Relevant bibliographies by topics / Greenhouse effect, atmospheric

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Greenhouse effect, atmospheric'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Greenhouse effect, atmospheric"

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Jelbring, Hans. "The “Greenhouse Effect” as a Function of Atmospheric Mass." Energy & Environment 14, no. 2-3 (May 2003): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830503765184655.

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The main reason for claiming a scientific basis for “Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming (AGW)” is related to the use of “radiative energy flux models” as a major tool for describing vertical energy fluxes within the atmosphere. Such models prescribe that the temperature difference between a planetary surface and the planetary average black body radiation temperature (commonly called the Greenhouse Effect, GE) is caused almost exclusively by the so called greenhouse gases. Here, using a different approach, it is shown that GE can be explained as mainly being a consequence of known physical laws describing the behaviour of ideal gases in a gravity field. A simplified model of Earth, along with a formal proof concerning the model atmosphere and evidence from real planetary atmospheres will help in reaching conclusions. The distinguishing premise is that the bulk part of a planetary GE depends on its atmospheric surface mass density. Thus the GE can be exactly calculated for an ideal planetary model atmosphere. In a real atmosphere some important restrictions have to be met if the gravity induced GE is to be well developed. It will always be partially developed on atmosphere bearing planets. A noteworthy implication is that the calculated values of AGW, accepted by many contemporary climate scientists, are thus irrelevant and probably quite insignificant (not detectable) in relation to natural processes causing climate change.
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Smirnov, Boris Michailovich, and Dmitri Alexandrovich Zhilyaev. "Greenhouse Effect in the Standard Atmosphere." Foundations 1, no. 2 (October 27, 2021): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations1020014.

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The “line-by-line” method is used for the evaluation of thermal emission of the standard atmosphere toward the Earth. Accounting for thermodynamic equilibrium of the radiation field with air molecules and considering the atmosphere as a weakly nonuniform layer, we reduce the emission at a given frequency for this layer containing molecules of various types to that of a uniform layer, which is characterized by a certain radiative temperature Tω, an optical thickness uω and an opaque factor g(uω). Radiative parameters of molecules are taken from the HITRAN database, and an altitude of cloud location is taken from the energetic balance of the Earth. Within the framework of this model, we calculate the parameters of the greenhouse effect, including the partial radiative fluxes due to different greenhouse components in the frequency range up to 2600 cm−1. In addition, the derivations are determined from the radiative flux from the atmosphere to the Earth over the concentration logarithm of greenhouse components. From this, it follows that the observed rate of growth of the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide accounts for a contribution of approximately 30% to the observed increase in the global atmosphere during recent decades. If we assume that the basic part of the greenhouse effect is determined by an increase in the concentration c(H2O) of water atmospheric molecules, it is approximately dlnc(H2O/dt)=0.003 yr−1. This corresponds to an increase in the average moisture of the atmosphere of 0.2%/yr.
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Bhattacharya, Atreyee. "New measurements quantify atmospheric greenhouse effect." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 40 (October 2, 2012): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo400014.

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Upadhyay, Hari Om, and K. K. Mahajan. "Atmospheric greenhouse effect and ionospheric trends." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 17 (September 1, 1998): 3375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl02503.

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Liu, William Song. "Comparison of the greenhouse effect between Earth and Venus using multiple atmospheric layer models." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016704002.

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To better understand the mechanisms of global warming, we developed a one atmospheric layer model for Earth and a multiple atmospheric layer model (N = 111) for Venus. Earth’s greenhouse gas atmosphere has an average of 78.9% absorption efficiency of terrestrial radiation (f = 0.789), while we assume Venus’ atmosphere has a near 100% absorption efficiency (f = 1) due to its denser, CO2-rich atmosphere. Viewing the atmospheric layers as blackbodies, we modeled the surface temperature of Earth and Venus, both of which are able to predict the respective actual planetary temperatures. The consistency (δ < 1%) between the modeled surface temperature and the observed surface temperature of these two planets suggest that the multiple layer greenhouse gas atmosphere mechanism could explain Venus’ runaway global warming and scorching temperature. The results of these two models suggest that if Earth continues to experience uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and its negative outcomes may be further exacerbated.
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Turbet, Martin, David Ehrenreich, Christophe Lovis, Emeline Bolmont, and Thomas Fauchez. "The runaway greenhouse radius inflation effect." Astronomy & Astrophysics 628 (July 26, 2019): A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935585.

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Planets similar to Earth but slightly more irradiated are expected to enter into a runaway greenhouse state, where all surface water rapidly evaporates, forming an optically thick H2O-dominated atmosphere. For Earth, this extreme climate transition is thought to occur for an increase of only ~6% in solar luminosity, though the exact limit at which the transition would occur is still a highly debated topic. In general, the runaway greenhouse is believed to be a fundamental process in the evolution of Earth-sized, temperate planets. Using 1D radiative-convective climate calculations accounting for thick, hot water vapor-dominated atmospheres, we evaluate the transit atmospheric thickness of a post-runaway greenhouse atmosphere, and find that it could possibly reach over a thousand kilometers (i.e., a few tens of percent of the Earth’s radius). This abrupt radius inflation resulting from the runaway-greenhouse-induced transition could be detected statistically by ongoing and upcoming space missions. These include satellites such as TESS, CHEOPS, and PLATO combined with precise radial velocity mass measurements using ground-based spectrographs such as ESPRESSO, CARMENES, or SPIRou. This radius inflation could also be detected in multiplanetary systems such as TRAPPIST-1 once masses and radii are known with good enough precision. This result provides the community with an observational test of two points. The first point is the concept of runaway greenhouse, which defines the inner edge of the traditional habitable zone, and the exact limit of the runaway greenhouse transition. In particular, this could provide an empirical measurement of the irradiation at which Earth analogs transition from a temperate to a runaway greenhouse climate state. This astronomical measurement would make it possible to statistically estimate how close Earth is from the runaway greenhouse. Second, it could be used as a test for the presence (and statistical abundance) of water in temperate, Earth-sized exoplanets.
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Jones, M. D. H., and A. Henderson-Sellers. "History of the greenhouse effect." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, no. 1 (March 1990): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400101.

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The greenhouse effect is now commonly accepted by the scientific community, politicians and the general public. However, the misnomer 'greenhouse effect' has perpetuated, and there are a number of aspects of the effect which are poorly understood outside the atmospheric sciences. On such misconception is that greenhouse research is a recent phenomenon; another is that glasshouses are warmed by the same mechanism as lies at the heart of the greenhouse effect. This review traces the theory as far back as 1827, highlighting new directions and significant advances over that time. Four main themes can be discerned: 1) certain radiatively active gases are responsible for warming the planet ; 2) that humans can inadvertently influence this warming; 3) climate models are designed to permit prediction of the climatic changes in the atmospheric loadings of these gases but that they have not yet achieved this goal of prediction; and 4) many scenarios of changes, and especially of impact, are premised on relatively weak analysis. This latter point is illustrated by an examination of the relationship between increasing temperature and sea level change (the oceanic response to atmospheric warming). Current research suggests that sea-level rise is not likely to be as high as had previously been anticipated.
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Galashev, A., and Oksana Rakhmanova. "Atmospheric clustering, absorption and anti-greenhouse effect." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 28 (February 1, 2009): 282025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/28/282025.

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Philipona, Rolf. "Atmospheric thermal radiation – from historical measurements to investigations of the Earth's greenhouse effect." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0473.

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Yoshida, Tatsuya, Naoki Terada, Masahiro Ikoma, and Kiyoshi Kuramoto. "Less Effective Hydrodynamic Escape of H2–H2O Atmospheres on Terrestrial Planets Orbiting Pre-main-sequence M Dwarfs." Astrophysical Journal 934, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7be7.

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Abstract Terrestrial planets currently in the habitable zones around M dwarfs likely experienced a long-term runaway-greenhouse condition because of a slow decline in host-star luminosity in its pre-main-sequence phase. Accordingly, they might have lost significant portions of their atmospheres including water vapor at high concentration by hydrodynamic escape induced by the strong stellar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) irradiation. However, the atmospheric escape rates remain highly uncertain due partly to a lack of understanding of the effect of radiative cooling in the escape outflows. Here we carry out 1D hydrodynamic escape simulations for an H2–H2O atmosphere on a planet with mass of 1M ⊕ considering radiative and chemical processes to estimate the atmospheric escape rate and follow the atmospheric evolution during the early runaway-greenhouse phase. We find that the atmospheric escape rate decreases with the basal H2O/H2 ratio due to the energy loss by the radiative cooling of H2O and chemical products such as OH and OH+: the escape rate of H2 becomes one order of magnitude smaller when the basal H2O/H2 = 0.1 than that of the pure hydrogen atmosphere. The timescale for H2 escape exceeds the duration of the early runaway-greenhouse phase, depending on the initial atmospheric amount and composition, indicating that H2 and H2O could be left behind after the end of the runaway-greenhouse phase. Our results suggest that temperate and reducing environments with oceans could be formed on some terrestrial planets around M dwarfs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Greenhouse effect, atmospheric"

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Schultz, Lisa. "Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Using a Computer Model." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SchultzL2009.pdf.

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Li, Chi-cheong Markus. "The trading of greenhouse gas." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575485.

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Li, Chi-cheong Markus, and 李志昌. "The trading of greenhouse gas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575485.

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McKee, Ian Fraser. "Plant physiological and growth responses to elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO←2." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241094.

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Rochefort, Line. "Atmospheric CO←2 and environmental determinants of plant growth : a model with Sinapis alba L." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240047.

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O'Donnell, Chris. "The response of Avena fatua to the enhanced greenhouse effect /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17124.pdf.

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Pipatti, Riitta. "Emission estimtes for some acidifying and greenhouse gases and options for their control in Finland /." Espoo : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1998. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1998/P340.pdf.

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Manning, Gregory A. "An apparatus to investigate photon induced gaseous reactions using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974659.

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Nettleton, Stuart John. "Benchmarking climate change strategies under constrained resource usage /." Electronic version, 2009. http://utsescholarship.lib.uts.edu.au/iresearch/scholarly-works/handle/2100/1012.

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Webb, Leanne Beryl. "The impact of projected greenhouse gas-induced climate change on the Australian wine industry /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00003030.

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Books on the topic "Greenhouse effect, atmospheric"

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Thompson, Sharon Elaine. Greenhouse effect. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1992.

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Gay, Kathlyn. The greenhouse effect. New York: F. Watts, 1986.

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Hare, Tony. The greenhouse effect. New York: Gloucester Press, 1990.

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Hare, Tony. The greenhouse effect. New York: Gloucester Press, 1990.

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Kraljic, Matthew A. The greenhouse effect. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1992.

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Michael, Bright. The greenhouse effect. London: Gloucester Press, 1991.

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Stille, Darlene R. The greenhouse effect. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1990.

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Nilsson, Annika. Greenhouse earth. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1992.

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Nilsson, Annika. Greenhouse earth. Chichester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley, 1992.

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Wuebbles, Donald J. A primer on greenhouse gases. Washington, D.C: United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Greenhouse effect, atmospheric"

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Ponater, Michael, Simone Dietmüller, and Robert Sausen. "Greenhouse Effect, Radiative Forcing and Climate Sensitivity." In Atmospheric Physics, 85–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30183-4_6.

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Kondratyev, K. Ya, and C. Varotsos. "A review on Greenhouse Effect and Ozone Dynamics over Greece." In Atmospheric Ozone Dynamics, 175–228. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60797-4_16.

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Jelgersma, Saskia. "Atmospheric, Oceanic and Climatic Response to Greenhouse and Feedback Effect." In Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought, 75–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0701-0_4.

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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Automated Laboratory and Field Techniques to Determine Greenhouse Gas Emissions." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 109–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_3.

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AbstractMethods and techniques are described for automated measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in both the laboratory and the field. Robotic systems are currently available to measure the entire range of gases evolved from soils including dinitrogen (N2). These systems usually work on an exchange of the atmospheric N2with helium (He) so that N2 fluxes can be determined. Laboratory systems are often used in microbiology to determine kinetic response reactions via the dynamics of all gaseous N species such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and N2. Latest He incubation techniques also take plants into account, in order to study the effect of plant–soil interactions on GHGsand N2 production. The advantage of automated in-field techniques is that GHG emission rates can be determined at a high temporal resolution. This allows, for instance, to determine diurnal response reactions (e.g. with temperature) and GHG dynamics over longer time periods.
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Rozema, J., G. M. Lenssen, W. J. Arp, and J. W. M. Van De Staaij. "Global change, the impact of the greenhouse effect (atmospheric CO2 enrichment) and the increased UV-B radiation on terrestrial plants." In Tasks for vegetation science, 220–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0599-3_20.

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Smirnov, Boris M. "Greenhouse Effect in Varying Atmosphere." In Global Energetics of the Atmosphere, 169–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90008-3_7.

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Maia, Luisa B., Isabel Moura, and José J. G. Moura. "Carbon Dioxide Utilisation—The Formate Route." In Enzymes for Solving Humankind's Problems, 29–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58315-6_2.

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AbstractThe relentless rise of atmospheric CO2 is causing large and unpredictable impacts on the Earth climate, due to the CO2 significant greenhouse effect, besides being responsible for the ocean acidification, with consequent huge impacts in our daily lives and in all forms of life. To stop spiral of destruction, we must actively reduce the CO2 emissions and develop new and more efficient “CO2 sinks”. We should be focused on the opportunities provided by exploiting this novel and huge carbon feedstock to produce de novo fuels and added-value compounds. The conversion of CO2 into formate offers key advantages for carbon recycling, and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) enzymes are at the centre of intense research, due to the “green” advantages the bioconversion can offer, namely substrate and product selectivity and specificity, in reactions run at ambient temperature and pressure and neutral pH. In this chapter, we describe the remarkable recent progress towards efficient and selective FDH-catalysed CO2 reduction to formate. We focus on the enzymes, discussing their structure and mechanism of action. Selected promising studies and successful proof of concepts of FDH-dependent CO2 reduction to formate and beyond are discussed, to highlight the power of FDHs and the challenges this CO2 bioconversion still faces.
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Krainov, Vladimir, and Boris M. Smirnov. "Greenhouse Effect in Atmospheres of Earth and Venus." In Atomic and Molecular Radiative Processes, 227–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21955-0_7.

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Aresta, Michele, and Angela Dibenedetto. "The Atmosphere, the Natural Cycles, and the “Greenhouse Effect”." In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution, 31–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_3.

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Ntinyari, Winnie, and Joseph P. Gweyi-Onyango. "Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Agricultural Systems and Climate Change Effects in Sub- Saharan Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1081–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_43.

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AbstractClimate change has been viewed to result from anthropogenic human activities that have significantly altered the Nitrogen (N) cycle and carbon cycles, increasing the risks of global warming and pollution. A key cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions including methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon among others. The context of this chapter is based on a comprehensive desktop review on published scientific papers on climate change, greenhouse emissions, agricultural fertilizer use, modeling and projections of greenhouse gases emissions. Interestingly, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the least emissions of the greenhouses gases accounting for only 7% of the total world’s emissions, implying that there is overall very little contribution yet it has the highest regional burden concerning climate change impacts. However, the values could be extremely higher than this due to lack of proper estimation and measurement tools in the region and therefore, caution needs to be taken early enough to avoid taking the trend currently experienced in developed nations. In SSA, agricultural production is the leading sector in emissions of N compound to the atmosphere followed by energy and transportation. The greatest challenge lies in the management of the two systems to ensure sufficiency in food production using more bioenergy hence less pollution. Integrating livestock and cropping systems is one strategy that can reduce methane emissions. Additionally, developing fertilizer use policy to improve management of fertilizer and organic manure have been potentially considered as effective in reducing the effects of agriculture activities on climate change and hence the main focus of the current chapter.
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Conference papers on the topic "Greenhouse effect, atmospheric"

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Ackerman, Thomas P. "A tutorial on global atmospheric energetics and the greenhouse effect." In Global warming: physics and facts. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.41928.

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Meilhac, Nicolas, Jean‐Louis Dufresne, Vincent Eymet, and Richard Fournier. "Net‐exchange analysis of the Earth greenhouse effect increase." In CURRENT PROBLEMS IN ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION (IRS 2008): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3117075.

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Davies, R., and C. Radley. "Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Revisited: the Greenhouse Effect of Clouds." In CURRENT PROBLEMS IN ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION (IRS 2008): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3134603.

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Fischer, H. "Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Trace Constituents Using Mid-IR Fourier Transform Spectrometry." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.ma.1.

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The impact of industrial and agricultural human activities on the environment has now reached such proportions that even global scale effects are clearly observed. These activities lead to a steady growth in the atmospheric abundance of several radiatively and chemically active trace gases which influence the greenhouse effect and the tropospheric and stratospheric ozone.
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Evans, W. F. J., and E. Puckrin. "The Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Gases by Thermal Emission Spectroscopy." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.the.8.

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A technique for the remote sensing of tropospheric gases for air pollution and global warming has been developed. Models of global warming depend on the measured laboratory absorption spectra of Radiatively Active Gases, yet the atmosphere works on the radiative transfer of thermal emission. An outstanding question is then: are there discrepancies between calculations of radiation codes and atmospheric fluxes? Models of the global warming use laboratory absorption spectra of gases as a basis for radiative transfer calculations. In the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect actually arises through the emission of Planck blackbody radiation from atmospheric gases and aerosols. The measurement of atmospheric gases by thermal emission spectroscopy with FTIR technology is described using a technique which has recently been developed for measuring the thermal emission spectra of gases in a infrared cell in the laboratory. In particular, CFC11, CFC12, HNO3, NO2, SO2, CH4, CH4,C4H10 and N2O5 have been measured in the laboratory. These gases are of importance for investigations of the tropospheric chemistry of air pollution and global warming. The gases measured in the atmosphere include CFC11, CFC12, CFC22, ethylene and nitric acid. As an example, the thermal emission spectrum of CFC11 has been measured in detail. This is compared with the measured laboratory absorption spectrum and with the spectrum of CFC11 from an atmospheric observation. Atmospheric spectra indicating the presence of the several gases have been measured. It is shown that absorption spectra of these gases may not be adequate for detailed radiative transfer calculations in greenhouse models and for satellite thermal emission analysis.
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Sozaeva, Lezhinka Tanashevna. "INVESTIGATION OF SOOT PARTICULATES SCATTERING PROPERTIES IN ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPARENCY WINDOW." In Themed collection of papers from II Foreign International Scientific Conference «Science in the Era of Challenges and Global Changes» by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP (Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua). December 2023. – San Cristóbal (Venezuela). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/231221.2023.87.65.012.

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Scattering characteristics of infrared radiation by aerosol particles is analyzed in atmospheric transparency window. It is shown that in aerosol size range extenuation, absorption and backscatter values has their maximum with radius . It testifies that creation of aerosol layer with such particles sizes may provide greenhouse effect for strategic protection of plants from radiation frosts.
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Notholt, J., A. Keens, S. Wang, and T. J. Johnson. "Monitoring of Stratospheric Trace Gases in the Arctic with a New Mobile FTIR Spectrometer." In High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrfts.1992.fd1.

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Interest in atmospheric chemistry has risen dramatically in the last few years. Topics such as the ozone hole, greenhouse effect with global warming, and climatic change have all become household words. High-resolution FTIR clearly suggests itself as a method of choice for research in this field: The high resolution allows individual rotational-vibrational lines of atmospheric gases to be probed and trace gas concentrations thereby be quantified. Unambiguous quantitative identification of individual species is critical in order to characterize and model the changes in the atmosphere. Also, due to the reduced effect of intermolecular line broadening at lower pressures, the absorption linewidths become narrower at higher altitudes. With sufficient spectral resolution, the composite line profiles can thus be deconvoluted to yield vertical profiles of individual gases.
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Takeuchi, N., M. Suzuki, T. Yokota, A. Matsuzaki, and H. Akimoto. "Design of Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) aboard ADEOS." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.md1.

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Impact of the global environmental issues has been rapidly increasing nowadays. The depletion of the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect are typical topics among them. The satellite remote sensing is a powerful method for monitoring the global environment. On this occasion, the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) was planned to monitor the stratospheric ozone layers and the polar ozone holes, and was applied to the ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite), to be launched in February, 1995, by NASDA, Japan. ILAS was selected as an AO instruments, with two core sensors; AVNIR(Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer), OCTS(Ocean Color and Temperature Spectrometer), and other five AO sensors; NSCATT(NASA-Scatterometer), TOMS(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, NASA), POLDER(Polarization & Bidirectionality of Earth’s Surface, CNES), IMG(Infrared Mapper for Greenhouse Gases) and RIS(Retroreflector in Space). ILAS is a solar occultation sensor (Fig. 1), which measures high latitude stratospheric constituents in both hemispheres. ADEOS is an experimental polar platform spacecraft, to be launched to a sun-synchronous orbit by a H-II rocket. The equatorial crossing time will be 10:30 a.m. (descending). The inclination angle is 98.6 deg., the orbit altitude is 800 km, and the period of one cycle is 101 min. ADEOS is an international satellite, which offers the opportunity to the sensors from outside Japan. The combination of the ILAS (Japan) and TOMS (NASA) will work to give global coverage and the vertical profile for a global ozone distribution.
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Herndon, Marcus. "Effect of Thermal Depolymerization of Wasted Food Extracts on Alternate Fuel Production." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59535.

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Human activities like fossil fuel retrieval, biomass burning, waste disposal, and residential and commercial use of energy are continuing to effect the Earth’s energy budget by changing the emissions and resulting atmospheric concentrations of radioactively important gases, aerosols, and by changing land surface properties. These activities negatively contribute to Earth’s greenhouse gases including water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). Approximately 82% of greenhouse gases are developed from the United States, Asia, and Europe alone. Food and their extraction processes, including transportation of those extracts, account for about 35% of those greenhouse gases. This includes wasted, rotten, and uneaten food. About 40% of food in the United States today goes uneaten, resulting in more than 20 pounds of food per person every month. Not only does this mean that Americans are throwing out upwards of $165 billion each year, amounting to $1,350 to more than $2,275 annually in waste per family of four, but also 25 percent of all freshwater and huge amounts of unnecessary chemicals, energy, and land. Moreover, almost all of that uneaten food ends up rotting in landfills. This number has increased, in regards to organic matter, from approximately 16 percent of U.S. methane emissions in 2010 upwards to 25 percent in 2012. With the increase in supply and demand of food, in addition to the lower consumer cost, the statistics of wasted feedstocks are rapidly increasing. The purpose of this research is to utilize wasted food to extract natural hydrocarbon oils through thermal depolymerization in order to develop an alternative fuel. Thermal depolymerization is a hydrous pyrolysis process that breaks down long chained polymers into simpler compounds and light hydrocarbons, much of which can be separated and used for fuel. Polymers include essentially all organic matter i.e. matter made of living or once-living things, which include petroleum products like plastic, styro-foam, and nylon, as well as plant and animal material, and manure. Potatoes and corn starch were used as feedstocks for this research and thermal depolymerization was conducted on the feedstocks for analysis and fuel collection. With optimum use and a mature thermal depolymerization technology, the Earth might comfortably support 10 times its current population at a high standard of living. There is enough biomass existing now accessible on the surface of the earth to provide 100 years of human energy use.
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Martínez, Adrián, Carlos Lledó Ardila, Jordi Gutiérrez Cabello, and Pilar Gil Pons. "Further evidence of the long-term thermospheric density variation using 1U CubeSats." In Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.041.

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Faculty members, undergraduate and graduate students of the School of Communication and Aerospace Engineering (Polytechnical University of Catalonia) are participating in a series of studies to determine the thermospheric density. These studies involve planning a space mission, designing and constructing small satellites, and performing related data analysis. This article presents a method for determining the thermospheric density and summarises the academic context in which we develop our work. Several studies have reported the existence of a downtrend in thermospheric density, with relative values ranging from –2% to –7% per decade. Although it is well known that solar and geomagnetic activity are the main drivers of the variations of the thermospheric density, this downtrend was reported to be caused by the rise of greenhouse gases. We present an update of this progression, considering the last solar cycle (2009-2021) and using Two-Line Elements sets (TLE) of 1U CubeSats and the spherical satellites ANDE-2. TLEs were used to propagate the orbits numerically using SGP4 (Simplified General Perturbations), and then compute the average density between two consecutive TLEs by integrating the appropriate differential equation. Then, using the NRLMSISE-00 (Picone 2002) and JB2008 (Bowman 2008) atmospheric models, we calculated an average density deviation per year. We built a comprehensive time series of the thermospheric density values, ranging from 1967 to the present. We merged Emmert (2015) thermospheric density data and our results computed both with NRLMSISE-00 and with JB2008. A linear regression on the combined dataset yields a decreasing trend of –5.1% per decade. We also studied the geomagnetic and solar activity to isolate the possible greenhouse gasses effect during the considered period. Our results show a strong correlation between geomagnetic activity and density deviation near the solar minima, and we propose that the cause of the previously reported long-term density deviation could be a poor adjustment of the effects of geomagnetic activity. Finally, we proved that orbital information from small satellites could be efficiently used to assess the evolution of thermospheric density variations. Additional data obtained from future missions (as the one proposed by our group) will eventually allow a better characterisation of the atmospheric density and help disentangle the possible greenhouse gasses effects on its variations
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Reports on the topic "Greenhouse effect, atmospheric"

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Firestine, M. W. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the greenhouse effect. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5993221.

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Krishnamurthy, Ravi. PR328-214501-R01 Methods to Reduce Pipeline Blowdowns for Repair and Inspections. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012199.

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New regulations and modifications to existing environmental regulations are currently underway. The natural gas industry has consistently attempted to mitigate the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Blowdown mitigation represents an opportunity to directly reduce the extent of methane emissions released to the atmosphere and can have an immediate positive impact on reducing the effects of global warming. This work presents the current techniques available to minimize blowdowns by the pipeline industry during repair and replacements based on research and interviews. Industry best practices are presented and future work is proposed to further improve the blowdown mitigation techniques presented in this work.
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Suding, Paul Hugo, Alejandro Coca, Carolina Navarrete, David Arango, Andy Jarvis, Graham George Watkins, and Louis Reymondin. Potential Impact of Road Projects on Habitat Loss and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Guyana from 2012 to 2022. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009189.

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Deforestation as one of the potential indirect impacts of infrastructure development has increasingly become an important issue in the development community. While questions concerning the drivers and effects of deforestation and how to manage them have been on the minds of project officers and environmental specialists in development banks for many years, the issue of deforestation has gained prominence globally because of the realization that it leads to the potential release of carbon into the atmosphere in addition to being a threat to biodiversity and to ecosystem services. This publication reports the results of a study using the methodology already applied in a previous ex post analysis of five case studies across Latin America. Apart from delivering concrete results that are useful for ongoing IDB projects in Guyana, the study further explores the possibility of using this methodology as a basis for land-use management and in the development of infrastructure projects. The VPS/ESG intends to build on the work presented in this report by reviewing the options available for modeling land-use and land-cover change in Latin America.
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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.

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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
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Dello, Kathie D., and Philip W. Mote. Oregon climate assessment report : December 2010. Corvallis, Oregon : Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, Oregon State University, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1157.

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The group of scientists that make up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change found in 2007 that the warming of Earth’s climate is unequivocal and largely due to human activity. Earth’s climate has changed in the past, though the recent magnitude and pace of changes are unprecedented in human existence. Recent decades have been warmer than at any time in roughly 120,000 years. Most of this warming can be attributed to anthropogenic activity, primarily burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) for energy. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other heat trapping gases, also known as greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere. This warming cannot be explained by natural causes (volcanic and solar) alone. It can be said with confidence that human activities are primarily responsible for the observed 1.5 ˚F increase in 20th century temperatures in the Pacific Northwest. A warmer climate will affect this state substantially. In 2007, the Oregon State Legislature charged the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, via HB 3543, with assessing the state of climate change science including biological, physical and social science as it relates to Oregon and the likely effects of climate change on the state. This inaugural assessment report is meant to act as a compendium of the relevant research on climate change and its impacts on the state of Oregon. This report draws on a large body of work on climate change impacts in the western US from the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington and the California Climate Action Team. In this report, we also identify knowledge gaps, where we acknowledge the need for more research in certain areas. We hope this report will serve as a useful resource for decision-makers, stakeholders, researchers and all Oregonians. The following chapters address key sectors that fall within the biological, physical and social sciences in the state of Oregon.
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Buesseler, Buessele, Daniele Bianchi, Fei Chai, Jay T. Cullen, Margaret Estapa, Nicholas Hawco, Seth John, et al. Paths forward for exploring ocean iron fertilization. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/67120.

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We need a new way of talking about global warming. UN Secretary General António Guterres underscored this when he said the “era of global boiling” has arrived. Although we have made remarkable progress on a very complex problem over the past thirty years, we have a long way to go before we can keep the global temperature increase to below 2°C relative to the pre-industrial times. Climate models suggest that this next decade is critical if we are to avert the worst consequences of climate change. The world must continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and find ways to adapt and build resilience among vulnerable communities. At the same time, we need to find new ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to chart a “net negative” emissions pathway. Given their large capacity for carbon storage, the oceans must be included in consideration of our multiple carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. This report focused on ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine CDR. This is by no means a new scientific endeavor. Several members of ExOIS (Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions) have been studying this issue for decades, but the emergence of runaway climate impacts has motivated this group to consider a responsible path forward for marine CDR. That path needs to ensure that future choices are based upon the best science and social considerations required to reduce human suffering and counter economic and ecological losses, while limiting and even reversing the negative impacts that climate change is already having on the ocean and the rest of the planet. Prior studies have confirmed that the addition of small amounts of iron in some parts of the ocean is effective at stimulating phytoplankton growth. Through enhanced photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can not only be removed from the atmosphere but a fraction can also be transferred to durable storage in the deep sea. However, prior studies were not designed to quantify how effective this storage can be, or how wise OIF might be as a marine CDR approach. ExOIS is a consortium that was created in 2022 to consider what OIF studies are needed to answer critical questions about the potential efficiency and ecological impacts of marine CDR (http://oceaniron.org). Owing to concerns surrounding the ethics of marine CDR, ExOIS is organized around a responsible code of conduct that prioritizes activities for the collective benefit of our planet with an emphasis on open and transparent studies that include public engagement. Our goal is to establish open-source conventions for implementing OIF for marine CDR that can be assessed with appropriate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, going beyond just carbon accounting, to assess ecological and other non-carbon environmental effects (eMRV). As urgent as this is, it will still take 5 to 10 years of intensive work and considerable resources to accomplish this goal. We present here a “Paths Forward’’ report that stems from a week-long workshop held at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in May 2023 that was attended by international experts spanning atmospheric, oceanographic, and social sciences as well as legal specialists (see inside back cover). At the workshop, we reviewed prior OIF studies, distilled the lessons learned, and proposed several paths forward over the next decade to lay the foundation for evaluating OIF for marine CDR. Our discussion very quickly resulted in a recommendation for the need to establish multiple “Ocean Iron Observatories’’ where, through observations and modeling, we would be able to assess with a high degree of certainty both the durable removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide—which we term the “centennial tonne”—and the ecological response of the ocean. In a five-year phase I period, we prioritize five major research activities: 1. Next generation field studies: Studies of long-term (durable) carbon storage will need to be longer (year or more) and larger (>10,000 km2) than past experiments, organized around existing tools and models, but with greater reliance on autonomous platforms. While prior studies suggested that ocean systems return to ambient conditions once iron infusion is stopped, this needs to be verified. We suggest that these next field experiments take place in the NE Pacific to assess the processes controlling carbon removal efficiencies, as well as the intended and unintended ecological and geochemical consequences. 2. Regional, global and field study modeling Incorporation of new observations and model intercomparisons are essential to accurately represent how iron cycling processes regulate OIF effects on marine ecosystems and carbon sequestration, to support experimental planning for large-scale MRV, and to guide decision making on marine CDR choices. 3. New forms of iron and delivery mechanisms Rigorous testing and comparison of new forms of iron and their potential delivery mechanisms is needed to optimize phytoplankton growth while minimizing the financial and carbon costs of OIF. Efficiency gains are expected to generate responses closer to those of natural OIF events. 4. Monitoring, reporting, and verification: Advances in observational technologies and platforms are needed to support the development, validation, and maintenance of models required for MRV of large-scale OIF deployment. In addition to tracking carbon storage and efficiency, prioritizing eMRV will be key to developing regulated carbon markets. 5. Governance and stakeholder engagement: Attention to social dimensions, governance, and stakeholder perceptions will be essential from the start, with particular emphasis on expanding the diversity of groups engaged in marine CDR across the globe. This feedback will be a critical component underlying future decisions about whether to proceed, or not, with OIF for marine CDR. Paramount in the plan is the need to move carefully. Our goal is to conduct these five activities in parallel to inform decisions steering the establishment of ocean iron observatories at multiple locations in phase II. When completed, this decadal plan will provide a rich knowledge base to guide decisions about if, when, where, and under what conditions OIF might be responsibly implemented for marine CDR. The consensus of our workshop and this report is that now is the time for actionable studies to begin. Quite simply, we suggest that some form of marine CDR will be essential to slow down and reverse the most severe consequences of our disrupted climate. OIF has the potential to be one of these climate mitigation strategies. We have the opportunity and obligation to invest in the knowledge necessary to ensure that we can make scientifically and ethically sound decisions for the future of our planet.
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