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1
Paparozzi, Ellen T., Joshua R. Widhalm, and M. Elizabeth Conley. "(68) The Role of Proteins in Leaf Re-greening." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1018D—1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1018d.
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Common swedish ivy plants when exposed to nitrogen (N) stress display typical nitrogen deficiency symptoms such as reddening of stems and petioles and yellowing of leaves. When N levels are restored, leaves of swedish ivy plants will re-green without leaf loss. An experiment was conducted to determine how proteins change when leaves were re-greened after N deficiency. Cuttings of Plectranthus australis were rooted under mist and allowed to yellow. Plants were then potted up and fertilized with one of two treatments: complete nutrients with N at 150 ppm or complete nutrients with 0.8 ppm N. The experimental design was a randomized complete-block design with six blocks. Each block had the two N treatments and six plants per treatment. After 3–4 weeks, all plants in the 150-ppm N treatment had re-greened and leaf samples for protein analysis were taken. Plants in four of the six blocks were then switched to the other treatment. After leaves had re-greened once again, leaf samples were taken and the experiment was terminated. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to compare the treatments. No obvious differences in protein absence or presence were noted. However, Rubisco appeared to be differentially expressed between the two treatments. 2-D gel analysis with subsequent Western blots showed that for most of the leaf samples, the large subunit of Rubisco (56kD) was quantitatively about 1.3 times more concentrated in the N-deficient plants and possibly modified. The small subunit (12kD) was not reliably detectable. Additional protein results for repeated leaf re-greening and the role Rubsico may play in leaf re-greening will be discussed.
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Wang, Fang, Hong Yuan Li, and Xin Li. "Research and Application of Greening Waste Composting." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1882.
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The present situation of composting greening wastes was reviewed in this paper. The feasibility of composting garden wastes was analyzed, and some related technical processes including the treatment of materials, the adjustment of C/N ratio, and the choice of strains were described. Then the use of composting products was analyzed at home and abroad. Finally, the prospect of waste composting in China was discussed.
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Knypl, J. S. "Effect of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid and vanillin on chlorophyll, protein and RNA synthesis in detached cucumber cotyledons, and chlorophyll degradation in senescing leaf discs of kale." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 40, no. 2 (2015): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1971.016.
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N<sup>6</sup>-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and KC1 stimulated growth in detached greening cucumber cotyledons; BAP enhanced RNA synthesis whereas KCl strikingly accelerated leucine-<sup>14</sup>C incorporation into proteins. Vanillin (0.01 M) inhibited greening and protein synthesis, and nullified the stimulatory effects of KC1. a-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA, 0.01 M) inhibited greening without any effect on protein synthesis when it was applied alone; CEPA decreased RNA synthesis, completely nullified the K<sup>+</sup>-induced synthesis of chlorophyll, and reduced the BAP<sup>-</sup> or KCl<sup>-</sup>induced growth. Vanillin inhibited yellowing in 'senescing leaf discs of kale kept in darkness, whereas CEPA had an opposite effect.
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Gaudino, Stefano, Pytrik Reidsma, Argyris Kanellopoulos, Dario Sacco, and Martin van Ittersum. "Integrated Assessment of the EU’s Greening Reform and Feed Self-Sufficiency Scenarios on Dairy Farms in Piemonte, Italy." Agriculture 8, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8090137.
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Specialised dairy farms are challenged to be competitive and yet respect environmental constrains. A tighter integration of cropping and livestock systems, both in terms of feed and manure flows, can be beneficial for the farm economy and the environment. The greening of the direct payments, which was introduced in the European Union’s greening reform in 2013, is assumed to stimulate the transition towards more sustainable systems. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the impacts of greening policies on important economic and environmental indicators of sustainability, and explore potential further improvements in policies. The Farm System SIMulator (FSSIM) bioeconomic farm model was used to simulate the consequences of scenarios of policy change on three representative dairy farms in Piedmont, Italy, i.e., an ‘intensive’, an ‘extensive’, and an ‘organic’ dairy farm. Results showed that in general, there is a large potential to increase the current economic performance of all of the farms. The most profitable activity is milk production, resulting in the allocation of all of the available farm land to feed production. Imposing feed self-sufficiency targets results in a larger adaptation of current managerial practice than the adaptations that are required due to the greening policy scenario. It was shown that the cropping system is not always able to sustain the actual herd composition when 90% feed self-sufficiency is imposed. Regarding the greening policies, it is shown that extensive and organic farms already largely comply with the greening constrains, and the extra subsidy is therefore a bonus, while the intensive farm is likely to sacrifice the subsidy, as adapting the farm plan will substantially reduce profit. The introduction of nitrogen (N)-fixing crops in ecological focus areas was the easiest greening strategy to adopt, and led to an increase in the protein feed self-sufficiency. In conclusion, it is important to note that the greening policy in its current form does not lead to reduced environmental impacts. This implies that in order to improve environmental performance, regulations are needed rather than voluntary economic incentives.
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Kuppusamy, Thirumurugen, Dorothee Hahne, Kosala Ranathunge, Hans Lambers, and Patrick M. Finnegan. "Delayed greening in phosphorus-efficient Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae) is a photoprotective and nutrient-saving strategy." Functional Plant Biology 48, no. 2 (2021): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19285.
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Hakea prostrata R.Br. (Proteaceae) shows a ‘delayed greening’ strategy of leaf development characterised by reddish young leaves that become green as they mature. This trait may contribute to efficient use of phosphorus (P) during leaf development by first investing P in the development of leaf structure followed by maturation of the photosynthetic machinery. In this study, we investigated the properties of delayed greening in a highly P-efficient species to enhance our understanding of the ecological significance of this trait as a nutrient-saving and photoprotective strategy. In glasshouse-grown plants, we assessed foliar pigments, fatty acids and nutrient composition across five leaf developmental stages. Young leaves had higher concentrations of anthocyanin, P, nitrogen (N), copper (Cu), xanthophyll-cycle pigments and saturated fatty acids than mature leaves. As leaves developed, the concentration of anthocyanins decreased, whereas that of chlorophyll and the double bond index of fatty acids increased. In mature leaves, ~60% of the fatty acids was α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). Mature leaves also had higher concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) than young leaves. We conclude that delayed greening in H. prostrata is a strategy that saves P as well as N and Cu through sequential allocation of these resources, first to cell production and structural development, and then to supplement chloroplast development. This strategy also protects young leaves against photodamage and oxidative stress during leaf expansion under high-light conditions.
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Dvorakova, Klara, Uta Heiden, and Bas van Wesemael. "Sentinel-2 Exposed Soil Composite for Soil Organic Carbon Prediction." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091791.
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Pilot studies have demonstrated the potential of remote sensing for soil organic carbon (SOC) mapping in exposed croplands. However, the use of remote sensing for SOC prediction is often hindered by disturbing factors at the soil surface, such as photosynthetic active and non-photosynthetic active vegetation, variation in soil moisture or surface roughness. With the increasing amount of freely available satellite data, recent studies have focused on stabilizing the soil reflectance by building image composites. These composites tend to minimize the disturbing effects by applying sets of criteria. Here, we aim to develop a robust method that allows selecting Sentinel-2 (S-2) pixels with minimal influence of the following disturbing factors: crop residues, surface roughness and soil moisture. We selected all S-2 cloud-free images covering the Belgian Loam Belt from January 2019 to December 2020 (in total 36 images). We then built nine exposed soil composites based on four sets of criteria: (1) lowest Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR2), (2) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) < 0.25, (3–5) NDVI < 0.25 and NBR2 < threshold, (6) the ‘greening-up’ period of a crop and (7–9) the ‘greening-up’ period of a crop and NBR2 < threshold. The ‘greening-up’ period was selected based on the NDVI timeline, where ‘greening-up’ is considered as the last date of acquisition where the soil is exposed (NDVI < 0.25) before the crop develops (NDVI > 0.25). We then built a partial least square regression (PLSR) model with 10-fold cross-validation to estimate the SOC content based on 137 georeferenced calibration samples on the nine composites. We obtained non-satisfactory results (R2 < 0.30, RMSE > 2.50 g C kg–1, and RPD < 1.4, n > 68) for all composites except for the composite in the ‘greening-up’ stage with a NBR2 < 0.07 (R2 = 0.54 ± 0.12, RPD = 1.68 ± 0.45 and RMSE = 2.09 ± 0.39 g C kg–1, n = 49). Hence, the ‘greening-up’ method combined with a strict NBR2 threshold allows selecting the purest exposed soil pixels suitable for SOC prediction. The limit of this method might be its coverage of the total cropland area, which in a two-year period reached 62%, compared to 95% coverage if only the NDVI threshold is applied.
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Zhang, Yitao, Balaram S. Takale, Fabrice Gallou, John Reilly, and Bruce H. Lipshutz. "Sustainable ppm level palladium-catalyzed aminations in nanoreactors under mild, aqueous conditions." Chemical Science 10, no. 45 (2019): 10556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc03710a.
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Greening-up aminations: a well-defined palladium pre-catalyst enables ppm-level Pd-catalyzed C–N cross couplings in water under very mild conditions. Comparisons using this protocol vs. traditional amination conditions for preparing key medicinal intermediates are demonstrated.
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Rennert, A., and J. S. Knypl. "Hamowanie syntezy chlorofilu i RNA w izolowanych liścieniach ogórka przez N-hydroksymocznik [Inhibition of chlorophyll and RNA synthesis by N-hydroxyurea in detached cucumber cotyledons]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 40, no. 4 (2015): 669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1971.050.
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N-hydroxyurea (HU) at the concentration of 5 x 10<sup>-4</sup> M decreased the content of chlorophyll in detached cucumber cotyledons; at this concentration it has no inhibitory effect on growth. Benzylaminopurine, gibberelic acid and KCl partially reversed the inhibitory effect of HU on chlorophyll synthesis. HU stimulated yellowing of barley first leaf sections. The compound had little effect on leucine-<sup>14</sup>C incorporation to protein, and markedly inhibited uracil-<sup>14</sup>C incorporation in to RNA of the greening cucumber cotyledons. It is suggested that the inhibition of RNA and chlorophyll synthesis in HU-treated cucumber cotyledons follows the HU-dependent inhibition of DNA replication.
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Goatley, J. M., V. L. Maddox, and K. L. Hensler. "Late-season Applications of Various Nitrogen Sources Affect Color and Carbohydrate Content of `Tiflawn' and Arizona Common Bermudagrass." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.692.
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Bermudagrass turfs in the southern United States often receive late growing season applications of nitrogen (N) in order to sustain turfgrass color prior to dormancy, even though such applications might increase winterkill potential. Yearly research trials were initiated in the last week of Sept. 1989 to 1991 at Mississippi State Univ. to evaluate fall and spring color responses and rhizome levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of `Tiflawn' and Arizona (AZ) Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon L. (Pers.)] treated with various N sources delivering N at 98 kg·ha-1 in a single application. The fertilizers were ammonium nitrate (AN), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), a natural organic (`Milorganite', NO), isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), ureaformaldehyde (UF), and methylene urea (MU). Color responses from N fertilization were most prominent in the fall except when there was an early frost event in Oct. 1990. The most rapid greening response and highest color ratings were consistently observed for the water-soluble AN. Of the slow-release sources, SCU, MU, and IBDU provided color responses as long as temperatures remained warm enough to promote bermudagrass growth. The NO source provided an unexpected, significant greening response in Oct. 1989 and 1991 on `Tiflawn', but not on AZ Common. The UF consistently provided the lowest color ratings. There were virtually no differences in TNC levels between N treatments for either grass. At no time was there any indication that N fertilization increased bermudagrass winterkill potential; to the contrary, the predominant responses were better fall and spring color than the nontreated control.
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Du, Mengke, Zhi Gao, Xinxin Li, and Hong Liao. "Excess nitrate induces nodule greening and reduces transcript and protein expression levels of soybean leghaemoglobins." Annals of Botany 126, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa002.
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Abstract Background and Aims Efficient biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) requires leghaemoglobin (Lb) to modulate oxygen pressure in nodules. Excess N supply severely inhibits BNF through effects on Lb during nodulation. As yet, a systematic identification and characterization of Lb-encoding genes in soybean has not been reported. Methods The effects of N on BNF were studied in soybean plants inoculated with rhizobia and exposed to excess or low N availability in hydroponic cultures. To identify soybean Lb proteins, BLAST searches were performed on the Phytozome website. Bioinformatic analysis of identified GmLbs was then carried out to investigate gene structure, protein homology and phylogenetic relationships. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR was employed to analyse the expression patterns of soybean Lb genes in various tissues and in response to high N availability. Key Results Excess N significantly accelerated nodule senescence and the production of green Lb in nodules. In total, seven haemoglobin (Hb) genes were identified from the soybean genome, with these Hb genes readily split into two distinct clades containing predominantly symbiosis-associated or non-symbiotic Hb members. Expression analysis revealed that all of the symbiosis-associated Lbs except GmLb5 were specifically expressed in nodules, while the non-symbiotic GmHbs, GmHb1 and GmHb2, were predominantly expressed in leaves and roots, respectively. Among identified GmLbs, GmLb1–4 are the major Lb genes acting in soybean nodulation, and each one is also significantly suppressed by exposure to excess N. Conclusions Taken together, the results show that excess N inhibits BNF by reducing nodule formation, Lb concentration and nitrogenase activity. The characteristics of the entire Hb family were analysed, and we found that GmLb1–4 are closely associated with nodule development and N2 fixation. This works forms the basis for further investigations of the role of Lbs in soybean nodulation.
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Okazawa, Atsushi, Lei Tang, Yoshiko Itoh, Ei’ichiro Fukusaki, and Akio Kobayashi. "Characterization and Subcellular Localization of Chlorophyllase from Ginkgo biloba." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 61, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2006): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2006-1-220.
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Abstract Chlorophyllase (Chlase) catalyzes the initial step of chlorophyll (Chl)-degradation, but the physiological significance of this reaction is still ambiguous. Common understanding of its role is that Chlase is involved in de-greening processes such as fruit ripening, leaf senescence, and flowering. But there is a possibility that Chlase is also involved in turnover and homeostasis of Chls. Among the de-greening processes, autumnal coloration is one of the most striking natural phenomena, but the involvement of Chlase during autumnal coloration is not clear. Previously, it was shown that Chlase activity and expression level of the Chlase gene were not increased during autumnal coloration in Ginkgo biloba, indicating that Chlase does not work specially in the de-greening processes in G. biloba. In this study, we characterized the recombinant Chlase and analyzed its subcellular localization to understand the role of the cloned Chlase of G. biloba (GbCLH). GbCLH exhibited its highest activity at pH 7.5, 40 °C. Kinetic analysis revealed that GbCLH hydrolyzes pheophytin (Pheo) a and Chl a more rapidly than Pheo b and Chl b. Transient expression analysis of 40 N-terminus amino acids of GbCLH fused with GFP (green fluorescent protein) and subcellular fractionation showed that GbCLH localizes within chloroplasts. Together with our previous results, property of GbCLH and its location within the chloroplasts suggest that GbCLH plays a role in the turnover and homeostasis of Chls in green leaves of G. biloba
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Fu, Dongjie, Fenzhen Su, Juan Wang, and Yijie Sui. "Patterns of Arctic Tundra Greenness Based on Spatially Downscaled Solar-Induced Fluorescence." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 20, 2019): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121460.
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A general greening trend in the Arctic tundra biome has been indicated by satellite remote sensing data over recent decades. However, since 2011, there have been signs of browning trends in many parts of the region. Previous research on tundra greenness across the Arctic region has relied on the satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). In this research, we initially used spatially downscaled solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) data to analyze the spatiotemporal variation of Arctic tundra greenness (2007–2013). The results derived from the SIF data were also compared with those from two NDVIs (the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies NDVI3g and MOD13Q1 NDVI), and the eddy-covariance (EC) observed gross primary production (GPP). It was found that most parts of the Arctic tundra below 75° N were browning (–0.0098 mW/m2/sr/nm/year, where sr is steradian and nm is nanometer) using SIF, whereas spatially and temporally heterogeneous trends (greening or browning) were obtained based on the two NDVI products. This research has further demonstrated that SIF data can provide an alternative direct proxy for Arctic tundra greenness.
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Tagesson, T., M. Mastepanov, M. P. Tamstorf, L. Eklundh, P. Schubert, A. Ekberg, C. Sigsgaard, T. R. Christensen, and L. Ström. "Satellites reveal an increase in gross primary production in a greenlandic high arctic fen 1992–2008." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 1 (February 16, 2010): 1101–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-1101-2010.
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Abstract. Arctic wetlands play a key role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Recent studies have shown a greening trend and indicated an increase in CO2 uptake in boreal and sub- to low-arctic areas. Our aim was to combine satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with ground-based flux measurements of CO2 to investigate a possible greening trend and potential changes in gross primary production (GPP) between 1992 and 2008 in a high arctic fen area. The study took place in Rylekaerene in the Zackenberg Research Area (74°28' N 20°34' W), located in the National park of North Eastern Greenland. We estimated the light use efficiency (ε) for the dominant vegetation types from field measured fractions of photosynthetic active radiation (FAPAR) and ground-based flux measurements of GPP. Measured FAPAR were correlated to satellite-based NDVI. The FAPAR-NDVI relationship in combination with ε was applied to satellite data to model GPP 1992–2008. The model was evaluated against field measured GPP. The model was a useful tool for up-scaling GPP and all basic requirements for the model were well met, e.g., FAPAR was well correlated to NDVI and modeled GPP was well correlated to field measurements. The studied high arctic fen area has experienced a strong increase in GPP between 1992 and 2008. The area has during this period also experienced a substantial increase in local air temperature. Consequently, the observed greening trend is most likely due to ongoing climatic change possibly in combination with CO2 fertilization, due to increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2.
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Cheddadi, Rachid, Matthieu Carré, Majda Nourelbait, Louis François, Ali Rhoujjati, Roger Manay, Diana Ochoa, and Enno Schefuß. "Early Holocene greening of the Sahara requires Mediterranean winter rainfall." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 23 (June 1, 2021): e2024898118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024898118.
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The greening of the Sahara, associated with the African Humid Period (AHP) between ca. 14,500 and 5,000 y ago, is arguably the largest climate-induced environmental change in the Holocene; it is usually explained by the strengthening and northward expansion of the African monsoon in response to orbital forcing. However, the strengthened monsoon in Early to Middle Holocene climate model simulations cannot sustain vegetation in the Sahara or account for the increased humidity in the Mediterranean region. Here, we present an 18,500-y pollen and leaf-wax δD record from Lake Tislit (32° N) in Morocco, which provides quantitative reconstruction of winter and summer precipitation in northern Africa. The record from Lake Tislit shows that the northern Sahara and the Mediterranean region were wetter in the AHP because of increased winter precipitation and were not influenced by the monsoon. The increased seasonal contrast of insolation led to an intensification and southward shift of the Mediterranean winter precipitation system in addition to the intensified summer monsoon. Therefore, a winter rainfall zone must have met and possibly overlapped the monsoonal zone in the Sahara. Using a mechanistic vegetation model in Early Holocene conditions, we show that this seasonal distribution of rainfall is more efficient than the increased monsoon alone in generating a green Sahara vegetation cover, in agreement with observed vegetation. This conceptual framework should be taken into consideration in Earth system paleoclimate simulations used to explore the mechanisms of African climatic and environmental sensitivity.
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Kang, Sarah M., Baek-Min Kim, Dargan M. W. Frierson, Su-Jong Jeong, Jeongbin Seo, and Yoojeong Chae. "Seasonal Dependence of the Effect of Arctic Greening on Tropical Precipitation." Journal of Climate 28, no. 15 (July 30, 2015): 6086–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0079.1.
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Abstract This paper examines the seasonal dependence of the effect of Arctic greening on tropical precipitation. In CAM3/CLM3 coupled to a mixed layer ocean, shrub and grasslands poleward of 60°N are replaced with boreal forests. With darker Arctic vegetation, the absorption of solar energy increases, but primarily in boreal spring and summer since little insolation reaches the Arctic in boreal winter. The net energy input into the northern extratropics is partly balanced by southward atmospheric energy transport across the equator by an anomalous Hadley circulation, resulting in a northward shift of the tropical precipitation. In contrast, in boreal fall, the slight increase in insolation over the Arctic is more than offset by increased outgoing longwave radiation and reduced surface turbulent fluxes in midlatitudes, from the warmer atmosphere. As a result, the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere loses energy, which is compensated by a northward cross-equatorial atmospheric energy transport, leading to a southward shift of the tropical precipitation in boreal fall. Thus, although Arctic vegetation is changed throughout the year, its effect on tropical precipitation exhibits substantial seasonal variations.
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Mostowska, Agnieszka, Dorota Fietta, and Eugeniusz Parys. "Influence of 1,10-phenanthroline, a photodynamic herbicide, on the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells and photosynthetic activity in greening pea seedlings." Environmental and Experimental Botany 31, no. 4 (October 1991): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(91)90036-n.
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Yamasato, Akihiro, Ryouichi Tanaka, and Ayumi Tanaka. "Loss of the N-terminal domain of chlorophyllide a oxygenase induces photodamage during greening of Arabidopsis seedlings." BMC Plant Biology 8, no. 1 (2008): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-8-64.
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Szarka, Máté. "Greening Capillary Electrophoresis, a promising sprout of Separation Science toward sustainability." DRC Sustainable Future: Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Energy 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37281/drcsf/1.1.8.
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As a result of miniaturization new avenues were open toward customizing, improving and rendering separation science more affordable and available to any laboratory worldwide. One of the best resolving liquid separation techniques that still benefits from miniaturization is capillary electrophoresis (CE), where analytes are separated by their hydrodynamic volume to charge ratio. The theory of CE was introduced almost one hundred years ago, but became popular in the 1970s, yielding by 2010 over 1000 papers produced yearly. This progress triggered sample preparation optimization efforts, which led to significant reduction of required chemicals for analysis and the decrease of overall sample processing times. Consequently, CE can be considered as a sustainable technique in the field of liquid phase separation science. In this paper a custom made, cheap capillary electrophoresis unit with LED induced fluorescent (LedIF) imaging detection was used to demonstrate applicability of modern electronics, consumer products, and 3D printing in generating scientific results, while keeping sustainability in mind. Samples were chosen according to the observed trends of the past decade, namely from biotherapeutics industry. Its golden standard, immunoglobulin G N-glycans were enzymatically digested and the released complex type oligosaccharides were labeled with charged fluorophore, according to one of the most advanced and optimized protocols. Results were compared to separation runs performed on a high quality commercially available instrument, used as the control. Results disclosed in this paper should not be subjected to direct quantitative comparison, but should be rather taken as a technical demonstration of the capabilities of current and future technology, which can be implemented and merged with existing solutions in a sustainable manner.
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Кукина (Kukina), Татьяна (Tat'yana) Петровна (Petrovna), Дмитрий (Dmitriy) Николаевич (Nikolaevich) Щербаков (Shcherbakov), Константин (Konstantin) Викторович (Viktorovich) Геньш (Gensh), Нина (Nina) Витальевна (Vital'evna) Пантелеева (Panteleyeva), Екатерина (Ekaterina) Анатольевна (Anatol'evna) Тулышева (Tulysheva), Ольга (Ol'ga) Иосифовна (Iosifovna) Сальникова (Sal'nikova), Александр (Aleksandr) Евгеньевич (Evgen'evich) Гражданников (Grazhdannikov), Петр (Petr) Владимирович (Vladimirovich) Колосов (Kolosov), and Георгий (Georgiy) Юрьевич (Yur'evich) Галицын (Galitsyn). "BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF ETHEREAL EXTRACT OF WOOD GREENING SEA BUCKTHORN HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019014340.
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The composition of lipophilic components of sea buckthorn leafy shoots, a large tonnage waste in the production of sea buckthorn oil and during renewing the cultural plantings of sea buckthorn, was studied. Tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME) was used as an extraction solvent for raw materials having all the advantages of diethyl ether, but devoid of its disadvantages. It does not form peroxides and does not create increased gas content due to the higher boiling point. The chemical composition of the TBME extract of sea buckthorn leafy shoots was studied by gas chromatography–mass-spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Seventy-four neutral and thirty-eight acidic components, including polyprenols, dolichols, triterpene alcohols and acids, sterols, were identified. TBME as an extragent provides more high yields of bioactive triterpenoic acids and diols including uvaol, eritrodiol and betulin in comparison with n-hexane. These compounds can increase some useful properties of obtained extract.
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Ma, Ying, and Xianfang Song. "Seasonal Variations in Water Uptake Patterns of Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Treatments." Water 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111633.
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Irrigation and fertilization both affect the water cycle in agricultural ecosystems. It is difficult to quantify root water uptake (RWU) which varies with crop development and seasons. In this study, a Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR) coupling with dual stable isotopes (D and 18O) was used to quantify RWU patterns for winter wheat under different irrigation and fertilization treatments between 2014 and 2015 in Beijing, China. The main RWU depth during the greening-jointing, jointing-heading, heading-filling, and filling-harvest stages was 0–20 cm, 20–70 cm, 0–20 cm, and 20–70 cm, respectively, which showed water uptake proportions of 67.0%, 42.0%, 38.7%, and 34.9%, respectively. Significant differences in RWU patterns appeared between the 2014 and 2015 seasons. The main RWU depth increased gradually from 0–20 cm at the greening-jointing stage to 20–70 cm at the jointing-heading stage and 70–150 cm during the heading to harvest period in 2014. However, winter wheat primarily took up soil water from the 0–70 cm layer in 2015. The average water uptake proportion in the top layer (0–20 cm) in 2015 (42.6%) was remarkably higher than that in 2014 (28.7%). There was a significantly negative relationship (p < 0.01) between the water uptake proportion and the proportion of root length at the filling-harvest stage in 2014, while no significant correlation (p > 0.05) was found in 2015. Variable distributions of root characteristics and soil moisture induced by different irrigation and fertilization comprehensively affected the RWU profile, particularly under severe drought environments in 2015. Treatments with fertilization of 105 kg hm−2 N or irrigation of 20 mm during the greening-jointing stage significantly promoted water uptake contribution in the 70–150 cm (32.2%) and 150–200 cm (23.5%) layers at the jointing-heading stage in 2015, while other treatments had a shallow dominant RWU depth (0–20 cm). The planned wetting layer should be kept within the main RWU depth of 0–70 cm for improving irrigation water use efficiency.
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Riber, Willi, Jana T. Müller, Eric J. W. Visser, Rashmi Sasidharan, Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek, and Angelika Mustroph. "The Greening after Extended Darkness1 Is an N-End Rule Pathway Mutant with High Tolerance to Submergence and Starvation." Plant Physiology 167, no. 4 (February 9, 2015): 1616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.253088.
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Legocka, Jolanta, and Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka. "Calcium Variously Mediates the Effect of Cytokinin on Chlorophyll and LHCPII Accumulation During Greening in Barley Leaves and Cucumber Cotyledons." Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s. Botanica 56, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsb-2014-0017.
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Abstract During greening, excised etiolated barley leaves and cucumber cotyledons that were depleted of exogenous Ca2+ by a chelating agent (ethylene glycol-bis (beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N`N`-tetraacetic acid, EGTA) showed ∼50% reduced chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation and ∼30% accumulation of apoprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein complex of photosystem II (LHCPII). The Ca2+ channel blocker lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) applied to cucumber cotyledons reduced LHCPII accumulation more than EGTA did. In both plant mate-rials, cytokinins enhanced chlorophyll accumulation by 50-60% and this effect was completely canceled by EGTA application. Hormones significantly increased LHCPII accumulation but EGTA application reduced that effect in barley leaves by ∼30% and in cucumber cotyledons by ∼80%. A similar effect was observed in LaCl3-treated cotyledons. CaCl2 application boosted chlorophyll accumulation in both plant materials. CaCl2 applied together with cytokinin reduced the hormonal effect on chlorophyll accumulation by ∼38% in barley leaves and 23% in cucumber cotyledons, but almost totally inhibited cytokinin-stimulated LHCPII accumulation. Our results indicate that calcium variously mediates the effect of cytokinin on chlorophyll and LHCPII accumulation. Cytokinin-induced enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation seems totally dependent on the exogenous pool of Ca2+, while Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent pathways are involved in the hormonal effect on LHCPII accumulation. The effect of cytokinin on the increase of light-induced LHCPII accumulation appears to be sensitive to exogenously applied Ca2+, which almost totally blocked the hormonal effect. Our results give indirect evidence that the responses to cytokinin and light act on different events leading to Chl and LHCPII accumulation.
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Szebenyi, D. Marian, Irina Kriksunov, Kevin J. Howe, John S. Ramsey, David G. Hall, Michelle L. Heck, and Stuart B. Krasnoff. "Crystal structure of diaphorin methanol monosolvate isolated from Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the insect vector of citrus greening disease." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 74, no. 4 (March 2, 2018): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989018002992.
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The title compound C22H39NO9·CH3OH [systematic name: (S)-N-((S)-{(2S,4R,6R)-6-[(S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-4-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl}(hydroxy)methyl)-2-hydroxy-2-[(2R,5R,6R)-2-methoxy-5,6-dimethyl-4-methylenetetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetamide methanol monosolvate], was isolated from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, and crystallizes in the space group P21. `Candidatus Profftella armatura' a bacterial endosymbiont of D. citri, biosynthesizes diaphorin, which is a hybrid polyketide–nonribosomal peptide comprising two highly substituted tetrahydropyran rings joined by an N-acyl aminal bridge [Nakabachi et al. (2013). Curr. Biol. 23, 1478–1484]. The crystal structure of the title compound establishes the complete relative configuration of diaphorin, which agrees at all nine chiral centers with the structure of the methanol monosolvate of the di-p-bromobenzoate derivative of pederin, a biogenically related compound whose crystal structure was reported previously [Furusaki et al. (1968). Tetrahedron Lett. 9, 6301–6304]. Thus, the absolute configuration of diaphorin is proposed by analogy to that of pederin.
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Miller, Sherry, Teresa D. Shippy, Blessy Tamayo, Prashant S. Hosmani, Mirella Flores-Gonzalez, Lukas A. Mueller, Wayne B. Hunter, Susan J. Brown, Tom D’Elia, and Surya Saha. "Annotation of chitin biosynthesis genes in Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid." Gigabyte 2021 (June 10, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46471/gigabyte.23.
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The polysaccharide chitin is critical for the formation of many insect structures, including the exoskeleton, and is required for normal development. Here we report the annotation of three genes from the chitin synthesis pathway in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), the vector of Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease). Most insects have two chitin synthase (CHS) genes but, like other hemipterans, D. citri has only one. In contrast, D. citri is unusual among insects in having two UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) genes. One of the D. citri UAP genes is broadly expressed, while the other is expressed predominantly in males. Our work helps pave the way for potential utilization of these genes as pest control targets to reduce the spread of Huanglongbing.
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Forzieri, Giovanni, Fabio Castelli, and Enrique R. Vivoni. "Vegetation Dynamics within the North American Monsoon Region." Journal of Climate 24, no. 6 (March 15, 2011): 1763–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3847.1.
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Abstract The North American monsoon (NAM) leads to a large increase in summer rainfall and a seasonal change in vegetation in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Understanding the interactions between NAM rainfall and vegetation dynamics is essential for improved climate and hydrologic prediction. In this work, the authors analyze long-term vegetation dynamics over the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) tier I domain (20°–35°N, 105°–115°W) using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) semimonthly composites at 8-km resolution from 1982 to 2006. The authors derive ecoregions with similar vegetation dynamics using principal component analysis and cluster identification. Based on ecoregion and pixel-scale analyses, this study quantifies the seasonal and interannual vegetation variations, their dependence on geographic position and terrain attributes, and the presence of long-term trends through a set of phenological vegetation metrics. Results reveal that seasonal biomass productivity, as captured by the time-integrated NDVI (TINDVI), is an excellent means to synthesize vegetation dynamics. High TINDVI occurs for ecosystems with a short period of intense greening tuned to the NAM or with a prolonged period of moderate greenness continuing after the NAM. These cases represent different plant strategies (deciduous versus evergreen) that can be adjusted along spatial gradients to cope with seasonal water availability. Long-term trends in TINDVI may also indicate changing conditions favoring ecosystems that intensively use NAM rainfall for rapid productivity, as opposed to delayed and moderate greening. A persistence of these trends could potentially result in the spatial reorganization of ecosystems in the NAM region.
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Jin, Eon Ju, Jun Hyuck Yoon, Eun Ji Bae, Byoung Ryong Jeong, Seong Hyeon Yong, and Myung Suk Choi. "Particulate Matter Removal Ability of Ten Evergreen Trees Planted in Korea Urban Greening." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040438.
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Broad-leaved evergreen trees create urban forests for mitigation of climate warming and adsorption of particulate matter (PM). This study was performed to identify the species suitable for urban greening by examining the adsorption capacity of the evergreen species in urban areas in Korea, the adsorption points and the elemental composition of PM in the adsorbed tree. Leaf sampling was carried out four times (period of seven months from October 2017 to May 2018) and used after drying (period 28 to 37 days). Particulate matter (PM) was classified and measured according to size PM2.5 (0.2–2.5 μm), PM10 (2.5–10 μm), PM100 (10–100 μm). The total amount of PM adsorbed on the leaf surface was highest in Pinus densiflora (24.6 μg∙cm−2), followed by Quercus salicina (47.4 μg∙cm−2). The composition of PM adsorbed by P. densiflora is 4.0% PM2.5, 39.5% PM10 and 56.5% PM100, while those adsorbed by Q. salicina are evergreen at 25.7% PM2.5, 27.4% PM10 and 46.9% PM100. When the amount of PM adsorbed on the leaf was calculated by LAI, the species that adsorbed PM the most was P. densiflora, followed by Q. salicina, followed by Q. salicina in the wax layer, then P. densiflora. As a result of this study, the amount of PM adsorbed per unit area of leaves, and the amount of PM calculated by LAI, showed a simpler pattern. The hardwoods had a high adsorption rate of PM2.5. The adsorption ratio of ultra-fine PM2.5 by evergreen broad-leaved trees was greater than that of coniferous trees. Therefore, broad-leaved evergreens such as Q. salicina are considered very suitable as species for adsorbing PM in the city. PM2.5 has been shown to be adsorbed through the pores and leaves of trees, indicating that the plant plays an important role in alleviating PM in the atmosphere. As a result of analyzing the elemental components of PM accumulated on leaf leaves by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis, it was composed of O, C, Si, and N, and was found to be mainly generated by human activities around the road. The results of this study provide basic data regarding the selection of evergreen species that can effectively remove aerial PM. It also highlights the importance of evergreen plants for managing PM pollution during the winter and provides insights into planning additional green infrastructure to improve urban air quality.
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Chai, Hong Xiang, Yan Rong Bao, and Hua Dong Lin. "Engineering Applications on Reclaimed Water Treatment and Reuse of Hotel's High Grade Gray Water." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2391.
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The design and operation of membrane bio-reactor (MBR) process treating hotel’s high grade gray water were introduced. The main processes were hydrolysis and acidification，MBR and disinfection, through which the removal rates of BOD5, SS and NH3-N were above 90%. The effluent reached the requirements of Reclamation and Reuse of Urban Sewage: Quality of Urban Service Water (GB/T18920-2002), for road irrigating, greening and toilet flushing. The hydraulic retention time of reclaimed water tank was increased to 12h, which enhanced the utilization rate of the reclaimed water to 90%. The designed wastewater amount was 360m3/d. Every year, the saving water amount is 13.14 million tons, the net income is 693800 yuan and the static payback period is 1.3 years. The project reduces pollutants and creates economic benefits.
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Baldwin, Elizabeth, Jinhe Bai, Anne Plotto, John Manthey, Smita Raithore, Sophie Deterre, Wei Zhao, Cecilia do Nascimento Nunes, Philip A. Stansly, and James A. Tansey. "Effect of Vector Control and Foliar Nutrition on Quality of Orange Juice Affected by Huanglongbing: Chemical Analysis." HortScience 52, no. 8 (August 2017): 1100–1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12000-17.
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‘Valencia’ orange trees from groves with 90% infection by Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the presumed pathogen for citrus greening or huanglongbing (HLB) disease, were treated with insecticide (I), a nutritional spray (N), and insecticide plus nutritional spray (I + N). Controls (C) were not treated. Fruit were harvested in March to April, 2013, 2014, and 2015, juiced, and the juice was frozen for later chemical analyses. Titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content (SSC), SSC/TA ratio, many volatiles, flavonoids, and limonoids showed differences because of season, whereas SSC, several volatiles (ethanol, cis-3 hexenol, α-terpinene, ethyl acetate, and acetone), flavonoids (narirutin, vicenin-2, diosmin, nobiletin, heptamethoxy flavone), and limonoids (nomilin and nomilinic acid glucoside) showed differences because of treatment. However, consistent patterns for chemical differences among seasons were not detected. TA tended to be higher in N and C the first two seasons and SSC/TA higher in I and I + N for all seasons (not significant for 2014). Bitter limonoids tended to be higher in I, N or I + N over the seasons. Principal Component Analysis showed that there was a good separation by season overall and for treatment in 2013. In 2014 and 2015, the insecticide treatments (either I or I + N) had the highest sugar and SSC/TA levels and lowest TA levels, although not always significant, as well as higher juice CLas cycle threshold (Ct) levels, indicating lower levels of the pathogen.
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Rankinen, Katri, Kirsti Granlund, Randall Etheridge, and Pentti Seuri. "Valuation of nitrogen retention as an ecosystem service on a catchment scale." Hydrology Research 45, no. 3 (October 28, 2013): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2013.239.
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An ecosystem service approach was used to study the water purification service exemplified by impacts of land management scenarios. Nitrogen retention was calculated in two agricultural catchments by the dynamic Integrated Nutrients in Catchments (INCA)-N model. The monetary valuation was based on purification efficiency of artificial wetlands. The set of scenarios were based on existing agricultural water protection measures, and greening of the Common Agricultural Policy proposal. Scenarios were: wintertime crop cover on fields, increase in area of set aside land, decrease in nitrogen fertilization, crop diversification and nutrient recycling in organic farming. Nitrogen retention provided more value in the Yläneenjoki catchment where the main production line was animal husbandry. In the slowly flowing river Lepsämänjoki, the N retention was more effective than in the fast flowing river Yläneenjoki. When comparing measures some proved to have no value or even a negative value. Set aside had a high positive value when calculated per area, but on a catchment scale the value remained low because of the small area of implementation. Nutrient recycling and winter time vegetation cover were the scenarios that reduced N leaching from fields close to targets set in current political decisions. None of the scenarios increased greenhouse gas emissions.
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Karlsen, Stein Rune, Laura Stendardi, Hans Tømmervik, Lennart Nilsen, Ingar Arntzen, and Elisabeth J. Cooper. "Time-Series of Cloud-Free Sentinel-2 NDVI Data Used in Mapping the Onset of Growth of Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 3031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13153031.
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The Arctic is a region that is expected to experience a high increase in temperature. Changes in the timing of phenological phases, such as the onset of growth (as observed by remote sensing), is a sensitive bio-indicator of climate change. In this paper, the study area was the central part of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, located between 77.28°N and 78.44°N. The goals of this study were: (1) to prepare, analyze and present a cloud-free time-series of daily Sentinel-2 NDVI datasets for the 2016 to 2019 seasons, and (2) to demonstrate the use of the dataset in mapping the onset of growth. Due to a short and intense period with greening-up and frequent cloud cover, all the cloud-free Sentinel-2 data were used. The onset of growth was then mapped by a NDVI threshold method, which showed significant correlation (r2 = 0.47, n = 38, p < 0.0001) with ground-based phenocam observation of the onset of growth in seven vegetation types. However, large bias was found between the Sentinel-2 NDVI-based mapped onset of growth and the phenocam-based onset of growth in a moss tundra, which indicates that the data in these vegetation types must be interpreted with care. In 2018, the onset of growth was about 10 days earlier compared to 2017.
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Watkins, Shannon Lea, Sarah K. Mincey, Jess Vogt, and Sean P. Sweeney. "Is Planting Equitable? An Examination of the Spatial Distribution of Nonprofit Urban Tree-Planting Programs by Canopy Cover, Income, Race, and Ethnicity." Environment and Behavior 49, no. 4 (March 17, 2016): 452–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916516636423.
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This article examines the spatial distribution of tree-planting projects undertaken by four urban greening nonprofit organizations in the Midwest and Eastern United States. We use a unique data set of tree-planting locations, land use data, and socioeconomic information to predict whether a census block group ( n = 3,771) was the location of a tree-planting project between 2009 and 2011. Regression results show tree-planting projects were significantly less likely to have occurred in block groups with higher tree canopy cover, higher median income, or greater percentages of African American or Hispanic residents, controlling for physical and socioeconomic conditions. In addition, when canopy cover or income was low, plantings were even less likely to have occurred in neighborhoods with high percentages of racial or ethnic minorities. Findings suggest nonprofit plantings might reduce existing income-based inequity in canopy cover, but risk creating or exacerbating race-based inequity and risk leaving low canopy minority neighborhoods with relatively few program benefits.
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Liu, Caixia, John Melack, Ye Tian, Huabing Huang, Jinxiong Jiang, Xiao Fu, and Zhouai Zhang. "Detecting Land Degradation in Eastern China Grasslands with Time Series Segmentation and Residual Trend analysis (TSS-RESTREND) and GIMMS NDVI3g Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091014.
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Grassland ecosystems in China have experienced degradation caused by natural processes and human activities. Time series segmentation and residual trend analysis (TSS-RESTREND) was applied to grasslands in eastern China. TSS-RESTREND is an extended version of the residual trend (RESTREND) methodology. It considers breakpoint detection to identify pixels with abrupt ecosystem changes which violate the assumptions of RESTREND. With TSS-RESTREND, in Xilingol (111°59′–120°00′E and 42°32′–46°41′E) and Hulunbuir (115°30′–122°E and 47°10′–51°23′N) grassland, 5.5% and 3.3% of the area experienced a decrease in greenness between 1984 and 2009, 80.2% and 73.2% had no significant change, 4.9% and 2.6% increased in greenness, and 9.4% and 20.9% were undetermined, respectively. RESTREND may underestimate the greening trend in Xilingol, but both TSS-RESTREND and RESTREND revealed no significant differences in Hulunbuir. The proposed TSS-RESTREND methodology captured both the time and magnitude of vegetation changes.
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Xiao, Jun-Lan, Feng Zeng, Qiu-Lan He, Yu-Xia Yao, Xiao Han, and Wei-Yu Shi. "Responses of Forest Carbon Cycle to Drought and Elevated CO2." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020212.
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Forests play a pivotal role in mitigating global warming as an important carbon sink. Recent global greening trends reflect a positive influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 on terrestrial carbon uptake. However, increasingly frequent and intense drought events endanger the carbon sequestration function of forests. This review integrates previous studies across scales to identify potential global trends in forest responses to drought and elevated CO2 as well as to identify data needs in this important research field. The inconsistent responses of ecosystem respiration to drought contributes to the change of forest net CO2 exchange, which depends on the balance of opposite effects of warming and water stress on respiration. Whether CO2 fertilization can offset the effects of drought remains controversial, however, we found a potential overestimation of global CO2 fertilization effects because of increasing water stress and other limitations such as light and nutrients (N, P) as well as the possibility of photosynthetic acclimation.
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Tian, Jing, Yue Pang, and Zhong Zhao. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Sophora japonica (L.) Roots Reveals Key Pathways and Genes in Response to PEG-Induced Drought Stress under Different Nitrogen Conditions." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050650.
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Sophora japonica is a native leguminous tree species in China. The high stress tolerance contributes to its long lifespan of thousands of years. The lack of genomic resources greatly limits genetic studies on the stress responses of S. japonica. In this study, RNA-seq was conducted for S. japonica roots grown under short-term 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000-induced drought stress under normal N and N starvation conditions (1 and 0 mM NH4NO3, respectively). In each of the libraries, we generated more than 25 million clean reads, which were then de novo assembled to 46,852 unigenes with an average length of 1310.49 bp. In the differential expression analyses, more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found under drought with N starvation than under single stresses. The number of transcripts identified under N starvation and drought in S. japonica was nearly the same, but more upregulated genes were induced by drought, while more downregulated genes were induced by N starvation. Genes involved in “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” and “biosynthesis of amino acids” pathways were upregulated according to KEGG enrichment analyses, irrespective of the stress treatments. Additionally, upregulated N metabolism genes were enriched upon drought, and downregulated photosynthesis genes were enriched under N starvation. We found 4,372 and 5,430 drought-responsive DEGs under normal N and N starvation conditions, respectively. N starvation may aggravate drought by downregulating transcripts in the “carbon metabolism”, “ribosome”, “arginine biosynthesis pathway”, “oxidative phosphorylation” and “aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis” pathways. We identified 78 genes related to N uptake and assimilation, 38 of which exhibited differential expression under stress. A total of 395 DEGs were categorized as transcription factors, of which AR2/ERF-ERF, WRKY, NAC, MYB, bHLH, C3H and C2C2-Dof families played key roles in drought and N starvation stresses. The transcriptome data obtained, and the genes identified facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms of S. japonica responses to drought and N starvation stresses and provide a molecular foundation for understanding the mechanisms of its long lifespan for breeding resistant varieties for greening.
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Oshio, Hiromichi, Hideyuki Shibata, Nobuaki Mito, Masako Yamamoto, Elizabeth H. Harris, Nicholas W. Gillham, John E. Boynton, and Ryo Sato. "Isolation and Characterization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Resistant to Photobleaching Herbicides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1993): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-3-436.
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A group of highly active N -phenylimide photobleaching herbicides have been synthesized. These N -phenylimide herbicides as well as diphenyl ether herbicides induce protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity at extremely low concentrations in higher plants. The binding of a 14C -labeled N -phenylimide herbicide S-23121 [N-[4-chloro- 2-fluoro-5-[(1-m ethyl-2-propynyl)oxy]phenyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide] to the solubilized plastid fractions of greening corn seedlings is competed by the diphenyl ether herbicide acifluorfen-ethyl, but not by diuron, an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport. These results indicate a similar mode of action for both N -phenylimide and diphenyl ether herbicides.In order to investigate the mechanism of photobleaching herbicides at the molecular level, a strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii RS-3 resistant to N -phenylimide S-23142 [N -(4-chloro- 2-fluoro-5-propargyloxyphenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide] was isolated by mutagenesis with N -m ethyl-N′-nitro-N -nitrosoguanidine. The 90% inhibition concentration of N -phenylimide S-23142 for growth of RS-3 was 100 times higher than that for wild type. Maximum accumulation of protoporphyrin IX was reached at 0.03 μᴍ of S-23142 for the wild type and 3 μᴍ for RS-3. RS-3 was resistant to oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and acifluorfen-ethyl which had been shown to have the same mechanism of action as N -phenylimide herbicides, but not to paraquat, diuron or fluridone. Genetic analysis of RS-3 strain showed that the resistance results from a dominant mutation ( rs-3) in the nuclear genome. The magnesium protoporphyrin IX synthesizing activity from 5-am inolevulinic acid in chloroplast fragments isolated from RS-3 was less sensitive to S-23142 than that from wild type (CC-407). Protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity in Percoll™ -purified chloroplasts from RS-3 was also less sensitive to S-23142 than that from wild type. These results indicate that the resistance of RS-3 is specific for photobleaching herbicides, and that the mutation is related to protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the primary site of the photobleaching herbicide action.
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Benevene, Paula, and Ilaria Buonomo. "Green Human Resource Management: An Evidence-Based Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155974.
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The United Nations’ report “Our Common Future” contributed to underline the crucial role of human resource management in strategically greening the organization and, in turn, economics and society at large. This awareness gave birth to green human resource management (GHRM). Despite the high number of papers addressing GHRM, this topic lacks a proper theoretical, methodological, and empirical systematization. A possible step towards a better understanding of GHRM is an evidence-based analysis of its practices’ outcomes. Developing these reflections and considerations, we conducted a systematic literature review on the evidence-based literature about the antecedents and outcomes of GHRM practices, following the PRISMA guidelines. We selected 48 papers. Most selected studies (n = 25) did not tackle single GHRM activities and processes. Studies considering specific GHRM areas tackled some dimensions more frequently (e.g., “training and development”, “performance management and appraisal”), while underrepresenting others (e.g., “Job analysis and description”). At the same time, selected studies focused on GHRM consequences for organizations, showing a high adherence to the ability, motivation, opportunity (AMO) theoretical framework. Suggestions for future research are provided.
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Li, Hui, Xiaobao Ying, Lina Shang, Bryce Redfern, Nicholas Kypraios, Xuejun Xie, FeiFei Xu, et al. "Heterologous Expression of CLIBASIA_03915/CLIBASIA_04250 by Tobacco Mosaic Virus Resulted in Phloem Necrosis in the Senescent Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041414.
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Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most notorious citrus disease worldwide. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) is a phloem-restricted bacterium associated with HLB. Because there is no mutant library available, the pathogenesis of CaLas is obscure. In this study, we employed tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to express two mature secretion proteins CLIBASIA_03915 (m03915) and CLIBASIA_04250 (m04250) in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana). Phloem necrosis was observed in the senescent leaves of N. benthamiana that expressed the two low molecular weight proteins, while no phloem necrosis was observed in the plants that expressed the control, green fluorescent protein (GFP). Additionally, no phloem necrosis was observed in the senescent leaves of N. benthamiana that expressed the null mutation of m03915 and frameshifting m04250. The subcellular localizations of m03915 and m04250 were determined by fusion with GFP using confocal microscopy. The subcellular localization of m03915 was found to be as free GFP without a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). However, m04250 did have an NLS. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) was carried out to probe the citrus proteins interacting with m03915 and m04250. Six citrus proteins were found to interact with m03915. The identified proteins were involved in the metabolism of compounds, transcription, response to abiotic stress, ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, etc. The prey of m04250 was involved in the processing of specific pre-mRNAs. Identification of new virulence factors of CaLas will give insight into the pathogenesis of CaLas, and therefore, it will eventually help develop the HLB-resistant citrus.
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Suslov, Aleksey, Dimitry Sviridenk, Vasiliy Mamayev, and Irina Sychiova. "The assessment of the influence of the Gumiton organomineral complex on the development of root rot and structural elements of the winter wheat yield." BIO Web of Conferences 32 (2021): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213202012.
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It has been shown that pre-sowing treatment increases field germination by 5.5%, and the preservation of plants after overwintering increases by 4.3%. Gumiton strengthened the work of the assimilation apparatus of the flag leaf due to an increase in leaf area by 29.3-49.1% and extended the life of plants. As a part of a tank mixture (Tabu Super, 1.5 l / t + Tertia, 2.5 l t), the drug allowed to reduce the prevalence of the root rot disease to 2.45-1.05% in comparison with the control. The organomineral complex provided the formation of a larger and more leveled grain with a mass of 1000 grains of 47.0-47.5 g, 43.9 g in the control; the grain nature is more than 780 g / dm 3, 751.7 g / dm 3, in the control. The use of Gumiton (seeds + tillering + piping) against the background of N 96 P 96 K 96 provided a high yield increase by 37.8%. To reduce the expenses of foliar fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers, the Gumiton organic-mineral complex should be recommended, since it is an element of greening in intensive technologies of winter wheat cultivation.
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An, Haibo, Jen Owens, Brian Beres, Yuejin Li, and Xiying Hao. "Nitrous oxide emissions with enhanced efficiency and conventional urea fertilizers in winter wheat." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 119, no. 3 (February 13, 2021): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-021-10118-9.
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AbstractOptimizing nitrogen fertilizer management can reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study tested if split applying enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) resulted in lower N2O emissions than applying equivalent rates of urea at planting. In semiarid southern Alberta, field trials were conducted during three years (planting to harvest) in rainfed winter wheat crops. Annual fertilizer rates ranged from 146 to 176 kg N ha−1. Fertilizer types were urea, and three EEFs (polymer-coated urea, urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors, and urea with a nitrification inhibitor). Each fertilizer type was applied three ways: 100% banded at planting, split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast in late fall, and split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast at Feekes growth stage 4 (GS4, post-tiller formation, wheat entering the greening up phase in the early spring). Nitrous oxide was measured using static chambers between sub-weekly and monthly from planting to harvest. Over three years, cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 0.16 to 1.32 kg N ha−1. This was equivalent to emissions factors between 0.009 and 0.688%. Cumulative N2O emissions and emissions factors did not differ between fertilizer types, but they were lower when fertilizer was split applied at GS4 compared to in late fall (P ≤ 0.10). Our study suggests that EEFs do not reduce N2O emissions from rainfed winter wheat crops, but a well-timed split application with a majority of fertilizer applied after winter can minimize N2O emissions.
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Saleh, Ahmed M., Mohamed M. Elsharkawy, Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, and Sayed M. Arafat. "Evaluation of Soil Quality in Arid Western Fringes of the Nile Delta for Sustainable Agriculture." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2021 (September 18, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1434692.
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Egypt is currently witnessing an extensive desert greening plan with a target of adding one and a half million feddans to the agricultural area. The present study evaluates the soil quality in the western desert fringes of the Nile Delta using three indicator datasets, which involve the total dataset (TDS), the minimum dataset (MDS), and the expert dataset (EDS). Three quality index models are included: the Additive Soil Quality Index (SQI-A), the Weighted Additive Soil Quality Index (SQI-W), and the Nemoro Soil Quality Index (SQI-N). Linear and nonlinear scoring functions are evaluated for scoring soil and terrain indicators. Thirteen soil quality indicators and three terrain indicators were measured in 397 sampling sites for soil quality evaluation. Factor analyses determined five soil and terrain indicators for the minimum dataset and their associated weights. The linear scoring functions reflected the soil system functions more than nonlinear scoring functions. Soil quality estimation by the minimum dataset (MDS) and Weighted Additive Soil Quality Index (SQI-W) is more sensitive than that by SQI-A and SQI-N quality models to explain soil quality indicators. The moderate soil quality grade is the largest quality grade in the studied area. The minimum dataset of soil quality indicators could assist in reducing time and cost of evaluating soil quality and monitoring the temporal changes in soil quality of the region due to the increased agricultural development.
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Gu, Hongliang, and Min Chen. "Comprehensive Insights into Spatial-Temporal Evolution Patterns, Dominant Factors of NDVI from Pixel Scale, as a Case of Shaanxi Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910053.
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Based on long term NDVI (1982–2015), climate, topographic factors, and land use type data information in Shaanxi Province, multiple methods (linear regression, partial and multiple correlation analysis, redundancy analysis and boosted regression trees method) were conducted to evaluate the spatial-temporal change footprints and driving mechanisms in the pixel scale. The results demonstrated that (1) the overall annual average and seasonal NDVI in this region showed a fluctuating upward trend, especially in spring. The difference between the end of season (eos) and start of season (sos) gradually increased, indicating the occurrence of temporal “greening” across most Shaanxi Province. (2) The overall spatial distribution of annual mean NDVI in Shaanxi Province was prominent in the south and low in the north, and 98.83% of the areas had a stable and increasing trend. Pixel scale analysis reflected the spatial continuity and heterogeneity of NDVI evolution. (3) Trend and breakpoint evaluation results showed that evolutionary trends were not homogeneous. There were obvious breakpoints in the latitude direction of NDVI evolution in Shaanxi Province, especially between 32–33 °N and in the north of 37 °N. (4) Compared with precipitation, the annual average temperature was significantly correlated with the vegetation indices (annual NDVI, max NDVI, time integrated NDVI) and phenology metrics (sos, eos). (5) Considering the interaction between environmental variables, the NDVI evolution was dominated by the combined influence of climate and geographic location factors in most areas.
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Atta, Alisheikh A., Kelly T. Morgan, Said A. Hamido, Davie M. Kadyampakeni, and Kamal A. Mahmoud. "Water and Soil Nutrient Dynamics of Huanglongbing-Affected Citrus Trees as Impacted by Ground-Applied Nutrients." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101485.
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The decrease in the rate of inflow and outflow of water—and thereby the uptake of plant nutrients as the result of Huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening)—leads to a decline in overall tree growth and the development of nutrient deficiencies in HLB-affected citrus trees. This study was conducted at the University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) near Immokalee, FL from January 2017 through December 2019. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of rootstocks, nutrient type, rate, and frequency of applications on leaf area index (LAI), water relations (stomatal conductance [gs], stem water potential [Ψw], and sap flow), soil nutrient accumulation, and dynamics under HLB-affected citrus trees. The experiment was arranged in a split-split plot design that consisted of two types of rootstocks, three nitrogen (N) rates, three soil-applied secondary macronutrients, and an untreated control replicated four times. LAI significantly increased in response to the secondary macronutrients compared with uncontrolled trees. A significantly greater gs, and thus a decline in Ψw, was a manifestation of higher sap flow per unit LA (leaf area) and moisture stress for trees budded on Swingle (Swc) than Cleopatra (Cleo) rootstocks, respectively. The hourly sap flow showed significantly less water consumption per unit LA for trees that received a full dose of Ca or Mg nutrition than Ca + Mg treated and untreated control trees. The soil nutrient concentrations were consistently higher in the topmost soil depth (0–15 cm) than the two lower soil depths (15–30 cm, 30–45 cm). Mobile nutrients: soil nitrate–nitrogen (NO3-N) and Mg2+ Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and B leached to the lower soil (15–30 cm) depth during the summer season. However, the multiple split applications of N as Best Management Practices (BMPs) and optimum irrigation scheduling based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) maintained soil available N (ammonium nitrogen [NH4-N] and NO3-N) below 4.0 mg kg−1, which was a magnitude 2.0–4.0× less than the conventional N applications. Soil NH4-N and NO3-N leached to the two lower soil depths during the rainy summer season only when trees received the highest N rate (280 kg ha−1), suggesting a lower citrus N requirement. Therefore, 224 kg ha−1 N coupled with a full Ca or Mg dose could be the recommended rate for HLB-affected citrus trees.
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Attarod, P., Q. Tang, J. T. Van Stan II, T. G. Pypker, and X. Liu. "HOW WILL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT THE STORM MAGNITUDE AND THROUFALL IN SEVERAL FOREST AREAS IN IRAN?" ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 18, 2019): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-117-2019.
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Abstract. Across all forest systems, the primary driver of throughfall (TF) amount is rainfall amount (Pg) though no work has addressed the sensitivity of the TF response to projected shifts in Pg due to climate change. We assessed how climate change may impact TF sensitivity to variability in Pg for eleven typical forest sites across the main climate types of Iran using a nondimensional relative sensitivity coefficient. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) HadGEM2-ES product was used under two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5) to project yearly precipitation and Pg for the measurement sites during 2020–50. There was a strong linear relationship between TF and Pg at all sites [TF = 0.66 (Pg) – 0.30; R2 = 0.91; n = 639]. The sensitivity coefficient ranged from 0.96–5.3 across the eleven forest sites. Large sensitivity coefficient differences were found between small (< mean annual Pg) and large (> mean annual Pg) storms for arid plantations. To buffer expected shifts in storm size due to climate change, it may be suitable to incorporate TF sensitivity when choosing landscaping and urban greening. Shifts in Pg and increased small storm frequency are predicted for 2020–50 per CMIP5 HadGEM2-ES low and high emission scenarios.
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Bogetić, Srđan, Zorana Antić, and Snežana Lekić. "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY." International Journal "Advanced Quality" 44, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25137/ijaq.n2.v44.y2016.p7-12.
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The hospitality industry has been characterized by an intense growth rate enabling the development of certain world regions (mostly East Asia and the Pacific region), which until recently had poor economic perspectives. The global market conditions have necessitated their implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) principles aimed at promoting their competitiveness. Corporate social responsibility is no longer just a desire of certain hospitality enterprises to appreciate the environment in which they operate; it is also a business operation approach in the contemporary market. The reason for these changes is a result of the changes not only among customers, but also the market itself and the way it operates. Namely, the hospitality market has undergone major market segmentation as a result of a changed end consumer attitude towards hospitality services. In the hospitality industry, the environmental issues, such as greening, are becoming one of the major activities i n the field of CSR. The reason for the commitment of the hospitality industry to the protection of the environment lies in the fact that such a business approach leads to major cost savings in terms of water consumption saving (laundry), electricity saving, etc., which have been a great enough motive for other hotels to consider this concept
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Zawadzińska, Agnieszka, Piotr Salachna, Jacek S. Nowak, and Waldemar Kowalczyk. "Response of Interspecific Geraniums to Waste Wood Fiber Substrates and Additional Fertilization." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020119.
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Promotion of sustainable horticulture via wider use of peat substrate substitutes makes wood fiber an increasingly popular substrate component. Interspecific geraniums are plants of huge potential in the floriculture market, but there are not enough specific guidelines on their cultivation. This study investigated the effectiveness of enriching peat substrate with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% (by volume) waste wood fiber in the pot cultivation of interspecific geraniums cv. ‘Calliope Dark Red’. It also examined plant response to additional fertilization with nitrogen in the form of Ca(NO3)2. Plants grown in the substrate with 10% and 20% of wood fiber did not differ in the leaf greening index, flower weight, and visual score from the plants grown in control (100% peat substrate). Wood fiber content of 40% negatively affected all growth parameters and leaf content of macro- and micronutrients. The plants growing in the peat substrate enriched with 20% of waste wood fiber and fertilized with nitrogen had the highest leaf greenness index, the greatest number of flowers, and the highest content of N, P, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. In summary, the study demonstrated that high quality ornamental plants can be successfully grown in peat substrate containing 20% of waste wood fiber and additionally fertilized with nitrogen.
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Ying, Xiaobao, Mengyuan Wan, Linshuang Hu, Jinghua Zhang, Hui Li, and Dianqiu Lv. "Identification of the Virulence Factors of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus via Heterologous Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana using Tobacco Mosaic Virus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 5575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225575.
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Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. HLB is associated with the non-culturable bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) in the United States. The virulence mechanism of CaLas is largely unknown, partly because of the lack of a mutant library. In this study, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) were used for large-scale screening of the virulence factors of CaLas. Agroinfiltration of 60 putative virulence factors in N. benthamiana led to the identification of four candidates that caused severe symptoms in N. benthamiana, such as growth inhibition and cell death. CLIBASIA_05150 and CLIBASIA_04065C (C-terminal of CLIBASIA_04065) could cause cell death in the infiltrated leaves at five days post infiltration. Two low-molecular-weight candidates, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, could inhibit plant growth. By converting start codon to stop codon or frameshifting, the four genes lost their harmful effects to N. benthamiana. It indicated that the four virulence factors functioned at the protein level rather than at the RNA level. The subcellular localization of the four candidates was determined by confocal laser scanning microscope. CLIBASIA_05150 located in the Golgi apparatus; CLIBASIA_04065 located in the mitochondrion; CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 distributed in cells as free GFP. The host proteins interacting with the four virulence factors were identified by yeast two-hybrid. The host proteins interacting with CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025 were overlapping. Based on the phenotypes, the subcellular localization and the host proteins identified by yeast two-hybrid, CLIBASIA_00470 and CLIBASIA_04025, functioned redundantly. The hypothesis of CaLas virulence was proposed. CaLas affects citrus development and suppresses citrus disease resistance, comprehensively, in a complicated manner. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation might play a vital role in CaLas virulence. Deep characterization of the interactions between the identified virulence factors and their prey will shed light on HLB. Eventually, it will help in developing HLB-resistant citrus and save the endangered citrus industry worldwide.
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Wei, Heyi, and Wenhua Jiang. "Plant Species Selection and Community Configuration for Residential Areas Based on the Digital Technology." Journal of Environment and Ecology 11, no. 2 (November 27, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v11i2.17707.
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Sunshine is a key ecological factor for plant growth, development, reproduction and their community stability. The SOLWEIG model combined with ArcGIS and, AutoCAD software as a digital platform was used in this paper, and which focus on sunshine duration simulation by these digital technologies. Results show that the maximum sunshine duration is 10 hours, the minimum sunshine duration is 0 hours, and the average is about 4 hours in the sample points of the study area. The order from high to low is N>D>F>B>E>G>K>C>A>L>M (patches of planting area) in sunshine duration, the average highest value is 6 hours and the lowest is 1.6 hours for the 11 greening patches in this study. These results also indicate that the building height and layout is the major factor of influence in the change of sunshine hours when other parameters are stable. On this basis, the research combined with the standard system of sunshine requirements of landscape plants, an empirical analysis of plant selection and community configuration to show through a case of Tongxiang city in Zhejiang province, China. The value of this research is to provide a theoretical method for plant selection and community configuration in urban built-up areas.
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Phuyal, Dinesh, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira, Arun D. Jani, Davie M. Kadyampakeni, Kelly T. Morgan, and Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi. "‘Ray Ruby’ Grapefruit Affected by Huanglongbing I. Planting Density and Soil Nutrient Management." HortScience 55, no. 9 (September 2020): 1411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15111-20.
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Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, affects practically all fruit-bearing trees in commercial citrus orchards in Florida with no cure identified yet. High-density plantings and enhanced nutritional programs such as application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) with higher micronutrient levels can mitigate disease symptoms and extend the tree life span of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tree planting density and application of CRF blends differing in N to K ratio and micronutrient content on grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) plant health, canopy volume, fruit yield, and fruit quality in an HLB-affected orchard. A study was conducted in Florida for two growing seasons (2017–18 and 2018–19) to evaluate the response of ‘Ray Ruby’ grapefruit on Kuharske citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) to three planting densities (300, 440, and 975 trees per ha) and two CRF blends [12 nitrogen (N)–1.31 phosphorus (P)–7.47 potassium (K) and 16N–1.31P–16.6K] with different nutrient sources and composition. According to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction testing, all sampled trees tested positive for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the pathogen associated with HLB. Trees planted at 975 trees per ha had 33% lower canopy volume per tree but 160% greater fruit yield per hectare and 190% higher yield of solids compared with 300 trees per ha. Fruit produced in high-density planting (975 trees per ha) was 18% more acidic with higher soluble solid compared with low-density planting (300 trees per ha). The use of a CRF blend with higher amounts of micronutrients along with lower K increased canopy volume in both seasons and resulted in 24% and 29% reduction in fruit yield per hectare and yield of solids, respectively, in 2017–18. Our results indicate that high-density plantings increase fruit yield per area, and regardless of the N to K ratio, the use of CRF blends supplemented with micronutrients may not increase fruit yield in HLB-affected grapefruit.
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Atta, Alisheikh A., Kelly T. Morgan, Davie M. Kadyampakeni, and Kamal A. Mahmoud. "The Effect of Foliar and Ground-Applied Essential Nutrients on Huanglongbing-Affected Mature Citrus Trees." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050925.
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The fate of foliar and ground-applied essential nutrients is the least studied topic under citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB)-affected citrus, which is inherently suffering from severe root decline because of HLB-associated problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate if ground-applied coupled with foliar spray of essential nutrients can reverse the decline in tree growth and understand the fate of the nutrients in the soil-root-tree interfaces. The treatments were arranged in a split-split plot design in which nitrogen (N) was ground-applied in 20 splits biweekly and Mn, Zn, and B were foliar and /or ground-applied in three splits following the spring, summer, and late summer flush seasons. Soil nutrients in three depths (0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm), root, and leaf nutrient concentrations of the essential nutrients, leaf area index (LAI), and tree canopy volume (TCV) data were studied twice (spring and summer) for two years. A significantly higher soil NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations were detected in the topsoil depth than the two lower soil depths (15–30 and 30–45 cm) indicating lesser nutrient leaching as trees received moderate (224 kg ha−1) N rate. Except for soil zinc (Zn) concentration, all the nutrient concentrations were significantly higher in the topsoil (0–15 cm), compared with two lower soil depths indicating that Zn was intricate by changes in soil environmental conditions, root acquisition, and/or leaching to lower soil depth. Leaf N concentration significantly increased over time following seasonal environmental fluctuations, tree growth, and development. Thus, leaf N concentration remained above the optimum nutrient range implying lower N requirement under irrigation scheduling with SmartIrrigation, an App used to determine the daily irrigation duration to meet tree water requirement and split fertigation techniques. Root Manganese (Mn) and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in the root tissues of the treated than the control trees and translocated to the leaves accordingly. Meanwhile, a significantly higher LAI for trees budded on Swingle (Swc) rootstock however, larger TCV for trees budded on Volkameriana (Volk) rootstocks. The trees had significantly larger TCV when the trees received a moderate N rate during early study years and under foliar 9 kg ha−1 coupled with the ground 9 kg ha−1 Mn and Zn treatments during the late study years. Therefore, split ground application of 224 kg ha−1 of N, foliar applied 9 kg ha−1 coupled with ground-applied 9 kg ha−1 Mn and Zn were the suggested rates to sustain the essential leaf nutrient concentration within the optimum ranges and improve the deterioration of vegetative growth associated with HLB-induced problems of citrus trees.
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Shao, Yuhan, Xinyu Xu, Like Jiang, and Romain Crastes dit Sourd. "Economic Valuation of the Renewal of Urban Streets: A Choice Experiment." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 4808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124808.
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Examination of users’ preferences and needs can provide an additional and strong basis for decision making, which is applicable in the case of urban street renewal. In this study, a choice experiment on street renewal plans in Shanghai was conducted using an online survey (N = 546), and people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for a set of street attributes was estimated, including bicycle lane separation, pedestrian path width, green looking ratio and recreational and commercial amenities. By comparing WTPs, the results show that people had greater preferences for adding resting facilities than any other attributes in this scene, and they also give some examples of prices of street attributes in a street renewal scene. The gender, age and occupation of participants had a significant effect on WTPs. Females showed greater WTP for setting separate bicycle lanes and improving greening and amenities, and the age of street users had a positive effect on WTP through the payment for street renewal. The reasoning section of the survey indicated the concern on the cost–benefit ratio, the need to renew and overall impression when choosing, and only a few participants were unwilling to pay anything for street improvement. This kind of economic valuation can estimate the values that people place on street attributes that are otherwise not measurable in design and planning practice; it can help us understand public preferences for street renewal and support decision making.