At room temperature, it appears as a solid, odourless dark green powder that yields blue solution when dissolved in water. As a part of removal of methylene blue dye from textile and leather industrial wastes, using activated carbon as adsorbents namely, commercial activated carbon (CAC), rose apple carbon (RAC), coconut shell carbon (CSC) and saw dust carbon (SDC). The percentage of Methylene blue adsorbed increases with decrease in initial concentration and particle size of adsorbent and increased with increase in contact time, temperature and dose of adsorbents. The pH is highly sensitive for dye adsorption process. The adsorption process followed first order kinetics and the adsorption data the modeled with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The first kinetic equations like Natarajan Khalaf, Lagergren, Bhattacharya and Venkobhachar and intra particle diffusion were found to be applicable. A comparative account of the adsorption capacity of various carbons has been made. These activated carbons are alternative to commercial AC for the removal dyes in General and MB is particular. These results are reported highly efficient and effective and low cost adsorbent for the MB. The thermodynamics parameters are also studied and it obeys spontaneous process. The results are confirmed by before and after adsorption process with the help of the following instrumental techniques viz., FT-IR, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and SEM photos.

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9

Leman, A. S., S. Shahidan, M. S. Senin, S. M. Shamsuddin, N. A. Anak Guntor, S. S. Mohd Zuki, F. S. Khalid, A. T. S. Azhar, and N. H. S. Razak. "Durability of coconut shell powder (CSP) concrete." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 271 (November 2017): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/271/1/012007.

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10

Liyanage, Chinthani D., and Mevan Pieris. "A Physico-Chemical Analysis of Coconut Shell Powder." Procedia Chemistry 16 (2015): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2015.12.045.

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11

Kumar, Mohan, Kumar Rithin, B. Raghuveer, Kotian Sharun, Rai Yathiraj, Kumar Shanmukh, and B. Shreeprakash. "Study on Effect of Stirring Parameters on Tensile Properties of Coconut Shell Powder Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1180.

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This paper deals with the preparation of coconut shell powder reinforced polymer matrix composite. The composite is prepared with 20% volume fraction of coconut shell powder and the effect of stirring parameters on the tensile strength of composite is studied.

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12

Widodo, Hernowo, Mohammad Riyadi Setyarto, Andhy Andhy, Mohamad Prastya, and Amaliah Annisa. "Laboratory Analysis Using Coconut Shell from Bekasi Regency for Drilling Mud Additives on Oil and Gas Wells." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2020.3975.

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Drilling activity in deep formation usually gave greater challenges to the engineer due to its high pressure and temperature. To minimize this problem, drilling mud needs to be modified into a certain condition where it should be performed well in those extreme situations. The drilling mud quality does not significantly decrease, it simply requires better quality of mud at certain points at high temperatures. Certain additives are needed to maintain their performance. Therefore, this study aims to improve the quality of drilling mud by adding additives from carbon powder originating from coconut shells. Coconut shells are burned and processed until they become nanometer-sized, then used as additives in drilling mud. Then, several analyses such as XRD, SEM, as well as the rheology of drilling mud are evaluated. XRD analysis result shows the element from the coconut shell powder was graphite. Laboratory analysis results indicate that drilling mud with coconut shell powder provides better rheological value compared to the same drilling mud without the additives. It was observed that the mud with coconut shell powder performed better at high pressure.

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13

Pradhan, Siddhartha K., E. S. Dwarakadasa, and Philip J. Reucroft. "Processing and characterization of coconut shell powder filled UHMWPE." Materials Science and Engineering: A 367, no. 1-2 (February 2004): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.09.065.

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14

Jhon Peri Rinaldo Sirait, Nico Sihombing, and Zuhrina Masyithah. "PENGARUH SUHU DAN KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT DARI TEMPURUNG KELAPA." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 2, no. 1 (March 29, 2013): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v2i1.1422.

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Coconut shell is one of agricultural wastes that having low commercial value. This research is objected to use coconut shell as the base material of producing surfactant. The use of coconut shell is basically due to its content of lignin, about 29,4%. The objective of this research is to obtain isolate lignin with increasing chatalis NaOH and H2SO4 with lignin identification, the effect of temperature and agitation rate of producing surfactant. The research was done in a reactor with temperature of 100 0C, 110 0C, 120 0C, 3 hours reaction time, pH 6, 80 rpm, 90 rpm, 100 rpm agitation rate, and coconut shell as the base material. Dry coconut shell is grinded and the powder is collected to be reacted. The coconut shell powder is reacted with sodium bisulfite solution with variation in ratio of 1:0,5. The product is filtered to get filtrate and residue. The filtrate is further analyzed by using the FT-IR spectrophotometry method. From the research we get maximum purity of surfactant at sodium bisulfite with reactant ratio of 1:0,5; Speed 100 rpm and temperature 120 0C.

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15

Somashekhar, T. M., Premkumar Naik, Vighnesha Nayak, Mallikappa, and S. Rahul. "Study of Mechanical Properties of Coconut Shell Powder and Tamarind Shell Powder Reinforced with Epoxy Composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 376 (June 2018): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/376/1/012105.

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16

Abutu, J., S. A. Lawal, M. B. Ndaliman, R. A. Lafia-Araga, and A. S. Abdulrahman. "Effects of Particle Size Distribution on the Properties of Natural-Based Composite." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 4, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.04.04.2019.05.

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In this study, locally sourced natural materials (coconut shells and seashells) were used separately to produce composites. The powders were sieved with sieve size of 10 µm and characterized using a particle size analyser (DLS) in order to ascertain their particle size distribution. Also, the effects of particle size distribution on the performance of sourced coconut shells and seashells-based composite was investigated. About 52% of the characterized powder was afterward used along with other ingredients (35% binder, 8% alumina and 5% graphite) to produced composites using moulding pressure (14 MPa), moulding temperature (160 ºC), curing time (12 min) and heat treatment time (1 hr). The performance of the composites was thereafter evaluated using standard testing procedures. The results of particle size analysis indicated that the seashell powder (0.27) possesses lower distribution width (PDI) compared to the coconut shell powder (0.342) while the coconut shell (542.3 nm) showed lower Z-average diameter compared to the seashell powder (1096 nm) with some little traces of nanoparticles (<10 µm). Also, the experimental results obtained from composite characterization indicated that the coconut shell-based samples exhibited better performance in terms of its mechanical and tribological properties compared to the seashell-based samples.

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17

Bhaskar, Jitendra, and Satyendra Kumar. "Effect of coconut shell particles, coir fiber and husk powder on static & dynamic characteristic of polymer composites." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35121/ijapie201901134.

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Polymer composites based on agriculture waste or wood industry waste are becoming popular due to better utilization of natural wastes and availability of low cost material for structural and dynamic applications. Availability of coconut shell, coir fiber and husk powder have attracted the development and characterization of coconut reinforced wood plastic composites. Coconut shell particles have capability of introducing the behaviour of particulate composites and coir fibers have the capability of long fibers. But chopping of coir fiber into small sizes and crushing coconut shell into various sizes of particles is the source of managing the structural and dynamic properties. Husk powders consist of very fine and light particles. So, reinforcing husk powder into polymer matrix would enhance the properties of polymer. Various samples consisting of these coconut fruit waste were fabricated for structural and dynamic characterization. Effects of these elements were evaluated. Non-contact type vibration measuring system-Laser Doppler Vibrometer was used for better accuracy in results in dynamic characteristic

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18

Belmes, Novelita J., and Kristel Jade C. Palma. "Crunchy Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Shell Activated Charcoal Powder Chocolate Cookies." Proceedings Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 2 (October 10, 2015): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21016/irrc.2015.ap11wf22o.

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The study aimed to introduce the acceptability of Crunchy Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Shell Activated Charcoal Powder Chocolate Cookies. The experimental method of research using Five-Point Hedonic Scale was answered by selected respondents in terms of appearance, aroma, taste and texture. The finding showed that treatment B has the highest mean level that is scaled as “Highly Acceptable” in terms of appearance while in aroma, taste, and texture treatment A has the highest mean level that is scaled as “Highly Acceptable”. Generally, treatment A was accepted by the respondents. There was no significant difference in the level of acceptability of the “ Crunchy Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Shell Activated Charcoal Powder Chocolate Cookies” in terms of appearance. In terms of aroma, taste, and texture there was a significant difference in the level of acceptability of the “Crunchy Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Shell Activated Charcoal Powder Chocolate Cookies”. ANOVA was used as statistical tool to test the difference between groups. Post Hoc Test and Scheffe were also used to confirm the differences occurred between groups in an unplanned comparison between groups. Based on the findings and conclusions, recommendations were formulated.

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19

Sagbas, Binnur. "Tribological performance of peek with green lubricant enhanced by nano hexagonal boron nitride powder." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2018-0178.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate applicability of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) powder as a solid lubricant additive in coconut oil and to determine the tribological behavior of PEEK rubbed with DIN2080 tool steel, under prepared green lubricating condition. Design/methodology/approach In this study, tiribological performance of PEEK against the DIN2080 tool steel is investigated with green lubricant. Coconut oil was used as green lubricant and 4 per cent wt. h-BN powder was added as lubricant additive into the coconut oil. Reciprocal pin-plate tribological test were applied under dry, coconut oil and coconut oil+h-BN lubrication condition. Friction coefficients were recorded and wear behavior of the samples investigated by mass loss measurement and topographical inspection of wear track by optical profilometer. Findings Using coconut oil as lubricant provided 80 per cent reduction of friction coefficient and 33.4 per cent reduction of wear rate. Addition of h-BN into the coconut oil provide 84 per cent reduction of friction coefficient and 56 per cent reduction of wear rate. The results showed that vegetable oil is promising lubricant for sustainable manufacturing. h-BN serves to increase lubricant performance and decrease wear of the surfaces. Practical implications Petrochemical lubricants are one of the major sources of environmental pollution and health hazards. Development and use of environmental and health friendly lubricants support sustainability and reduce wear, friction and energy consumption. With this consciousness, recent studies have focused on green tribology and green lubricants such as vegetable oils, ionic liquid bio-lubricants and bio-based polymers. Originality/value In literature study coconut oil was proposed as green lubricant while h-BN powder was proposed as solid lubricant. However, applicability of h-BN powder in coconut oil has not been explored yet. Moreover, wear and friction property of PEEK material with DIN 2080 tool steel pair surface has not been studied yet with green lubricants.

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20

Valášek, Petr, and Karolína Habrová. "Experimental Description of Aging of Coconut Shell Powder/Epoxy Composite." Solid State Phenomena 287 (February 2019): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.287.64.

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In the field of composite materials, in some areas, the current trend is the substitution of synthetic reinforcement by natural material. Biological reinforcements thus optimize the resulting mechanical characteristics in a number of cases, where the resulting material can be labeled as environmentally sensitive. The problem of biological materials can be their aging. For the specification of application areas of composite materials with biological reinforcement, it is necessary to know the stability of these materials over time. The paper describes the composite material with epoxy matrix and filler in the form of microparticles (100-200 μm) prepared from coconut shells (CSP/epoxy). Epoxy resin for joining materials in engineering was filled with 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 wt.% of CSP, and resin used for vacuum infusion was filled with 30 wt.% of CSP (different kind of preparation of composite systems) . For an experimental description of aging was used degradation chamber, where both, the humidity and temperatures in each cycle were changed + 70 °C/-40 °C. An important indication of mechanical aging was used to describe aging, namely shear strength and tensile strength. The degradation period was 5 weeks, corresponding to 35 cycles, i.e. 840 hours of degradation. During the degradation time, the shear strength of the CSP composite dropped to 42.2%, the tensile strength of the prepared infusion system dropped by 49.6%.

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21

Saloko, Satrijo, Purnama Darmadji, Bambang Setiaji, and Yudi Pranoto. "STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SPRAY-DRIED COCONUT SHELL LIQUID SMOKE POWDER." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan 23, no. 2 (December 2012): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2012.23.2.173.

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22

Saithanu, Thanyakon, and Amnart Suksri. "Coconut Shell Powder and Electrical Tree Inhibition of Solid Insulator." Key Engineering Materials 775 (August 2018): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.89.

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Electrical tree phenomenon commonly occurred in solid insulator material resulting from the inconsistency of stresses during the manufacturing process. The treeing phenomenon will degrade the characteristic of insulator and may lead to breakdown. The use of filler in the manufacturing process in order to enhancing the insulation property is a popular approach. This paper presents the use of coconut shell powder (CSP) filler in epoxy resin for inhibition of electrical tree growth. The particle sizes of CSP varied from 62, 75 and 125 µm. The CSP is filled with the ratio of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% by weight. We aim to observe the effects of varying the combination of CSP particle sizes and the ratio of epoxy resin for an inhibition of electrical tree growth. The electrical tree was tested by applying AC voltage of 15kV to the test sample and conducted for 360 minutes in this experiment. When the epoxy resin using CSP filler of 1% by weight is fixed for the particle size of 62, 75 and 125 µm, electrical tree length is at 1.24mm, 1.382 mm and 1.78 mm respectively. Whereas, when the particle size of CSP at 62 µm is fixed, a tree length is 1.98 mm and 1.24 mm for the ratio of 0.1 and 1% by weight respectively. Our study demonstrates that the epoxy resin using CSP filler at a ratio of 0.1% by weight can shorten length of electrical tree when compared with a ratio of 1.0% by weight. The electrical tree length was affected through the changes of permittivity by addition of CSP compound.

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23

Salmah, H., SC Koay, and O. Hakimah. "Surface modification of coconut shell powder filled polylactic acid biocomposites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 26, no. 6 (January 5, 2012): 809–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705711429981.

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24

Tanjung, Faisal Amri, Yalun Arifin, and Salmah Husseinsyah. "Enzymatic degradation of coconut shell powder–reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 800–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718811895.

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This work examined the effects of filler content and chemical treatment on the biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/coconut shell (CS) biocomposites in a diastase enzyme-containing buffer medium. CS was treated with two distinct chemical treatments: maleic acid and silanation with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE). The CS was incorporated into PLA composites and their biodegradation patterns were studied. Both of the treated PLA/CS biocomposites exhibited lower biodegradation rates than the untreated biocomposites due to their enhanced interfacial adhesion, which reduced the area exposed to enzyme hydrolysis. Scanning electron micrographs taken after 30 days of biodegradation displayed surface roughening on both of the treated biocomposites, with fewer voids compared to the untreated biocomposites. The differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the glass transition temperature and melting temperature values of the treated biocomposites increased but that crystallinity declined. The crystallization temperature peak apparently disappeared due to the polymer chain alignment and rearrangement of the shorter PLA chains caused by the degradation. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the structural changes in the biocomposites after biodegradation, indicating the presence of soluble lactic acid as was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy analysis.

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25

Akhter, A., S. Zaman, U. Ali, Y. Ali, and M. A. Jalil Miah. "Isolation of Polyphenolic Compounds from the Green Coconut (cocos nucifera) Shell and Characterization of their Benzoyl Ester Derivatives." Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (December 29, 2009): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v2i1.2659.

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Polyphenolic compounds were isolated from the aqueous extract of green coconut shell. Benzoyl ester derivatives were prepared with these polyphenols. Monobenzoyl and dibenzoyl derivatives of a polyphenol were separated and characterized. Keywords: Green coconut shell; Cocos nucifera; Polyphenol. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i1.2659 J. Sci. Res. 2 (1), 186-190 (2010)

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Adeleke, Abdul Rahman Oyekanmi, Ab Aziz Abdul Latiff, Zawawi Daud, Nur Falilah Mat Daud, and Mohammed Kabir Aliyu. "Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater of Palm Oil Mill Using Developed Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell and Cow Bones." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.428.

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Palm oil mill efluent (POME) is the major industrial waste water in Malaysia and Indonesia. The processing of (POME) before discharge is a major challenge to researchers. In this study, the adsorption experiment of zinc ion from (POME) produced from the processed palm oil as primary treatment has been investigated using coconut shell and cow bone activated carbon. Experiments were conducted at a fixed initial concentration, contact time, shaking speed and at different adsorbent dosage to obtain optimum condition for the uptake of zinc ion from POME. The coconut shell carbon exhibited better removal efficiency than the cow bone powder. The results obtained at fixed condition of pH 7, contact time of 105 minutes, shaking speed of 150 rpm showed more than 90% uptake for both adsorbents. The result of the adsorption study was further analyzed using Langmuir and BET model to determine the experimental isotherm. The result showed that equilibrium data fitted better with BET model for coconut shell carbon and better with Langmuir model for cow bone powder. The result of the adsorption experiments showed that heavy metal of zinc can be sufficiently reduced on both coconut shell carbon and the cow bone powder. The morphology of both adsorbents was observed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the pore sizes of the adsorbents supported the uptake of zinc ion from the raw POME.

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27

Ogbonna, Alban Chidiebere. "Characterization of Coconut Shell Ash and Eggshell Powder as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Roller Compacted Concrete Industrial Access Pavements and Parking Facilities." Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjti-2021-0005.

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Abstract The cost of cement used in concrete works is on the increase and unaffordable, yet the need for hydraulic cement concrete and other cement concrete based infrastructures keeps growing with increasing population, thus the need to find alternative binding materials that can be used solely or in partial replacement of cement. The use of waste materials with pozzolanic properties in concrete production is a becoming a worldwide practice. The assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. In this study, a mixture of coconut shell ash and eggshell powder is used as partial replacement of hydraulic cement in ranges of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The concrete specimens were prepared at 1: 3: 2.5 mix ratio of cementitious material, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The mix ratio satisfied the minimum cement content of 148.32kg/m3 (250Ib/yd3) and the minimum cementitious material content of 267 kg/m3 (450Ib/yd3) for roller compacted concrete pavement. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests were carried out to assess the strength characteristics of ternary concrete mixture containing coconut shell ash and eggshell powder and the feasibility of using coconut shell ash and eggshell powder as partial replacement of cement in industrial plant access concrete roads and parking lots. The results indicate that a mixture of coconut shell ash and eggshell powder can be used up to 20% by weight for replacement of cement in roller compacted industrial plant access concrete roads and parking lots.

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Ab. Jabal, Siti Nurbazilah, Yew Been Seok, and Wee Fwen Hoon. "THE POTENTIAL OF COCONUT SHELL POWDER (CSP) AND COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON (CSAC) COMPOSITES AS ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) ABSORBING MATERIAL." Malaysian Journal of Analytical Science 20, no. 2 (April 14, 2016): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2002-29.

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29

Abidin, Abidin. "Designing Strategies and Green Business Models in the Coconut Oil Industry." Primanomics : Jurnal Ekonomi & Bisnis 19, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31253/pe.v19i2.583.

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As a tropical country, Indonesia has enormous potential for the development of an industry with raw materials from coconut. One of the products that can be developed from coconut is coconut oil. The purpose of this research is to create a strategy and green business model in the medium coconut oil industry (klentik) by utilizing the waste it produces into a variety of prospective products with added value. Various prospective and value added products can be developed from coir, shell, coconut water, dregs, and blondo which are byproducts or waste from the coconut oil production process. The implementation of green business strategies and models has an impact on the sustainability of the medium-sized coconut oil industry, both in terms of profitability, social and environmental aspects.

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30

Kumaravel, D., P. Gopal, and V. K. Bupesh Raja. "Investigation on Tensile Strength of Water Hyacinth - Coconut Shell Powder Reinforced Hybrid Eco Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.57.

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The objective of this investigation is to fabricate a natural material based composite and study its tensile strength. The water hyacinth is a plant which is considered as an unwanted wild growth which is detrimental to the water bodies. It affects the oxygen and nutrients content of the fresh and sewage water and also hampers the flow of the water, thus leading to stagnation and flooding. In this method the water hyacinth was harvested and used as a reinforcing fibre in its untreated condition [1]. Our nation having a long sea shore is blessed with coconut trees. All the parts of the coconut tree are being used for various purposes [2-4]. Based on literature 15% by weight of powdered coconut shell was used as particulate reinforcement in this study [5, 6]. Hence this experimental work is an effort to fabricate a composite using the waste water hyacinth fibres and the coconut shell powder using an epoxy resin matrix through hand layup technique and subjected to tensile loading. This test results show good ultimate tensile strength.

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Yesuratnam, V., Deepa Meghavathu, and R. Padma Sree. "Removal of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution Using Coconut Shell Powder." i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology 7, no. 2 (January 15, 2012): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jfet.7.2.1760.

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Leman, A. S., S. Shahidan, A. J. Nasir, M. S. Senin, S. S. Mohd Zuki, M. H. Wan Ibrahim, R. Deraman, F. S. Khalid, and A. T. S. Azhar. "Properties of concrete containing coconut shell powder (CSP) as a filler." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 271 (November 2017): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/271/1/012006.

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Rodrigues, Sueli, and Gustavo A. S. Pinto. "Ultrasound extraction of phenolic compounds from coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell powder." Journal of Food Engineering 80, no. 3 (June 2007): 869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.08.009.

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Bradley, Walter L., and Sean Conroy. "Using Agricultural Waste to Create More Environmentally Friendly and Affordable Products and Help Poor Coconut Farmers." E3S Web of Conferences 130 (2019): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913001034.

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Each year, 64 000 000 000 coconuts are harvested around the world. The coconut water, coconut milk and/are coconut oil are produced from the coconut, leaving behind the coconut shells and the coconut husks, which are not well utilized. Exciting new ways to utilized coconut shell powder as function filler in engineering plastic such as polypropylene or polyethylene and to utilize coir fiber from the husk with polypropylene in non-woven fabric composites. These application demonstrate that the resulting environmental friendly composite materials have enhanced mechanical properties at a reduced cost.

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Nurhayati, Nurhayati. "Penentuan Nilai Hambatan dan Hambatan Jenis pada Arang Batok Kelapa dan Arang Kulit Pisang dengan Metode Eksperimen." CIRCUIT: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik Elektro 4, no. 2 (August 13, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/crc.v4i2.6510.

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Due to an application of coconut shell and cassava peel-based charcoal as an alternative material in carbon film resistors, the purpose of this study is to determine the value of both resistance and specific resistance of those materials. The fresh coconut shell and cassava peel were dried under sunlight prior to charcoal production through pyrolysis. The resulted charcoals were then grounded into powder and filtered. After that, the fine materials were inserted into a straw with a wide area of 6,07 x 10-7 m2and 1,2 x 10-4 m2 and the length of 0,03 m and 0,04 m. The results obtained that the resistance values of the coconut shell and cassava skin charcoal were 5 104 Ω to 11 104 Ω and 3 104Ω to 5 104 Ω, respectively. While the specific resistance values of those charcoals were 1,133 Ωm to 2,34 × 102 Ωm and 0,758 Ωm to 1,28 102 Ωm, respectively. In conclusion, both resistance and specific resistance values of coconut shell charcoal seem to be relatively higher than the coconut shell charcoal.

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Ibrahim, Mohd Halim Irwan, M. N. Said, and Rosli Asmawi. "Characterization of Carbon Brush from Coconut Shell for Railway Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.291.

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Carbon brush has been developed for several decades for electric machines in microelectronic era. It is the electromechanical that connect the circuit to generate an electric motor. Mineral graphite always used as a raw material in producing carbon brush beside the uses of charcoal. This study is propose to use a coconut shell (CS) as waste material that can be recycle and sustainable to produce a carbon pre-cursor. This research is conducted to minimize the percentage of graphite or charcoal as a raw material in producing a carbon brush by replaced a CS as a raw material and produce a carbon brush for railway application. Several process such as baking, crushing, sieving, mixing, compacting and sintering are used in this study to produce a carbon brush. The formation of the carbon (C) had been produced by reaction of combustion in nitrogen atmosphere with 800°C temperature to produce carbon pre-cursor. The carbon brush sample then been prepared by mixing a copper powder and epoxy resin with different ratio of mixture. The suitable percentage of epoxy resin that could form a solid cylindrical shape was 15 %. Sample of carbon brush had been baked at 800°C to form the highest carbon. In this study, copper powder can produce a better conductivity where the sample can permit current flow through it. By using 60 % copper powder, the sample produce less porosity which resulted for high density. Lesser the pores of carbon brush sample produce low resistivity and high conductivity.

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Suyoko, Muhammad, Kemas Ridhuan, and Untung Surya Dharma. "Karakteristik biopelet tempurung kelapa dan serbuk kayu sebagai bahan bakar alternatif." ARMATUR : Artikel Teknik Mesin & Manufaktur 1, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/armatur.v1i1.185.

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Biomass is a solid waste derived from biological material that can be generated as fuel. Biomass includes plantation, agriculture, household, forest waste and waste from the wood industry, one of the uses of biomass is bio-pellet. Bio-pellet is an alternative type of energy in the form of solid fuel made from biomass raw material with a size smaller than the size of briquettes. In this research, raw materials from teak wood, acacia, and sengon wood powder were used as well as a mixture of coconut shell charcoal with tapioca adhesive. This study aims to determine the bio-pellet estimation analysis, determine the heating value required by the bio pellet in the combustion process, and determine the burning characteristics of the three types of bio pellets. The method used in this study was the process of making bio-pellet with the same treatment on each bio-pellet, variations bio pellet will be made is 50% teak wood powder and 50% coconut shell charcoal powder, 50% acacia wood powder and 50% coconut shell charcoal powder, and 50% sengon wood powder and 50% coconut shell charcoal powder. Each bio pellet uses an adhesive mixture of 5% of the raw material. The stages of the testing process are bio pellet in laboratory tests to determine the value of the composition of the levels of heat, water, ash, flying substances, and bound carbon. The next testing process is the testing process of bio pellet combustion using a bio pellet stove with a process of boiling 10 liters of water, with fire temperature, water temperature, and the remaining fuel measured. All was done at UM Metro 2 campus. The results of bio pellet testing in the laboratory stated that the highest value was in sengon bio pellet with heating value of 5815.19 cal/g, water content of 5.82%, the ash content of 9.77%, levels of flying matter 69.37%, and carbon content bound 19, 41%. For the high heating value of bio pellet burning is 784.92 kcal/hour. Then the best efficiency is the sengon bio- pellet with a value of 55%.

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Kirby, Matt, Benjamin Lewis, Benjamin Peterson, Juliana Anggono, and Walter Bradley. "The Effect of Coconut Shell Powder as Functional Filler in Polypropylene during Compounding and Subsequent Molding." E3S Web of Conferences 130 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913001021.

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Fine powder produced from coconut shells (CSP) has been found to be excellent functional filler in polypropylene, significantly increasing flexural and tensile moduli, slightly increasing tensile strength, and good retention of Izod impact strength at weight percentages less than 20 %. The research presented in this paper explores the temperature processing window for coconut shell powder filled polypropylene and the change in the rheological behavior of the polypropylene due to the addition of CSP as functional filler in this processing temperature window. The reason for the simultaneous increase in flexural modulus, tensile strength, and good retention of Izod impact behavior is also investigated

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Kibria, Asif Ahmed, Kamrun nessa, and Md Mahmudur Rahman. "EXTRACTION AND EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM GREEN COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA) SHELL." Malaysian Journal of Halal Research Journal 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mjhr.02.2018.19.22.

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Sangeetha piriya, R., Rajamani M. Jayabalakrishnan, M. Maheswari, Kovilpillai Boomiraj, and Sadish Oumabady. "Coconut shell derived ZnCl2 activated carbon for malachite green dye removal." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 5 (February 5, 2021): 1167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.050.

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Abstract The coconut-based agricultural wastes have gained wide attention as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of diverse pollutants from the industrial effluents. This paper presents the zinc chloride activation of adsorbent carbon and the utilization as an adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution. The characterisation of activated carbon was performed to get an insight into the adsorption mechanism. The ZnCl2 activated carbon acquired a higher specific surface area (544.66 m2 g−1) and stability (−32.6 mV). The impact of process parameters including contact time (20–220 min) and initial dye concentration (20–80 mg L−1) were evaluated on the effectiveness of activated carbon for dye removal. The results concluded that zinc chloride activated carbon showed a significant dye adsorption (39.683 mg g−1) at an initial concentration of 20 mg L−1 after 3 hours. Based on the correlation coefficient (R2), the Freundlich isotherm model (0.978–0.998) was best fitted for the experimental data followed by the intraparticle diffusion model (0.88–0.929) as the most appropriate model for malachite green dye removal. Additionally, the energy and thermogravimetric analysis portrayed the suitability of the carbon material to be used as an energy alternative to coal.

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Araújo Neto, José Cardoso de, Fernando Yuri Brandão Fernandes, José Carlos Machado Pimentel, Vânia Rodrigues Vasconcelos, and Márcia Mourão Ramos Azevedo. "Nutritional value of whole coconut, coconut powder, and coconut fiber treated with sodium hydroxide for sheep." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 40, no. 4 (August 2016): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016404039915.

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ABSTRACT The growing consumption of green coconut - fresh and industrialized - in Brazil generates a large volume of wastes and coproducts that justifies the search for alternatives for their use in animal feeding. The most limiting factor to the inclusion of these coproducts in ruminant diets is their high fiber content, which may restrict intake and performance. The present study determined the composition and in vitro dry matter degradability of whole coconut, coconut powder, and coconut fiber treated with sodium hydroxide (0%, 3%, and 6%) and the effect of including whole coconut hydrolyzed with 6% sodium hydroxide at different concentrations (25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%) in the diet on apparent digestibility of nutrients, performance, and feeding behavior of sheep. Alkalinization decreased the hemicellulose, NDF, and ADF contents of the evaluated coproducts. Whole coconut and coconut powder provided greater in vitro degradation of DM compared with coconut fiber, with highest values obtained with the inclusion of 6% sodium hydroxide. Inclusion of whole coconut in the diets did not affect the intakes of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF, but influenced weight gain, feed conversion, and apparent digestibility of DM and NDF. Regarding the feeding behavior of the animals, the inclusion of whole coconut in the diet only affected their rumination time. Whole coconut hydrolyzed with 6% NAOH can be included in diets for feedlot sheep at up to 35% without reducing intake or weight gain.

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Andezai, AM, LM Masu, and M. Maringa. "Investigating the Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Coconut Shell Powder/Epoxy Resin Composites." International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology 13, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 2742. http://dx.doi.org/10.37624/ijert/13.10.2020.2742-2751.

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43

Ismail, I., Arliyani, S. Fathmiyah, Mursal, Z. Jalil, and H. P. S. A. Khalil. "Effect of ball-milling time on chemical property of coconut shell powder." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1572 (June 2020): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1572/1/012021.

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Sareena, C., MT Ramesan, and E. Purushothaman. "Utilization of coconut shell powder as a novel filler in natural rubber." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 31, no. 8 (March 2012): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684412439116.

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Chowdari, G. Kishore, and D. V. V. Krishna Prasad. "Mechanical Characterization of Areca Fiber and Coconut Shell Powder Reinforced Hybrid Composites." Materials Science Forum 1034 (June 15, 2021): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1034.61.

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The use of natural fibers in polymer matrix composites are increases because of their advantages like good stiffness, strength, environmental friendly, low cost and biodegradable. In the present investigation, hybrid fiber reinforced composites are fabricated using areca fiber and coconut shell powder (CSP) as reinforcement in epoxy resin. Unidirectional areca fiber and CSP reinforced epoxy composites were fabricated by varying the overall fiber loading (10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.%) and different weight ratios of areca fiber and CSP (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). Effect of fiber loading and weight ratio on mechanical properties like tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), impact energy and surface hardness of hybrid composites were evaluate experimentally. All the hybrid composite samples fabrication and mechanical testing was done as per ASTM standards. The experimental investigation reveals that the tensile, flexural and ILSS properties show their maximum values at 30 wt.% of fiber loading with areca fiber and CSP weight ratio as 1:1. From the impact and hardness results it has been found that composites with areca fiber and CSP weight ratio as 3:1 and 1:1 respectively shows their maximum values at 40 wt.% of fiber loading. Interfacial analysis of the hybrid composites were also observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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Han, Hyun Geun, Young Hwa Ko, Dong Seok Seo, Gab Joong Kim, and Jong Kook Lee. "Preparation of CaCO₃-Containing Geopolymers for Green Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2265.

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Geopolymers were prepared by using the dried fly ash from industrial by-product, NaOH as alkaline activator and Na2SiO3 as liquid glass. Calcium carbonate from a clam shell was added to provide attachment and growth of environmental organisms on the geopolymers. We investigated the effects of a shell powder contents on the microstructure and bonding properties of the geopolymers to normal cement. The major chemical compositions of fly ash were Si and Al at the ratio of 2 to 1 in wt%. The shell powder with layer sheet consisted of aragonite phase. As increasing the amount of the shell powder, fly ash was not polymerized and remained spherical. The bonding between geopolymers and normal cement was obtained when 0-15 wt% of the shell powder was added. On the other hand, bonding was not achieved with higher shell contents of 20-25 wt%.

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Teli, Mangesh D., Pintu Pandit, and Santanu Basak. "Coconut shell extract imparting multifunction properties to ligno-cellulosic material." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 6 (January 6, 2017): 1261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716686937.

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Flame retardant textiles are increasingly in demand. There have been a number of approaches by which textile material is made flame retardant. The plant extracts imparting such properties to lingo-cellulosic material has been studied in this work. The paper reports the application of green coconut ( Cocosnucifera Linn) shell extract which is a natural waste source onto jute fabric. The acidic coconut shell extract was applied in neutral and alkaline conditions on jute fabric in different concentrations. The emerging fabric showed good flame retardant properties which were measured by different standard flammability tests. The limiting oxygen index value found to increase by 48% after application of alkaline coconut shell extract as such and on concentrating the coconut shell extract, it was found to increase 81%. The thermo gravimetric behaviour and degradation mechanism were studied by using thermo gravimetric analysis in nitrogen atmosphere. The presence of different elements, chemical groups and the structural topography of the untreated and coconut shell extract-treated lingo-cellulosic fabric were analysed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared, Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and phytochemical analysis tests. In addition to the flame retardant property, the treated fabric showed natural colour (measured by colour strength value) and antibacterial property against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

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Wiryodiningrat, Suliestiyah. "The preservation of green goat skin using liquid smoke from coconut shell." Majalah Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik 25, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20543/mkkp.v25i1.226.

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Zakaria, W. A. N., R. Mohd Ghazi, M. Muhammad, and M. Jani. "Optimization of Malachite green removal using activated carbon derived from coconut shell." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 842, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/842/1/012033.

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Lochab, Bimlesh, Swapnil Shukla, and Indra K. Varma. "Naturally occurring phenolic sources: monomers and polymers." RSC Adv. 4, no. 42 (2014): 21712–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra00181h.

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Phenolic compounds sourced from agro-based feedstock, viz. cashew nut shell liquid, lignin, tannin, palm oil, and coconut shell tar, have come up as sustainable alternatives to petro-based feedstock. This review explores their utility as green polymer feedstock with citation of ~ 600 references.

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