Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Green Rating Systems'

Fastighetsmarknaden har visat på ett växande behov av ett hjälpmedel för fastighetsvärderare som underlättar implementeringen av byggnaders gröna egenskaper i värderingsprocessen, samt för att investerare ska kunna se specifika gröna egenskapers effekt på fastighetsvärdet. Användningen av ett flertal olika miljöklassningssystem på marknaden skapar svårigheter vid jämförelse. RICS har tagit fram ett utkast på en hållbarhetschecklista för att komplettera värderingsutlåtandet med en utökad beskrivning av fastigheterna med en systematisk redovisning av egenskaper relevanta ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Dess syfte är att tydliggöra skillnader och öka utbudet av tillgänglig transaktionsdata med en påföljande ökad transparens på fastighetsmarknaden. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur en hållbarhetschecklista kan tas fram, se ut och fungera, samt om den kan implementeras i ett projekt för en samhällsfastighet. Genom att använda mig av utkastet från RICS och intervjua aktörer på fastighetsmarknaden har en lista tagits fram som jämförts med miljöklassningssystemen och implementerats på ett specifikt projekt. Utfallet har sedan analyserats och legat till grund för de slutsatser som dragits. Resultatet av studien visar att den lista som utgår från RICS ”Sustainability Checklist” med relevanta hållbarhetsaspekter kan implementeras även på samhällsfastigheter då dessa innehar liknande egenskaper som de kommersiella fastigheterna, med vissa skillnader, som övergripande beror av: budgetrestriktioner, lokala förhållanden samt regleringar från kommunen och övriga parter. Även val av miljöklassningssystem har en viss påverkan på utfallet i fallstudien, då ett nära samband finns mellan parametrarna i hållbarhetschecklistan och miljöcertifieringssystemen, och där de kommersiella fastighetsutvecklarna i högre grad har valt att certifiera sina byggnader med de internationella systemen som är mer komplexa och innehar ett högre antal parametrar. Emellertid bygger en framgångsrik implementering av listan på att värderarens roll ändras till mer informerande, vilket också ställer krav på kunskapsnivå och utbudet av utbildning och vägledning för professionella värderare, en uppgift som ska upptas av professionella värderingsorgan. Slutligen fastställs att listan bör bearbetas ytterligare, med utveckling och förtydligande av vissa aspekter för att underlätta insamling av information samt underlätta för värderare att i praktiken kunna använda den som ett komplement i värderingsarbetet.<br>The real estate market has shown an increased demand among real estate appraisers for a tool to facilitate the implementation of green building features into the valuation process, and for investors to discern a specific green feature’s impact upon value. The wide range of green building rating systems used on the real estate market today causes difficulties in comparison. To supplement the valuation report with an extended description of the properties including a systematic presentation of relevant features from a sustainability perspective, RICS (2012) has formed a draft of a ”sustainability checklist”, which purpose is to highlight differences, increase the supply of information and enhance transparency in the property market. The study aims to investigate the development, design and function of a sustainability checklist, and whether it can be implemented on public properties. A list was created based on the draft from RICS ”Sustainability Checklist”, and interviewed players in the real estate market, which were implemented on a specific project consisting of a public building. The result of the study was analysed and has formed the basis of the conclusions drawn. The result of the study conducted within this thesis shows that the list based on RICS ”Sustainability Checklist” with sustainability aspects included can be implemented also on public buildings, as these buildings possess similar features as the commercial buildings. Some main differences can be seen, overall resulting from: budget constraints, local conditions and regulations from the municipality and other parties. Also, the choice of a certain green building rating system influence the effect on the outcome, whereas a close relationship can be find between certain aspects within the sustainability checklist and green building rating systems, and the commercial real estate developers increasingly chose to certify their buildings with the international systems, which are more complex and contain a higher number of aspects. However, in order to achieve a successful implementation of the list among appraisers within the real estate market, the role of the valuer must change to more informative, which also make demands on the level of knowledge and the provision of training and guidance for professional appraisers, a task to be undertaken by professional valuators. Furthermore, it is also established within this study that the list should be further processed and modified in order to facilitate the gathering of information and to simplify for the appraiser to use it as a supplement within the valuation process.

Gaining a good understanding of marine turtle mating systems is fundamental for their effective conservation, yet there are distinct gaps in our knowledge of their breeding ecology and life history, owing largely to the difficulty in observing these highly mobile animals at sea. Whilst multiple mating by females, or polyandry, has been documented in all marine turtle species, the fitness consequences of this behaviour have not been fully investigated. Furthermore, male mating patterns, operational sex ratios and the number of males contributing to breeding populations are poorly understood, impeding accurate assessments of population viability. In this thesis, I use molecular-based parentage analysis to study, in detail, the genetic mating system of two green turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations. In the focal population in northern Cyprus, I show that, despite exhibiting a strongly female-biased hatchling sex ratio and contrary to our expectations, there are at least 1.3 breeding males to every nesting female. I go on to assess the breeding frequency of male turtles in the population and determine that males do not breed annually at this site, demonstrating that the observed relatively equal sex ratio of breeders is not the result of a few males mating every year, but that the number of breeding males in the population is greater than expected. I show that 24% of nesting females in the population produce clutches with multiple paternity, but do not detect any fitness benefits to polyandrous females, and discuss the potential role of sexual conflict in influencing female mating decisions. Finally, I reveal a high frequency of multiple paternity in green turtle clutches on Ascension Island, one of the largest green turtle rookeries in the world, and discuss possible causes of variation in the level of polyandry among marine turtle populations. The results presented here shed new light on aspects of marine turtle mating systems that are challenging to study, and illustrate the value of molecular data, not only in describing mating patterns, but in elucidating aspects of life history and behaviour that would otherwise be very difficult to ascertain.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-89).<br>Preservation of buildings is an important process for both cultural and environmental sustainability. Buildings are frequently demolished and rebuilt long before necessitated by structural or material deterioration, wasting both materials and energy. Preservation can be seen as the ultimate form of recycling; it allows existing buildings to be updated and retrofitted for continued use, optimizing the longevity of the structure while protecting its cultural significance. Currently, there is a lack of motivation and regulation for choosing preservation over new construction. The LEED guidelines give only a small number of points for building reuse, and frequently historic restrictions interfere with measures that would produce the same types of energy savings seen in new construction. This project will use several case studies, including the preservation of Pier A in New York City's Battery Park, as examples of contemporary restoration projects that have received or are anticipating LEED ratings. I will look at these projects in the context of current LEED guidelines and proposed future revisions to investigate how the LEED system addresses issues regarding preservation, and how they could be improved to encourage more sustainable renovation practices.<br>by Lori Ferriss.<br>M.Eng.

This study examines the LEED-ND pilot rating program created by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), the Congress for New Urbanism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) in 2007. The rating system is evaluated based on its application as a broad set of national standards meant to encourage green neighborhood development. The main case study is a master planned community in semi-rural Paso Robles, California. Among other things, the study discovers problems related to the application of the rating system in semi-rural and rural regions of the Western United States. Both the standards used by the rating system and the certification process itself were considered through a case study methodology.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-09-12T13:40:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 8868545 bytes, checksum: 225b7493537273bf0f117f47c3629351 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-09-12T13:41:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 8868545 bytes, checksum: 225b7493537273bf0f117f47c3629351 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-09-12T13:41:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 8868545 bytes, checksum: 225b7493537273bf0f117f47c3629351 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T13:41:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 8868545 bytes, checksum: 225b7493537273bf0f117f47c3629351 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Cities are at the core of current environmental problems and, conversely, may host the solutions for them. They are the defining ecological phenomenon of the twenty-first century. Natural patterns and processes within cities might be a means toward an ecological regeneration of their bioregions through a symbiotic relationship between them. In this context, design has a great potential to reshape cities, transforming them for improved living conditions and balanced ecological systems. Considering buildings and landscapes as reciprocal entities within a system is a great opportunity for design innovation and increased performance with an active engagement between people and nature. By assuming the ecosystem services approach as a reference for highest ecological performance when multiple ecosystem services are provided within a system, this dissertation proposes an urban ecosystem services framework and the concept of service providing design for assessing architecture and landscape architecture. This framework is the basis to analyze three rating systems that are the most relevant standards for sustainable and regenerative design of architecture and landscape architecture, being the Living Building Challenge â , LEED â , and Sustainable SITES Initiative â . Furthermore, two architecture and landscape architecture certified and high-performance projects are analyzed. Based on the analysis, other ecosystem services beyond those proposed in the framework are identified, being renewable energy sources and active living. Some ecosystem services considered are not required by the rating systems, and not provided by the projects, being medicinal resources, pollination, and spiritual experience. Although required, food production is not provided in the projects studied due to a scale issue as they are located in densely occupied urban sites. Moreover, SITES is currently more related to ecosystem services than LEED, which suggests that the ecosystem services framework has a great potential as a tool to explore the relationship of building design criteria and natural systems and cycles. Although most ecosystem services are identified as provided by the two assessed projects, their performance suggests that they are not yet fully integrated to the natural ecosystem. This fact corroborates to the necessary next step for defining the Urban Ecosystem Services Framework in a quantitative approach with a hierarchical organization of the ecosystem services. Rigorously addressing the ecosystem services approach in LEED, SITES, and other rating systems will help integrate ecological regeneration processes in architecture, landscape architecture, and cities.

Increasing energy consumption is a result of the rapid growth in cellular communication technologies and a massive increase in the number of mobile terminals (MTs) and communication sites. In cellular communication networks, energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) are two of the most important criteria employed to evaluate the performance of networks. A compromise between these two conflicting criteria is therefore required, in order to achieve the best cellular network performance. Fractional frequency reuse (FFR), classed as either strict FFR or soft frequency reuse (SFR), is an intercell interference coordination (ICIC) technique applied to manage interference when more spectrum is used, and to enhance the EE. A conventional cellular model's downlink is designed as a reference in the presence of inter-cell interference (ICI) and a general fading environment. Energy-efficient cellular models,such as cell zooming, cooperative BSs and relaying models are designed, analysed and compared with the reference model, in order to reduce network energy consumption without degrading the SE. New mathematical models are derived herein to design a distributed antenna system (DAS), in order to enhance the system's EE and SE. DAS is designed in the presence of ICI and composite fading and shadowing with FFR. A coordinate multi-point (CoMP) technique is applied, using maximum ratio transmission (MRT) to serve the mobile terminal (MT), with all distributed antenna elements (DAEs), transmit antenna selection (TAS) being applied to select the best DAE and general selection combining (GSC) being applied to select more than one DAE. Furthermore, a Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is designed and analysed with two different schemes, using the high-power node (HPN) and a remote radio head (RRH), in order to improve the EE and SE of the system. Finally, a trade-off between the two conflicting criteria, EE and SE, is handled carefully in this thesis, in order to ensure a green cellular communication network.

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University, Construction Management Program, 2007.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 12, 2008). Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 284-286).

Green building, as an environmentally responsible and resource-efficient product, has emerged in recent decades. Along with the growing interest in green building design and operating practices, a number of green building certification standards and rating systems have been developed by different organizations worldwide. Those rating systems allow government regulators, building professionals, and consumers to embrace green building with confidence. Many recent studies find that LEED and Energy Star certified commercial buildings gain significant rental and sales price premiums and have higher occupancy rates. However, little research has been conducted to measure the market value of certified multi-family residential buildings, for instance, green condominiums. This study investigates the price effects of LEED certification on condominium real estate assets in a local housing market, in this case Portland, Oregon. The overall dataset is developed by combining information from Metro's Regional Land Information System (RLIS) and LEED certifications by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). A hedonic pricing model is employed to measure the effects of certification levels on sales prices. The model results indicate that, compared to non-certified condominiums in Portland, green certified properties have a 5.8 percent sales price premium on average. The result of this study confirms that LEED condominiums exhibit higher sales prices controlling for location- and property-specific factors.

The need for water conservation continues to increase as global freshwater resources dwindle. In response, many golf course superintendents are implementing new methods and tools to become more frugal with their water applications. For example, scheduling irrigation using time-domain reflectometer (TDR) soil moisture sensors can decrease water usage. Still, TDR measurements are time-consuming and only cover small scales, leading to many locations being unsampled. Remotely sensed data such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) offer the potential of estimating moisture stress across larger scales; however, NDVI measurements are influenced by numerous stressors beyond moisture availability, thus limiting its reliability for irrigation decisions. An alternative vegetation index, the water band index (WBI), is primarily influenced by water absorption within a narrow spectral range of near-infrared light. Previous research has established strong relationships between moisture stress of creeping bentgrass (CBG) grown on sand-based root zones, a typical scenario for golf course putting greens. However, this relationship characterizes only a small portion of total acreage across golf courses, which limits widespread adoption. In our research, �007� CBG and �Latitude 36� hybrid bermudagrass (HBG) were grown on three soil textures, USGA 90:10 sand (S), sand loam (SL) and clay (C), arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design, randomized within six individual dry-down cycles serving as replications. Canopy reflectance and volumetric water content (VWC) data were collected hourly between 0700 and 1900 hr using a hyperspectral radiometer and an embedded soil moisture sensor, until complete turf necrosis. The WBI had the strongest relationship to VWC (r = 0.62) and visual estimations of wilt (r = -0.91) compared to the green-to-red ratio index (GRI) or NDVI. Parameters associated with non-linear regression were analyzed to compare grasses, soils, indices, and their interactions. The WBI and GRI compared favorably with each other and indicated significant moisture stress approximately 28 hr earlier than NDVI (P = 0.0010). WBI and GRI respectively predicted moisture stress 12 to 9 hr before visual estimation of 50% wilt, whereas NDVI provided 2 hr of prediction time (P = 0.0317). When considering the time to significant moisture stress, the HBG lasted 28 hr longer than CBG, while S lasted 42 hr longer than either SL and C (P �� 0.0011). Nonlinear regression analysis showed that WBI and GRI can be useful for predicting moisture stress of CBG and HBG grown on three diverse soils in a highly controlled environment. Our results provide substantial evidence and direction for future research investigating how WBI and GRI can expedite moisture stress assessment and prediction on a large-acreage basis.<br>Master of Science in Life Sciences<br>Managed turfgrasses provide several benefits including filtering pollutants, cooling their surroundings, generating oxygen, preventing erosion, serving as recreational surfaces, and increasing landscape aesthetics. Intensively managed turfgrass systems, such as on golf courses and sports fields, require more inputs to maintain acceptable conditions. Freshwater use is often excessive on intensively managed turfgrasses to maintain proper plant growth. Drought conditions often limit water availability, especially in regions with limited rainfall. Turf managers tend to over-apply water across large acreage when few localized areas begin to show symptoms of drought. Additionally, turf managers sometimes wrongly identify stressed areas from other factors as ones being moisture-deprived. Advancements such as the use of soil moisture meters have simplified irrigation decisions as an aid to visual inspections for drought stress. While this method enhances detection accuracy, it still provides no solution to increase efficiency. Expanding our current knowledge of turfgrass canopy light reflectance for rapid moisture stress identification can potentially save both time and water resources. The objective of this research was to enhance our ability to identify and predict moisture stress of creeping bentgrass (CBG) and hybrid bermudagrass (HBG) canopies integrated into varying soil textures (USGA 90:10 sand (S), sand loam (SL) and Clay (C)) using light reflectance measurements. Dry-down cycles were conducted under greenhouses conditions collecting soil moisture and light reflectance data every hour from 7 am to 7 pm after saturating and withholding water from established plugs. Moisture stress was most accurately estimated over time using two vegetation indices, the water band index (WBI) and green-to-red ratio index (GRI), with approximately ninety percent accuracy to visible wilt stress. The WBI and GRI predicted moisture stress of CBG in all soil types and HBG in SL and C approximately 14 hours before the grasses reached 50% wilt. While light reflectance varies on exposed soils, our research shows that underlying soils do not interfere with measurements across typical turfgrass stands. This research provides a foundation for future research implementing rapid, aerial measurements of moisture stressed turfgrasses on a broad application of CBG and HBG on constructed or native soils.

Thesis (D.Eng.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.<br>Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 8, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 321-343). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in in print.

xii, 145 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.<br>In an effort to confront global warming and the increasing scarcity of resources, the preservation community began several years ago to adopt sustainable and green building practices and metrics for historic rehabilitation projects. As a result, there is an ever growing number of rehabilitated historic buildings in the United States not only incorporating sustainable building designs but also achieving Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. Most of these are large, architect-designed buildings in urban settings rehabilitated for cultural and commercial uses. This thesis explores the application of the LEED 2009 New Construction and Major Renovation Rating System for the development of a sustainable rehabilitation plan for the modest vernacular 1897 Jeff. Smith's Parlor Museum in Skagway, Alaska. The goal of this research is to demonstrate how the LEED rating system might be applied to the rehabilitation of this building and other historic vernacular buildings.<br>Committee in Charge: Donald L. Peting, Chair; Grant Crosby, NPS Historical Architect

The theory of sustainable development has received worldwide acceptance, and is characterised by the protection of environmental quality, social justice and economic development to ensure a quality of life for future generations. The concepts of sustainable development have transcended to all aspects of society, including the built environment through the Habitat Agenda and building sustainability rating tools. The thesis investigates the implications of sustainable development on how it relates to the building construction industry in South Africa. The study sought to evaluate the extent of consideration and motivation for the incorporation of sustainability criteria in building design, using the case of the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity wet collection facility in Grahamstown. The goal of the thesis was achieved by evaluating sustainability considerations and barriers to adoption of sustainability criteria in the design of the SAlAB building, the rating of the building against the LEED ™ criteria, and evaluation of the applicability of the LEED ™ in the South African context. The importance of the research emanates from the fact that, despite the proliferation of sustainable development and sustainability rating tools in the world, there is no widely used building sustainability rating tool in South Africa, even though the country is industrialising with a very active built environment. The study therefore contributes to the body of knowledge necessary for the implementation of a building rating tool in the country, through an understanding of barriers to implementation. The research method used in the study was a case study with the intention of obtaining the design professional's considerations and challenges in the context of designing the SAIAB building. The case study used multiple data collection methods, with primary information obtained from interviews of professionals involved in the design of the building, whilst additional information was from analysis of technical drawings and review of literature on the subject. The findings of the research showed that there is an understanding of sustainability and consideration in the building industry even though there is no targeted intent to meet sustainability goals. The barriers to building sustainability were identified as lack of regulation, incentives, access to land, awareness, availability of professional codes and standards, economic costs and capacity. These barriers translated into a relatively low score, a silver rating for the SAlAB building when using the LEEDTM rating system. The implications of the findings suggests a need for the development of a comprehensive building sustainability rating tool suited for the South African context, with performance standards and a technical manual to support it. This should however be done in an environment where sustainability goals are supported by regulation and incentives have been developed.

Environmental sustainability in regards to infrastructure and the built environment is a significant consideration for the Department of National Defence (DND). As the 2nd largest landowner in Canada, the DND is making great efforts to operate in a sustainable manner through the creation and implementation of sustainable building policies. Meeting the green/sustainable buildings requirements of the recent Federal Sustainable Development Strategy, and the 2006 DND Sustainable Development Strategy to achieve accreditation within generic green building systems, has proven to be extremely challenging given the mandate and the nature of Canadian Forces (CF) operations, both domestically and overseas. This line of research was conducted in order to identify the unique requirements and the sustainability factors/criteria that are applicable to the CF / DND and to investigate how to best align these requirements within the context of sustainable development strategies. Input data was obtained through an analysis of literature and relevant documents, as well as a series of interviews with individuals at all levels within the Federal Government. The result of this research undertaking was, in part, the creation of a Sustainable Development for DND based on a thorough, comprehensive and internationally-investigated factor selection process. These results illustrate the importance for the DND to consider implementing a department-specific sustainable building strategy; one that is more representative of the unique type of infrastructure DND owns and operates. The results of such an investigation can surely be used to assist with best practices and strategic policies within DND and to potentially influence policies at the Federal level of governance in this regard. The ultimate goal of this thesis was to establish the policy framework with a view for DND to develop and implement its own unique Sustainability Standard.<br>Thesis (Master, Environmental Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-11-29 14:21:37.63

The United States Green Building Council's (USGBC's) Leadership in Energy and Design Green Building Rating System (LEED) is a product of its time and place. It is a fundamental assumption of this thesis that the most conscious, effective change is made through an understanding of causes and origins. That context is one of underlying North American values, as represented by North American consumer culture, environmentalism, and worldview. Having its origins in consumer culture, green consumerism is a paradox which addresses superficial change but not the underlying values and worldviews that drive large-scale change. North American environmentalism is uniquely wilderness-focussed and biophilic. And North American worldviews are undergoing a shift, or integration, which has consequences for the development of LEED. If the values of a consumer culture are embedded in LEED, and, if those values are opposed to that of a sustainable culture, then what will be the ultimate effect of LEED on the drive to increased building sustainability? By elaborating on the socio-cultural and conceptual origins from which LEED has arisen, which includes the creative tension between the environmental and industry groups that created it, the LEED system becomes contextualized and internal motivations illuminated. The implicit value-context is examined via qualitative, theoretical examination of the literature concerning consumer culture, environmentalism and worldviews, while the explicit social context for LEED is addressed through a case study conducted at the Vancouver Island Technology Park (LEED Gold award, 2002). Occupants were surveyed about their attitude toward the LEED label, green building, and environmental labelling in general. It was found that North American consumer culture was evident in how LEED is marketed and delivered. North American environmentalism was evident in the content of LEED performance areas. North American worldviews, both mechanistic and holistic, were evident in how the LEED system could be used, as a checklist for green building features, and/or as a holistic, integrative design tool. Recommendations were given to both environmentalists and industrialists in four areas, concerning LEED system specificity, green consumerism, the potentially problematic effect of technology transfer in other cultural contexts, and the differences between implementing green vs. sustainable building.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>土木工程學系<br>105<br>The development of sustainable construction began from buildings and the establishment of sustainability rating systems gradually went under progress, but the development in roadway sustainability is still in the initial stage. In order to increase the sustainability of roadways, the Construction and Planning Agency proposed the Ecological Green Corridor plan. However, the plan only includes environmental indicators, and the rating level is only used as a reference for determining the sequence of financial subsidy. This research aims to establish a green assessment framework for urban roadways, the main type of roadway construction. By comparing different rating systems of buildings, infrastructure and roadways, important sustainable issues faced in construction were identified. Considering that EEWH (Ecology, Energy saving, Waste reduction, Health) is a well-developed rating system, its principles of developing indicators were referenced to determine the categories of the framework. After the establishment of the framework, indicators were selected based on the comparison of indicators and the characteristics of urban roadways. Since the details of an indicator require knowledge of different disciplines, this research did not include the detailed contents of indicators. Instead, this research identified related issues when adjusting indicators, including the width of road, the assessment method, and the weights of indicators. As a research result, the framework includes 8 categories and 45 indicators. The categories are Ecology, Materials, Energy and Water Resource, Waste and Pollution, Communities and Stakeholders, Access and Livability, Economy and Innovation. Besides, issues including the width of road, the type of roadways, and the weights of indicators should be taken into consideration when developing indicators, so that the indicators are better understood and applicable.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>營建工程系<br>101<br>“Green Building” is regarded as the basis development of construction industry for the future, and becomes the new paradigm of building design. Today, almost every industrialized country has its own green building rating system, but rarely on explored other systems for universal design. Therefore, this study built “green building evaluation manual, EEWH-BC” and “evaluation standard for green office building” separate from Taiwan and China for feasibility of application on Subtropical green building system. In case of lighting system, establishing data flow from combine different method. The target to conform standard for green office of norms in China which used by energy-saving process in EEWH-BC to provide program for owner meets their requirements.

碩士<br>中華科技大學<br>建築工程與環境設計研究所<br>103<br>It has been an increasing trend for tourists to request for higher accommodation quality of hotels, therefore more and more hotels are starting to provide variety of better quality services in order to increase their occupancy rate. However, this may cause over consumption on energy and resources. Currently there is no green building rating system specially for hotel buildings or hospitality facilities, therefore developing a green building rating system specially for hotels is necessary for a greener tourism market. The system structure of the Taiwan Green Hotel Rating System is primarily based on Taiwan Environmental Hotel Assessment System developed by Taiwan EPA. The assessment methods of each credit are developed through the study on the available green building and green hotel related assessment methods or rating tools in Taiwan and around the world. A survey for green building professionals, scholars, and hotel operators was conducted to help determine the priority and weighting of the assessment credits. The feasibility of the implementation for hotels in terms of performance and operation improvement is also considered. The Green Hotel Rating System developed by this research incorporates many green building and green operation/maintenance assessment items. It can be used on the design of new hotels as well as the performance improvement of existing hotels, which can make hotels have actual savings with quantitative results through the implementation of this green hotel rating tool. Also the energy and water saving assessment methods of this tool are aligned with existing Taiwan Green Building Code and Standard, which enable the government authorities to provide incentives based on the assessment results of this tool in order to promote the sustainability of the hospitality industry. KEYWORDS: Green Hotel, Green Building Rating System Environmental Hotel.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>土木工程學系<br>105<br>Sustainability has drawn attention from the construction projects including roadways. Ecological issues are a priority on a sustainable construction site. This research developed a set of ecological indicators for urban roadway rating system along with their requirements. Current roadway sustainability rating systems such as Greenroads, Taiwan’s roadway design considerations, and ecological construction methods were analyzed to incorporate ecological issues and requirements. The ecological indicators found suitable for Taiwan’s urban roadway are ecological impact analysis, green intensity, vegetation quality, stormwater best management practices (BMPs) and landscape. After interviewing designers for opinions, the indicator checklists were produced. Ecological impact analysis evaluates the ecological impacts of a project on the environment. Green intensity aims to increase the roadway’s green area and increase the visual quality of a roadway. Vegetation quality is to reduce the impact of invasive vegetation species and improve biodiversity. BMPs help to reduce stormwater flow impacts and improve the water quality of stormwater runoff. Landscape enhances users’ visual experience through visual improvements along the roadway. Each ecological indicator has its own checklist and was verified by using data samples. The results indicate that the checklists are applicable and comply with the regulations for urban roadways in Taiwan.

Reused, recycled and regional product criteria within the LEED Green Building rating system are not based on comprehensive environmental assessments and do not ensure a measurable and consistent reduction of environmental burdens. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted for the LEED-certified Medical Sciences Building at the University of Victoria to illustrate how LCA can be used to improve these criteria. It was found that a lack of public LCA data for building products, insufficient reporting transparency and inconsistent data collection methodologies prevent a full incorporation of LCA into LEED. At present, LCA data can be used to determine what building products are generally associated with the highest environmental burdens per unit cost and thus require separate LEED criteria. Provided its deficiencies are rectified in the future, LCA can be fully incorporated into LEED to design environmental burden-based criteria that ensure a measurable and consistent reduction of environmental burdens.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>土木工程學系<br>107<br>When it comes to domestic sustainable construction, green buildings are most commonly seen in Taiwan. However, in recent years, civil engineering has gradually started to address the issue regarding sustainability. Taiwan’s Construction and Planning Agency is in the process of developing a green roadway assessment system to evaluate the sustainability of urban roads in Taiwan. The green roadway assessment system classifies relevant indicators into six categories. This research explores one of the six categories: Construction Waste. The purpose of this research is to establish waste and pollution indicators, as well as compile their requirements and relevant documents. We have referenced domestic waste and pollution regulations, actual roadway construction cases and interviewed practical workers in understanding domestic practices for waste disposal. This study examines five foreign sustainability assessment systems, inspects the requirements of waste and pollution indicators, and combines similar domestic and foreign treatment methods. Through discussion meetings with experts of this field, not only have waste disposal methods suitable for application in Taiwan screened out, but waste and pollution indicators have also been determined. These are then used to evaluate real case studies with a checklist of waste indicators. The results of the study show that waste and pollution indicators suitable for urban roadway include Waste Management and Reuse, “Waste Water Disposal” and Air and Noise Prevention. Waste Management and Reuse assesses the treatment methods used for solid waste. Waste Water Disposal evaluates whether waste water treatment facilities were installed during construction. Air and Noise Prevention focuses on the reduction of environmental impact caused by air and noise pollution. These three indicators are then used to specify the degree of sustainability for implemented waste treatment regarding road works. Lastly, the case studies are assessed, and the checklist of waste indicators is filled in. The scores are then calculated to prove the validity of the three indicators. Assessment results indicate significant room for improvement regarding waste disposal of domestic roadway projects. If designers and constructors can be instructed into adopting measures requested by aforementioned indicators, the overall sustainability of roadways can be enhanced.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>營建工程系<br>104<br>As risen of environmental awareness, such as carbon reduction and sustainable development, “Green building” has become the direction of structure development in many countries. Taiwan has its own green building rating system, but due to the development of globalization, it still be affected by the development of other countries. Many buildings in Taiwan have both certifications of Taiwan and U.S.A, EEWH and LEED. In academe, the comparison between EEWH and LEED has always been studied. The purpose of the research is to integrate green building rating systems by using materials and equipment. These two things are the basic components of all structures. All the green building rating systems are to assess the materials and equipment, but there are some differences between the methods and contents of assessment. This research takes indoor environmental quality of Taiwan EEWH-BC and U.S LEED-BD+C as scope of studies. To compare the differences of rating systems and simplify the complex process with evaluative elements, and transfer those into materials and evaluative elements. Therefore, to choose proper materials and equipment, we could also create the indoor environment which is accordance with standard of green building.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is one of the environmental assessment tools available to gauge buildings. This rating system is a voluntary system which does not include financial aspects in the evaluation framework. This poses a challenge for encouraging land development projects, since developers consider financial or economic return as a crucial factor before building a project. It becomes essential to know if market really accepts the economic worth of LEED ratings. This research attempted to find out relationship between economic worth of a land and parameters (measurements), which are essential to earn LEED sustainable rating for public transportation access. To find out this relationship and to recognize power of the LEED measurements to predict the appraised value of a land (dollars per square foot) various statistical models were used and predictive equations produced. The observational units were properties in Harris County, Texas that were unimproved and had zero improvement value. The dependent variable was unit value of the property measured in dollars per square foot. The independent variables were measurements that are required for a parcel to earn LEED sustainable site rating for public transportation access and the area of parcel. Data regarding appraised values and land area were acquired from the Harris County Appraisal District and transportation data was obtained from Houston- Galveston Area Council. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze different models and to develop predictive equations. Findings suggest that LEED green building rating system influences the appraised value, dollars per square foot, of properties. It further implies that market considers the economic effect of the LEED rating system even if this assessment method does not explicitly include financial aspects in the evaluation framework. Findings of this research also suggest that a sustainable feature of a site is related to the economic worth of a related land development project. This will provide encouragement for new sustainable land development projects. This will provide an economic incentive to the owners and developers. Developers will get encouragement to select a site located closer to mass transit networks.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>建築系<br>104<br>In the present scenario, sustainable buildings are in high demand. The essential decision for building sustainability are made during the design and preconstruction stages. This can be done by the environmental performance of the material. Leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) is mostly used sustainable building rating system in the developed nations. This thesis studies the influence of construction materials on the CO2 emission and energy use by the residential buildings. The buildings analyzed here are based on an actual two, four, six, eight and ten story. Site for study has been taken for study is Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India. In order to develop a set of ‘benchmarks’, this research modelled the performance of ecofriendly and non-ecofriendly building materials on the similar residential buildings, located in the climate of Delhi in India. The baseline building is being constructed in reinforced concrete, steel, cement, etc. alternative versions have been same building with different material in two category such as ecofriendly (Wood, Mud) and Non-ecofriendly material (concrete). The analysis of each case study includes the calculation of annually carbon emission and energy use. The energy use and carbon dioxide emission of the buildings was simulated using Revit software. Then we have compared baseline model with ecofriendly material and non-ecofriendly material and found that we can save more energy use and carbon dioxide emission by using ecofriendly material in comparison of Non-ecofriendly material. And also we have proved that we can achieve more points in green rating system by using eco-friendly material in comparison of non-ecofriendly material. We have calculated the point in IGBC leed green rating system according to simulation result. Following are the calculated point for different material used- Mud: Annual energy use cast in the case of mud is $96 so we save 95% energy in comparison with base line. Thus got 15 points. Wood: Annual energy use cast in the case of wood is $864 so we save 51% energy in comparison with base line. Thus got 15 points. Concrete: Annual energy use cast in the case of mud is $1439 so we save 18% energy in comparison with base line. Thus got 9 points. As per result we clearly see that by using wood & mud we are able to save more than 32%. So we can get all 15 point in enhanced energy efficiency credit. And if we use concrete then we are able to save only 18 % so we can get 9 points only. In sustainable building material credit we can archive 8 points but we can only consider 2 point for our project cause in this work we are only considering local available material, we are not recycled, reuse salvaged material, materials with recycled content. So here we got 2 point. For Wood Based Materials (1-2 Points), we only got point in wood based building. These findings are of significance as for as ecofriendly construction materials are concerned.

La conscientisation quant aux enjeux environnementaux n'a cessé de croître au cours des vingt dernières années. Dans le milieu de la construction, comme dans bien d'autres secteurs de nos sociétés, cette conscientisation a donné naissance depuis une dizaine d'années à un foisonnement de programmes volontaires pour les bâtiments. Ainsi, on assiste à l'édification d'un nombre croissant de bâtiments appelés « verts » ou encore « durables ». L'utilisation de ces qualificatifs semble faire l'objet d'une certaine confusion, plusieurs y ayant recours comme s'il s'agissait de synonymes. Le système d'évaluation LEED®, actuellement le programme volontaire en construction le plus influent dans le monde, ajoute à cette confusion conceptuelle dans sa version canadienne. Cette recherche examine le fonctionnement du système d'évaluation LEED Canada NC 1.0 en tant qu'outil de développement durable pour le secteur de la construction. Puisque ce mémoire se penche sur un phénomène relativement récent, nous avons privilégié l'étude de cas pour notre stratégie de recherche en ayant recours à l'observation participante et à l'analyse documentaire pour effectuer la cueillette de données. Comme cadre d'analyse, ce travail se structure autour des principes de construction durable de la norme ISO 15392. Si la littérature semble considérer le système LEED d'abord comme un programme de performance environnementale, notre recherche démontre que ce programme réussit à intégrer en partie les principes du développement durable pour le secteur de la construction. Aussi, les lacunes principales du programme dans le projet étudié se situent dans la faible prise en compte des acteurs touchés par un projet LEED, la transparence déficiente et une évaluation manquante quant aux phases d'utilisation et de fin de vie utile du bâtiment. Toutefois, nous sommes d'avis que le système LEED-NC constitue un outil en constante évolution. En ce sens, il nous apparaît un outil de développement durable en devenir. Il est en effet possible qu'une version du programme puisse, dans un futur proche, intégrer les aspects actuellement négligés du développement durable. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : développement durable, construction, éco-construction, bâtiments verts, bâtiments durables, LEED®.

The presence of Ca(OH)2 (or free lime) in lime mud can cause many problems in the recovery process of kraft pulp mills. Conventional free lime analyses require extensive laboratory work and give inconsistent results. A systematic study was performed to determine if zeta potential, a quickly measurable dispersion characteristic, can be used to indicate the presence of free lime in the recovery process. Measurements were made on synthetic wet lime mud to simulate samples collected after the white liquor clarifier in pulp mills. The results show that zeta potential increases from negative to positive when the free lime content in the lime mud exceeds a critical threshold. This change from negative to positive zeta potential of the lime mud slurry can be used as a basis for developing an on-line monitoring system that effectively detects free lime in the lime mud in order to avoid problems associated with overliming in the recovery process.

The thesis presents observations on the CO2 mixing ratio and the carbon isotopic ratio (13C/12C i.e. δ13) of atmospheric CO2 from the Indian region, for the period 2008 - 2011. An experimental system was established at the Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The experimental protocol involves collection of air samples, extraction of CO2 from the air samples collected, and finally the measurement of the CO2 mixing ratio and isotopic ratios of the extracted CO2 using pressure gauge readings and the dual inlet peripheral of the isotope ratio mass spectrometer, IRMS MAT 253. The isotopic ratios measured are scaled to VPDB and corrected for their N2O contribution. The experimental set up is calibrated with primary carbonate standards (NBS19) and an air CO2 reference mixture. The analytical precision (reproducibility of paired samples) obtained for the atmospheric CO2 measurement is ±7 µ mol.mol-1, ±0.05‰ and ±0.17‰ for the mixing ratio, δ 13C and δ 18Oof atmospheric CO2 respectively. The present study lays emphasis on the CO2 mixing ratio and the δ 13C of atmospheric CO2. There are very few atmospheric CO2 monitoring stations in India. There exists only one long-term monitoring station, Cabo de Rama, on the west coast of India. Of late, a few new stations for measuring atmospheric trace gases have been in operation, with the major focus being on remote locations. Urban stations in India have never been monitored before for both the mixing ratio and the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 together. Monitoring urban stations in India is crucial today as they have become prime emitters of CO2 due to industrial activity. The emission from the sources varies seasonally and is influenced by factors like the Indian monsoon. The Indian subcontinent is surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal which act differentially in terms of CO2 uptake or release. There is also a differential transport of CO2 to and from the open ocean. Thus, understanding the spatial pattern of CO2 in the marine region close to the Indian subcontinent is essential to understand the oceanic uptake/release of CO2. As part of this thesis, an urban area was monitored during 2008 - 2011 and the marine region was observed during the southwest monsoon of 2009. The temporal variation of the CO2 mixing ratio and δ13C of atmospheric CO2 was observed over an urban station, Bangalore (12° 58′ N, 77° 38′ E, masl= 920 m), India. Since Bangalore is one of the developing urban cities in India, it is interesting to monitor Bangalore air to understand the impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric CO2 variability. The region has four distinct seasons, dry summer (March – May), southwest monsoon (June – September), post monsoon (October – November) and winter (December – February). Thus, it is also an ideal location to identify the effect of different seasons on the contribution of CO2 from various sources. Air samples were collected from the Indian Institute of Science campus, Bangalore, during 2008 - 2011. Both the diurnal and seasonal variations of the mixing ratio and δ13C of CO2 were observed in Bangalore. On the diurnal scale, a higher mixing ratio with lighter carbon isotopes (negative value) of δ13C of CO2 was recorded in the air-CO2 analyzed during the early morning compared to the late afternoon samples. The observations suggest that coal combustion, biomass burning and car exhausts are possible sources for CO2 identified based on the Keeling plot method. The nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) is found to influence the buildup of CO2 concentration in the early morning. The presence of the NBL in the early morning prevents the mixing of locally produced air with the CO2 from the free atmosphere above. Thus, the free air contribution of CO2 is reduced during the early morning rather than in the afternoon. The effect of seasonal variability in the height of the NBL on the air CO2 mixing ratio and the 13C of atmospheric CO2 were documented in the present study. On a seasonal scale, the free air contribution of CO2 was found to be higher during the southwest monsoon and winter compared to the dry hot summer and post monsoon period. On a seasonal time scale, a sinusoidal pattern in both the mixing ratio and δ13C has been recorded in the observations. While compared with nearby CO2 monitoring stations like the coastal station, Cabo de Rama, and the Open Ocean station, Seychelles, maintained by CSIRO Australia and NOAA-CMDL respectively, Bangalore recorded higher amplitudes of seasonal variation. Seasonal scale variations have revealed an additional source i.e. emission from the cement industry along with other sources identified from diurnal variations. The emission of CO2 from these different sources is not constant; rather it was found to vary with different seasons. The enhanced biomass burning during the dry season drives the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 towards more negative values, while during the southwest monsoon; the increased biosphere cover pushes the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 towards positive values. The effect of La Nina in 2011 is also prominent in the observation. The study also intends to identify the spatial variability of both the mixing ratio and δ 13C air-CO2 close to the urban station, Bangalore based on the simultaneous sampling of air from three locations, Bangalore and two coastal stations, Mangalore and Chennai, which are equidistant from Bangalore. Samples were collected during the southwest monsoon and winter of 2010 - 2011. The observations documented a similar source of CO2 for all the three stations irrespective of the season. The factor responsible for the variability in the mixing ratio and the δ 13C of air CO2 among these stations is the differential transport of air from the marine region and its mixing with locally produced air. To identify the variability of atmospheric CO2 over the marine region, the atmosphere over the Bay of Bengal was monitored during the southwest monsoon of 2009 as part of the Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) Cruise expedition. The ocean surface water was also monitored simultaneously for the δ18O of water and the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon measurement. The combined observations of both air and water have shown the transport of continental air to the marine region and its uptake by the ocean during the period. The variability of atmospheric-CO2 is also observed during special events like the solar eclipse. During the annular solar eclipse of 15th January, 2010 an unusually depleted source value was identified for Bangalore air. The role of the boundary layer and a change in photosynthesis were identified as possible factors affecting air CO2 composition. In conclusion, the thesis has provided the first observations on air CO2 variability from an urban station in India. The observations have identified the possible sources of CO2 and have demonstrated the role of climatic phenomena like the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Indian Monsoon, and La Nina in controlling the behaviour of sources and sinks and thus affecting the air CO2 variability over land and ocean. The seasonal scale variation based on day-to-day variability in the afternoon samples has revealed the important contribution of emissions from the cement industry whose contribution was absent in the diurnal variability. Thus, it is evident from this study that the timing of air sampling is crucial while identifying the sources. The per capita emission of individual urban stations in India is different; thus, it is essential to monitor more urban stations to identify sources and their different contributions. In future, the simultaneous monitoring of both continental and marine air over both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal will enable us to understand the long range transport of atmospheric CO2. The long term monitoring of CO2 from the Indian region can give us a better perspective on the effect of the Indian monsoon on air CO2 variability and vice versa.

The thesis presents observations on the CO2 mixing ratio and the carbon isotopic ratio (13C/12C i.e. δ13) of atmospheric CO2 from the Indian region, for the period 2008 - 2011. An experimental system was established at the Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The experimental protocol involves collection of air samples, extraction of CO2 from the air samples collected, and finally the measurement of the CO2 mixing ratio and isotopic ratios of the extracted CO2 using pressure gauge readings and the dual inlet peripheral of the isotope ratio mass spectrometer, IRMS MAT 253. The isotopic ratios measured are scaled to VPDB and corrected for their N2O contribution. The experimental set up is calibrated with primary carbonate standards (NBS19) and an air CO2 reference mixture. The analytical precision (reproducibility of paired samples) obtained for the atmospheric CO2 measurement is ±7 µ mol.mol-1, ±0.05‰ and ±0.17‰ for the mixing ratio, δ 13C and δ 18Oof atmospheric CO2 respectively. The present study lays emphasis on the CO2 mixing ratio and the δ 13C of atmospheric CO2. There are very few atmospheric CO2 monitoring stations in India. There exists only one long-term monitoring station, Cabo de Rama, on the west coast of India. Of late, a few new stations for measuring atmospheric trace gases have been in operation, with the major focus being on remote locations. Urban stations in India have never been monitored before for both the mixing ratio and the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 together. Monitoring urban stations in India is crucial today as they have become prime emitters of CO2 due to industrial activity. The emission from the sources varies seasonally and is influenced by factors like the Indian monsoon. The Indian subcontinent is surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal which act differentially in terms of CO2 uptake or release. There is also a differential transport of CO2 to and from the open ocean. Thus, understanding the spatial pattern of CO2 in the marine region close to the Indian subcontinent is essential to understand the oceanic uptake/release of CO2. As part of this thesis, an urban area was monitored during 2008 - 2011 and the marine region was observed during the southwest monsoon of 2009. The temporal variation of the CO2 mixing ratio and δ13C of atmospheric CO2 was observed over an urban station, Bangalore (12° 58′ N, 77° 38′ E, masl= 920 m), India. Since Bangalore is one of the developing urban cities in India, it is interesting to monitor Bangalore air to understand the impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric CO2 variability. The region has four distinct seasons, dry summer (March – May), southwest monsoon (June – September), post monsoon (October – November) and winter (December – February). Thus, it is also an ideal location to identify the effect of different seasons on the contribution of CO2 from various sources. Air samples were collected from the Indian Institute of Science campus, Bangalore, during 2008 - 2011. Both the diurnal and seasonal variations of the mixing ratio and δ13C of CO2 were observed in Bangalore. On the diurnal scale, a higher mixing ratio with lighter carbon isotopes (negative value) of δ13C of CO2 was recorded in the air-CO2 analyzed during the early morning compared to the late afternoon samples. The observations suggest that coal combustion, biomass burning and car exhausts are possible sources for CO2 identified based on the Keeling plot method. The nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) is found to influence the buildup of CO2 concentration in the early morning. The presence of the NBL in the early morning prevents the mixing of locally produced air with the CO2 from the free atmosphere above. Thus, the free air contribution of CO2 is reduced during the early morning rather than in the afternoon. The effect of seasonal variability in the height of the NBL on the air CO2 mixing ratio and the 13C of atmospheric CO2 were documented in the present study. On a seasonal scale, the free air contribution of CO2 was found to be higher during the southwest monsoon and winter compared to the dry hot summer and post monsoon period. On a seasonal time scale, a sinusoidal pattern in both the mixing ratio and δ13C has been recorded in the observations. While compared with nearby CO2 monitoring stations like the coastal station, Cabo de Rama, and the Open Ocean station, Seychelles, maintained by CSIRO Australia and NOAA-CMDL respectively, Bangalore recorded higher amplitudes of seasonal variation. Seasonal scale variations have revealed an additional source i.e. emission from the cement industry along with other sources identified from diurnal variations. The emission of CO2 from these different sources is not constant; rather it was found to vary with different seasons. The enhanced biomass burning during the dry season drives the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 towards more negative values, while during the southwest monsoon; the increased biosphere cover pushes the δ13C value of atmospheric CO2 towards positive values. The effect of La Nina in 2011 is also prominent in the observation. The study also intends to identify the spatial variability of both the mixing ratio and δ 13C air-CO2 close to the urban station, Bangalore based on the simultaneous sampling of air from three locations, Bangalore and two coastal stations, Mangalore and Chennai, which are equidistant from Bangalore. Samples were collected during the southwest monsoon and winter of 2010 - 2011. The observations documented a similar source of CO2 for all the three stations irrespective of the season. The factor responsible for the variability in the mixing ratio and the δ 13C of air CO2 among these stations is the differential transport of air from the marine region and its mixing with locally produced air. To identify the variability of atmospheric CO2 over the marine region, the atmosphere over the Bay of Bengal was monitored during the southwest monsoon of 2009 as part of the Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) Cruise expedition. The ocean surface water was also monitored simultaneously for the δ18O of water and the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon measurement. The combined observations of both air and water have shown the transport of continental air to the marine region and its uptake by the ocean during the period. The variability of atmospheric-CO2 is also observed during special events like the solar eclipse. During the annular solar eclipse of 15th January, 2010 an unusually depleted source value was identified for Bangalore air. The role of the boundary layer and a change in photosynthesis were identified as possible factors affecting air CO2 composition. In conclusion, the thesis has provided the first observations on air CO2 variability from an urban station in India. The observations have identified the possible sources of CO2 and have demonstrated the role of climatic phenomena like the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Indian Monsoon, and La Nina in controlling the behaviour of sources and sinks and thus affecting the air CO2 variability over land and ocean. The seasonal scale variation based on day-to-day variability in the afternoon samples has revealed the important contribution of emissions from the cement industry whose contribution was absent in the diurnal variability. Thus, it is evident from this study that the timing of air sampling is crucial while identifying the sources. The per capita emission of individual urban stations in India is different; thus, it is essential to monitor more urban stations to identify sources and their different contributions. In future, the simultaneous monitoring of both continental and marine air over both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal will enable us to understand the long range transport of atmospheric CO2. The long term monitoring of CO2 from the Indian region can give us a better perspective on the effect of the Indian monsoon on air CO2 variability and vice versa.