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Journal articles on the topic 'Greenhouse effects'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Bezari, Salah, Sidi Mohammed El Amine Bekkouche, Ahmed Benchatti, Asma Adda, and Azzedine Boutelhig. "Effects of the Rock-Bed Heat Storage System on the Solar Greenhouse Microclimate." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 19, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.190608.

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The Mediterranean area is characterized by intense radiation generating high temperatures during the day in the greenhouse and low temperatures during the night. The temperature gap problem between the daytime and the nocturnal period which characterizes the region requires the use of greenhouses with a thermal storage system. A greenhouse equipped with a sensible heat storage system using a rock-bed, was compared to a witness one, under the same climatic conditions. Measurements were performed on the microclimate parameters of both greenhouses, such as temperature and relative humidity. Our work is based on an experimental analysis of greenhouse microclimate and evaluating the evolution of temperature and relative humidity prevailing inside the greenhouse. It has been found that the system efficiency is improved due to the storing of heat in excess during the daytime. This stored energy is used during night. The main obtained results showed that the heat storage system allowed an increase in the air temperature up to 0.9℃ and a decrease of the relative humidity about 3.4% during the night compared to the witness greenhouse. The improvement in the heated greenhouse microclimate during night has a very positive impact on the quality of fruit and yield.

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2

Keir, Robin S. "Ironing out greenhouse effects." Nature 349, no. 6306 (January 1991): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/349198a0.

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3

Scarratt, J. B. "Greenhouse Managers: Beware Combustion Fumes in Container Greenhouses." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61308-4.

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The combustion of fossil fuels produces a number of gases that can be phytotoxic to plants. Managers of container nurseries should be alert to the fact that entry of these combustion gases into the greenhouse environment can have serious effects upon tree seedlings. At high concentrations, seedlings may be severely damaged or killed outright. Chronic exposure to low levels of pollution can significantly reduce seedling growth even when no other visible symptoms are present. Careful design and layout of greenhouse facilities, and vigilance in the operation of heating equipment, generators and vehicles, are essential to avoid the risk of pollution damage. The effects of an incident in which jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) container stock was exposed to non-lethal concentrations of combustion gasses are described.

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4

Severin, M., R. Fuß, R. Well, F. Garlipp, and H. Van den Weghe. "Soil, slurry and application effects on greenhouse gas emissions." Plant, Soil and Environment 61, No. 8 (June 6, 2016): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2015-pse.

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5

Villagrán, Edwin Andrés, and Carlos Ricardo Bojacá. "Effects of surrounding objects on the thermal performance of passively ventilated greenhouses." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 50, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2019.856.

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The growing expansion of protected horticulture in many regions is occurring around densely populated areas where land for agriculture is scarce, expensive or is used for other purposes. Inexpensive plastic passively ventilated greenhouses are the common choice for protected cultivation in these developing regions. The objective of this work was to analyse the effect of surrounding constructions and natural obstacles on the thermal performance of two naturally ventilated greenhouses. A saw tooth type greenhouse (TCG), typical for Colombian production, and an optimised greenhouse (OG) alternative with greater ventilation areas were analysed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with and without the surrounding objects of a real environment. The results showed that air exchange rate of a greenhouse with restricted ventilation areas are greatly reduced when neighbouring objects are high enough. This ventilation restriction is intensified under low wind speed conditions. The temperature gradients of the OG greenhouse were lower than those of the TCG scenarios due to the increased ventilation rates. The rooftop ventilation index for the OG greenhouse was increased by 65% with respect to the TCG greenhouse index, resulting in a direct effect on the ventilation rates. An improved air exchange with the outside can be reached by increasing the greenhouse ventilation areas, especially the roof vents, to overcome the airflow restrictions imposed by the surrounding environment. This simulation exercise was validated with field temperature data collected for a real OG prototype built in the Bogota plateau, with results showing a similar pattern for the internal temperature gradient as exhibited by the CFD model.

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6

Rasheed, Na, Lee, Kim, and Lee. "Optimization of Greenhouse Thermal Screens for Maximized Energy Conservation." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193592.

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In this work, we proposed a Building Energy Simulation (BES) dynamic climatic model of greenhouses by utilizing Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS 18) software to study the effect of use of different thermal screen materials and control strategies of thermal screens on heat energy requirement of greenhouses. Thermal properties of the most common greenhouse thermal screens were measured and used in the BES model. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.84 and 0.78 showed good agreement between the computed and experimental results, thus the proposed model appears to be appropriate for performing greenhouse thermal simulations. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effects of different thermal screens including; Polyester, Luxous, Tempa, and Multi-layers, as well as to evaluate control strategies of greenhouse thermal screens, subjected to Daegu city, (latitude 35.53 °N, longitude 128.36 °E) South Korea winter season weather conditions. Obtained results show that the heating requirement of greenhouses with multi-layer night thermal screens was 20%, 5.4%, and 13.5%, less than the Polyester, Luxous, and Tempa screens respectively. Thus, our experiments confirm that the use of multi-layered thermal screen can reduce greenhouse heat energy requirement. Furthermore, screen-control with outside solar radiation at an optimum setpoint of 60 W·m−2 significantly influences the greenhouse’s energy conservation capacity, as it exhibited 699.5 MJ · m−2, the least energy demand of all strategies tested. Moreover, the proposed model allows dynamic simulation of greenhouse systems and enables researchers and farmers to evaluate different screens and screen control strategies that suit their investment capabilities and local weather conditions.

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7

Aberkani, Kamal, Xiuming Hao, Damien de Halleux, Martine Dorais, Stephen Vineberg, and André Gosselin. "Effects of Shading Using a Retractable Liquid Foam Technology on Greenhouse and Plant Microclimates." HortTechnology 20, no. 2 (April 2010): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.2.283.

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Climate control is an important aspect of greenhouse crop management. Shading is one popular method for reducing excess solar heat radiation and high air temperatures in the greenhouse during the summer season. A new innovative technology has recently been developed and is based on the injection of liquid foam between the double layers of polyethylene of the greenhouse roof. The foam can be used as a shading method during the warm days of the summer. This is the first investigation into the effect of shading using the liquid foam technology on greenhouse and plant microclimates. Our research was conducted over 2 years in two different areas of Canada. Experimental greenhouses were retrofitted with the new technology. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) were transplanted. Two shading strategies were used: 1) comparison of a conventional nonmovable shading curtain to the liquid foam shading system and application of liquid foam shading based only on outside global solar radiation; and 2) application of foam shading based on both outside global solar radiation and greenhouse air temperature. Data on the greenhouse microclimate (global solar radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity), the canopy microclimate (leaf and bottom fruit temperatures), and ventilation (opening/closing) were recorded. Our study showed that the retractable liquid foam technology improved greenhouse climate. Under some conditions (very sunny and hot days), a large difference in air temperature (up to 6 °C) was noted between the unshaded and shaded greenhouses as a result of liquid foam application (40% to 65% shading). Foam shading also increased relative humidity by 5% to 12%. Furthermore, bottom fruit temperatures stayed cooler 3 h after shading treatment was stopped. As well, a reduction in ventilation needs was observed with liquid foam shading.

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8

Papadopoulos, Athanasios P. "GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENT OPTIMIZATION FOR SEEDLESS CUCUMBERS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 662c—662. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.662c.

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The greenhouse cover has previously been shown to have large effects upon the greenhouse environment, crop productivity and energy use. However, in most cases, because of inadequate treatment replication, the extent of these effects has been impossible to quantify with confidence. In the fall of 1987, a new greenhouse complex of 9 mini greenhouses (6.4m × 7.2m, each) was constructed at the Harrow Research Station on the principles of the 3×3 Latin Square experimental design and with glass, double polyethylene film and double acrylic panel greenhouse covers as the three levels of treatment in the Latin Square. During the spring seasons of 1988 and 1990 the greenhouse cucumber cultivar Corona was cropped in rockwool in all 9 mini greenhouses, under 3 day air (DAT: 18°C, 21 °C and 24°C) and 3 night air temperatures (NAT: 16°C, 18°C and 20°C), superimposed across the rows and columns of greenhouses, respectively, to estimate yield and energy use response to DAT, NAT and greenhouse cover variation. Early marketable yield was highest at the 18/18 and 18/20°C DAT/NAT combinations and final marketable yield was highest at 18°C DAT regardless of NAT. Yield differences due to the greenhouse cover were insignificant. However, there were consistent differences in greenhouse air RH due to greenhouse cover (60%, 70% and 75% daily averages for glass, double polyethylene and double acrylic, respectively). Also, there were significant energy savings with the use of double polyethylene or double acrylic, as compared to glass greenhouse cover, and with low DAT and NAT (28%, 15% and 12% energy use reduction, respectively).

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9

Perkins, Sid. "Satellites Verify Greenhouse-Gas Effects." Science News 159, no. 11 (March 17, 2001): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3981615.

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10

Mitchell, J. F. B. "Local effects of greenhouse gases." Nature 332, no. 6163 (March 1988): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332399a0.

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11

Roslan, N., M. E. Ya’acob, D. Jamaludin, Y. Hashimoto, M. H. Othman, A. Noor Iskandar, M. R. Ariffin, et al. "Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC): Effects on Light Quality, Microclimate, and Growth of Orthosiphon stamineus in Tropical Climatic Condition." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040631.

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The main challenge facing greenhouse designers is to achieve environment-appropriate greenhouses, especially in tropical regions. The excess radiant energy transmitted into the greenhouse predisposes plants to photo-inhibition and consequently reduces crop production. Lately, photovoltaic (PV) modules are equipped as a greenhouse rooftop to minimize the level of irradiation and air temperature in the greenhouse, simultaneously improving its energy consumption. Nevertheless, due to the low level of irradiation, denser conventional PV internal shading would influence the cultivated crops’ growth. Thus, Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) possesses several attractive features such as transparent, sensitive to low light levels, and various color options that render DSSC a perfect choice able to serve substantially in energy buildings. This study assessed the microclimate conditions inside the greenhouse with semi-transparent DSSC mounted on top of it, describing the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) (µmol m−2 s−1), Vapor Pressure Deficit VPD (kPa), relative humidity (%), and also temperature (°C). The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV), which indicates the average thermal energy transmission rate across the external layer of a structure envelope, is also presented. The effects of colored DSSC in altering the spectral of sunlight in reference to the Orthosiphon stamineus growth responses were determined. The information of the condition of DSSC greenhouse microclimate helps to identify the information for designing PV greenhouses and to produce income from both electric power and agronomic activity.

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12

Vos, J., and P. M. van Bergem-Jansen. "Greenhouse lighting side-effects: Community reaction." Lighting Research and Technology 27, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14771535950270010301.

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13

Liang, H., V. Lukyanov, S. Cohen, D. Shapiro, U. Adler, D. Silverman, and J. Tanny. "Microclimate in naturally ventilated tunnel greenhouses: effects of passive heating and greenhouse cover." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1170 (July 2017): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1170.32.

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14

Sinanoglou, Vassilia J., Angeliki Kavga, Irini F. Strati, Georgios Sotiroudis, Dimitra Lantzouraki, and Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis. "Effects of Infrared Radiation on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Greenhouse Cultivation and Fruits’ Phenolic Profile." Foods 8, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8120630.

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The implementation of Infrared (IR) radiation in heated greenhouses possesses the advantage of high directional control and focused compensation of energy losses, appropriate for creating local microclimate conditions in highly energy-consuming systems, such as greenhouses. Moreover, it can efficiently maintain favorable environmental conditions at the plant canopy. The present study studies the application of Infrared (IR) heating in an experimental greenhouse with eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivation. The experimental results are presented from a full cultivation period inside two identical, small scale experimental greenhouses, with IR and forced air heating system, respectively. The effects of IR heating over plant growth parameters, including the yield of the fruits as well as the total phenolic content and the antioxidant profile of eggplants fruits’ extracts are measured and discussed. The results indicate a greater uniformity production in the IR heating greenhouse in terms of antioxidant and radical scavenging activities, as well as the total phenolic content. Moreover, the phenolic profile of eggplant fruits from both greenhouses revealed the existence of numerous bioactive compounds, some of which were only characteristic of the eggplant fruits from IR heated greenhouses.

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15

Jacobson, Alison Bingham, Terri W. Starman, and Leonardo Lombardini. "Substrate Moisture Content Effects on Growth and Shelf Life of Angelonia angustifolia." HortScience 50, no. 2 (February 2015): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.2.272.

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Wilting during shelf life is a major cause of postharvest shrink for bedding plants shipped long distances from production greenhouses to retail outlets. The objective of this research was to determine if irrigation at lower, constant substrate moisture content (SMC) during greenhouse production would be a feasible way to acclimate plants for reduced shrinkage during shelf life while potentially conserving irrigation water. In two separate experiments conducted in the fall and spring seasons, rooted plugs of Angelonia angustifolia ‘Angelface Blue’ (angelonia) were grown in greenhouse production until a marketable stage in substrates irrigated at SMC levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% using a controlled irrigation system. At the end of the greenhouse production stage, plants were irrigated to container capacity and subjected to a simulated shipping environment in shipping boxes in the dark for 2 days. After shipping, plants were placed back in the greenhouse and watered minimally to simulate a retail environment. Data were taken at the end of each stage, i.e., greenhouse production, simulated shipping, and simulated retail. Results indicated that as SMC decreased from 40% to 10%, plants were shorter in height but had proportional and more compact flowering sections. The volume of water received by the 40% SMC plants was three times greater (fall) and 12 times greater (spring) than the 20% SMC plants during greenhouse production and two times greater (fall) and nine time greater (spring) during simulated retail. During production, midday water potentials decreased as the SMC levels decreased, but at the end of the simulated retail, the midday water potentials were the same, suggesting that plants that were drought-stressed during production were acclimated to lower water levels experienced in retail settings. Overall, the 20% SMC treatment produced the best postharvest quality plant resulting from reduced plant height without detrimental effects on flowering. The results demonstrate that while conserving water, controlled irrigation at a lower SMC can produce high-quality plants that have equal shelf life to those that are irrigated at high levels.

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16

Stieve*, Susan M., and David Tay. "Seed Production of Field- and Greenhouse-Grown Herbaceous Ornamental Plants: Flowering and Pollinator Effects." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 891C—891. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.891c.

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Seeds of herbaceous ornamental accessions conserved by the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) are traditionally produced in summer field cages with honey bees (Apis mellifera) when pollinators are required. Efficient methods to produce high-quality seed in greenhouses may allow for year-round seed production. Flower quantities and effects of pollinators on number and weight of seed produced were studied in field cages and greenhouses at the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center in 2003 in a randomized complete-block experiment. Honey bees, bumblebees (Bombus impatiens), or blue bottle flies (Diptera calliphoridae) were used as pollinators. Field cages and greenhouse compartments with no pollinator were controls. Cultivars used were Antirrhinum majus `Gum Drop', Coreopsis tinctoria `Plains Bicolor', Dianthus chinensis `Carnation' (NPGS accession NSL 15527), Rudbeckia hirta `Indian Summer', and Tagetes patula `Jaguar'. Seeds were harvested, cleaned, weighed, and 100-seed weights calculated. On average Antirrhinum, Dianthus, Rudbeckia and Tagetes produced more flowers in greenhouses, Coreopsis produced more flowers in the field. Coreopsis and Rudbeckia produced more seed per flower on average with field pollination by honey bees, Antirrhinum and Dianthus produced most with bumblebees in the field, and Tagetes produced most with blue bottle flies in the greenhouse. Each genus had similar 100-seed weights on average in all treatments. Results show pollinators other than honey bees are useful for herbaceous ornamental seed production and that seed production in greenhouses may be an alternative method for seed production of herbaceous ornamentals.

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17

Erwin, John, Esther Gesick, Ben Dill, and Charles Rohwer. "Photoperiod, Irradiance, and Cool Temperature Effects on Gymnocalycium, Rebutia, Lobivia, and Sulcorebutia sp. Growth and Flowering." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 992B—992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.992b.

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A study was conducted to determine if photoperiod, irradiance, and/or a cool temperatures impacted flowering of selected species in five cactus genera. Gymnocalycium, Rebutia, Lobivia, and Sulcorebutia plants were grown for 4 months under natural daylight conditions (August–November) in a greenhouse maintained at 26 ± 2 °C. Plants were then placed in either of two greenhouses: 1) a greenhouse maintained at 22 °C day/18 ± 1 °C night temperature with an 8-h daylength (SD) or natural daylight plus night interruption lighting (NI; 2200–0200 HR), or 2) a greenhouse maintained at 5 ± 2 °C under natural daylight conditions (8–10 h). After 12 weeks at 5 °C, plants were moved to the SD and NI lighting treatments in the before mentioned greenhouse and additional lighting treatment [natural daylight plus supplemental high-pressure sodium lighting (85–95 μmol·m-2·s-1; 0800–0200 HR)]. In all cases, plants were moved out of lighting treatments after 6 weeks and were then grown under natural daylight conditions in a greenhouse maintained at constant 22 ± 1 °C. Data were collected on the approximate date growth commenced, the date when each flower opened (five flowers only), flower number per plant, and individual flower longevity (five flowers only). Species were classified into photoperiodic and irradiance response groups where appropriate and whether species exhibited a vernalization requirement was reported. Lastly, whether dormancy occurred and what conditions overcame that dormancy was reported.

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18

Hand, D. W. "EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY ON GREENHOUSE CROPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 229 (December 1988): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.229.12.

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19

Berz, Gerhard A. "Greenhouse Effects on Natural Catastrophes and Insurance." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 17, no. 3 (July 1992): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1992.29.

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20

McKay, C., J. Pollack, and R. Courtin. "The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan." Science 253, no. 5024 (September 6, 1991): 1118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.11538492.

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21

Boehmer-Christiansen, Sonja. "Limiting Greenhouse Effects: Controlling Carbon Dioxide Emissions." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 55, no. 6 (May 1993): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(93)90035-w.

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22

Faust, James E., Pamela C. Korczynski, and Uttara C. Samarakoon. "Quantifying the Effects of Hanging Baskets on the Greenhouse Light Environment." HortTechnology 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.3.369.

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During the production of ornamentals in commercial greenhouses, hanging baskets are often grown above the bench or floor space to maximize production. These hanging baskets impact the light environment delivered to the crop underneath. An experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of hanging basket density (determined by number of lines of containers per greenhouse bay and container spacing per line), container content (with plants vs. no plants), and container color (white vs. green) on photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) transmission and red (R) and far-red (FR) light measurements at the greenhouse floor under the hanging basket treatments. Interception of PPF was calculated as a proportion of the treatment with no hanging baskets. Interception of PPF increased as hanging basket density increased, from 5.3% interception at 0.21 containers/yard2 to 25.5% interception at 2.57 containers/yard2. Green containers intercepted 36.1% more radiation than the white containers. Presence of plants in the containers resulted in 62.3% greater PPF interception than containers without plants. R:FR was reduced from 1.15 measured under hanging basket treatments without plants to 1.07 under hanging basket treatments containing plants.

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23

TSUJITA, M. J., and R. G. DUTTON. "ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON PEAT-BAG-CULTURED GERBERAS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 585–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-081.

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Three cultivars of Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f. planted in peat bags were grown in greenhouses at 16 °C/12.5 °C/12.5 °C or 16 °C/12.5 °C/22 °C day/night/root-zone temperatures. The yield and stem length of the three gerbera cultivars were substantially enhanced by root-zone heating (16 °C/12.5 °C/22 °C). Placing peat bags on heated soil was effective in maintaining the root-zone temperature for Gerbera production.Key words: Gerbera jamesonii, greenhouse production

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24

Xu, Hui, Lan Jie Zhao, Guo Hong Tong, Yi Qing Cui, and Tian Lai Li. "Microclimate Variations with Wall Configurations for Chinese Solar Greenhouses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.931.

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Five greenhouses with different typical wall configurations were studied, including the hollow brick wall (HB), clay brick wall composed of mural column (MCCB), wall composed of fly ash air block brick (FAABB), clay brick wall composed of plum small hole column (PSHCCB), common clay brick wall with Styrofoam wall outside (SCB) to find out the effects of the north walls on the greenhouse microclimate. The interior temperature and RH environment, as well as the heating rate, cooling rate and the correlation with the outside temperature, were tested and compared, finding that the greenhouse with FAABB exhibits the optimal temperature and RH environment, and also the highest thermal stability. The findings may provide references for greenhouse construction and insulation measures.

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Schrader, James A., Gowrishankar Srinivasan, David Grewell, Kenneth G. McCabe, and William R. Graves. "Fertilizer Effects of Soy-plastic Containers during Crop Production and Transplant Establishment." HortScience 48, no. 6 (June 2013): 724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.6.724.

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As part of a project to develop and assess bio-based, biodegradable plastics for their potential to replace petroleum-based plastics in specialty-crop containers, we evaluated prototype containers made of protein-based polymers from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for their effectiveness during production of plants in greenhouses and subsequent establishment of those plants outdoors. Our objective was to assess the function and biodegradation of soy-based plastic containers with special attention to whether a fertilizer effect results from degrading containers before and after plants are moved outdoors. In our first experiment, plants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were grown in soy-plastic containers and control containers of petroleum-based (polypropylene) plastic under greenhouse conditions for 4 weeks. Each plant then was transplanted and grown in an outdoor garden plot for 5 weeks with the container removed, broken into pieces less than 4 cm in diameter, and installed beneath the roots of the transplant. Three additional experiments were performed: a greenhouse trial to quantify the relative concentration and form of plant-available nitrogen (N) released from soy-plastic containers of three types [soy plastic, soy plastic coated with polylactic acid (PLA), and soy–PLA polymer blended 50:50 by weight] during production; a greenhouse trial to evaluate the same three container types under production conditions with five container-crop species; and a field trial to assess the effects of the 50:50 soy–PLA container on transplant establishment. Plant-available N was released from soy-based plastic containers during greenhouse production, and transplant establishment was enhanced when the soy-based container was removed, crushed, and installed in the soil near plant roots. During greenhouse production, containers of high-percentage soy plastic released N at an excessive rate (623 mg·L−1 in leachate) and predominantly in the form of NH4+ (99.4% at 3 weeks of culture). Containers made by blending soy plastic with PLA released N at a favorable rate during production. In both field trials, growth and health of plants cultured in soy containers were better than those of controls. Although the design and material formulation of soy-plastic containers need to be improved to optimize container integrity and plant health during production, our results illustrate the potential to use soy-based plastics in biodegradable containers that release N at rates that promote growth and health of plants during greenhouse production and establishment of transplants outdoors.

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26

Wetzstein, Hazel Y., and S. Edward Law. "Measurements of Ambient Ozone Concentrations Show Elevated Levels within Commercial Greenhouses." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 976B—976. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.976b.

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Ozone is a highly oxidizing phytotoxic air pollutant, whose effects are documented to adversely affect crop growth and productivity. In contrast to the large body of published work investigating the effects of atmospheric ozone on outdoor agronomic and forestry crops, relatively few studies have addressed the effects of ozone exposure on greenhouse-grown crops. Outdoor concentrations of ozone can commonly attain concentrations in the 50–150 ppb range, which are known to detrimentally impact plant growth. The objective of this study was to characterize ozone exposure in commercial greenhouses as a prelude to the determination of dose–response effects on specific greenhouse crops and the development of ozone abatement methods, if appropriate. This study documented the levels and diurnal fluctuations in atmospheric ozone concentrations over two annual June–October “ozone seasons.” Measurements were taken every 10 min. for both indoor and outdoor ozone concentration, solar radiation, and temperature. Unexpectedly, indoor ozone concentrations often exhibited elevated levels that were 25% to 35% higher than outdoor concentrations, even in well-ventilated houses. These findings suggest that additional ozone production may occur within the greenhouse environment. Evaluations of causative factors and ozone effects on commercial crop production are warranted.

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27

Tasli, M., Z. Yoldas, G. B. Öztekin, and Y. Tüzel. "Effects of some repellent plants on greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) in greenhouse tomato production." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1164 (June 2017): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1164.52.

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28

Tangen, Brian A., and Sheel Bansal. "Hydrologic Lag Effects on Wetland Greenhouse Gas Fluxes." Atmosphere 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050269.

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Hydrologic margins of wetlands are narrow, transient zones between inundated and dry areas. As water levels fluctuate, the dynamic hydrology at margins may impact wetland greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes that are sensitive to soil saturation. The Prairie Pothole Region of North America consists of millions of seasonally-ponded wetlands that are ideal for studying hydrologic transition states. Using a long-term GHG database with biweekly flux measurements from 88 seasonal wetlands, we categorized each sample event into wet to wet (W→W), dry to wet (D→W), dry to dry (D→D), or wet to dry (W→D) hydrologic states based on the presence or absence of ponded water from the previous and current event. Fluxes of methane were 5-times lower in the D→W compared to W→W states, indicating a lag ‘ramp-up’ period following ponding. Nitrous oxide fluxes were highest in the W→D state and accounted for 20% of total emissions despite accounting for only 5.2% of wetland surface area during the growing season. Fluxes of carbon dioxide were unaffected by transitions, indicating a rapid acclimation to current conditions by respiring organisms. Results of this study highlight how seasonal drying and re-wetting impact GHGs and demonstrate the importance of hydrologic transitions on total wetland GHG balance.

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Uysal, N., Y. Tuzel, G. B. Oztekin, and I. H. Tuzel. "EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS ON GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER PRODUCTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 927 (February 2012): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.927.32.

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Noto, G. "SOIL SOLARIZATION IN GREENHOUSE: EFFECTS ON TOMATO CROP." Acta Horticulturae, no. 357 (April 1994): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.357.20.

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31

Idso, Sherwood B. "The Search for Global CO2 etc. ‘Greenhouse Effects’." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 1 (1985): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900015125.

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The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth's atmosphere has been steadily increasing since the inception of the Industrial Revolution. Believed to be due primarily to the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests, this phenomenon has two potential consequences of global importance.Many scientists believe that the CO2 increases projected for Earth's atmosphere by the middle of the next century will lead to a significant warming of the planet which could severely impact world agriculture and cause a melting of polar ice which would greatly raise sea-levels and lead to the flooding of coastal lowlands. Others, however, point to the demonstrable positive effects of elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 on plant productivity and wateruse efficiency, suggesting that more CO2 in the air will be beneficial to The Biosphere. Against this backlog of controversy, scientists of both persuasions have attempted the ‘first detection’ of either or both of these effects on a global scale.With respect to the quest for a climatic ‘signal’, numerous studies conducted to date have come up emptyhanded; it is just not discernible from the natural variations inherent in the data. However, there does appear to be a manifestation of enhanced global photosynthetic activity in the yearly amplitude of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at a number of sites around the world; and the most logical explanation of that seems to be the CO2-induced enhancement of plant growth and development which has been demonstrated to occur in hundreds of laboratory and field experiments.

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Lee, Daegoon, Seong-Hoon Cho, Roland K. Roberts, and Dayton M. Lambert. "Effects of Population Redistribution on Greenhouse Gas Emissions." International Regional Science Review 39, no. 2 (March 23, 2015): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017615571585.

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Mortensen, L. M., and E. Strømme. "Effects of light quality on some greenhouse crops." Scientia Horticulturae 33, no. 1-2 (August 1987): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(87)90029-x.

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Balling, Robert C., and Sherwood B. Idso. "Effects of greenhouse warming on maximum summer temperatures." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 53, no. 1-2 (November 1990): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(90)90129-t.

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35

Nikolaou, Georgios, Damianos Neocleous, Nikolaos Katsoulas, and Constantinos Kittas. "Effects of Cooling Systems on Greenhouse Microclimate and Cucumber Growth under Mediterranean Climatic Conditions." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060300.

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Two experiments were conducted in different cropping seasons under Mediterranean climatic conditions to investigate the impact of two cooling systems (fan-pad evaporative as opposed to fan ventilation) on greenhouse microclimate and soilless cucumber growth. The second objective of the experiment was to determine the most appropriate irrigation regime (between 0.24 and 0.32 L m−2) in relation to crop water uptake and greenhouse fertigation effluents. The use of a fan ventilation system enhanced the vapor pressure deficit; thus, the crop transpiration improved by 60% in relation to the transpiration rates of plants grown under the fan-pad system. Higher transpiration rates alleviated the heat load as the external–inside greenhouse air differences declined from 6.2 °C to 3 °C. The leaf–air temperature differential indicated that plants were not facing any water stress conditions for both cooling systems tested; however, fan ventilation reduced drainage emissions outflows (95% decrease) compared with evaporative cooling. Results also demonstrated that an irrigation regime of 0.24 L m−2 can be applied successfully in soilless cucumber crops, keeping the drainage to a minimum (20% of the nutrient solution supply). These results suggest that fan ventilation cooling system in conjugation with an appropriate irrigation regime prevents overheating and minimizes the nutrient and water losses in spring-grown soilless cucumber crops in Mediterranean greenhouses without compromising yield.

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Akrami, Mohammad, Akbar A. Javadi, Matthew J. Hassanein, Raziyeh Farmani, Mahdieh Dibaj, Gavin R. Tabor, and Abdelazim Negm. "Study of the Effects of Vent Configuration on Mono-Span Greenhouse Ventilation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030986.

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The rise in the human population, its density and scarcity of resources require cost-effective solutions for sustainable energy and water resources. Smart and sustainable agriculture is one important factor for future green cities to tackle climate change as a cost-effective solution to save energy and water. However, greenhouses (GH) require consistent ventilation due to their internal temperatures, and this can be an energy-intensive operation. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the potential factors involved. In this study, the effect of vent configuration of a mono-span greenhouse with roof and side vents at low wind speeds was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The validated simulations were then performed on different models to analyse the effects of the vents’ locations on the ventilation requirements. The side vents were found to contribute most to the ventilation. The position of the side vent was found to affect the convection loop in the greenhouse and the air velocity at the plant level. The humidity was shown to be highest under the windward side vent. The roof vent was found to affect the temperature and air velocity in the roof of the greenhouse but had very little effect on the distributions at the plant level.

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Alharbi, Abdulaziz R., Jouke Campen, Mohamed Sharaf, Feije De Zwart, Wim Voogt, Kess Scheffers, Ilias Tsafaras, et al. "DE EFFECT OF CLEAR AND DEFUSE GLASS COVERING MATERIALS ON FRUIT YIELD AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER GROWN IN HOT CLIMATE." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.3.4.

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Using proper greenhouse covering materials can provide a suitable environment for plant growth in Saudi Arabia. The effects of three different greenhouse covering materials, clear glass, polycarbonate and diffuse tempered glass were used to evaluate its effect on cucumber productivity, water and energy use efficiency. Results show that either water or light use efficiency was higher in compartments covered with diffused or clear glass than polycarbonate compartment. Inconsequence, fruit yield of cucumber plants/m2 was significantly higher (58%) in clear and diffuse glass greenhouses as opposed to polycarbonate greenhouse. In term of the effect of cultivar or plant density, no significant differences on cucumber yield were found. Using of different covering materials did affect environmental data of greenhouses. Less light was transmitted through polycarbonate cover than clear or diffuse glass. The photosynthesis active radiation (P.A.R.) was 996, 1703, 1690 mol/m2/d, while the electricity consumption was 2.97, 3.44, and 2.88 kWh under polycarbonate, clear glass, and diffuse glass, respectively. Meanwhile, diffuse glass compartment revealed 16% lower of water consumption than other covering materials. In this respect, it could be concluded that using diffuse glass, as a greenhouse cover material, has a strong positive influence on crop productivity under Saudi Arabia climate.

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Hanna, Hanna Y., and Kenneth D. Henderson. "Fuel Type and Releasing the Heated Air Near Plant Roots Reduced Production Cost of Greenhouse Tomatoes." HortTechnology 18, no. 2 (January 2008): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.2.290.

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A study was conducted to determine the effects of a constructed interplant bottom heating system using diesel fuel and an above-plant heating system using natural gas on heating and production cost of greenhouse tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). Two identical greenhouses 30 × 96 ft were used for this study in the spring (January to July) of 2002 and 2003. The interplant bottom-heated greenhouse consumed an average of 195,790,000 btu during the heating period (January to March) to raise the air temperature 5 ft above the floor to the optimum level for greenhouse tomato production. The above-plant-heated greenhouse consumed an average of 208,100,000 btu to do the same. Using the interplant bottom heating system reduced energy consumption by 6%. Average cost was $6.22 and $9.10 per million btu from diesel fuel and natural gas, respectively. The difference is ≈32% reduction in fuel cost based on fuel type. The interplant bottom heating system raised root-media temperature to near the optimum level for tomato growth and increased total yield by 9.5%. Producing 1 lb of tomatoes in the interplant bottom-heated greenhouse required 13,266 btu at a heating cost of $0.08; however, it required 15,459 btu in the above-plant-heated greenhouse at a heating cost of $0.14. Less energy, cost-effective fuel, and increased yield reduced heating cost per production unit by 43% in the interplant bottom-heated greenhouse.

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39

Sonneveld, C. "The salt tolerance of greenhouse crops." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 36, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v36i1.16698.

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The osmotic effects of a salt mixture, the specific ion effects of sodium chloride, and the specific salt effects of various salts (having Na, K, Ca and Mg as cations and Cl, NO3, SO4 and HCO3 as anions) on the performace of a range of vegetable crops and ornamental species were studied in greenhouse experiments carried out over several years. Data are presented on the salinity yield decrease values and the salinity threshold values, both of which varied significantly between crops. Salinity was found to have positive as well as negative effects on the quality of greenhouse crops. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Turki, Nejib. "Effects of Organic Amendments by Composts and Manure on Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under Greenhouse." International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 4, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 1382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/22774106/4.3.2014.33.

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41

Riechers, Dean E., Loyd M. Wax, Rex A. Liebl, and Don G. Bullock. "Surfactant Effects on Glyphosate Efficacy." Weed Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1995): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023356.

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Field and greenhouse studies were performed to examine the influence of various surfactants with glyphosate on whole plant efficacy. Relationships were examined between glyphosate phytotoxicity and surfactant properties, including ionic form, degree of ethoxylation, and hydrophobe composition. Cationic tertiary amine surfactants enhanced glyphosate performance in both field and greenhouse studies. Nonionic allinol and octoxynol surfactants were not effective in combination with glyphosate. In field studies, glyphosate efficacy increased with increasing surfactant ethylene oxide (EO) content. Soybean and velvetleaf responded similarly to glyphosate-surfactant spray applications, as both demonstrated significant linear and quadratic relationships between increasing surfactant ethoxylation and phytotoxicity, while common lambsquarters showed a significant linear relationship only. Cationic surfactants were evaluated in the greenhouse and a significant quadratic regression of glyphosate phytotoxicity to common lambsquarters on increasing surfactant ethoxylation indicated an optimum surfactant EO content of about 10 moles. Both tertiary and quaternary ethoxylated fatty amines were effective with glyphosate in decreasing common lambsquarters' fresh weight. Fatty amine hydrophobe composition did not correlate with glyphosate phytotoxicity to common lambsquarters.

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Zhuang, Y., Y. Zhang, S. Zhao, W. Song, C. Ma, X. Chen, and T. Zhang. "Air-circulator effects on the greenhouse environment and tomato photosynthetic parameters in a Chinese solar greenhouse." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1227 (November 2018): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1227.24.

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43

Atılgan, Atılgan, İbrahim Erdal, Hakan Aktaş, and Eren çetin. "Effects of The Use of Colored Cover Materials and Led Lighting in Greenhouses on Plant Nutrient Concentration: Case of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 12 (December 26, 2020): 2550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i12.2550-2555.3678.

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In this study, the effects of four different color plastic greenhouse treatments on nutrient concentrations of leaf and fruit, leaf SPAD (Soil and Plant Analyzer Development) values and some yield parameters of tomato were tried to be determined. For this purpose, plastic greenhouses with Red (RedG), Blue (BlueG), Colorless (ConG) and white Led (LedG) lighting have been used as materials in the research. The used plastic greenhouses are 3 m in width, 6 m in length, 2 m in sidewall height and 2.8 m in roof ridge height. Led lighting is; Three hours of extra lighting is planned for one hour before sunrise, 2 hours after sunset. The research was carried out in ISUBU (Isparta), Faculty of Agriculture, field area in the summer season in 2019. The nutrient elements of K, Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe were determined in the leaf and of the tomato plant. It has been determined that four different greenhouse treatments have a positive effect on K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe nutrients in leaf, and K, Ca, P, Mg nutrient in fruit. In terms of SPAD values, all treatments were determined to be higher than the control treatment. It was determined that the highest SPAD value was in BlueG treatment. When the efficiency-related values are examined; It was determined that the highest fruit number, fruit weight and yield were in BlueG treatment. BlueG treatment was followed by RedG, ConG, and LedG treatment respectively in terms of efficiency. As a result, considering the effects of four different greenhouse treatments on macro and micronutrient nutritions SPAD values, and yield values, it was concluded that the most suitable treatments for tomato cultivation in greenhouses is BlueG treatment and RedG treatment should not be ignored.

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44

Ameen, Muhammad, Zhuo Zhang, Xiaochan Wang, Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Umair, Rana Noor, Wei Lu, Khurram Yousaf, Fahim Ullah, and Muhammad Memon. "An Investigation of a Root Zone Heating System and Its Effects on the Morphology of Winter-Grown Green Peppers." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050933.

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The winter season in Nanjing is from December to February, with extremely low temperature and high humidity due to seasonal snowfall. During these extreme cold climatic conditions, plants have to survive severe heat stress conditions, even if they are being kept in greenhouses. The objective of this study was to investigate a heating system that can provide heat directly to the root zone instead of heating the entire greenhouse, which is a viable option to reduce energy consumption. Root zone heating could be an effective alternative for the sustainable development of plants during the winter. A novel type of root zone heating system was applied to evaluate the energy consumption during different greenhouse ambient temperature conditions, the effects of root zone heating systems on pepper plant morphology, and heat transfer rates to plant canopy in the greenhouse. The temperature treatments in root zone heating system were T-15, T-20, T-25, T-30, and a control treatment (TC) at 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, respectively, while TC received no heat. A simulation study was carried out to validate the root zone temperature. The results of the current investigation revealed that energy consumption has an inverse relationship to the ambient temperature of the greenhouse, while temperature gradients to the plant canopy observed from the lower to the upper part of the plant and the upper canopy experienced less temperature fluctuation as compared to the lower part of the plant. The results also showed that treatment T-20 had the maximum in terms of the leaf dry weight, stem diameter, and the number of leaves, while T-25 showed the maximum root dry weight and stem dry weight; T-30 and T-15 had minimum dry weights of plant segments among all treatments. Control treatment (TC) showed a minimum dry mass of plant. The root zone heating with optimal root zone temperature was found to be a viable and adaptable option as this leads to improved energy consumption patterns for the sustainable growth and development of plants in greenhouses during extremely low temperatures.

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45

Massion, Cheo L., and Steven E. Lindow. "Effects ofSphacelotheca holciInfection on Morphology and Competitiveness of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)." Weed Science 34, no. 6 (November 1986): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500068041.

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Teliospores ofSphacelotheca holciJack. [=S. cruenta(Kuhn.) Potter] infected johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA) systemically after inoculation of cut stems in greenhouse studies. A preliminary host range test in the greenhouse revealed that no infection occurred on four varieties of sorghum (S. vulgareL.) and three cultivars of sudangrass (S. SudaneseL.). Infected johnsongrass plants grown in the greenhouse exhibited reduced vegetative growth and altered morphological characteristics compared to healthy johnsongrass plants. The aboveground biomass and lateral rhizome expansion of smutted johnsongrass field transplants were significantly lower than that of uninfected plants. Significant correlations between fraction of johnsongrass stems infected and plant weight, and basal area of plants were observed in field studies. Corn (Zea maysL.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) grown in competition with johnsongrass, and johnsongrass infected withS. holcireduced the aboveground biomass and rhizome length of johnsongrass plants significantly, compared to that of uninfected johnsongrass plants grown alone in greenhouse studies. Uninfected johnsongrass plants also exhibited higher plant weight than infected plants when both were grown in competition with alfalfa, regardless of the alfalfa planting density in the greenhouse or when measured after 3 months in field trials.

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46

Kim, Chang Gil, Hak Kyun Jeong, and Yong Gyu Kim. "Effects of Organic Farming on Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction." Journal of Climate Change Research 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.15531/ksccr.2016.7.3.335.

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47

Tüzel, I. H., G. B. Öztekin, and Y. Tüzel. "EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATES ON BEAN GROWING IN THE GREENHOUSE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 608 (June 2003): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.608.4.

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48

Cossu, M., A. Yano, L. Murgia, L. Ledda, P. A. Deligios, A. Sirigu, F. Chessa, and A. Pazzona. "Effects of the photovoltaic roofs on the greenhouse microclimate." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1170 (July 2017): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1170.57.

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49

Xie, Jing, Houcheng Liu, Shiwei Song, Guangwen Sun, and Riyuan Chen. "Effects of different LEDs on photosynthesis in greenhouse cucumber." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1107 (December 2015): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1107.12.

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Venkatesh, Ramarao, Peter R. Thomison, Colette K. Gabriel, Mark A. Bennett, Elaine M. Grassbaugh, Matthew D. Kleinhenz, Scott A. Shearer, and Santosh K. Pitla. "Seed Tape Effects on Corn Emergence under Greenhouse Conditions." Crop Management 13, no. 1 (2014): CM—2014–0051—BR. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/cm-2014-0051-br.

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