Relevant bibliographies by topics / Green communication

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Green communication'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Green communication"

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Singh, Rameshwar, and Prof Gayatri Bhoyar. "Green Communications Using Ambient Backscattered: The Review Paper." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46392.

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Abstract: Green communication aims at addressing the exploration of sustainability regarding environmental conditions, energy efficiency, and communication purpose mainly on mobiles. Green communication is a duty to strengthen corporate responsibility towards the environment and motivate an ecological generation of network equipment and systems. The paper attempts topresent the latest research in green communications using Ambient Backscatter. Recent ideas of mobile technology involve the growth in the number of equipment exploited every day which has resulted in the requirement to innovate in the field of energy-efficient communications. The paper presents a literature survey on the protocols to improve energy efficiency in green communication networks. It elaborates on the various aspects of analysis, design, distribution, and expansion of protocols, and architectures of green communications and networking. We firstpresent the fundamentals of backscatter communications and briefly review bistatic backscatter communications systems. The general architecture, advantages, and limitations of ambient backscatter communications systems are discussed. Additionally, emerging applications of ambient backscatter communications are highlighted, and we outline some open issues and future research.
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Wu, Yongpeng, Fuhui Zhou, Zan Li, Shunqing Zhang, Zheng Chu, and Wolfgang H. Gerstacker. "Green Communication and Networking." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (September 2, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1921353.

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Devi, M., M. Thalaimalaichamy, G. Usha, K. T. Panneerselvam, M. Suba, and M. Venkateshkumar. "Green cognitive communication approaches." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.26 (May 7, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.26.12523.

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Generally one of the reasons for global warming is Co2 emission. The rapid growth of wireless communication is the reason for more emission. This creates more health issues, especially children. To reduce the issues, now the wireless communication is tilted towards green communication. Green communication cannot be achieved in single step. In this paper some of techniques are followed to achieve sustainable communication. The main objective of this paper is cognitive radio (CR), which makes use of spectrum in efficient way. In our proposed system, we focused on green cognitive cycle, Cognitive radio-Ultra wide band (CR-UWB) and Cognitive radio-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CR-OFDM). With these above methods we achieved better achievements in terms of efficiency, less time delay, resource utilization and low power for 5G wireless green communication.
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B R, Suhas, Shreyas Ganesh, and Nalina V. "Green Network and Communication." International Journal of Recent Engineering Science 5, no. 4 (August 25, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23497157/ijres-v5i4p101.

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Milanović, Vesna, Andrea Bačulina-Matić, and Ana Jurčić. "The impact of green internal communication on employees' satisfaction." Bizinfo Blace 13, no. 2 (2022): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bizinfo2202083m.

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The more satisfied employees lead to more satisfied consumers and better organizational performance. Therefore, successful organizations are constantly looking for new ways to improve satisfaction of employees. One of them is green internal communication observed from perspective of internal green marketing. As there is a lack of empirical research in this field, this paper examines the impact of green internal communication on employee satisfaction. For the needs of the paper, data were collected from 177 employees in different organizations operating in the Republic of Serbia. For testing the assumption, correlation-regression analysis was applied. The results showed the positive, direct and significant impact of green internal communication on employees' satisfaction. This paper contributes to better understanding of the role of green internal communication in the internal green marketing concept and its impact on employees' satisfaction. The results can be useful to managers in the development of green internal communications in order to spread the green value of the organization and improve employees' satisfaction.
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Patil, Annapurna, and Abhinandan Goti. "Green Computing in Communication Networks." International Journal of Computer Applications 68, no. 23 (April 18, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/11716-7235.

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Aishwarya, B. "Green Mobile Tower Network Communication." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.3007.

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Liu, Dandan, Wenbo Wang, and Wenbin Guo. "`Green' Cooperative Spectrum Sharing Communication." IEEE Communications Letters 17, no. 3 (March 2013): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2013.011113.121754.

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Mao, Guoqiang. "5G green mobile communication networks." China Communications 14, no. 2 (February 2017): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2017.7868166.

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Royne, Marla B., Jeff Thieme, Marian Levy, Jared Oakley, and Laura Alderson. "From thinking green to buying green: consumer motivation makes the difference." Journal of Business Strategy 37, no. 3 (May 16, 2016): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-12-2014-0151.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the need for appropriate green marketing communication strategies to close the gap between consumers’ strong environmental concerns and weak engagement in sustainable behaviors. In doing so, our overarching goal is to provide new direction for creating targeted marketing communication strategies that will more effectively motivate consumer purchasing of green products and services. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a survey approach to collect data and regression analysis to test our hypotheses. Findings The findings suggest that demographic variables (gender, ethnicity and age) as well as concern for waste, concern for health and concern for environmental technology influence five different categories of sustainable behaviors. Research limitations/implications The results suggest that future studies should consider multiple dimensions of environmental concern because each dimension has a different impact on sustainable behaviors. Practical implications The findings contribute to the continued development of a green consumer profile and highlight the need for marketers to carefully select appropriate dimensions of environmental concern to emphasize in their communication strategies. Results also reinforce the need to consider demographics in targeted communications. Originality/value This study considers the impact of different dimensions of environmental concern and demographic variables on different types of sustainable behaviors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Green communication"

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Kolar, Jasin, and Johan Persson. "Green Transportation External environmental communication." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4491.

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Climate change is a hot topic today. It is important for companies to take

responsibility for the environment. For companies it is also important to

communicate their environmental efforts to its customers.

The aim of this study is to analyze how transportation companies communicate their

environmental efforts on the web. Europe’s largest transportation companies as well

as Asian and North American airlines are studied. Companies’ websites were

examined and evaluated on several criteria.

The study surprisingly showed that a lot of companies did not have any external

communication due to unavailable websites. There are significant geographical

differences in how companies communicate green.

Many transportation companies provide environmental information on their websites

however they need to be more convincing in doing so.

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Guedes, Olga M. R. "Green politics, ideology and communication." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27785.

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Runkel, Conor William. "Testing the Effectiveness of Green Advertisements." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1553725.

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The marketplace in today's world is more dynamic than ever with the growing trends of environmentally-conscious business practices and products. The popular phrase of "going green" is used by many companies and organizations striving to provide environmentally safe products and services. With this growing industry, consumers are exposed to more and more "green" advertisements each day. However, many question if the practice of green advertising is worthwhile.

By looking at the way consumers react to different kinds of advertisements, it can be seen that green advertising is not always a smart choice. Researchers suggest that the reactions vary on many factors such as the type of consumers and the type of product.

This study analyzed the idea of green advertising versus non-green advertising based on the levels of high and low involvement products. An experiment was conducted using college students who completed a survey that presented a set of eight different advertisements for an array of brands and products. The participants included two groups made up of those who were exposed to green advertisements and those who were exposed to non-green advertisements. Both groups were shown the same set of four high involvement products and four low involvement products. The group of high involvement products included two kinds of cars and two kinds of laptops. The group of low involvement products included two kinds of pens and two kinds of bottled water.

The findings show that green advertisements work best with high involvement products. Unlike low involvement products, green advertising positively influences the consumers' attitude toward the advertisement and the brand, as well as purchase intention. Low involvement products did not have the same results and the influential power compared to high involvement products.

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Rademaker, Claudia A. "Green Media : Exploring Green Media Selection and its Impact on Communication Effectiveness." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institutionen för Marknadsföring och strategi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-2033.

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Does the choice of a medium, by which a company’s advertising message is carried, communicate something about that company’s commitment to act responsibly towards the green environment? Does the choice of a medium that consumers perceive as more harmful for the green environment impact ad and brand evaluations more negatively than a medium that they perceive as less harmful? If so, to what extent do companies have knowledge of such change in consumer media behavior and thereby take into account the green environmental aspect with media selection? Driven by such questions, and by way of an experiment, secondary data analysis, interviews and surveys this thesis explores green media selection and its impact on communication effectiveness from the consumer’s and marketing manager’s perspective. Building on theories of advertising planning and media selection the thesis contributes with four empirical studies to increase the understanding of green advertising media and how consumers’ eco-harmful media perceptions impact communication effectiveness. The findings shed light on the importance of taking the green environmental aspect into account when practitioners select advertising media. This is particularly valid for companies that are committed to act responsibly toward the green environment, by for instance having documented green environmental policies, and wish to be associated as such through their brands and marketing communication thereof.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2013

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Zhou, Xiaoli. "Green Communication Protocols for Mobile Wireless Networks." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35809.

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Wireless networks enter a new era in which various objects, such as mobile phones, computers, vehicles, watches, are automatically and intelligently connected to provide ubiquitous services. Green communication protocols are required to save energy consumption and improve transmission performance. MAC protocols can detect the signal status and energy consumptions of physical channels to adapt to the dynamic wireless conditions. They can also provide node-to-node transmissions for network layer protocols under green wireless networks. The thesis presents three energy efficient communication solutions under different delay-tolerant networks scenarios to study the efficiency of MAC transmission protocols within wireless networks: CPMAC, AFLAS and TREE. CPMAC applies three energy-aware algorithms to transmit different quality requirements of data within one contact interval in sparsely connected sensor networks. Simulations and analysis shows CPMAC outperforms two other important MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad-hoc networks in throughput, delay, energy consumption. AFLAS uses an adaptive frame length aggregation scheme for Vehicular Networks that is designed to improve transmission efficiency and increase data throughput. Suitable aggregation frame lengths are calculated according to the current wireless status, and applied in the MAC layer at the onset of data transmissions to save overhead and energy consumption. The simulations of AFLAS exhibit a significant improvement results in data throughput, retransmissions, overheads and transmission efficiency in comparison to non-adaptive aggregation schemes. TRaffic adaptive Energy Efficient MAC protocol (TREE) adapts its work modes: reservation and contention mode, to traffic density and adjusts its duty cycle to achieve energy efficiency. TREE demonstrates better performance in terms of energy efficiency and traffic adaptability than the schedule-based MAC protocol TDMA, the contention-based protocol CSMA and the traffic adaptive protocol TRAMA under mobile sensor network environments. By studying and designing MAC protocols in wireless environments, the thesis shows the comprehensive knowledge and principles of communication protocol designs with latency relaxed. Future work is discussed for further designs and implementations of green communication protocols.
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Creed, A. M. I. "Communication in the novels of Henry Green." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636319.

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Henry Green has baffled many critics and readers with his novels. Attempts to categorize him in the scheme of English Literature have proved problematic. This study sets out to explain the reasons behind Green's elusive and idiosyncratic style by referring to his novels, his occasional writings and writings about him by critics and admirers, with additional references to biographical material. This study will assert that it is only through a thorough immersion in all the above mentioned material that Green's creative life can be understood. The findings of this study are that Green's creative life was dominated by his obsessions with secrecy and with the integrity of imagination. This study has adopted a chronological approach to Green's work because through this an allegory is revealed of Green's creative life; its beginnings, its vitality and its demise. The paradox of Green's work was that he wrote for self-expression and yet he was engaged in the public medium of the novel. This study will argue that the tension produced between the private and public spheres was what caused the extraordinary energy in Green's prose that has fascinated his admirers. He managed to write poetry in the novel form.
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Sarraipa, Rita Poças. "Green eye." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18408.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Design, com a especialização em Comunicação apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
Atualmente, metade da população mundial (55%) habita em centros urbanos, em 2050 estima-se que aumente para dois terços (68%). Estes espaços ocupam apenas 3% da superfície do planeta, mas consomem 75% dos recursos naturais. Em 2016 entrou em vigor a resolução da Organização das Nações Unidas (onu) intitulada “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, como base para um plano de ação para as pessoas e o planeta prosperarem. A mais recente Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas (cop 21) explorou soluções para enfrentar as consequências do aquecimento global e traçou objetivos globais de redução de gases de efeito estufa. O turismo, uma atividade em crescimento, é parte deste problema global. Gera riqueza e poluição tendo impacto em fenómenos que ameaçam o futuro do planeta: as alterações climáticas, o consumo excessivo, o desperdício de plástico, a perda de biodiversidade, a sobrecarga das cidades, o uso de combustíveis fósseis, o consumo energético. Daí a importância cada vez maior de um turismo sustentável. O presente projeto de investigação pretende, através do design, contribuir para a criação e promoção de um novo negócio, nesta área com forte potencial de crescimento – o turismo. Materializa-se através da participação numa ideia de negócio, apoiando o seu desenvolvimento desde o início, assumindo a dimensão estratégica que o design pode ter, não só na construção da comunicação mas também no desenvolvimento e concretização da própria ideia e do seu financiamento. Esta investigação surgiu da identificação de uma oportunidade de negócio, numa área que tem apresentado um interesse crescente por parte do público. Estudou-se o mercado e o contexto onde este negócio se pode desenvolver e ainda o interesse das visitas aos espaços verdes pois eles corporizam a estratégia ambiental das cidades modernas e contam grande parte da sua história. Sem árvores as cidades seriam muito diferentes. Partindo de uma metodologia de base qualitativa, efetuou-se uma investigação de carácter teórico, através da revisão da literatura dos campos investigativos: Turismo e Design de Comunicação. Assim, desenvolveu-se um enquadramento teórico capaz de impulsionar e direcionar a componente projetual. Numa segunda fase, procedeu-se à análise de casos de estudo, compreendendo o modo como negócios internacionais, que exploram o mesmo nicho, se apresentam e divulgam a sua oferta. De seguida, foram analisados fatores relacionados com a implementação do projeto: análise swot, caracterização do público-alvo, identificação de potenciais concorrentes. Esta investigação, resulta na materialização de um projeto singular que pretende atuar num nicho de mercado, explorando e valorizando jardins e espaços verdes urbanos. Propondo dar a conhecer a história e a vida das cidades, através dos seus jardins, quer tenham centenas de anos ou menos de uma década. Despertando o interesse para o ‘verde’ – Green Eye.
ABSTRACT: Today, half of the world’s population (55%) live in urban centers, it is estimated to increase to two-thirds (68%) by 2050. Although they consume 75% of natural resources, these areas occupy only 3% of the earth’s surface. In 2016, United Nations Organization’s resolution called “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” came into force as a foundation for a plan of action so that the planet and man could prosper. United Nations’ most recent conference about climate changes (cop 21) explored solutions to deal with global warming consequences and set worldwide goals in order to reduce greenhouse gases. Tourism is part of this problem . A growing activity which generates wealth and pollution. Tourism has positive aspects, however, it also has an impact on phenomena that threaten the future of the planet: climate change, excessive consumption, plastic waste, loss of biodiversity, the overburden of cities, use of fossil fuels, energy consumption, discharges. That is why having sustainable tourism is increasingly important. Resorting to design, this research project intends to contribute to the creation and promotion of a new business, in an area with strong growth potential – tourism . It is materialized through participation in a business idea, supporting its development from the beginning. Assuming the strategic dimension that design can have, not only in the construction of communication but also in the development and implementation of the idea itself and its financing. This research emerged from the identification of a business opportunity, in an area that has shown a growing interest by the public. The market and the context, where this business can be developed, were studied. The interest of the visits to the green spaces was also studied because they embody the environmental strategy of modern cities and they tell much of their history (and of their own stories). From a qualitative methodology, a theoretical investigation was carried out, through the literature review of the research fields: Tourism and Communication Design. Thus, a theoretical framework capable of boosting and directing the project component has been developed. In a second phase, case studies were analyzed, including the way in which international businesses, which explore the same niche, present themselves and disseminate their offer. Next, we analyzed factors related to project implementation: swot analysis, characterization of target audience and identification of potential competitors. As a result of this research, we have accomplish a singular project that intends to operate in a market niche, exploring and valuing gardens and green spaces in the city. Proposing to introduce the history and life of cities, through their gardens, whether they have hundreds of years or less than a decade. Awakening interest for the ‘green’ — Green Eye.
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Aldosari, Mansour. "Design and analysis of green mobile communication networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/design-and-analysis-of-green-mobile-communication-networks(37b5278a-45da-4a81-b89c-54c7d876586a).html.

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Increasing energy consumption is a result of the rapid growth in cellular communication technologies and a massive increase in the number of mobile terminals (MTs) and communication sites. In cellular communication networks, energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) are two of the most important criteria employed to evaluate the performance of networks. A compromise between these two conflicting criteria is therefore required, in order to achieve the best cellular network performance. Fractional frequency reuse (FFR), classed as either strict FFR or soft frequency reuse (SFR), is an intercell interference coordination (ICIC) technique applied to manage interference when more spectrum is used, and to enhance the EE. A conventional cellular model's downlink is designed as a reference in the presence of inter-cell interference (ICI) and a general fading environment. Energy-efficient cellular models,such as cell zooming, cooperative BSs and relaying models are designed, analysed and compared with the reference model, in order to reduce network energy consumption without degrading the SE. New mathematical models are derived herein to design a distributed antenna system (DAS), in order to enhance the system's EE and SE. DAS is designed in the presence of ICI and composite fading and shadowing with FFR. A coordinate multi-point (CoMP) technique is applied, using maximum ratio transmission (MRT) to serve the mobile terminal (MT), with all distributed antenna elements (DAEs), transmit antenna selection (TAS) being applied to select the best DAE and general selection combining (GSC) being applied to select more than one DAE. Furthermore, a Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is designed and analysed with two different schemes, using the high-power node (HPN) and a remote radio head (RRH), in order to improve the EE and SE of the system. Finally, a trade-off between the two conflicting criteria, EE and SE, is handled carefully in this thesis, in order to ensure a green cellular communication network.
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Dong, Linhao. "Resource allocation for relay based green communication systems." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/15233/.

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The relay based cooperative network is one of the promising techniques for next generation wireless communications, which can help extend the cell coverage and enhance the diversity. To deploy relays efficiently with limited power and bandwidth under certain performance requirements, resource allocation (RA) plays an increasingly important role in the system design. In recent years, with the fast growth of the number of mobile phone users, great portion of CO2 emission is contributed by wireless communication systems. The combination of relay techniques and RA schemes reveals the solution to green communications, which aims to provide high data rate with low power consumption. In this thesis, RA is investigated for next generation relay based green wireless systems, including the long-range cellular systems, and the short-range point-to-point (P2P) systems. In the first contribution, an optimal asymmetric resource allocation (ARA) scheme is proposed for the decode-and-forward (DF) dual-hop multi-relay OFDMA cellular systems in the downlink. With this scheme, the time slots for the two hops via each of the relays are designed to be asymmetric, i.e., with K relays in a cell, a total of 2K time slots may be of different durations, which enhances the degree of freedom over the previous work. Also, a destination may be served by multiple relays at the same time to enhance the transmission diversity. Moreover, closed-form results for optimal resource allocation are derived, which require only limited amount of feedback information. Numerical results show that, due to the multi-time and multi-relay diversities, the proposed ARA scheme can provide a much better performance than the scheme with symmetric time allocation, as well as the scheme with asymmetric time allocation for a cell composed of independent single-relay sub-systems, especially when the relays are relatively close to the source. As a result, with the optimal relay location, the system can achieve high throughput in downlink with limited transmit power. In the second contribution, the power consumption in relay based 60 GHz cooperative networks is studied, which is based on three-terminal diversity amplify-and-forward (DAF) and diversity DF (DDF) relaying strategies. A total power consumption model including drive power, decoding power, and power consumption of power amplifier (PA) is proposed, excluding the transmit power, as it is relatively small compared to decoding power and PA power in the indoor environment. This model is formulated as a function of drive power, which gives an easy access to the system level power allocation. To minimise the system total power consumption, the optimal drive power can be allocated to the source node by numerical searching method while satisfying the data rate requirement. The impact of relay locations on the total power consumption is also investigated. It is shown that, with the same data rate requirement, in the small source-relay separation case, DAF consumes slightly less power than DDF; while with larger source-relay separation, DAF consumes much more power than DDF. In the future work, multiuser relay-based short-range communication systems will be considered for the 60 GHz communication in the fading channel scenario, which extends the proposed power consumption model in a more practical way. The power consumption model of other components, such as analog-to-digital converter, data buffer, modulation/demodulation could also be considered to provide more details about green P2P communications.
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Visconti, Kevin Michael. "Going Green Down Under: Environmental Communication and Green Product Marketing in the South Eastern Australian Wine Industry." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/490.

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The consumption of wine has served as an international communication expedient for thousands of years. From classical symposiums of ancient times to religious ceremonies practiced for centuries, wine has played a significant part in countless social gatherings across the ages and continents. Recent growth in international wine trade, however, has impacted an increasingly disrupted natural environment through amplified carbon output, overuse of synthetic chemicals, topsoil erosion, and water mismanagement. Vintners, or winemakers, have been tasked by the implementation of new legal standards, as well as the urging of ecologically aware prospective consumers, to instill a winemaking process that is green, or environmentally friendly, in order to demonstrate the employment of proactive measures for the long-term sustainability of an unstable Earth. As New World wine producers, Australia commands specific attention as many vineyards in this particular geographic area are actively advancing green wine production standards. Fueled by the emergent field of environmental communication, this dissertation investigates the sustainable practices being implemented by South Eastern Australian vintners during their winemaking process to offset environmental degradation and examines the new marketing discourse communicated via wine bottle labels to construct an environmentally friendly image. Ultimately, this research compares the green product marketing strategies between organic and non-organic wineries to determine the extent to which ecological messages are being promoted on wine bottle labels as a form of environmental communication.
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Books on the topic "Green communication"

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Mauri, Jaime Lloret, and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, eds. Green Communication and Networking. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37977-2.

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Hossain, Ekram, Vijay K. Bhargava, and Gerhard P. Fettweis, eds. Green Radio Communication Networks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139084284.

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1948-, Bhargava Vijay K., and Fettweis Gerhard P, eds. Green radio communication networks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Servaes, Jan, ed. Sustainable Development and Green Communication. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137329417.

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Ge, Xiaohu, and Wuxiong Zhang. 5G Green Mobile Communication Networks. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6252-1.

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Kaur, Gurjit, and Akanksha Srivastava. Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003264477.

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Patel, Rajan, Nimisha Patel, Linda Smail, Pariza Kamboj, and Mukesh Soni. Intelligent Green Communication Network for Internet of Things. New York: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003371526.

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Ghafoor, Saim, and Mubashir Husain Rehmani. Green Machine Learning Protocols for Future Communication Networks. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003230427.

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Talking green: Exploring contemporary issues in environmental communications. New York: Peter Land, 2012.

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Varey, Richard J. Marketing Communication. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Green communication"

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Heffron, Gregory, Esther Hasselman, and Chris Trani. "Green Zone Communication." In Mindful Communication, 54–72. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003262008-4.

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Humar, Iztok, Xiaohu Ge, Lin Xiang, Minho Jo, Min Chen, and Jing Zhang. "Embodied Energy of Communication Devices." In Green Communications, 55–72. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118759257.ch4.

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Dyer, Mark, Dick Gleeson, Helga Ögmundadottir, Anne Gammelgaard Ballantyne, and Klaus Bolving. "Awareness, Communication and Visualisation." In Green Defense Technology, 269–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7600-4_13.

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Chauhan, Dushyant Singh, Gurjit Kaur, and Dinesh Kumar. "Green Underwater Communication Systems." In Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks, 115–31. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003264477-7.

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Srivastava, Akanksha, and Gurjit Kaur. "Green Wireless Communication Systems." In Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks, 17–34. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003264477-2.

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Masih, Asbah, Akanksha Srivastava, and Gurjit Kaur. "Green Optical Communication Systems." In Green Communication Technologies for Future Networks, 67–80. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003264477-5.

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Twum, Kojo Kakra, and Andrews Agya Yalley. "Green Integrated Marketing Communication." In Green Marketing in Emerging Markets, 117–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74065-8_6.

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Punz, G., D. C. Mur, and Konstantinos Samdanis. "Energy Saving Standardisation in Mobile and Wireless Communication Systems." In Green Communications, 237–56. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118759257.ch12.

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O'Farrell, Timothy, and Simon Fletcher. "Green Communication Concepts, Energy Metrics and Throughput Efficiency for Wireless Systems." In Green Communications, 19–42. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118759257.ch2.

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Bojkovic, Zoran S., Dragorad A. Milovanovic, and Tulsi Pawan Fowdur. "Toward Green Communication in 5G." In 5G Multimedia Communication, 3–29. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003096450-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Green communication"

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Hoque, M., S. S. B. Farhad, S. Dewanjee, Z. Alom, R. A. Mokhtar, R. A. Saeed, O. O. Khalifa, E. S. Ali, and M. Abdul Azim. "Green communication in 6G." In 8th International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering (ICOM 2022). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2022.2273.

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Ellis, Matthew. "Smart Grid: The Components and Integrating Communication." In 2012 IEEE Green Technologies Conference. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/green.2012.6200970.

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Srivastava, Gautam, Andrew Fisher, Robert Bryce, and Jorge Crichigno. "Green Communication Protocol with Geolocation." In 2019 IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2019.8746376.

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Chuan, Fu, and Liu Anqing. "Key techniques in green communication." In 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecnet.2011.5769068.

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Bimberg, Dieter. "GReen Data And Computer Communication." In 2011 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pho.2011.6110549.

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Kumar, Ashish, Kriti Singh, and Debmalya Bhattacharya. "Green communication and wireless networking." In 2013 International Conference on Green Computing, Communication and Conservation of Energy (ICGCE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgce.2013.6823398.

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Kwak, Byeongok, and Woojik Chun. "Scalable ID-Based Communication." In Green and Smart Technology 2015. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.120.162.

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"COMMUNICATE GREEN - Energy Efficient Mobile Communication." In International Conference on Pervasive and Embedded Computing and Communication Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003399403020305.

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Tiwari, Vebhav, Raksha Upadhayay, and Kamlesh Mani Tripathi. "Split data green multihop cooperative communication." In 2017 International Conference on Information, Communication, Instrumentation and Control (ICICIC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icomicon.2017.8279050.

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Matsuoka, Shinji. "Optical Communication Technology for a Green Environment." In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acp.2009.wk3.

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Reports on the topic "Green communication"

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Salonen, Hilma. Between hand-outs and stand-outs: Opportunities for policy support for just green transitions. Nordregio, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2024:1.2001-3876.

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The urgency of climate change, economic shifts, and recent energy crises has highlighted the need for the green transition, with a particular focus on Nordic rural areas playing a key role in developing renewable energy. However, there's concern that this transition might increase existing differences between urban and rural areas. Evidence suggests that people in rural regions feel they might be neglected, which could put fair green transitions and the achievement of climate goals at risk. The policy brief from the Just Green Transition in Rural Areas project emphasises the need to involve local communities in green projects to encourage a sense of ownership and fairness. It calls for early community involvement, clear communication, inclusive compensation strategies, recognition of non-monetary benefits, and using the flexibility of rural municipalities to their advantage. As Nordic rural areas face multiple changes, collaboration across different sectors is vital to ensure fairness and effectiveness in green initiatives, potentially making rural areas pioneers rather than followers in the transition.
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Salonen, Hilma, and Lumi Tomrén. Can local value creation induce a sense of justice during green transitions? A study of six rural areas in Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Nordregio, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r:2023:91403-2503.

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The accelerating impacts of climate change, the need to adapt to changing economic and political realities, and the recent energy crisis have made the green transition something that most Nordic citizens acknowledge. However, especially rural areas and their communities are at risk of being reduced to passive instruments of national green transition measures featuring heavy land-use. These conditions make it very difficult to create a sense of justness in green transitions, leading to growing sense of alienation and resentment and putting the national climate goals in danger. From this starting point, the case studies of the research project “Just Green Transition on Rural Areas: Local Benefits from Value Creation” set out to examine what kind of benefits would generate value from green transition measures in the direct impact zone of new energy projects. The case studies took place in three Nordic countries and six locations: in Northern Ostrobothnia and Northern Central Finland of Finland, involving wind power and land use planning; in Nord-Fron and Nord-Odal in Norway, involving both wind power and strategic sustainability work; and in Skive and Bornholm of Denmark, involving a hybrid mix of renewable energy sources in the context of industrial park development. The results highlight the importance of local involvement and trust in green energy transitions in Nordic rural areas. Neglecting local needs can cause resistance to renewable projects. Early engagement, transparent communication, and ensuring local benefits are vital. While monetary benefits attract attention, relying solely on them can create community divisions. A blend of community engagement, environmental benefits, and local ownership of projects fosters trust and a deeper sense of justice in these transitions.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Smith, Jijo K., Howell Li, and Darcy M. Bullock. Populating SAE J2735 Message Confidence Values for Traffic Signal Transitions Along a Signalized Corridor. Purdue University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317322.

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The communication between connected vehicles and traffic signal controllers is defined in SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2735. SAE J2735 defines traffic signal status messages and a series of 16 confidence levels for traffic signal transitions. This paper discusses a statistical method for tabulating traffic signal data by phase and time of day and populating the SAE J2735 messages. Graphical representation of the red-green and green-yellow transitions are presented from six intersections along a 4-mile corridor for five different time of day timing plans. The case study provided illustrates the importance of characterizing the stochastic variation of traffic signals to understand locations, phases, and time of day when traffic indications operate with high predictability, and periods when there are large variations in traffic signal change times. Specific cases, such as low vehicle demand and occasional actuation of pedestrian phases are highlighted as situations that may reduce the predictability of traffic signal change intervals. The results from this study also opens up discussion among transportation professionals on the importance of consistent tabulation of confidence values for both beginning and end of green signal states. We believe this paper will initiate dialog on how to consistently tabulate important data elements transmitted in SAE J2735 and perhaps refine those definitions. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of traffic engineers and connected vehicle developers to work together to develop shared visions on traffic signal change characteristics so that the in-vehicle use cases and human-machine interface (HMI) meet user expectations.
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Price, Roz. Climate Adaptation: Lessons and Insights for Governance, Budgeting, and Accountability. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.008.

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This rapid review draws on literature from academic, policy and non-governmental organisation sources. There is a huge literature on climate governance issues in general, but less is known about effective support and the political-economy of adaptation. A large literature base and case studies on climate finance accountability and budgeting in governments is nascent and growing. Section 2 of this report briefly discusses governance of climate change issues, with a focus on the complexity and cross-cutting nature of climate change compared to the often static organisational landscape of government structured along sectoral lines. Section 3 explores green public financial management (PFM). Section 4 then brings together several principles and lessons learned on green PFM highlighted in the guidance notes. Transparency and accountability lessons are then highlighted in Section 5. The Key findings are: 1) Engaging with the governance context and the political economy of climate governance and financing is crucial to climate objectives being realised. 2) More attention is needed on whether and how governments are prioritising adaptation and resilience in their own operations. 3) Countries in Africa further along in the green PFM agenda give accounts of reform approaches that are gradual, iterative and context-specific, building on existing PFM systems and their functionality. 4) A well-functioning “accountability ecosystem” is needed in which state and non-state accountability actors engage with one another. 5) Climate change finance accountability systems and ecosystems in countries are at best emerging. 6) Although case studies from Nepal, the Philippines and Bangladesh are commonly cited in the literature and are seen as some of the most advanced developing country examples of green PFM, none of the countries have had significant examples of collaboration and engagement between actors. 7) Lessons and guiding principles for green PFM reform include: use the existing budget cycle and legal frameworks; ensure that the basic elements of a functional PFM system are in place; strong leadership of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and clear linkages with the overall PFM reform agenda are needed; smart sequencing of reforms; real political ownership and clearly defined roles and responsibilities; and good communication to stakeholders).
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.

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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.
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Bicer, Bulent, Adriana M. Valencia J., and Ruurd Schoolderman. Bridging Skills Gap in the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006049.

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The growing demand for sustainable energy drives the need for a local workforce to fulfill the demand for experienced and skilled technicians and professionals at various levels, who are capable of designing, developing, installing, operating, advising about, maintaining, and managing the aforementioned energy related systems. Many Caribbean countries have goals to diversify their energy matrices (to reduce fossil fuel dependency and comply with Intended Nationally Determined Contributions). In addition, it is expected that increased training and education in information and communication technologies (ICT) is crucial, as ICT skills are particularly important for the development of a “green” and “smart” economy. Evidence suggests that low skills in the workforce make it difficult for firms to innovate. In the Caribbean, the private sector has reported weak linkages with universities and difficulties in collaboration with research institutions and other companies. Limited collaboration and integration therefore, negatively impacts innovation and reduces opportunities for co-creation and knowledge dissemination. As new technologies emerge, so do new business opportunities, driving the need for supporting entrepreneurship both for small businesses and medium and larger organizations that need to innovate their business models to adapt to a changing business environment. To contribute and address the above needs, the BRIDGE Program was launched in May 2014 and concluded in June 2017. The program focused on the development of human capital, while encouraging gender equality in order to meet the expected future demand for technicians, professionals and entrepreneurs in the sustainable energy (SE) and ICT sectors. The program covered Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago and this publication reports on the findings, achievements, and remaining needs.
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Wada, Yasutaka. Working Paper PUEAA No. 3. Parallel Processing and Parallelizing Compilation Techniques for "Green Computing". Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.001r.2022.

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The fourth technological revolution has brought great advances in manufacturing processes and human communications. Although processors have become increasingly efficient, both in speed, capacity and energy consumption, their functionality regarding this last point has yet to improve. The latest innovations represent an opportunity to create "green computing" and not only more environmentally friendly electronics and software, but also to use their new efficiency to improve our daily activities, as well as the designs of our cities themselves to make them more environmentally sustainable. These new computerized systems must also be applied in accordance with the socioeconomic factors that must be taken into account in order to be modified in favor of sustainability and efficiency.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter, et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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