Academic literature on the topic 'Green syntéza'

The composition of dominant species in syntaxa with S. carniolica is generalized. The phytocoenotic range of the species in Ukraine is defined, which allows to predict its presence in other syntaxa. The analysis shows that among the co-edificators, most of the subdominants of the stands are in the formations Fageta sylvaticae, Fraxineta excelsioris, Querceta roboris, and Q. petraeae. It has been found that the formation Carpineta betuli contains the largest number of semi-edificators that usually do not act as edificators. Thus, S. carniolica occurs in a variety of deciduous forests in the country. The species is rarely observed in Ukraine in the forests of the formation Alneta glutinosae. A syntaxonomic inventory of the localities of S. carniolica will contribute to composition of syntaxa in the next edition of the Green Data Book of Ukraine as well as improve the protection of the species.

As part of the pasture vegetation of steppe ecosystems of the south-east of Ukraine we found 62 rarity formations (79% of the total number), with 338 (52%) rarity associations of dominant classification. Green Book of Ukraine includes 18 formations with 79 associations (respectively, 54% and 67% of these syntaxa of regional vegetation), and the rest of the formations and associations are rare for this region. Rare vegetation formations and their associations are listed and distributed by types of grassland steppe ecosystems. The highest syntaxonomic variety is characteristic for gully and ravine steppe ecosystems formed on eroded chernozems underlain by loess (750 associations of 81 formations), the least syntaxonomic diversity is found in above-floodplain terraced steppes on the sands (140 associations of 24 formations). The greatest number of regionally rare associations is cenotically confined to the chalk outcrops (49 associations of 16 formations). A large number of associations are stenotopic. These results suggest a high synphytosozological value of pasture ecosystems vegetation in the south-east of Ukraine, which is very important for the conservation of the steppe biome biodiversity. It should be taken into account when grounding establishment of the local reserves for biota protection, their protection regimes and performing pasture load calculations for specific areas.

Aims: This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of European freshwater lake ecosystems with updated and new information on aquatic plant communities, by conducting national-scale phytosociological research of freshwater lake vegetation in Greece. Moreover, it investigates the relationship between aquatic plant communities and lake environmental parameters, including eutrophication levels and hydro-morphological conditions. Study area: Lakes in Greece, SE Europe. Methods: 5,690 phytosociological relevés of aquatic vegetation were sampled in 18 freshwater lake ecosystems during 2013–2016. The relevés were subjected to hierarchical cluster and indicator species analyses in order to identify associations and communities of aquatic vegetation, as well as to describe their syntaxonomy. Multiple regression analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between vegetation syntaxa and environmental parameters of lakes, i.e. physico-chemical parameters and water level fluctuation. Results: Ninety-nine plant taxa belonging to 30 different families were recorded. Forty-six vegetation types were identified and described by their ecological characteristics, diagnostic taxa and syntaxonomical status. Thirteen vegetation types, the largest number belonging to the vegetation class Charetea, are considered to be new records for Greece. The distribution of the vegetation types recorded in the 18 freshwater lakes was found to depend on environmental parameters and levels of eutrophication. Conclusions: An updated aquatic vegetation inventory was produced for Greek lakes, and primary results showed that the presence/absence of aquatic plant communities and the community composition in freshwater lakes can be utilized to assess the pressure of eutrophication on lake ecosystems. Taxonomic reference: Euro+Med (2006–). Abbreviations: MNT = Mean number of taxa; WFD = Water Framework Directive.

AbstractThe present study concerns the musical repertoire in the Romanian-Greek manuscript inventory number 23 from the ‘Dumitru Stăniloae’ Ecumenical Library of of the Metropolitan Church of Moldavia and Bukovina in Iasi, its authors, and the musical sources these authors used. The musical content of the manuscript is comparatively rich; there are mainly chants from the Holy Liturgy, Vespers and Matins. From the service of the Holy Liturgy, it stands out the group of “extensive” style cherouvika composed by Konstantinos Potopsaltis, translated in Romanian version, less commonly found in the Moldavian manuscripts. Among the chants of the Vespers, the psalm Blessed be the man is noteworthy. The present version belongs to Chiril the Monk from the Bisericani Monastery (Neamt County), who was active in the first half of the nineteenth century. Also prominent in the manuscript is a type of chant belonging to the Matins, the polyeleos. A good word, one such polyeleos, devoted to the feast of the Theotokon, is found in three versions. One of them, authored by Chiril the Monk, is in the third mode, while the other two are in the fourth mode, legetos. The first fourth mode polyeleos can be traced back to a source by Greek composer Chourmouzios the Archivist, but the Romanian author of the musical adaptation is not specified. The second one, in the “abridged”, “syntoma” style, was composed by Dimitrie Suceveanu. The fourth polyeleos in the Ms. no. 23, By the River of Babylon is one specific of the Great Lent. This polyeleos is distinct from the pieces that was musically translated by the Romanian composer Nektarios Frimu in the first volume of his Antology (published in 1846). Ms. no. 23 is significant because of its repertoire, but also because it is part of a group of five manuscripts, belonging to different documentary funds, yet each was compiled by the same talented copyist and composer, the monk Chiril from the Bisericani Monastery of Neamt county, as Byzantinologist Alexie Buzera also notes in one of his studies (1998). It must also be mentioned that the musical variants authored by Chiril the Monk were published only fragmentarily.

The article presents the results of the classification of lawn vegetation of the Ufa city. Lawns are the most common element of urban landscapes which, as a rule, occupy 60–80 % of the total green area of cities. A lawn is a community of herbs growing on a uniform area and forming a turf cover for which mixture of seeds of perennial cereals is selected on the basis of local climatic conditions and soil, as well as having in mind the purpose of the lawn. The research was conducted in 2018 in the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan — the Ufa city with a population of 1100 thousand people. The Ufa city (54°44′00″ N and 55°58′00″ E) is situated on the banks of the Belaya River, at the Ufa and Dema ri­vers confluence, on the Pribelskaya hilly plain, 100 km west of the Southern Ural ranges within the northern part of forest-steppe zone. The city area is 707.93 km², the length from north to south is 53.5 km, that from west to east is 29.8 km in the widest part. The climate is temperate continental. The mean annual air temperature is 3.8 °С; the amount of precipitation is 589 mm. Negative mean monthly temperatures are typical for five months a year; some frosts are possible all over the year except July and August. The mean January temperature is –14.6 °С, with absolute minimum –54 °С; this of July is 19 °С, with absolute maximum 40 °С. The frost-free period averages 137 days. 100 relevés (authors Anishchenko I. E. and Zhigunov O. Yu.) of various types of lawns were included in the base of synanthropic vegetation of settlements of the Republic of Bashkortostan by using the ­TURBOVEG program (Hennekens, 1995). The size of the sample plot is 4 m2. The species abundance was evaluated on the Braun-Blanquetscale (Mirkin, Naumova, 1998). Names of species are given according to S. K. Cherepanov (1995), and P. F. Mayevskiy (2014). The classification was carried out using the Braun-Blanquetmethod (Braun-Blanquet, 1964; Westhoff, Maarel, 1978) by using the JUICE program (Tichý, 2002); the names of the new units are in accordance with the “Code of phytosociological nomenclature” (Weber et al., 2005). All syntaxa were compared with the units previously described in the Republic of Bashkortostan and other regions (Ishbirdin et al., 1989; Vegetace..., 2007; and others). Synoptic tables are given in reduced form with species of constancy III and higher in one or several syntaxa. The names of the higher syntaxa are given after “Vegetation of Europe...” (Mucina et al., 2016). The Prodromus includes four associations related to class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and alliance Cynosurion cristati: Leontodonto–Poetum pratensis Anishchenko et Ishbirdina in Ishbirdina et al. 1989 ex Anishchenko et al. ass. nov. hoc loco (with two subassociations and four facies, see below); Poo pratensis–Plantaginetum majoris Ishbirdin et al. 1988, Inulo britannicae–Trifolietum repentis Solomeshch in Ishbirdin et al. 1988, Lolietum perennis Gams 1927. Associations and subassociations reflect disturbance of lawns due to trampling expressed in the larger number of synanthropic species and partly in dominance of the cereals that enter into the lawn grass mixtures. Over the past 30 years, the vegetation of lawns in the Ufa city has drastically changed due to variations in the composition of sown grass mixtures. The ass. Leontodonto–Poetum pratensis is the main lawn association of the Ufa city. It combines coenoses of various types of lawns — from seed to roll ones. Dominants are species of the alliance Cynosurion cristati (Amoria repens, Leontodon autumnalis, Medicago lupulina, Taraxacum officinale, etc.) and the class Polygono–Poetea annuae (Lepidotheca suaveolens, Plantago major, Poa annua, etc.), resistant to the mowing and trampling. The main factor in community differentiation is anthropogenic disturbance, according to which 2 subassociations are distinguished: L.–P. p. typicum subass. nov. hoc loco (Tables 4, 5; nomenclature type: (holotypus hoc loco) — Table 4, relevé 15: Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Monument Druzhby, 16.07.2018, 54.71176 N, 55.96351 E. Authors — I. E. Anishchenko, O. Yu. Zhigunov) — less disturbed lawns and L.–P. p. cichorietosum intybi subass. nov. hoc loco (Tables 6, 7; nomenclature type: (holotypus hoc loco) — Table 6, relevé 14: Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Komsomolskaya str., 108 а, 17.07.2018, 54.75213 N, 56.00659 E. Authors — I. E. Anishchenko, O. Yu. Zhigunov) — more disturbed ones with high amount of the synanthropic species. The type of grass mixture sown also influences on the coenoflora composition. Four facies are distinguished within both subassociations according to variations in abundance of cereals: typica (prevalence of Poa pratensis) (Fig. 1) in subass. typicum; Festuca rubra (Fig. 2) in both ones (disturbed and non disturbed lawns); Festuca pratensis in subass. cichorietosum intybi. The comparative analysis given in Table 1 showed the stabi­lity of the floristic composition of communities, lawns formed by grass mixes of various types: both seed and roll. The differences are either in the degree of weediness of the lawns, or in the nature of the dominance of individual cereals. A comparison of the associations of the union Cynosurion cristati described on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Table 2) showed that in urban conditions the constancy and abundance of meadow species (Lathyrus pratensis, Phleum pratense, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus polyanthemos, Stellaria gra­minea, etc.) are significantly reduced. while these values for synanthropic species (Capsella bursa-pastoris, Convolvulus arvensis, Tripleurospermum perforatum, etc.) are naturally increasing. This fact suggests specificity of communities of ass. Leontodonto–Poetum pratensis in the system of the union Cynosurion cristati. The associations Inulo britannicae–Trifolietum repentis (Table 10) and Poo pratensis–Plantaginetum majoris (Table 9, Fig. 3) unites old degraded lawns under trampling and are close to similar communities of ruderal vegetation. The ass. Lolietum perennis (Table 11, Fig. 4) is an example of the “introduction” of West European lawns, due to the use of grass mixtures with Lolium perenne. The vegetation of rolled and seeded lawns is not significantly different. In comparison with the syntaxa from different regions of Russia and Europe the lawn communities of the Southern Urals are more clogged and have more thermophilic species such as Carduus acanthoides, Cichorium intybus, Tripleurospermum perforatum, etc. Changes in their composition since 1980s are associated with the use of modern grass mixtures with other grasses.

The aim of this work was to determine the floristic composition, phytocoenotic diversity of woody vegetation, degree of anthropogenic transformation and ecological analysis using the synphytoindication method. The objects of our study were forest communities, forest-parks and green area of Kyiv. In 2015–2015, we fulfilled 323 relevés that were made by the standard procedure. All plant species were recorded. For each relevés geographic coordinates are indicated. The floristic analysis of the woody vegetation of Kyiv was conducted using the Braun-Blanquet approach and the phytosociological table was constructed with non-hierarchical clustering algorithm for vegetation classification so called DRSA («distance-ranked sorting assembling»). Phytoindication method was used for environmental analysis. We assessed amplitudes of syntaxa by phytoindication method for moisture (Hd), acidity (Rc), soil nitrogen content (Nt), total salt regime (Tr), light in community (Lc) and we calculated hemeroby index. Synecological amplitudes are characterized by the values of the minimum, maximum and average values ecofactors of the aggregate description of each community. Systematic, biomorphological, geographical structures were analyzed as well. We used hierarchical agglomeration cluster analysis of syntaxons to estimate the similarity of the species composition of the cenoflor. We identified that woody vegetation is divided into two classes Querco-Fagetea and Robinietea which include 11 communities types of rank association-variant. A total number consist of 169 species 133 genera 59 families. Species of alien origin constituted 20-40% of the cenofloras, which indicate increasing anthropogenic impact. Recreational load is a leading factor in anthropogenic impact. Biomorphological analysis indicates the predominance of herbal perennial plants – hemicryptophytes in the species composition of plants. And we determined that the nitrogen content in soil, acidity and moisture are the environmental factors leading to differentiation of vegetation. For assessment of anthropogenic transformation we used hemeroby index. Main purpose of the hemeroby index is to determine the degree and dynamics of human impact on plant communities. Hemeroby index is ecologically well founded, plausible and easy to interpret. The lowest level is represented in phytocoenoses order Fagetalia, followed by the communities of order Quercetalia and Chelidonio-Robinietalia from class Robinietea. Robinia pseudoacacia + Chaerophyllum temulum communities were most disordered. To determine the degree of anthropogenic transformation of vegetation under the influence of recreational activity we used eco-cenological spectrum changing analysis. It was found that increasing homogenization of the vegetation and the occurrence of ruderal communities dominated by alien invasive species are symptomatic of the synanthropization process. The proportion of terophytes, the ratio of the proportion of adventitious species to aboriginal, and apophytes to the natural species in disturbed and homogenized forests are increasing.

Plant communities of sandy (quarry 3 — 62°05ʹ26ʺ N, 48°43ʹ56ʺ E; 6 — 61°57ʹ35ʺ N, 50°36ʹ22ʺ E) and sandy loam (1 — 62°06ʹ28ʺ N, 48°48ʹ48ʺ E; 2 — 62°06ʹ19ʺ N, 48°48ʹ42ʺ E; 4 — 62°04ʹ36ʺ N, 48°34ʹ55ʺ E; 8d — 61°44ʹ00ʺ N, 50°39ʹ05ʺ E) quarries and the surrounding lichen and green-moss pine forests quarries are charaterized. The research has been performed in the middle taiga subzone of the European North-East of Russia. Floristic classification (Braun-Blanquet, 1964) was made for 91 relevés. The Ellenberg ecological values (Ellenberg, 1974) were used to assess moisture (F), acidity (R) and nitrogen content (N). Ordination was made by NMS approach using ExcelToR software. Plant communities of renewing and young pine stands at the quarries as well as of surrounding middle aged and mature stands are assigned to the alliance Cladonio stellaris–Pinion sylvestris Kielland-Lund ex Ermakov et Morozova 2011 order Pinetalia sylvestris Oberdorfer 1957 class Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 (Ermakov, Morozova, 2011) while communities of meadow succession stage to the union Cynosurion cristati Tx. 1947 order Arrhenatheretalia elatioris class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937 (Mirkin, Naumova, 2012). Five associations, two subassociations, one variants, two subvarants and one community are established within two classes (among these, two associations. one variants, two subvariants and one community are new). Community Polytrichum piliferum (Table 3, rel. 1–7). DS: Ceratodon purpureus, Cladonia subulata, C. fimbriata, Niphotrichum canescens, Polytrichum piliferum, Salix acutifolia. These are pioneer communities at the second decade stage of succession on sandy substrate. (quarry 3) with recovering Pinus sylvestris tree layer, absence of herb-dwarf shrub layer and. presence of pioneer mosses (Polytrichum piliferum, Ceratodon purpureus), algal crusts, and lichen thalli of Cladonia, Peltigera, and Stereocaulon. Number of species — 32 (13–20). Ass. Polytricho piliferi–Pinetum sylvestris ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 3, rel. 8–30; nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco) — rel. 18; Fig. 4). DS: Ceratodon purpureus, Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata, C. fimbriata, C. subulata, C. verticillata, Niphotrichum canescens, Peltigera malacea, Polytrichum piliferum, Salix acutifolia, Stereocaulon tomentosum. These are renewing pine forests at 3rd and 5th decades of succession with ground cover dominated by pioneer mosses and lichens in sandy quarries 3 and 6, and in the most drained habitats of sandy loam quarries 1, 2, 4 (slopes). Pine canopy density is 0.1–0.3, its height — 3–6 m. Herb-dwarf shrub layer is scarce (1– 10 %), that of moss-lichen is of 20–80 %. Number of species — 111 (27–45). Subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum Turubanova 1986. D S : Agrostis tenuis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Galium mollugo, Hieracium umbellatum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Pimpinella saxifraga, Stellaria graminea. These are communities of short meadow succesion stage at the sandy loam quarries 1, 2, 4, 8d. Unlike meadows of abandoned lands and pastures, described by L. P. Turubanova (1986) as subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum, the communities on technogenic habitats have lower abundance of meadow species and higher diversity of synanthropic and xerophylous species, as well as tree invasion. This is a reason to establish variant Calamagrostis epigeios (Table 4, Fig. 5) within the subass. typicum. Its DS: Betula pendula/pubescens, Calamagrostis epigeios, Ceratodon purpureus, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Erigeron acris, Pinus sylvestris, Tussilago farfara. Multispecies herb layer is mainly formed by meadow species and weeds (20–80 %). PC of moss layer — 1–50 %. Number of species — 103 (30–41). Duration of meadow stage is responsible for differences between subvariants Amoria hybrida and Trifolium medium. Ass. Polytricho juniperini–Pinetum sylvestris ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 5, nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco) — rel. 9; Fig. 6). D S : Agrostis tenuis, Amoria repens, Brachythecium salebrosum, Orthilia secunda, Peltigera didactyla, Polytrichum juniperinum, Pyrola media, Trifolium medium, Vicia sepium. These communities are young pine stands at the third decade of succession on sandy loam in quarries 1, 2, 4, 8d. Canopy density of pines — 0.4–0.8, height — 4–8 m. There is a lot of species typical for meadow succession stage in scarce herb layer (5–40 %). as well as an occurrence of forest dwarf shrubs, and few species indicative to ass. Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sylvestris. Moss-lichen layer (10–60 %) is formed by pioneer species and forest mosses. Number of species — 137 (27–67). NMS-ordination (Fig. 7) and data on substrate preferences of syntaxa as well as information about the duration of recovery process is the reason to built a scheme of vegetation succession in quarries in place of reduced pine trees after the cutting of lichen and green moss pine forests (Fig. 8). Series 1. Community Polytrichum piliferum (F 4.1, N 3.5, R 3.8) → ass. Polytricho piliferi–Pinetum sylvestris (F 4.1, N 3.5, R 4.1) → ??? → subass. Cladonio arbusculae–Pinetum sylvestris typicum (F 3.8, N 2.5, R 2.4). Series 2. Subvar. Amoria hybrida var. Calamagrostis epigeios subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum (F 4.4, N 4.8, R 5.4) → subvar. Trifolium medium var. Calamagrostis epigeios subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum (F 4.7, N 4.6, R 4.9) → асс. Polytricho juniperini–Pinetum sylvestris (F 4.5, N 3.9, R 4.3) → ??? → ass. Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sylvestris (F 4.3, N 3.1, R 2.8). Additional studies are necessary to reveal the duration of succession period and intermediate stages of transition from ass. Polytricho piliferi–Pinetum sylvestris and Polytricho juniperini–Pinetum sylvestris to ass. Cladonio arbusculae–Pinetum sylvestris and Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sylvestris. Thus, the restoration of lichen pine forests of subass. Cladonio arbusculae–Pinetum sylvestris typicum at sandy quarries passes through the stage of pine forests of ass. Polytricho piliferi–Pinetum sylvestris, which is preceded by pioneer vegetation of сommunity Polytrichum piliferum. The restoration of green moss pine forests (ass. Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sylvestris) at sandy loam quarries passes through the stage of young pine stands (ass. Polytricho juniperini–Pinetum sylvestris), which is preceded by meadows of subvariantas Amoria hybrida and Trifolium medium var. Calamagrostis epigeios subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum.

The study of coenotical diversity of mountain tundra and open woodland altitudinal belts at Manpupuner ridge (Pechoro-Ilych Nature Reserve) in 2012–2013 continues the previous researches by Institute of Biology Komi Scientific Centre RAS at ridges Schuka-Yol-is, Kychyl-is, Makar-is, Tonder and Turynya-ner, and Mankhambo in 2007–2011 (Deg­teva, Dubrovskiy 2009, 2012, 2014). The data were obtained using the complex of traditional and modern methods of phytocoenotical and floristical researches (Ipatov, Mirin, 2008). 184 relevés (kept in the Phytocoenarium of the Institute of Biology KSC RAS), made at 400 m2 plots in open woodland and forests stands, at 100 m2 plots in meadow, tundra and shrub stands or within the limits of the communities, were set along the profiles at the elevation gradients. The assessment of vertical and horizontal structure, species number and abundance of vascular plants, main mosses and lichens as well as community classification according the dominant approach was carried out. In mountain tundra communities which are located at flat plates and terraces of the upper part of slopes 122 species of vascular plants, 36 of mosses and 37 of lichens were found. Three associations (Fruticuleto-betuletum nanae flavocetrariosum (Fig. 2), Fruticuletum cladinosum, Myrtilletum cladinosum, Fruticuletum cladinosum) of lichen tundra (Table 2), two ones (Fruticuleto-betuletum nanae hylocomiosum, Myrtilletum hylocomiosum) of green moss tundra (Fig. 3, 4) and ass. Bistorto majoris-avenelletum poly­trichosum of Polytrichum-dominated tundra (Table 3) were distinguished. More diverse is vegetation of the open woodland belt where the complex of open woodlands, bushes and meadows is presented. Poor in species number spruce open woodlands with total tree crown density is 0.1–0.2 and of 2–3 m height in the upper part of the belt and 6 m in the lower slope parts, which occur at about 680–760 m,1 belong to associations Piceetum betuloso nanae–caricoso-empetroso-cladinosum and P. avenelloso-myrtilloso-hylocomiosum (Table 4; Fig. 5). Pinus sibirica open woodlands (Table 4) of lichen (Cembretum betuloso nanae–arctoetoso alpinae–flavocetrariosum (Fig. 6) and C. caricoso globularis–vaccinioso uliginosii–cladinosum) and green moss (C. caricoso globularis–vaccinioso uliginosii–hylocomiosum) types were met at 620–640 m at flat terraces (first time in the Pechoro-Ilych Nature Reserve). Open woodlands dominated by mountain ecological form of Betula pubescens occur at 580–770 m more common at east and north-west exposition, but also occur at south-west and north slopes and in the southern part of the Manpupuner Ridge, on terraces. Taxation parameters of the stands change with the elevation changes. In the upper part of this belt, the canopy density is 0.1–0.2, tree height 1.5–2.5 m and stem diameter 2–4 cm, at elevations about 600 m, 0.4–0.6, 8–12 m and 18–26 cm respectively. Five associations are distinguished within this formation: Montano-Betuletum gymnocarpiosum, M.-B. geraniosum albiflorii, M.-B. calamagrostidosum, M.-B. aconitosum (Fig. 7), M.- B. avenellosum (Table 5). Shrub vegetation is presented by Salix spp., Betu­la nana and Juniperus sibirica stands. The willows (Sali­cetum lanatae geraniosum albiflorii and Salicetum lanatae mixtoherboso–calamagrostidosum) (Table 6, Fig. 8) are developed in stream runoffs/valleys at ele­vations 700–770 m. Juniperus communis communities (Juniperetum sibiricae avenelloso-myrtilloso-hylocomiosum (Fig. 9) and Juniperetum sibiricae gymnocarpiosum; Table 6) in the Pechoro-Ilych Nature Reserve are found at 670–780 m in the drained ecotopes at terraces, flat and convex slopes. Betula nana stands (Betuletum nanae empetroso-caricoso-hylocomioso-cladinosum (Fig. 10), Betuletum nanae caricoso-hylocomiosum (Fig. 11) and Betuletum nanae fruticuloso-hylocomiosum; Table 6) cover the largest areas at 680–750 m on terraces, flat, convex and concave slopes and saddles between the individual vertices. In mountain meadows (Calamagrostidetum geraniosum (Fig. 12) and Geranietum mixtoherbosum (Fig. 13)) which do not cover large areas at the ridge and occur on rich wet soils at stream runoffs, valleys and the borders of the stone-fields, 117 species of vascular plants, 27 of mosses and 32 of lichens are found (Table 7). Coenotical core of their flora is formed by species of meadow and mountain meadow eco-coenotical group. Species number at 100 m2 plot vary from 12 to 45 (mean 27). Three associations (Piceetum fruticuloso-hylocomiosum, P. aconitosum and P. dryopteridosum expansae) dominate in the mountain forest belt. The common number of syntaxa of association level at the Manpupuner Ridge is 27 including mountain tundras, bushes, meadows, open woodlands and forests.

The birch krummholz with Betula tortuosa Ledeb dominance occur in the most humid regions of Kuznetsky Alatau, Altai and Eastern Sayan within the Altai-Sayan mountain system (Zolotovskiy, 1938; Kuminova, 1960; Malyshev, 1965; Maskaev, 1976; Sedelnikov, 1979, 1988; Zibzeev, 2006). Mean annual precipitation in the Kuznetsky Alatau is 2000 mm (up to 3000 mm in some years). In the Tigirekskiy ridge study area the precipitation is 1500 mm. The deep snow (up to 1.5 m) protects grounds fr om freezing. The birch krummholz occupy the large areas on the variously exposed slopes at 950–1200 m in the Kuznetsky Alatau and at 1250–1350 m in Altai. These communities, known only in three places of the Altai-Sayan mountain system and listed in the ”Green Book of Siberia“ (1996), occur in the lower and middle parts of the subalpine belt on permanently moist slopes. According to the Braun-Blanquet approach the birch krummholz of the studied area are represented by three associations, two subassociations and one variant (ass. Cirsio heterophylli–Stemmacanthetum carthamoidis Zitluchina ex Ermakov et al. 2000, subass. C. h.–S. c. betuletosum tortuosae nov. hoc loco, ass. Doronico altaicae–Betuletum tortuosae nov. hoc loco, ass. Abieteto sibiricae–Athyrietum distentifoliae Ermakov et al. 2000, subass. A. s.–A. d. sorbetosum sibiricae Ermakov et al. 2000, var. Betula tortuosa). The birch krummholz of the Tigirekskiy ridge are referred to ass. Violo disjunctae–Betuletum tortuosae nov. hoc loco, and three subassociations (V. d.–b. t. typicum nov. hoc loco, V. d.–b. t. saussureetosum frolowii nov. hoc loco, V. d.–b. t. dracocephaletosum grandiflori nov. hoc loco.). All syntaxa are included into Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadac et Klika in Klika et Hadac 1944 class, Trollio–Crepidetalia sibiricae Guinochet ex Chytry et al. 1993 order, Aconito pascoi–Geranion albiflori Zhitlukhina et Onishchenko ex Ermakov et al. 2000 alliance. The geographical isolation of birch krummholz affects their species composition and coenoflora structure. There are 99 species in the coenoflora of the Kuznetsky Alatau birch krummholz and 108 species in the Tigirekskiy ridge. The latter coenoflora contains specific species that can be divided into two groups. The first group includes the endemics of the Altai as well as Altai-Sayan mountain system as a whole(Hedysarum theinum, Hieracium korshinskyi, Ptarmica ledebourii, Sanguisorba alpina, Viola disjuncta, ­Phleum alpinum, Phlomoides alpina, Dracocephalum grandiflorum). The second group is represented by forest and forest-meadow species absent in the birch krummholz of the Kuznetsky Alatau (Carex pediformis, Cruciata krylovii, Galium boreale, Geum rivale, Iris ruthenica, Melica nutans, Pyrola minor). The studied communities have exact ecological and topological localizations. In the Kuznetsky Alatau the tall-forb birch krummholz of C. h.–S. c. betuletosum tortuosae are mostly common at high leveled parts of the slopes (3–5°) wh ere they alternate with subalpine meadows. The birch krummholz of ass. Doronico altaicae–Betuletum tortuosae occupy moist, usually cold, habitats. In these communities with the remarkably reduced coenotic role of tall-forbs the herb layer is mainly formed by subalpine and alpine meadow species. The communities of ass. Violo disjunctae–Betuletum tortuosae with three subassociations occur in wet conditions on leveled terraces, as well as on relatively flat slopes (0–2°) close to the tree line. A specific feature of the Tigirekskiy ridge birch krummholz coenoflora is a large number of forest species.

The communities of middle taiga spruce forests (ass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. typica) and secondary communities formed after winter clearcuttings are described (Fig. 1) and classified according Braun-Blanquet (1964) approach using 81 relevés. Ellenberg ecological values (Ellenberg et al., 1991) were used to assess lighting (L), soil moisture (F), acidity (R) and nitrogen (N). The ordination was carried out using the NMS method. Both primary forest and secondary communities are classified as the alliance Piceion excelsae Pawłowskiet al. 1928 within the order Piceetalia excelsae Pawłowski et al. 1928 in the class Vaccinio–Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.et al. 1939. We described 2 associations (incl. 1 new), 3 subassociations (2 new), 2 varieties (1 new), 2 subvarieties, and 2 communities. Ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco): relevé 16 (field № 26p/20), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, two-year cutting place, swath (61.84083° N 54.33778° E, 16.07.2020, author I. A. Likhanova. Diagnostic species (DS): Aulacomnium palustre, Calamagrostis purpurea, Carex globularis, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum angustifolium. The association includes «young» (succession stage 1(2)-17(18) years after cutting) secondary communities, formed at the swaths and skidding trails. The absence of tree stand results in the increased lighting and soil moisture, which explains an invasion of heliophile and water-resistant species of vascular plants and mosses. After cutting, DS of the primary association and subassociation almost disappear, but those of class and order remain. Species number — 23–54, average — 38. There are 2 subassociations within aasociation. Subass. A. p.–C. p. typicum subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2 relevés 1–16, Fig. 3). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco): relevé 16 (field № 26p/20), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, two-year cutting of spruce herb-bilberry-green moss forest at the swath (61.84083° N 54.33778° E , 16.07.2020, author I. A. Likhanova. No own DS. The subassociation includes communities at the swath and skidding trails of 1(2)-year cutting place with poor species richness in comparison with primary forests. Number of species 20–27, average – 24. Subass. A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2, relevés 17–27, Fig. 4). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco), relevé 25 (field № 13-УК), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, 17-year cutting place, swath (61.99389° N, 54.14778° E , 17.09.2019, author I. A. Likhanova. DS: Avenella flexuosa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Rubus arcticus.The subassociation includes communities of swaths and skidding trails at 17(18)-year cutting place enriched by heliophile and water-resistant species. The forming forest environment is the reason of high abundance of forest species and emergence of several diagnostic species of primary association and subassociation. The cutting remains are overgrown by epigeous mosses and lichens. Species number — 24–45, average — 33. Community Carex brunnescens (Table 3, relevés 1–12, Fig. 5). DS: Carex brunnescens (dominant), C. canescens, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella cerviculata (dominant). Syntaxon includes communities at the main skidding trail at 1(2)-year cutting place. Despite high abundance of diagnostic species of the ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae, we can’t include the relevés into the association due to high diversity of early succession species and low abundance of DS of both the class Vaccinio–Piceetea sylvestris and the order Piceetalia excelsae. There are numerous undergrowth of Betula pubescens (18 thousand ind./ha). Herb-dwarf shrub and moss layers are formed by pioneer, heliophile and water-resistant species. Forest dwarf shrubs, herbs and mosses occur on the litter remnants. Species number — 20–34, average — 27. Community Salix caprea. (Table 3, relevés 13–22, Fig. 6). DS: Agrostis gigantea, A. tenuis, Carex rhynchophysa, Deschampsia cespitosa, Epilobium palustre, Juncus filiformis, Populus tremula, Salix caprea (dominant), S. myrsinifolia, S. phylicifolia, Sphagnum russowii. The syntaxon includes communities at the main skidding trail of 17(18)-year cutting place. The presence of DS of ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae and subass. A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae as well as the prevalence of water resistant and early succession species and low abundance of DS of class Vaccinio–Piceetea sylvestris and order Piceetalia excelsae are character. Tree stand is formed by young trees of Betula pubescens (mean density is 21 thousand ind./ha). Shrub layer is formed by wiilows. Herb-dwarf shrub layer is dominated by species, preferring water logging, and species of disturbed habitats. Species number — 36–45, average — 40. Subass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens (Table 1, relevés 13–22). DS: Betula pubescens (dominant), Milium effusum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. The variant includes communities at 48(49)-year cutting place. The tree lyer height and crown density are comparable to those of the indigenous spruce forest, however, the proportion of birch is higher. Vascular plant DS of ass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis and subass. dryopteridetosum are registered, but the abundance of moss DS is low. Many forest species become abundant in the herb-dwarf shrub layer. Moss layer is inhibited by leaf litter. Species number — 29–45, average — 36. There are 2 subvarieties: typica (communities at the swath and skidding trails) and Calamagrostis purpurea (main skidding trail). The scheme of vegetation succession after clearcuttings of spruce small herb-bilberry-green moss forests (Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. typica) (Fig. 10) is made on the results of NMS-ordination (Fig. 9) and the data on the restoration period and preferences of syntaxa to the certain technological elements of the cutting place. The following succession series are described: at the swaths and skidding trails — Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae typicum → A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae → Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens subvar. typica → L. b.–P. a. dryopteridetosum var. typica; at the skidding trails – community Carex brunnescens →community Salix caprea → Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens subvar. Calamagrostis purpurea → L. b.–P. a. dryopteridetosum var. typica. In communities of different ages at swaths and skidding trails, the species richness of vascular plants (16–18 species/100 m2) and mosses (8–10 species/100 m2) is lower compare to the primary spruce forest (19 and 14 species/100 m2 respectively). The species richness of vascular plants at 17-year and 48-year communities of the main skidding trails (27 species/100 m2) is higher than in the primary forest due to the invasion of pioneer, meadow and mire species; that of mosses is lower (8–12 species/100 m2). Thus, the cutting has a negative impact on species diversity, which is expressed in forest species loss. The floristic composition of the disturbed forest community is not restored even fifty years after anthropogenic impact.

This thesis deals with green synthesis of noble metals nanoparticles. The first part contains secondary literature research which maps both the traditional and newly developed techniques of nanoparticles preparation. Most attention is given to the various types of green synthesis, which constitute an environmentally friendly alternative to industrially applied methods. The second part deals with the preparation of noble metal nanoparticles using tea broths. The section describes the entire synthesis process and includes photographic documentation. A total of eight colloidal solutions were prepared, four of each metal. The nanoparticles were subsequently analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy. A time-lapse spectroscopic description of each synthesis was also undertaken. Furthermore, the size distribution of the particles by volume was measured and compared with the pictures obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The results have showed that tea broths, especially those from black tea and rooibos, are suitable for the biosynthesis of stable noble metal nanoparticles.