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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Green tea

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Academic literature on the topic 'Green tea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Green tea"

1

Rahman, M., I. A. Jahan, S. Ahmed, K. S. Ahmed, M. Roy, W. Zzaman, and I. Ahmad. "Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of black and green tea available in Bangladesh." Food Research 5, no. 3 (May 16, 2021): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).491.

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People in Bangladesh are traditionally used to consume mainly black tea. However, some tea manufacturing companies are now producing green tea, though in a small scale. To create new knowledge as well as awareness about the consumption of green tea, the present study was carried out to compare the black and green tea available in Bangladesh based on their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. A total of eight brands of black tea and two brands of green tea were bought from the supermarkets. Total phenolics, total tannin, total flavonoids, and caffeine content were measured as bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by using two different methods such as DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts of black and green tea. Every bioactive compound in black and green tea was found to be significantly different (P < 0.05). The total phenolic content, on average, was measured at 242.46 mg GAE/g dry extract and 763.41 mg GAE/ g dry extract in black and green tea, respectively. Black tea contained 6.47 mg TAE/g dry extract tannin, whereas green tea had much more tannin content, 14.51 mg TAE/g dry extract, which is more than double in amount. On the other hand, the total flavonoid content was almost double in black tea (61.82 mg QE/g dry extract) compared to green tea (31.85 mg QE/g dry extract). Antioxidant activities were determined at different concentrations of tea samples. At every concentration, green tea presented higher ABTS+ and DPPH radical scavenging activity than black tea. The highest percentage of inhibition was observed at 20 ppm both in black and green tea, finding 98.50 % and 99.07 % inhibition, respectively. Overall, significantly (P < 0.05) higher amount of phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity were observed in green tea.

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&NA;. "Green tea." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1163 (August 2007): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711630-00043.

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&NA;. "Green tea." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1132 (December 2006): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200611320-00028.

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&NA;. "Green tea." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1135 (January 2007): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711350-00065.

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&NA;. "Green tea." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1269 (September 2009): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912690-00061.

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&NA;. "Green tea." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1249 (April 2009): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912490-00074.

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&NA;. "Green tea." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1308 (July 2010): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013080-00055.

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Hutcheon, Deborah A., and Jane Ziegler. "Green Tea." Topics in Clinical Nutrition 29, no. 3 (2014): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/tin.0000000000000004.

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Hume, Anne L. "Green tea." Pharmacy Today 25, no. 9 (September 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptdy.2019.08.007.

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Guslandi, Mario. "Green tea." Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 19, no. 10 (April 29, 2004): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01953.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Green tea"

1

Yu, Sze-tak. "Effects of Chinese green tea and tea catechins on lipolysis." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21106137.

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余詩德 and Sze-tak Yu. "Effects of Chinese green tea and tea catechins on lipolysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31969677.

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Cheng, Tak-him Terence. "Neuroprotective effect of green tea extracts." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b40203517.

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何禮昌 and Lai-cheong Ho. "Effects of green tea on ovariectomized rats." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970540.

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Ho, Lai-cheong. "Effects of green tea on ovariectomized rats." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?

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Mudau, Fhatuwani N. "Growth, development and chemical composition of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides L.) as affected by seasonal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08242006-133149.

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McArdle, Nicholas J. "The antigenotoxic effect of tea." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390574.

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Avila, Alejandra. "Experimental study of the effects of green tea on improving the outcomes of BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania Mexicana." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Charoenchon, Nisamanee. "Can green tea catechin supplement protect against photoageing?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/can-green-tea-catechin-supplement-protect-against-photoageing(64eefb5f-ef37-4900-9c03-3477c8a74e50).html.

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Photoaged skin caused by chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is characterised clinically with hyperpigmentation, coarse skin texture and deep wrinkles; the worst outcome is skin cancer. Histological investigation of the alteration within major extracellular matrices (ECM; elastic fibres, fibrillar collagens) is essential study to understand the cellular effect on skin structure from UVR. This thesis used an acute dose of radiation to examine in humans in vivo the effect of UVR on ECM components before assessing whether a dietary intervention could protect skin from UVR damage. Green tea catechins (GTCs) have anti-oxidant properties and may be an interesting option as a systemic photoprotection agent. Hence this thesis assesses: 1) the effect of acute irradiation of skin on dermal ECM damage to see whether it mimics the changes observed in photoageing and; 2) whether dietary supplementation with GTC will provide dermal ECM protection. UV-induced change in elastic fibre network. Initially, the effect of two different UV light sources on elastic fibre protein (elastic fibres, fibrillin-rich microfibrils and fibulin-2 and -5 microfibrils) remodelling was performed. The effect of ultraviolet B vs full-spectrum solar simulated radiation (SSR) were investigated in a small sample of healthy Caucasian volunteers (n = 6 per group). At 24 hour after 3× MED irradiation, Weigert's resorcin–fuchsin stained elastic fibres showed a significant reduction regardless of irradiation protocol (UVB, P<0.01; SSR P<0.05). Specific components were identified by immunohistochemistry; a significant reduction in fibrillin-rich microfibrils (FRM) was observed in UVB-irradiated skin (P<0.05), whilst fibulin-5-positive microfibrils were only affected by SSR (P<0.05). The data revealed, therefore, differential effects on UV wavelength on ECM remodelling. SSR, the more physiologically relevant light source was used in subsequent studies Supplement effect in SSR-induced damage in elastic fibre. Fifty healthy volunteers were recruited to this randomised control trial to investigate whether GTC can protect skin from photodamage. Volunteers were randomized to GTC (1080 mg plus 100 mg vitamin C; n=25) or placebo (maltodextrin; n = 25) daily for 12-weeks with compliance assessed biochemically in urine samples. Of the n = 50 recruited, 44 volunteers completed the study. In baseline, UVR challenge resulted in a significant remodeling of the cutaneous elastic fiber system (P<0.001), particularly fibulin-2 and fibulin-5-positive microfibrils at 24-hr after 3×MED irradiation. In post-supplementation, fibulin-5 positive microfibrils were protected from UVR remodeling (% staining, mean ± SE; no UV, 18.1±0.89; UVR, 17.1±0.61; P=0.30) whilst no protection was seen in the placebo group (no UVR, 19.41±0.79; UVR, 17.69±0.61; P<0.05). Supplement effect in SSR-induced damage in collagenous matrix. In the identical experiment, collagenous matrices including synthesis of procollagen I was also examined as fibrillar collagens are the major ECM components providing strength within dermis. The fibrillar collagen and newly synthesised procollagen I were stained by Picrosirius red and immunohistochemistry respectively. At baseline, acute irradiation significantly reduced papillary dermal fibrillar collagens (P<0.001) and induced deposition of newly synthesised pro-collagen I (P=0.02). In post-supplementation, GTC enhanced the deposition of thin collagen fibres in the dermis. Whilst placebo showed no effect on the altered organisation of fibrillar collagens or deposition of pro-collagen I following the irradiation challenge, GTC protected the organisation of fibrillar collagens in the papillary dermis (P=0.97).This novel in vivo human study may be used to recapitulate elastic fibre and collagen changes associated with photoageing and may be useful for dissecting out the mechanisms underlying extracellular matrix damage in response to chronic sunlight exposure. Furthermore, in a randomized control trial, dietary GTC protected fibulin-5 microfibrils and collagen fibres in the papillary dermis from UV-mediated degradation. The mechanism by which this protection occurs requires further study.

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Zheng, Yuanyuan. "PROTECTION AGAINST ENDOTHELIAL INFLAMMATION BY GREEN TEA FLAVONOIDS." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/64.

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Endothelial inflammation is a pivotal early event in the development of atherosclerosis. Long term exposure to cardiovascular risk factors will ultimately exhaust those protective anti-inflammatory factors such as the heme oxygenase (HO) system. The HO system plays a critical role in cellular and tissue self-defense against oxidative stress and inflammation. Caveolae are membrane domains and are particularly abundant in endothelial cells, where they are believed to play a major role in the regulation of endothelial vesicular trafficking as well as the uptake of lipids and related lipophilic compounds, possibly including bioactive food components such as flavonoids. Research in this dissertation addresses the role of HO-1 and caveolae on dietary flavonoid epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) mediated protection against pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and linoleic acid-induced activation of endothelial cells. The data support the hypothesis that EGCG protects against TNF-α-induced monocyte recruitment and adhesion partially through the induction of HO-1 and bilirubin. The observed anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG are mimicked by the HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) and abolished by HO-1 gene silencing. Nrf2 is the major transcription factor of phase II antioxidant enzymes including HO-1. Results clearly show that EGCG-induced HO-1 expression and subsequent bilirubin productions are dependent on functional Nrf2. EGCG also can down-regulate the base-line level of caveolin-1. Furthermore, silencing of the caveolin-1 gene can markedly down-regulate linoleic acid-induced COX-2 and MCP-1, indicating that caveolae may be a critical platform regulating inflammatory signaling pathways. Similar to EGCG treatment, silencing of caveolin-1 can also result in the activation of Nrf2, up-regulation of HO-1 and bilirubin. This may be one of the mechanisms to explain the protection effect of caveolin-1 gene silencing against endothelial inflammation. Moreover, EGCG rapidly accumulates in caveolae, which is associated with caveolin-1 displacement from the plasma membrane towards the cytosol. Caveolin-1 gene silencing can significantly reduce the uptake of EGCG in endothelial cells within 30 min. These data suggest that caveolae may play a role in the uptake and transport of EGCG in endothelial cells. These studies provide a novel target through which EGCG functions to protect against inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.

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Books on the topic "Green tea"

1

Taylor, Nadine. Green tea. New York: Kensington Books, 1998.

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Williams, Marie. Green vanilla tea. Sydney: Finch Publishing, 2013.

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Toews, Victoria Dolby. All about green tea. Garden City Park, N.Y: Avery, 1998.

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Mitscher, Lester A. The Green Tea Book. New York: Penguin Group USA, Inc., 2008.

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Rosen, Diana. The book of green tea. Pownal, Vt: Storey Books, 1998.

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Stace, Jeanette. Green tea: Haiku & other poetry. Wellington [N.Z.]: Bearfax Publications, 2007.

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D, Sheila. Sampling Green (Tea in Asia). [United States?]: Sheila D., 2008.

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Fanu, Joseph Sheridan Le. Green Tea. Independently Published, 2017.

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Fanu, Joseph Sheridan Le. Green Tea. Independently Published, 2020.

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Fanu, Joseph Sheridan Le. Green Tea. Independently Published, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Green tea"

1

Valdez, German, Abid Haque, Craig Silverberg, Morgen Owens, Daniel Weng, and Farrah Asaad. "Green Tea." In A Clinician’s Evidence-Based Guide to Supplements, 43–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66885-2_2.

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Fried, Robert. "Green Tea." In Evidence-based Nutritional Guidance for Health Management, 276–80. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003546894-65.

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Takeo, T. "Green and semi-fermented teas." In Tea, 413–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2326-6_13.

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Houston, Neil, and Alexa Boer Kimball. "Green Tea Extract." In Cosmeceuticals and Cosmetic Practice, 122–32. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118384824.ch12.

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Gilinsky, Armand, and Wakako Kusumoto. "Koots Green Tea." In Comparative Entrepreneurship Initiatives, 276–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230314368_11.

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Rashidinejad, Ali. "Green Tea Catechins." In Tea as a Food Ingredient, 33–69. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003152828-3.

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Koide, Shoji, and Ken-ichi Kimura. "Japanese Green Tea." In Tea as a Food Ingredient, 81–100. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003152828-5.

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Fujiki, Hirota. "Green Tea Cancer Prevention." In Encyclopedia of Cancer, 1–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27841-9_6592-7.

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Kuroda, Yukiaki, and Yukihiko Hara. "Green Tea in Japan." In Health Effects of Tea and Its Catechins, 1–10. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5390-5_1.

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Lunder, T. L. "Catechins of Green Tea." In ACS Symposium Series, 114–20. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0507.ch009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Green tea"

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Ionescu, Alexandra-Ioana, and Constantin Butoi. "STUDY REGARDING THE BEST SWEETENERS USED IN GREEN-TEA BASED SUPPLEMENTS." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24, 199–206. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/6.1/s25.30.

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Green tea-based food supplements are very attractive to a large group of consumers and make an important contribution to maintaining good health. In order to preserve the nutritional value of supplements of this type, pesticide and plant growth hormones-free green tea is used as raw material. Choosing the best sweeteners in this case is an important part of scientific research, especially for consumers with certain digestive conditions. The aim of this paper is to successfully identify the best way to sweeten green tea by testing and selecting the best sweetener. In this mode results an intermediate product with superior physical-chemical and sensory properties. This product will be used as a raw material in the next technological steps, providing a good basis for an innovative food supplement. The used raw material (green tea) was tested by A.A.S. (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) to check for contamination by residues or heavy metals [2], [3], [5]. In order to determine the influence of sweeteners on the basic chemical composition, UV-VIS optical spectrometry and mathematical statistics were used. The results of this phase of research led to the identification of the best sweetening option for green tea-based food supplements. The product obtained and selected for use (as raw material) in the following technological steps had a chemical composition similar to that of the unsweetened version, but also much improved sensory properties. The best sweetening option in this case was determined by minimizing the change in the basic chemical composition of the green tea and preserving the basic sensory characteristics.

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Loto, C. A., O. O. Joseph, R. T. Loto, and Joshua Olusegun Okeniyi. "Adsorption and Inhibitive Properties of Camellia Sinensis for Mild Steel in 0.5M HCl and 0.8M H2SO4." In CORROSION 2015, 1–15. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05655.

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Abstract The effect of Camellia Sinensis (green tea) extract as a ‘green’ inhibitor on mild steel corrosion in 0.5M HCl and 0.8M H2SO4 was studied at ambient temperature. Weight loss/corrosion rate and potential measurement techniques were used for the experimental work. The results were further analyzed using the two-factor ANOVA. Potential measurement was performed using a digital voltmeter and a saturated calomel reference electrode. Results obtained showed effective corrosion-inhibition of the extract on the mild steel test-specimens in the different concentrations of HCl and H2SO4 used. There was increasing inhibition performance with increasing concentration of inhibitor. In 0.5M HCl, 100% green tea gave the optimal performance with weight loss and corrosion rate of 246mg and 0.63 mm/yr respectively. A similar result was observed in 0.8M H2SO4 where 100% green tea gave the best results of 1226 mg weight loss and 3 mm/yr corrosion rate. ANOVA test confirmed the results at 95% confidence, and further showed that concentration of green tea extract had greater effect on potential and weight loss measurements. The Gibb’s free adsorption energy signified physisorption in HCl and chemisorption in H2SO4 as the adsorption mechanism of plant extract molecules on the metal surface.

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Aulia Rasyid, Muhammad Hanif, Dedy Rahman Wijaya, and Guntur Prabawa Kusuma. "Predicting Green Tea Organoleptic Scores Based on Electronic Nose Dataset using Boosting Algorithms." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT), 373–78. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaict62357.2024.10617596.

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Saputra, Renaldi Dafa, Dedy Rahman Wijaya, and Guntur Prabawa Kusuma. "Prediction of Green Tea Organoleptic Scores Based on Electronic Nose Dataset Using Bagging Algorithms." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT), 321–27. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaict62357.2024.10617756.

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Huong, Le Thi Dieu, Dao Thi Thuy, and Tran Thi Kim Hong. "Investigation into the Use of Kombucha Tea Fungus Bio-cellulose for Gummy Candy Production." In 2024 9th International Conference on Applying New Technology in Green Buildings (ATiGB), 173–77. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/atigb63471.2024.10717702.

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Handayani, Rini, Riyanarto Sarno, Dedy Rahman Wijaya, Kelly Rossa Sungkono, and Daniel Yeri Kristiyanto. "An Approach Sensory Analysis Using Targeted Sensors in Electronic Nose for Assessing Green Tea Quality." In 2024 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA), 746–51. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isitia63062.2024.10667683.

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Wibisono, W., Yufitri Mayasari, D. Putra, and I. Ariesta. "Black Tea and Green Tea in Reducing Children Dental Caries." In International Conference on Environmental Awareness for Sustainable Development in conjunction with International Conference on Challenge and Opportunities Sustainable Environmental Development, ICEASD & ICCOSED 2019, 1-2 April 2019, Kendari, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.1-4-2019.2287267.

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Rong-Xiang Zhang, Wen-Li Wang, Guang Li, Xiao-Hui Zhao, Lian-Shui Zhang, and Xiao-Wei Li. "The grade recognition of green tea." In 2008 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2008.4620639.

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Tai, Melvin Jia-Yong, Wei-Wen Liu, Cheng-Seong Khe, N. M. S. Hidayah, Yi-Peng Teoh, C. H. Voon, H. Cheun Lee, and P. Y. P. Adelyn. "Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using green tea extract." In 4TH ELECTRONIC AND GREEN MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018 (EGM 2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5080845.

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Megawati, Teni Ernawati, Lia Meilawati, Indah D. Dewijanti, and Edi Supriadi. "Formulation of herbal tea drinks by adding green tea to improve antioxidant activities." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5134577.

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Reports on the topic "Green tea"

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Mukhtar, Hasan. Green Tea in Prevention and Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398205.

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Cobrinik, David E. Effect on Green Tea Polyphenols on Breast Cancer Signaling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada367380.

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Gupta, Sanjay. Green Tea in Prevention and Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410754.

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Samavat, Hamed. Green Tea Modulation of Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada581017.

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Cobrinik, David. Effect of Green Tea Polyphenols on Breast Cancer Signaling. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392163.

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Mukhtar, Hasan. Sustained Release Oral Nanoformulated Green Tea for Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada545577.

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Mukhtar, Hasan. Sustained Release Oral Nanoformulated Green Tea for Prostate Cancer Prevention. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada585226.

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Mukhtar, Hasan, Nihal Ahmad, Vaqar M. Adhami, and Naghma Khan. Sustained Release Oral Nanoformulated Green Tea for Prostate Cancer Prevention. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589659.

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Siripatrawan, Ubonratana. Active Chitosan-Based Film with Antimicrobial Property for Food Packaging Application. Chulalongkorn University, 2010. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2010.22.

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This research was aimed to develop an active film from chitosan film incorporated with green tea extract to enhance antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in order to be used for food shelf life extension. The experiments were divided into 3 parts. Firstly, chitosan-based film preparation and modification were determined. The results suggested that the optimum chitosan films could be prepared from 2% chitosan in 1% acetic acid. However, the chitosan film was brittle and had low flexibility. Mechanical property of chitosan film was modified by adding different concentrations of glycerol, as a plasticizer, including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (w/w of chitosan). The effect of plasticizer concentration on the mechanical properties of the chitosan film was determined by measuring their tensile strength, elongation at break, thickness, surface colors and water vapor transmission rate. The results showed that 30% glycerol was the optimum concentration to improve flexibility, while maintaining tensile strength and other physical properties of the film. Secondly, chitosan-based film was incorporated with green tea extract (GT) in order to improve film’s antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The optimum concentration of green tea extract was then determined by adding 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20% (w/v) of green tea in film-forming solution, and tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability (WVP), density, total phenolic compounds (TPC), radicals scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of the film were determined. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was carried out to observe the potential modifications of the chitosan films when incorporated with GTE. The ability to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 118, Salmonella enteritidis DMST 17368, Escherichia coli TISTR 780 and Pseudomonas fluorescens TISTR 358 was conducted using agar diffusion method. It was found that WVP and lightness (L) decreased, while density, TPC, DPPH scavenging activity, redness (a), and yellowness (b) increased with increasing green tea concentration. The results also showed that films containing green tea extract had inhibition zone and could inhibit bacterial growth underneath film, while chitosan-alone film had no inhibition zone. The results suggested that incorporation of GT into chitosan films improved mechanical and water vapor barrier properties and enhanced polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial property of the films. Changes in the FTIR spectra of the chitosan films were observed when GTE was incorporated, suggesting some interactions occurred between amine group of chitosan and hydroxyl group of green tea polyphenols. Lastly, the chitosan film containing green tea extract (CGT-film) was used as an active film for shelf life extension of pork sausage. Qualities of pork sausages wrapped with CGT-film were compared with those wrapped with chitosan-alone film without green tea incorporation (C-film) and those without chitosan film wrapping (Control). Changes in the physical qualities including color values and texture, the chemical qualities including pH and thiobarbituric value (TBA), the microbiological qualities including total plate count, yeasts/moulds, and lactic acid bacteria were determined throughout the storage. The sensory qualities including odor, color, slime formation, and overall acceptance were also evaluated using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. The results showed that samples wrapped with CGT-film had higher cutting force, lightness and yellowness values, but lower TBA and microbial growth than those wrapped with C-film and control. Based on microbiological analysis and sensory evaluation, control samples and those wrapped with C-film had shelf life of less than 12 and 20 days, respectively. Samples wrapped with GCT-film had better qualities than other samples and had shelf life of up to 20 days at 4℃. Incorporation of GT into chitosan film could enhance the antioxidant and antiomicrobial properties of the film. CGT-film reduced the lipid oxidation and inhibited microbial growth and, consequently, could maintain qualities and extended shelf life of the pork sausage.

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10

Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.

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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.

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