Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Green Police'

This thesis explores the relationship between the safety and security measures for the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the militarisation of urban space and policing in post-apartheid South Africa. In particular, it focuses upon how the South African state and FIFA, the owners of the World Cup franchise, worked to present the World Cup as an event which required exceptional levels of security – resulting in a historically unprecedented joint police and military operation across host cities. However, in contrast with previous research on these security measures, this thesis aims to interrogate the political and commercial forces which constructed security and positions them against a backdrop of intensified state violence and social exclusion in South Africa. Concurrently, the South African case was indicative of an international militarisation of major events, with policing operations comparable to national states of emergency. This is representative of the ‘new military urbanism’ in which everyday urban life is rendered as a site of ubiquitous risk, leading to the increased diffusion of military tactics and doctrines in policing and policy. While the interpenetration between urbanism and militarism has often been studied against the context of the ‘war on terror’, in the case of South Africa this has primarily been accelerated by a pervasive social fear of violent crime, which has resulted in the securitisation of cities, the remilitarisation of policing and the intensification of a historical legacy of socio-spatial inequalities. The South African government aimed to use the World Cup to ‘rebrand’ the country’s violent international image, while promising that security measures would leave a legacy of safer cities for ordinary South Africans. The concept of legacies was also responsive to the commercial imperatives of FIFA and a range of other security actors, including foreign governments and the private security industry. However these policing measures were primarily cosmetic and designed to allay the fears of foreign tourists and the national middle class. In practice security measures pivoted around the enforcement of social control and urban marginalisation while serving as a training ground for an increasingly repressive state security apparatus. Security was as much a matter of fortifying islands of privilege and aiding a project of financial extraction as protecting the public from harm.
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This PhD thesis provides abundant empirical evidence on the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments alone and as a policy-mix, looking at its effect on green investment and employment. Finally, it also studies the social welfare outcomes of the implementation of the two environmental policy instruments – environmental taxes and public financing. The most direct and obvious conclusion that can be extracted from this thesis is that properly designed policy-instruments are necessary to incentivise firms to invest in green technologies, especially if we want to encourage investment in cleaner production technologies over pollution abating technologies, which is not an easy task to do. I refer to the industrial and energy firms because on one hand, they contribute significantly to air pollution, waste pollution and address resource scarcity, making it even more important for them to invest in technologies that would significantly address the negative externalities. In this regard, this thesis contributes to the literature on causal evidence of environmental policy instruments on firm behaviour, as well as social welfare outcomes arising from different policy scenarios. More specifically, the second chapter of this thesis contributes to the literature on social welfare outcomes arising from the different environmental policy scenarios. In the analysed model we are faced with the asymmetry of decision making. While the regulator favours green investment, which reduces the total pollution level, firms prefer to keep producing using their dirty technology in the symmetric scenarios. The question that arises, therefore, is how such an equilibrium can be induced? It might be the case that with more money being directed at R&D, technologies would become more efficient and cheaper, making it more desirable for firms. From the policy perspective, especially investment in private environment R&D is highly encouraged. In the third chapter of this thesis, I contribute to the literature on drivers of eco-innovations by identifying crucial regulatory factors and firms’ organizational capabilities for encouraging enterprises to invest in green technologies. We observe differences between the drivers of investment in cleaner production and end-of-pipe technologies. In addition, we distinguish between investments with the purpose to reduce air pollution and energy consumption. Firstly, environmental taxation in Spain seems to be rather ineffective at stimulating investment in greener technologies, both for end-of-pipe as well as for cleaner production technologies. We argue that in the Spanish context this might be caused by relatively low rates, environmental taxes might not be doing their task effectively. At the same time, firms react positively to investment subsidies and investment tax incentives. Tax credits seem to be especially successful at financing cleaner production technologies while subsidies are positively related to both EP and CP investments. The implication derived from these findings reveals that direct policies such as subsidies help firms to convert into greener companies, while tax credits lead to reductions in production costs for firms, that pursue a substantial transformation of their production process. Additionally, we can conclude that organization capabilities matter for investment in green technologies. Admittedly, hiring green employees is a strong factor pushing each firm towards green investments, while the relationship between green procedures and certifications is not clear. The fourth chapter of this thesis is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of environmental taxes in Spain at different levels of taxation, in the absence and in combination with public finance - an equally important market-based instrument addressing the market failure of firms. The evaluation is performed with regards to whether the implementation of such environmental policy instrument in Spain is successful at encouraging adoption of green technologies among manufacturing firms. Our results suggest that environmental taxation is effective at encouraging adoption of both types of green technologies. That being said, once we split our treatment to different categories, we find that low levels of environmental taxation do not induce further investments in process eco-innovations. Therefore, we show that the average treatment effect masks substantial heterogeneity across the taxation level groups. Results also consistently show that increasing the amount of taxation increases also the subsequent adoption of green technologies. In the sample of fully supported environmental tax payers, it seems to emerge that firms that are required to pay around EUR 2,500 per year already exhibit significantly higher investment in green technology than under lower amounts of taxation. Additionally, our findings seem to suggest that even low levels of environmental taxation can be effective at inducing investment in green technology if combined with public financing. However, once again the effect is the largest when environmental taxation is at the medium level. That being said, if the regulator is reluctant to increase the taxation level in fear of hurting firms' competitiveness, even low levels of taxation can be effective in combination with public support. Large levels of environmental though very effective on its own, are not strongly encouraged with combination of public financing. The fifth chapter of this thesis analyses, in turn, a large-scale national tax incentive program in Spain, which started in 1996 and finished in 2015. Due to data availability, I focus on the 2008-2014 time window. The findings seem to suggest that encouragement to eliminate the EI tax incentives from the Spanish Corporate Income Tax and fears that they were not successful enough was unwarranted. While it is true that the EI tax credit favoured pollution abating over energy efficient technologies, it did increase substantially investment – and even in the times of financial crises, when the capital market failure was particularly severe. The EI tax credit was found to have positive indirect effects on both number of green employees and private environmental R\&D, which could have additional positive spill-over effects. With regards to the policy change, which was aimed at disincentivizing financing of pollution abating technologies and encouraging – it was assessed as semi-effective. While it is true that it did discourage investment in end-of-pipe technologies, especially those aimed at air-pollution reduction, we could not observe investment in cleaner production technologies increasing as a result. This could suggest that tax incentives should be more clearly defined, as to avoid (1) technological lock-down in old technologies, (2) encourage technologies that do change the production process and result in smaller usage of natural resources e.g energy consumption. One of the caveats of the studied EI tax credit was the confusion it created not only with respect to eligibility criteria but also the definition of technologies that it aimed to finance. Lastly, it is quite comforting to observe, however, that the tax incentive seemed to have addressed the capital market failure of small firms for the investment in cleaner production technologies. The results from the heterogeneous analysis also point out to the fact that this positive effect exists in stark contrast to the reduction in the investment suffered by the big firms.

Desk-top research found that the performance of green building development in Hong Kong has lagged behind other countries or cities of similar international status. The main reason for that is the lack of green building policy to coordinate the existing measures. Hence, this dissertation aims to fill the gap by finding out whether green building policy should be implemented in Hong Kong and what instruments or tools should be included in the policy if it is formulated. Further to the focus study on four selected countries, i.e. Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, it is noted that an effective green building policy should contain a quantitative target as goal achievement and comprise mandatory instruments, economic instruments and information tools as policy options. After identifying some suitable policy options, a survey has been conducted to collect people’s views. Survey results supported that there is a need for the buildings in Hong Kong to be greener and for the Hong Kong government to formulate a set of green building policy. It is recommended that Hong Kong green building policy should include quantitative commitment for both new public and private buildings in short run; and extend to existing public and private buildings in long run. The government should keep reviewing and extending its mandatory requirements on green building design and energy performance, and introducing mandatory energy audit for disclosure of key consumption data for public viewing and full report during premises or building transactions. As mandatory energy audit is a fresh idea in Hong Kong and may not be easily accepted by citizens, the government should provide sufficient assistance at the teething stage when implementing it. To further promote green building development, it is suggested that the Hong Kong government should provide financial incentives, such as the provision of tax credits for green building investment and subsidy for upgrading energy performance of existing building. However, energy tax may not be a suitable option to implement at present in view of its necessity and respondents’ objections from the survey results. Apart from mandatory and economic instruments, it is opined that the Hong Kong government should allocate resources for research and development, and education for promoting green building development. This is also greatly supported by respondents according to the survey results. As green building may still be a new concept to many building practitioners in Hong Kong, the government should also set up a designated team to administer green building issues and provide a wide-spreading platform for knowledge exchange and experience sharing. Developing green building in Hong Kong not only requires commitments from the Administration and contributions from the stakeholders, but also the involvement of every citizen. With the support from everyone, this definitely can smoothen the formulation and implementation of green building policy, and make the built environment green and sustainable for the next generations to enjoy!
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Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

Climate change has been a topic of discussion for quite some time now. International Relations Theory, which is widely used to study the politics of the world also has a subfield of Green Theory in IR which concerns itself with world politics in a combination of the environment.This study has been conducted as part of an investigation to study the effects of green theories on green policymaking, specifically in the case of China. For the study, a qualitative study was conducted where trends of environmental governance related results were examined to draw a conclusion to the research questions.This study is in hope to present the case of China which ranks among the most contaminated nation and is also a major contributor to the global environmental crisis of ecological damage. It presents how China has been able to turn the tables and has become a case exemplar instead for the world to follow in environment protection owing to strong laws and implementation by its government.

This thesis comprises three essays on environmental economics and deals with issues such as corruption, emissions leakage and green alliances. Chapter 1 investigates the relationship between corruption and market entry. We show that corruption incentivises firms' entry in the market while an increased number of firms incentivises bureaucrats to be corrupt, in a self-reinforcing manner. Although the applicability of the model can be more general, we focus on the case of environmental regulation and show the positive relationship between corruption and pollution though market entry. In the second chapter, an additional factor which leads to emissions leakage is proposed. In a setting with two countries, when consumers in one country care only about domestic emissions, emissions leakage arises since demand for the good that is produced in that country using a greener technology is shifted abroad where production takes place with the dirtiest technology. Next, I consider the global environmental consciousness scenario i.e., consumers in that country now care about both the domestic and foreign emissions. In this case, foreign pollution is mitigated and leakage is diminished. In the last chapter, I examine green alliances, the partnerships between a firm and an environmental group. In this model, the environmentalists have two options: to either act against the firm which implies shrinking the demand that the firm faces or join forces with it by reducing the cost of implementing a greener technology. The group's decision is affected by an environmental tax set by the government and by extension it impacts firm's choices on output and emission intensity. It is shown that higher taxation makes the conflict scenario more likely to happen, implying that collaboration and a more stringent environmental policy are substitutes. This identifies a previously unexplored, possibly adverse effect of public policy on environmental quality.

Askew and unsystematic urbanization that occurred after rapid increase and migration in 1950&rsquo
s in Tü
rkiye, caused destruction of green spaces. In this way, green spaces in urban pattern that are insufficient now are going to decrease day by day. As a result, human beings that are living in cities have to survive their life in a condition of less green and much building. Urban populace has physical and psychological problems caused by noise, pollution, stress together with not meeting their strolling, resting and being comfortable. For this reason, importance of green spaces is increasing day by day. Being under a disaster of earthquake doubles this importance in istanbul. In this research, in which green spaces in Kartal and Sariyer are taken into consideration, one-by-one fixing and photographing technique is used. Results are evaluated in terms of ownership, opening year, classification, size, activity and distribution of green spaces. Research is consisting of eight chapters. Aim and extension of research is taken into consideration in first chapter. In second chapter, urban open and green spaces are examined in terms of definition, classifications, hierarchy and design criteria. Third chapter include urbanization and green pace relation. In this chapter, historical development of urban open spaces, importance of urban open and green spaces and need of green space issues are mentioned. Green space concept in development plans are taken into consideration in fourth chapter. Firstly, green space concept in development plans
then, procuring methods of green spaces and at last, problems of application decisions of green spaces are examined. Fifth chapter includes green space norms in Tü
rkiye and in other countries and comparison of these norms. In sixth chapter, green space situation of istanbul, Kartal and Sariyer are given. In this chapter, firstly, urbanization and green space problem
then, existing situation of Kartal and Sariyer are researched. In case study, which is observed in seventh chapter, green space situation of Kartal and Sariyer is investigated. At last chapter, results of these researches are attained by comparison of green space situations of these two districts in a heading of conclusion.

[ES] Los resultados previsibles de la transición hacia economías con bajas emisiones de carbono son múltiples y afectan de diferentes maneras a los responsables del diseño y la gestión de las políticas públicas, las regiones del mundo, las empresas y los consumidores. Se ha reconocido que en el centro de esta transición están las innovaciones medioambientales que se desarrollan para mejorar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo del crecimiento económico. Los principales pilares de esta tesis son dos. En primer lugar, los desafíos ambientales son diversos, al igual que las respuestas que se necesitan para afrontarlos. La consecuencia principal de esto es que el enfoque actual en la tecnología verde como un bloque homogéneo de entidades indiferenciadas es engañoso. En segundo lugar, el trabajo humano es lo que en última instancia lleva a cabo la adaptación de los sistemas de producción y distribución. En consecuencia, analizar la transición hacia sociedades sostenibles desde un punto de vista medioambiental exige una comprensión profunda de cómo se diseñan, implementan y cambian las actividades laborales para acomodarse a nuevos imperativos políticos y / o nuevas oportunidades tecnológicas. Las evidencias empíricas sobre uno o ambos pilares son escasas o fragmentadas. La presente tesis trata de llenar estas lagunas desarrollando una base de datos global sobre ``patentes verdes'', una medida del ciclo de vida de las tecnologías y las consiguientes investigaciones para analizar la relación entre la producción de tecnologías verdes, las características del territorio y la base de competencias de la mano de obra en el tiempo y el espacio. El primer paso es la identificación de patentes verdes en PATSTAT 2016a utilizando la clasificación ENV-TECH (OECD, 2016) y geolocalizando sus inventores. El resultado es una base de datos que cubre la innovación mundial desde el siglo XIX hasta 2015, aunque el periodo estudiado es menor: 1970-2010. Este conjunto de datos permite una primera aproximación a la evolución de las tecnologías verdes en el tiempo y el espacio, donde podemos apreciar diferencias en la evolución de los países y entre las tecnologías desde el punto de vista de la complejidad, quizás relacionadas con la presencia de un cuerpo heterogéneo de tecnologías emergentes y maduras. Para entrar más a fondo en esta hipótesis, desarrollamos una metodología para medir las etapas del ciclo de vida de las tecnologías, y la utilizamos para entender los patrones de producción de tecnologías verdes a nivel de países. Encontramos que las capacidades son más importantes que la riqueza para diversificarse en innovación verde, y que las tecnologías maduras están positivamente asociadas con la especialización en estas tecnologías. Continuamos la exploración de la relación entre las capacidades locales, el ciclo de vida y la producción de patentes en los estados federales de Estados Unidos dónde descubrimos que la innovación verde esta más asociada con la recombinación de conocimientos distantes, en particular al principio del ciclo de vida. Finalmente, investigamos los efectos de las compras públicas sobre la innovación verde al nivel de las ``commuting zones'' (áreas urbanas funcionales) de Estados Unidos, tomando en cuenta de nuevo las capacidades locales, pero esta vez utilizando las competencias del mercado laboral en lugar de la variedad de la recombinación del conocimiento. Descubrimos que la compra pública verde tiene un efecto positivo y significativo, en particular en territorios con una parte importante de competencias abstractas en la población activa.
[CAT] Els resultats previsibles de la transició cap a economies baixes en emissions de carboni són múltiples i afecten de diferents maneres als responsables del disseny i la gestió de les polítiques públiques, les regions del món, les empreses i els consumidors. S'ha reconegut que en el centre d'aquesta transició estan les innovacions mediambientals que es desenvolupen per a millorar la sostenibilitat a llarg termini del creixement econòmic. Els principals pilars d'aquesta tesi són dos. En primer lloc, els desafiaments ambientals són diversos, igual que les respostes que es necessiten per a afrontar-los. La conseqüència principal d'això és que l'enfocament actual en la tecnologia verda com un bloc homogeni d'entitats indiferenciades és enganyós. En segon lloc, el treball humà és el que en última instància porta a terme l'adaptació dels sistemes de producció i distribució. En conseqüència, analitzar la transició cap a societats sostenibles des d'un punt de vista mediambiental exigeix una comprensió profunda de com es dissenyen, implementen i canvien les activitats laborals per a acomodar-se a nous imperatius polítics i / o noves oportunitats tecnològiques. Les evidències empíriques sobre un o ambdós pilars són escasses o fragmentades. La present tesi tracta d'omplir aquests buits desenvolupant una base de dades global sobre ``patents verdes'', una mesura del cicle de vida de les tecnologies i les consegüents investigacions per a analitzar la relació entre la producció de tecnologies verdes, les característiques del territori i la base de competències de la mà d'obra en el temps i l'espai. El primer pas és la identificació de patents verdes en PATSTAT 2016a utilitzant la classificació ENV-TECH (OECD, 2016) i la geolocalització dels seus inventors. El resultat és una base de dades que cobreix la innovació mundial des del segle XIX fins a 2015, encara que el període estudiat és menor: 1970-2010. Aquest conjunt de dades permet una primera aproximació a l'evolució de les tecnologies verdes en el temps i l'espai, on podem apreciar diferències en l'evolució dels països i entre les tecnologies des del punt de vista de la complexitat, probablement relacionades amb la presència d'un cos heterogeni de tecnologies emergents i madures. Per a entrar més a fons en aquesta hipòtesi, desenvolupem una metodologia per a mesurar les etapes del cicle de vida de les tecnologies, i la utilitzem per a entendre els patrons de producció de tecnologies verdes a nivell de països. Trobem que les capacitats són més importants que la riquesa per a diversificar-se en innovació verda, i que les tecnologies madures estan positivament associades amb l'especialització en aquestes tecnologies. També explorem la relació entre les capacitats locals, el cicle de vida i la producció de patents en els estats federals dels Estats Units on descobrim que la innovació verda està més associada amb la recombinació de coneixements distants, en particular al principi del cicle de vida. Finalment, investiguem els efectes de les compres públiques sobre la innovació verda al nivell de les ``commuting zones'' (àrees urbanes funcionals) dels Estats Units, prenent en compte de nou les capacitats locals, però aquesta vegada utilitzant les competències del mercat laboral en lloc de la varietat de la recombinació del coneixement. Descobrim que la compra pública verda té un efecte positiu i significatiu, en particular en territoris amb una part important de competències abstractes en la població laboral.
[EN] The foreseeable outcomes of the transition towards low-carbon economies are multiple and affect in different ways policy-makers, world regions, firms and consumers. It has long been acknowledged that at the core of this transition stand environmental innovations which are developed to enhance the long-term sustainability of economic growth. The main pillars of this study are two. First, environmental challenges are different, and so are the responses that are needed to tackle them. The main consequence of this is that the current focus on green technology as a homogeneous block of undifferentiated entities is misleading. Second, the adaptation of production and distribution systems is ultimately carried through by human labour and analysing the transition to environmentally sustainable societies requires a thorough understanding of how work activities are designed, implemented and changed to accommodate new policy imperatives and/or new technological opportunities. Empirical evidence on either of these two pillars is scant or fragmented. The present thesis seeks to fill these gaps through the development of a database on green innovations, of a measure of the life cycle of green technologies, and of the corresponding explorations to scrutinize the relation between green technology production, the territories' characteristics and skills' base of labour market over time and space. The dataset is created identifying green patent in PATSTAT 2016a database using ENV-TECH classification (OECD, 2016) and geolocalizing their inventors. The result is a database covering green innovation worldwide from the 19$^{th}$ century to 2015, even if the period studied is smaller: 1970-2010. This dataset permits a first overview of green technologies evolution over time and space, where we can see differences in terms of country evolution and among technologies in terms of complexity, maybe related with the presence of an heteregeneous body of emerging and mature technologies. To explore further this hypothesis, we develop a methodology to measure technology life cycle stages, and we apply it to understand the patterns of evolution of green technology production at country level. We find that capabilities are more important than wealth to diversify in green innovation, and mature green technologies are positively associated with specialization. We continue the exploration of the relation between local capabilities, life cycle and patent activity in US federal states where we discover that green innovation is more associated than innovation in general with the recombination of distant knowledge, especially in early phases of the life cycle. Finally, we investigate at US commuting zones level the effects of public procurement on green innovation, taking into account local capabilities again, but using labour market skills instead of knowledge recombination variety. We find that green public procurement has a positive and significant effect, in particular in territories with an important share of abstract skills in labour population.
Perruchas, F. (2019). Green Innovation: an empirical analysis of technology, skills and policy [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/119965
TESIS

The environmental concern starts to be a key challenging issue for organizations nowadays. In fact, we find a growing trend towards “green” consumerism, which in turns affects companies’ strategy. The hospitality industry is not considered as one of the biggest pollution emitters, neither the one consuming the biggest quantity of non-renewable resources, but it is particularly interesting because of its increasing economic importance and the higher environmental concern it is showing. The whole process by which the hotels define policies, strategies as well as develop environmental practices in order to reduce their negative impact on the natural environment is named as Environmental Management. Those hotels that have followed this process and strive to be more environmentally friendly through the efficient use of energy, water and materials while providing quality services are defined as “green hotels”. Thus, in the present study we discover what motivated hotels in Sweden to become green, as well as the steps they followed in turning into green, including the definition of goals, the implementation of practices and the potential barriers that make this process difficult to execute.

In a first approach, we found in the literature review some theories related to the factors that influence companies to become green, as well as how to define a green strategy. In a second section, we focused on how the goals must be defined and which indicators can be used to evaluate the environmental performance. Finally, we presented possible barriers, relating this fact to the prioritization of objectives.

We led a qualitative approach by running semi-structured and structured interviews to the manager and one employee, respectively, of three different hotels in Abisko and Umeå. The results showed that the main reason why hotels become green is because of the pressure the stakeholders exert on them. The main steps hotels followed to achieve this objective were the establishment of plans and goals, involving the department´s level, its implementation (practices), review, evaluation and improvement of the environmental strategy. But this process is not easy; hotels have to manage with the big cost associated to become green.

At the end of the study, some suggestions will be given to hoteliers (e.g. define specific goals) as well as some suggestions for future researches (study of hotels from different cities of Sweden).

Over the last twenty years, climate change and energy stability have increasingly played a role in government policy. Innovation is a key ingredient to increased growth while achieving climatic goals. The policy paths taken by different countries have been extremely diverse. What effects do these policies have on innovation and what policies are best at encouraging the market? This thesis uses a theoretical model to examine the effect that different policies have on innovation and to empirically test a series of hypotheses obtained from the model. Both the theoretical and empirical results support the hypothesis of a “home bias”, whereby innovation in domestic markets is impacted more than innovation in world markets when a domestic policy is initiated. A second result is that mandatory renewable energy minimum levels for power companies have relatively strong impacts on installed wind capacity. In general, a country’s wind capacity is determined by both economic and non-economic considerations.

From the end of WWII to the end of the Cold War Greek foreign policy was shaped by the dynamics of the Cold War. The major issues facing Greek foreign policy decision makers in the post-cold war era are its relations with its Northern neighbors, Albania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), and Bulgaria, its relations with Turkey, and Greece's future in the European Union. Although the three issues overlap there is consensus among the Greek political elite that the relationship with Turkey is the most pressing since Turkey poses the most immediate security threat. In the last twenty-five years the two countries came to the verge of war three times over the continental shelf in the Aegean and Cyprus. The latest crisis was in 1996. Since then Greek policy makers have embarked on a conciliatory road towards Turkey that has gained momentum in the last three years. The purpose of this dissertation is to describe the process of the recent change in Greek foreign policy vis-a-vis Turkey, as reflected in the words and deeds (speeches, interviews, statements, policies) of the Greek policy makers. In addition, the study seeks to understand how this change is related to rules existing at the global, regional, and domestic levels. The central question to be asked is: how do rules existing at these levels regulate and constitute the foreign policy process of the Greek government. I utilize the theoretical insights and concepts provided by constructivism in order to carry out my research. The analysis establishes the relationship between the agents (Greek foreign policy makers) and the various rules and explores this relationship as an ongoing process by ascertaining the social context within which this process is unfolding.

The world is threatened by the possibility of an irreversible catastrophe that many would blame on the environmental impact of the present lifestyle, the results of which are climate change or global warming. This is clearly unacceptable to both present and future generations. If going green really means changing the way we live and pursuing knowledge and practices that can lead to more environmentally friendly and socio-ecologically responsible decisions, it is time to protect the environment and sustain its natural resources for current and future generations. Integrated sustainability reporting should be viewed as a vehicle to accomplish this global agenda of going green beyond mere legal requirements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of integrated sustainability reporting (ISR) on achieving green business status within JSE listed companies. To achieve the purpose, an in-depth literature study and empirical research were undertaken using a triangulation method. After a detailed descriptive and content analysis of the collected primary and secondary data, the study found the following: Most of the JSE listed corporations’ integrated reports are not utilising the CSR, GRI guidelines and voluntary standards as effective tools to drive the process of green sustainable business. Some of the JSE listed organisations are treating financial and non-financial matters as separate issues in their integrated reports; The ISR has no impact in terms of using the NEMA framework in driving the process of green sustainable business in the JSE listed organisations; Most of the JSE listed organisations were fully aware of ecological sustainability as a pillar to drive the process of green sustainable business. They treat this pillar of sustainable development as a separate entity from socio-economic developmental issues. Most of the JSE listed corporations adhere to all the bylaws and regulations of ecological sustainability within their required certification of ISO 14001 standards in order to remain effectively certified by the auditing authority. Some integrated reports indicated much support for staff in terms of health, educational activities, labour laws and programmes that advance the socio-economic aspects of human beings; The study has found that the social pillar of sustainability is mostly supported by JSE listed organisations in South Africa - to the level of the requirements of labour relations legislation. It is not integrated with sustainability policies beyond the statutory requirements; It was further noticed in this study that integrated sustainability reports, based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) principles and the King III reporting guidelines, disclose outcomes and results regarding the JSE listed organisations’ obligations, strategy and management approach which occurred within the reporting period. To address the above-listed findings, the researcher recommended that the JSE listed organisations integrate the NEMA, EMS, CSR, GRI and King III guidelines in their integrated sustainability reporting, in order to produce an effective sustainable green business in South Africa that is ecologically accountable and socio-economically supportive to all multi-stakeholders. The government and non-governmental organisations are the key players to drive the process of going green using the ISR. The government needs more structured policies and regulations that will support the National Development Plan in the pursuit of green economy in the form of grants and incentives that are beyond the present status quo.

Does the choice of a medium, by which a company’s advertising message is carried, communicate something about that company’s commitment to act responsibly towards the green environment? Does the choice of a medium that consumers perceive as more harmful for the green environment impact ad and brand evaluations more negatively than a medium that they perceive as less harmful? If so, to what extent do companies have knowledge of such change in consumer media behavior and thereby take into account the green environmental aspect with media selection? Driven by such questions, and by way of an experiment, secondary data analysis, interviews and surveys this thesis explores green media selection and its impact on communication effectiveness from the consumer’s and marketing manager’s perspective. Building on theories of advertising planning and media selection the thesis contributes with four empirical studies to increase the understanding of green advertising media and how consumers’ eco-harmful media perceptions impact communication effectiveness. The findings shed light on the importance of taking the green environmental aspect into account when practitioners select advertising media. This is particularly valid for companies that are committed to act responsibly toward the green environment, by for instance having documented green environmental policies, and wish to be associated as such through their brands and marketing communication thereof.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2013

The relationship between the European Union (EU) and New Zealand has expanded considerably since the protracted trade negotiations of the 1970s and now includes dialogue and cooperation on a range of policy issues. In recent years, environment has become an increasingly high priority matter and is increasingly referenced as playing an important part in EU-New Zealand relations. At the same time, the EU has been praised for its leadership role in climate change negotiations, and some scholars have described it as a “green” normative power with the ability to influence other actors internationally on environmental policy. Taking the EU-New Zealand relationship on environment as its case study, this thesis attempts to address a gap in the academic literature concerning relations between New Zealand and the EU on environmental issues. It compares and contrasts the concept of EU normative power with that of policy transfer, arguing that both address the spread of ideas, but finding that what might appear to be normative power and the diffusion of norms, can in fact be best explained as policy transfer and the diffusion of policy or knowledge.

Introduction – The scene for this thesis is set in the highly regulated automotive industry. Recent scandals in the automotive industry have shown that companies have manipulated their emission results in order to pass regulations. The regulations are from the beginning implemented to protect the environment and encourage companies to develop green innovation but the authors question if regulations puts more pressure on the companies than they can handle. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate how regulations affect green innovation. Method – The authors adopted a pragmatist research philosophy and used an abductive research method. The empirical data has been gathered through a qualitative study, conducting semi structured interviews with companies within the automotive industry. The abductive research approach meant that the frame of reference has been updated and revised when new data, which was previously not covered in the theory, was gained from the interviews. With a five-step process the authors have analyzed the empirical data with the frame of references and from the result drawn conclusion. Conclusion – The conclusions drawn in this thesis is that regulations have a positive impact on companies green incremental innovation and can have both an inhibitory and a positive effect on radical green innovation. However, there are few underlying factors affecting the outcome such as infrastructure, technology neutrality and communication. Contribution – The contribution of this thesis has added new qualitative knowledge to the research field on how regulations affect green innovation. By localizing and highlighting the factors found in the conclusion, companies and policy makers can cooperate to enhance the development of green radical innovations in the future. Future research - Future researcher are encouraged to investigate how infrastructure, technology neutrality and communication each are affecting green radical innovation. Key words: Green innovation, Regulations, Government policy and the Automotive Industry Paper type: Master thesis

A variety of energy models and tools have been used for an comprehensive analysis of the complex energy systems and the design of pathway to sustainable energy world. This thesis analyzes three interesting problems in the electricity sector by developing and using suitable energy models. Chapter 2 investigates how to incorporate demand responsiveness for policy analysis in the electricity sector using a least-cost model. This study develops its own least-cost model which includes some characteristics for two important policies in the electricity sector, and suggests an iterative approach for incorporating the demand response to price change under new policy. Based on a case study, the state of Georgia, this chapter shows the effects of including demand response on the evaluation of policy. Chapter 3 is about new technology adoption pathways in the electric power system. In this chapter, by investigating the related status of policies and specifications of electric vehicles and wind power technologies in the U.S., several adoption pathways of the technologies in the U.S. eastern interconnection have been developed. This study develops four-serial models for the estimation of future economic and environmental impacts of the technologies' penetration. The results show that the total greenhouse gas emissions of the entire energy system do not substantially decrease even with a high level of electric vehicle adoption. The combination of two technologies, even more with appropriate policies, can notably decrease the total greenhouse gas emissions. Chapter 4 is a study about demand response programs, particularly optional time-based rates, for residential customers. This chapter analyzes the main reason that the participation of the current programs is low even though the programs have benefits. This study investigates two policy tools, a subsidy for flexible residential demand and a shared-savings mechanism based on consumption pattern changes, and examines the implementation of the tools and their potential to overcome the current inefficient operation.

Some business leaders in the manufacturing industry lack strategies to optimize green supply chain management strategies that increase profitability while reducing the carbon footprint. The lack of green supply chain strategies sub optimizes the use of resources business leaders use to meet their financial goals. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore successful green supply chain strategies leaders used to increase profitability while reducing the carbon footprint. The participants were 7 business leaders in one manufacturing organization headquartered in Massachusetts who have sophisticated green supply chain strategies in place. The natural resource-based view theory was the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and organizational documents. Through thematic analysis, 3 key themes emerged: environmental management strategies, profit-increasing strategies, and governance strategies. The findings of this study might be of value to business leaders to reduce costs and create sustainable, competitive supply chains using responsible methods. The implications for social change include the potential for leaders to preserve finite natural resources for future generations and reduce the carbon footprint of manufacturing organizations.

This study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate different actors and layers of policy, implementation, and reception of pro-environmental Travel Demand Management policy and measures in Umeå. One initiative by Upab (Umeå Parkering AB) and Umeå municipality, Grönt parkeringsköp, which means moving parking spaces from the central area of Umeå and replacing them with facilities that promote sustainable travel, was investigated more thoroughly. The data was collected through a manually distributed survey in three properties that have implemented Grönt parkeringsköp, as well as through interviews with property owners. Utilizing discourse analysis, thematic analysis as well as OLS-regressions, the results have shown that the comprehensive plan of Umeå puts emphasis on sustainable growth to 200 000 inhabitants, as well as minimising car traffic in the central areas of town, mainly through densification of already built-up areas. The property owners stated several motives to implement such policies, including ecological, financial as well as brandstrengthening benefits. Attitudes amongst survey respondents are generally positive towards measures that improve conditions for bicycle users, and more negative towards push-measures. There are different predictors for attitudes and perceived importance of Travel Demand Management measures, including altruism and self-interest. The use of the installed measures through Grönt parkeringsköp however appear to be limited, possibly due to a lack of information.

Through various policy mechanisms deployed in the last seven years, the South African government has pursued the localization of renewable energy manufacturing. These efforts are related to the Department of Trade and Industry's broader goals to industrialize the South African economy by increasing the range and value-add of domestically manufactured products. This thesis uses global value chain analysis to determine what ways local wind and solar manufacturing firms relate to this goal by pursuing innovation, upgrading, workforce development, and regional market penetration strategies. The author uses the theoretical framework of Vertically Specialized Industrialization (VSI) as outlined by Milberg, Jiang, and Gereffi as the basis for assessing firm-level governance strategies. The research was performed through semi-structured telephonic interviews with senior level staff at renewable energy firms and non-governmental organizations, as well as a review of public reports. The findings revealed that wind and solar firms are not significantly pursuing upgrading or innovation strategies as associated with VSI. This is likely the result of insufficient market demand and policy incentives, as well as competition from countries with comparative advantage.

This research developed the first ‘Green’ model for primary school leadership, which aimed to address some of the actual and anticipated environmental problems through the way schools operate in the context of Curriculum, Campus and Community. It emerged through an empirical investigative study of eight English primary school Head Teachers who are pioneering environmental sustainability. A Post-modern perspective influenced the research methodology and helped to take a fresh and sceptical look at the leadership aims of primary schools in relation to the education system and general society. This involved a critical examination of the National College of School Leadership’s ‘Leadership for Sustainability’ and literature from the ‘Green Movement’. The findings suggested that leaders are needed with a certain kind of ‘Green’ values, knowledge and skills. Questions arose about how a type of ‘Distributed Leadership’ might lie within the new model and whether the model is feasible, given that the pursuance of its main objectives are not currently the priority of most schools. The thesis pointed to the need for a radical revision of what it means to be a primary school leader, in order to assist with the imperatives of a green sustainable economy which promises a better quality of life for more people. This is a ‘Big Claim’ for a small-scale study. It is hoped, therefore, that this modest thesis could be a catalyst for more wide-ranging research and thinking in this most vital area, in terms of education leadership’s role in securing the viability of modern civilisation.

Submitted to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2003.
Adviser: William Moomaw. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-248). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

The reform of the Greek police force that took place in 1984 is a development that has received almost no scholarly attention, but it took the form of a merger between two historically independent police forces that had previously dominated law-enforcement operations within Greece, the Gendarmerie and the Urban Police. Following the introduction, a detailed historical introduction attempts to trace the roots of the particular features and unique characteristics of the two pol ice forces up to their imminent reform in the 1980s and so explain the internal suspicions which existed within the police force in terms of its jurisdiction and role (both political and social) and the perceptions and expectations of the public. In chapter three, the thesis focuses on previously unpublished primary documents authored by a key advisor to the government prior to its implementation of the 1984 reforms. The Plakias report of 1982 thus provides key insights into the aims and ambitions of the subsequent 1984 law. Chapter four provides a review of the literature on policing to further emphasize the unique characteristics of the Greek police force in terms of issues of accountability, cultural and political pressures, the challenge of change in what is inherently a conservative domain, and the emotive connections between the public and the police force that needed to be negotiated in addition to simply superficial structural adjustments. Chapter five establishes the methodology which incorporates the previously established historical context in conjunction with interviews with officers who experienced the transitions first hand. This analysis helps bring to light the cultural and political bias which runs through any attempt to implement institutional change by showing the crossover between historical context and first-hand experience. The empirical fieldwork which is the focal point of chapter six takes the form of interviews with police officers past and present to assess the success or otherwise of the 1984 merger itself. Chapter seven build on this fieldwork to suggest ways forward for the continued modernization of the Greek police service. Chapter eight gathers supplementary evidence from newspaper articles in Greece which provides a clear context and explanation for many of the views expressed in the interviews. The study concludes with an analysis of arrangements currently in place to guarantee accountability and effectiveness in the Greek Police force. It offers a generally positive evaluation of the merger and its aftermath, both in terms of the reform of the Greek policing system, and in terms of its impact on Greek society as a whole.

Over the past number of decades, Canadian governments (both federal and provincial) have made commitments to preserving and protecting the natural environment and to using its components efficiently in order to benefit both current and future generations. These commitments, this thesis argues, translate into duties to strive for sustainable economic growth and intergenerational equity. One of the key challenges is to figure out which are the best policy tools and legal instruments that are capable of leading Canada towards these goals. Unfortunately, the economic measures typically employed by decision makers (GDP, GNP, productivity) tend to exclude or under represent natural capital, which may lead to decisions which actually degrade and deplete the natural environment and therefore violate the aforementioned legal commitments. One clear strategy to help Canada meet its commitments to sustainable economic growth and intergenerational equity is to ensure it uses its natural capital as efficiently as possible. This thesis proposes that green productivity is a useful tool for improving decision making because it considers the efficiency of use of natural capital a criteria important to helping achieve both sustainable economic growth and intergenerational equity. Green productivity is presented in this thesis as an umbrella term for productivity measures which include or account for, in some way, the (mis)use of natural capital. Specifically, the dissertation discuses three measures of green productivity used within economics: natural resource productivity, environmentally adjusted productivity, and natural capital and the residual. In addition to exploring the differences between these three measures of green productivity, the dissertation shows that they can be used to improve decision making in a number of ways, including as a broader public policy agenda item used by the government to target sustainability objectives. Additionally, measures of green productivity can be used to identify more specific policy and legal instrument goals, in designing and evaluating legal instruments, and in stakeholder consultation. For example, natural resource productivity can help identify leaders and laggards, thereby allowing decision makers to target certain industries or areas which are lagging. It can also help decision makers learn from leading jurisdictions which may ultimately lead to the implementation of new ideas in legal instrument design. The dissertation concludes with a case study of one type of green productivity measure (water productivity) in order to illustrate how the information it produces could be applied by decision makers.

Cyber child exploitation is a problem in Greece due to the economic crisis and the resulting lack of government focus on social improvements. Research reveals the importance of educating school teachers of the potential for cyber exploitation of children and argues that early detection of child-focused cybercrimes will decrease the prevalence of child exploitation. The purpose of this interpretive qualitative study was to explore the phenomenon of cyber child exploitation in Greece and to identify strategies teachers may employ to identify and avert cyber child exploitation. Grounded theory provided the framework for this research. The sample consisted of 20 school teachers from a private primary school in suburban Greece. The 20 teachers were over 21 years old, presently certified as teachers and working in primary school, willing to share on voluntary basis information about their experiences and concerns with cyber child exploitation awareness among students, as well as parents. One-to-one interviews were conducted to gather data. Coding was the procedure followed to divide the interview data and rearrange based on common patterns. The resulting themes revealed that no consistent strategies were used to protect children, teachers play a significant role in the prevention of cyber child exploitation, and there is a need for professional development of programs to protect children. Implications for positive social change suggest that educational institutions will help protect children as teachers become more knowledgeable about specific measures to effectively recognize cyber predators. With the guidance of well-informed teachers, students may learn to use the World Wide Web in an effective fashion while being able to avoid the dangers posed by cyber predators.

The development and application of inventory models for deteriorating items is one of the main concerns of the experts in the domain, since the number and variety of deteriorating products are dramatically increasing. One of the major gaps in the deteriorating inventories literature is that researchers have not paid enough attention to two important features in their models: i) Considering stochastic conditions; especially stochastic lead time is almost overlooked since makes the mathematical challenges complicated, ii) designing innovative inventory policies by taking into account the environmental issues and particularly the CO2 emission as a new objective in a multi-objective framework that is quite new. In this thesis, we study replenishment policy for deteriorating products under stochastic conditions in form of three different problem areas. In the first one, we develop a continuous (r,Q) inventory model for a retailer that offers a deteriorating product by considering infinite planning horizon, stochastic lead time, constant demand rate and backordered shortages. For modeling the deterioration process, a non-linear holding cost is defined. Taking into consideration the stochastic lead time as well as a non-linear holding cost makes the mathematical model more complex. We therefore customize the proposed model for a uniform distribution function that could be tractable to solve optimally by an exact approach. In second problem, we study the strategy of pooling lead time risks by splitting replenishment orders among multiple suppliers simultaneously for a retailer that sells a deteriorating product. Finally, in the last problem, we consider inventory and transportation costs, as well as the environmental impacts in a centralized supply chain by taking into account uncertain demand and partial backordered shortages. In order to deal with demand uncertainty, a two stage stochastic programming approach is taken. Then, by considering transportation vehicles capacity, we develop a mixed integer mathematical model. In this way, the best transportation vehicles and replenishment policy are determined by finding a balance between financial and environmental criteria. A numerical example from the real world is also presented to show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model.

This thesis explores the environmental and public health damages associated with the informal e-waste recycling industry in China and provides an overview of Chinese policies regulating e-waste. Furthermore, the thesis examines how the United States has contributed to these ecological and human health damages by exporting e-waste to China and failing to regulate the US e-waste recycling industry.