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Journal articles on the topic 'Greenland evolution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Benoit, France, and Gunnar Martens. "Municipal government in Greenland." Polar Record 28, no. 165 (April 1992): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013383.

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AbstractThis article describes how Greenlandic municipalities operate. A summary of the evolution of municipal government in Greenland is followed by an overview of their demography, politics, and administration. A list of jurisdictions is provided through a study of municipal expenditures, with reference to the municipality of Narsaq (Narsap kommunia). The article concludes with an examination of the perspectives of municipal government in Greenland.

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2

Lahtinen, Raimo, Adam A. Garde, and Victor A. Melezhik. "Paleoproterozoic evolution of Fennoscandia and Greenland." Episodes 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i1/004.

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3

Perner, K., M. Moros, A. Jennings, JM Lloyd, and KL Knudsen. "Holocene palaeoceanographic evolution off West Greenland." Holocene 23, no. 3 (October 18, 2012): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683612460785.

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4

Jess, Scott, Alexander L. Peace, and Christian Schiffer. "Sediment supply on the West Greenland passive margin: redirection of a large pre-glacial drainage system." Journal of the Geological Society 177, no. 6 (July 8, 2020): 1149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-028.

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The Mesozoic–Cenozoic separation of Greenland and North America produced the small oceanic basins of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay, connected via a complex transform system through the Davis Strait. During rifting and partial breakup sedimentary basins formed that record the changing regional sediment supply. The onshore and offshore stratigraphy of Central West Greenland outlines the presence of a major fluvial system that existed during the Cretaceous and was later redirected in the Early Cenozoic by the formation of the West Greenland Igneous Province. Hydrological analysis of Greenland's isostatically balanced basement topography outlines two major drainage systems that likely flowed across Greenland prior to the onset of glaciation and emptied into the Sisimiut Basin within the Davis Strait, offshore West Greenland. The course of the northern drainage system suggests that it initially flowed NW into the Cretaceous/Palaeocene Nuussuaq Basin, before being redirected SW around the West Greenland Igneous Province in the Mid-Palaeocene. Moreover, characteristics of these two drainage systems suggest they acted as a single larger fluvial system, prior to the onset of glaciation, that was likely the primary source of sediment across Central West Greenland throughout the Cretaceous and Palaeogene. This scenario provides a greater understanding of the West Greenland margin's late Cenozoic evolution, which differs from previous interpretations that hypothesize a period of considerable post-rift tectonism and uplift. This work highlights the importance of large pre-glacial drainage systems across North Atlantic passive margins and their relevance when studying post-rift stratigraphy in rifted margin settings.Supplementary material: Isostatic modelling, hydrological analysis and chi mapping is available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5050146

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5

Surlyk, F. "Tectonostratigraphy of North Greenland." Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 160 (January 1, 1991): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/bullggu.v160.6712.

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A coherent tectonic and stratigraphic picture of the geological evolution of North Greenland has emerged after a decade of systematic mapping and topical studies by the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) in cooperation with groups from the University of Copenhagen and various non-Danish institutions. These studies represent the culmination of a long exploration history, with field work often carried out under harsh conditions.

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6

Gregersen, Ulrik, Paul C. Knutz, Henrik Nøhr-Hansen, Emma Sheldon, and John R. Hopper. "Tectonostratigraphy and evolution of the West Greenland continental margin." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 67 (July 27, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2019-67-01.

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Large structural highs and sedimentary basins are identified from mapping of the West Greenland continental margin from the Labrador Sea to the Baffin Bay. We present a new tectonic elements map and a map of thickness from the seabed to the basement of the entire West Greenland margin. In addition, a new stratigraphic scheme of the main lithologies and tectonostratigraphy based on ties to all offshore exploration wells is presented together with seven interpreted seismic sections. The work is based on interpretation of more than 135 000 km of 2D seismic reflection data supported by other geophysical data, including gravity- and magnetic data and selected 3D seismic data, and is constrained by correlation to wells and seabed samples. Eight seismic mega-units (A–H) from the seabed to the basement, related to distinct tectonostratigraphic phases, were mapped. The oldest units include pre-rift basins that contain Proterozoic and Palaeozoic successions. Cretaceous syn-rift phases are characterised by development of large extensional fault blocks and basins with wedge-shaped units. The basin strata include Cretaceous and Palaeogene claystones, sandstones and conglomerates. During the latest Cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene, crustal extension followed by oceanic crust formation took place, causing separation of the continental margins of Greenland and Canada with north-east to northward movement of Greenland. From Paleocene to Eocene, volcanic rocks dominated the central West Greenland continental margin and covered the Cretaceous basins. Development of the oceanic crust is associated with compressional tectonics and the development of strike-slip and thrust faults, pull-apart basins and inversion structures, most pronounced in the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay regions. During the late Cenozoic, tectonism diminished, though some intra-plate vertical adjustments occurred. The latest basin development was characterised by formation of thick Neogene to Quaternary marine successions including contourite drifts and glacial related shelf progradation towards the west and south-west.

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7

Moon, T., I. Joughin, B. Smith, and I. Howat. "21st-Century Evolution of Greenland Outlet Glacier Velocities." Science 336, no. 6081 (May 3, 2012): 576–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1219985.

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8

Bergmann, I., G. Ramillien, and F. Frappart. "Climate-driven interannual ice mass evolution in Greenland." Global and Planetary Change 82-83 (February 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.11.005.

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9

Cheng, Daniel, Wayne Hayes, Eric Larour, Yara Mohajerani, Michael Wood, Isabella Velicogna, and Eric Rignot. "Calving Front Machine (CALFIN): glacial termini dataset and automated deep learning extraction method for Greenland, 1972–2019." Cryosphere 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 1663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1663-2021.

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Abstract. Sea level contributions from the Greenland Ice Sheet are influenced by the rapid changes in glacial terminus positions. The documentation of these evolving calving front positions, for which satellite imagery forms the basis, is therefore important. However, the manual delineation of these calving fronts is time consuming, which limits the availability of these data across a wide spatial and temporal range. Automated methods face challenges that include the handling of clouds, illumination differences, sea ice mélange, and Landsat 7 scan line corrector errors. To address these needs, we develop the Calving Front Machine (CALFIN), an automated method for extracting calving fronts from satellite images of marine-terminating glaciers, using neural networks. The results are often indistinguishable from manually curated fronts, deviating by on average 86.76 ± 1.43 m from the measured front. Landsat imagery from 1972 to 2019 is used to generate 22 678 calving front lines across 66 Greenlandic glaciers. This improves on the state of the art in terms of the spatiotemporal coverage and accuracy of its outputs and is validated through a comprehensive intercomparison with existing studies. The current implementation offers a new opportunity to explore subseasonal and regional trends on the extent of Greenland's margins and supplies new constraints for simulations of the evolution of the mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet and its contributions to future sea level rise.

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10

van Gool, Jeroen A. M., James N. Connelly, Mogens Marker, and Flemming C. Mengel. "The Nagssugtoqidian Orogen of West Greenland: tectonic evolution and regional correlations from a West Greenland perspective." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 665–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-027.

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The Nagssugtoqidian Orogen of West Greenland represents a belt of Palaeoproterozoic deformation and metamorphism between the North Atlantic Craton of South Greenland and a northern, lesser known continental segment that includes the Rinkian Orogen. First-order observations are interpreted to support a cycle of separation, convergence, and eventual collision of two continental masses. The emplacement of the Kangâmiut dyke swarm marked the onset of continental breakup at ca. 2040 Ma, and sedimentary basins formed between ca. 1950 and 1920 Ma. Subsequent convergence and consumption of an oceanic plate caused arc magmatism at 19201870 Ma. Granulite-facies peak metamorphism at 18601840 Ma in the centre of the orogen is related to crustal thickening by WNW-directed thrusting. Large-scale, upright folding with an eastwest trend was ongoing by 1825 Ma. Sinistral strike-slip movement was concentrated along steeply dipping limbs of these large-scale folds and formed orogen-scale steep belts at ca. 1775 Ma. Close similarities between the northern and southern foreland suggest that the two cratons likely originated from one continuous continental block. Temporal and kinematic correlation of these events with adjoining orogens in Canada and Greenland shows close genetic links. The Nagssugtoqidian Orogen of West Greenland continues eastwards beneath the Greenland Ice cap to the Eastern Nagssugtoqidian belt of East Greenland (a.k.a. the Ammassalik belt). The Torngat Orogen of eastern Canada developed simultaneous with the Nagssugtoqidian Orogen with a kinematic compatibility suggesting that the two orogens formed on the west and north flanks, respectively, of a curved leading continental margin of an indenting North Atlantic Craton.

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11

Bergersen, R. "Sticklebacks from Greenland." Journal of Fish Biology 48, no. 4 (April 1996): 799–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01474.x.

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12

Telesiński, M. M., R. F. Spielhagen, and H. A. Bauch. "Water mass evolution of the Greenland Sea since late glacial times." Climate of the Past 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2014): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-123-2014.

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Abstract. Four sediment cores from the central and northern Greenland Sea basin, a crucial area for the renewal of North Atlantic deep water, were analyzed for planktic foraminiferal fauna, planktic and benthic stable oxygen and carbon isotopes as well as ice-rafted debris to reconstruct the environmental variability in the last 23 kyr. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the Greenland Sea was dominated by cold and sea-ice bearing surface water masses. Meltwater discharges from the surrounding ice sheets affected the area during the deglaciation, influencing the water mass circulation. During the Younger Dryas interval the last major freshwater event occurred in the region. The onset of the Holocene interglacial was marked by an increase in the advection of Atlantic Water and a rise in sea surface temperatures (SST). Although the thermal maximum was not reached simultaneously across the basin, benthic isotope data indicate that the rate of overturning circulation reached a maximum in the central Greenland Sea around 7 ka. After 6–5 ka a SST cooling and increasing sea-ice cover is noted. Conditions during this so-called "Neoglacial" cooling, however, changed after 3 ka, probably due to enhanced sea-ice expansion, which limited the deep convection. As a result, a well stratified upper water column amplified the warming of the subsurface waters in the central Greenland Sea, which were fed by increased inflow of Atlantic Water from the eastern Nordic Seas. Our data reveal that the Holocene oceanographic conditions in the Greenland Sea did not develop uniformly. These variations were a response to a complex interplay between the Atlantic and Polar water masses, the rate of sea-ice formation and melting and its effect on vertical convection intensity during times of Northern Hemisphere insolation changes.

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13

White, Arthur P., and Kip V. Hodges. "Multistage extensional evolution of the central East Greenland Caledonides." Tectonics 21, no. 5 (October 2002): 12–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001tc001308.

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14

Karlstrom, Leif, and Kang Yang. "Fluvial supraglacial landscape evolution on the Greenland Ice Sheet." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 6 (March 28, 2016): 2683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl067697.

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15

Nystuen, Johan Petter, Arild Andresen, Risto A. Kumpulainen, and Anna Siedlecka. "Neoproterozoic basin evolution in Fennoscandia, East Greenland and Svalbard." Episodes 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i1/006.

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16

Lane, Timothy P., David H. Roberts, Colm Ó Cofaigh, Brice R. Rea, and Andreas Vieli. "Glacial landscape evolution in the Uummannaq region, West Greenland." Boreas 45, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 220–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bor.12150.

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17

von Gosen, W., and K. Piepjohn. "Evolution of the Kap Cannon Thrust Zone (north Greenland)." Tectonics 18, no. 6 (December 1999): 1004–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999tc900035.

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18

FAIRCHILD, I., and M. HAMBREY. "Vendian basin evolution in East Greenland and NE Svalbard." Precambrian Research 73, no. 1-4 (May 1995): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)00079-7.

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19

Telesiński, M. M., R. F. Spielhagen, and H. A. Bauch. "Water mass evolution of the Greenland Sea since lateglacial times." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2013): 5037–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-5037-2013.

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Abstract. Four sediment cores from the central and northern Greenland Sea, a crucial area for the global ocean circulation system, were analyzed for planktic foraminiferal fauna, planktic and benthic stable oxygen and carbon isotopes as well as ice-rafted debris. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the Greenland Sea was dominated by cold and ice-bearing water masses. Meltwater discharges from the surrounding ice sheets affected the area during the deglaciation, influencing the water mass circulation. The Younger Dryas was the last major freshwater event in the area. The onset of the Holocene interglacial was marked by an improvement of the environmental conditions and rising sea surface temperatures (SST). Although the thermal maximum was not reached simultaneously across the basin, due to the reorganization of the specific water mass configuration, benthic isotope data indicate that the overturning circulation reached a maximum in the central Greenland Sea around 7 ka. After 6–5 ka the SST cooling and increasing sea-ice cover is noted alongside with decreasing insolation. Conditions during this Neoglacial cooling, however, changed after 3 ka due to further sea-ice expansion which limited the deep convection. As a result, a well stratified upper water column amplified the warming of the subsurface waters in the central Greenland Sea which were fed by increased inflow of Atlantic Water from the eastern Nordic Seas. Our data reconstruct a variety of time- and space-dependent oceanographic conditions. These were the result of a complex interplay between overruling factors such as changing insolation, the relative influence of Atlantic, Polar and meltwater, sea-ice processes and deep water convection.

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20

Simonsen, C. S., and A. C. Gundersen. "Ovary development in Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides in west Greenland waters." Journal of Fish Biology 67, no. 5 (November 2005): 1299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00825.x.

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21

Bay, Christian. "Four decades of new vascular plant records for Greenland." PhytoKeys 145 (April 10, 2020): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.145.39704.

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Records of new species of vascular plants in Greenland from the last four decades are presented and new phytogeographical data leading to extension of the known distribution limits in Greenland are discussed. Since the publication of the latest edition of the Flora of Greenland in 1978 (Böcher et al. 1978) fieldwork by Greenland Botanical Survey and other expeditions have taken place especially in West and East Greenland and in many remote areas in North and Northeast Greenland. This paper serves as an update of the Flora of Greenland. Twenty species, one subspecies and one new forma have been added to the flora of Greenland: Carex membranacea Hook., Carex miliaris Michx., Carex rhomalea (Fernald) Mack., Equisetum hyemale L., Festuca edlundiae S. Aiken, Consaul and Lefkovich, Festuca groenlandica (Schol.) Frederiksen, Festuca saximontana Rydb., Galium verum L., Geum rossii (R. Br.) Ser., Papaver cornwallisense D. Löve, Papaver dahlianum Nordh., Papaver labradoricum (Fedde) Solstad and Elven, Papaver lapponicum (Tolm.) Nordh., Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. albolabiata Hult., Poa flexuosa Sm., Puccinellia bruggemanni Th. Sør., Ranunculus subrigidus W.B. Drew., Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, Trientalis europaea L. and Veronica officinalis L. in addition to one subspecies Phippsia algida (Sol.) R. Br. ssp. algidiformis (H. Sm.) Löve and Löve. The viviparous form of Poa hartzii f. prolifera has been reported for the first time in Greenland. Presently, the total number of vascular plant species in Greenland is 532. 89 new northern and 28 new southern distribution limits are presented and 26 species are new to the flora province East Greenland, whereas 15 species are new to West Greenland. The numbers of new species to flora provinces North and South Greenland are 14 and one, respectively.

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Higgins, A. K., J. R. Ineson, J. S. Peel, F. Surlyk, and M. Sønderholm. "Lower Palaeozoic Franklinian Basin of North Greenland." Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 160 (January 1, 1991): 71–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/bullggu.v160.6714.

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The Franklinian Basin extends from the Canadian Arctic Islands to eastern North Greenland, a distance of approximately 2000 km. In the North Greenland segment about 8 km of Lower Palaeozoic strata are well exposed and permit the recognition of 7 stages in the evolution of the basin. With the exception of the first stage of basin initiation, which occurred dose to the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, each stage is differentiated into a southern shelf and slope, and a northern deep-water trough. The position of the boundary between the shelf and trough was probably controlled by deep seated normal faults and, with time, the basin expanded southwards leading to a final foundering of the shelf areas during the Silurian. The 7 stages in the evolution of the Franklinian Basin in North Greenland are: 1, Late Proterozoic? - Early Cambrian shelf (basin initiation); 2, Early Cambrian carbonate platform and incipient trough; 3, Early Cambrian siliciclastic shelf and turbidite trough; 4, Late Early Cambrian - Middle Ordovician carbonate shelf and starved trough; 5, Middle Ordovician - Early Silurian aggradational carbonate platform, starved slope and trough; 6, Early Silurian ramp and rimmed shelf, and turbidite trough; 7, Early - Late Silurian drowning of the platform. Basin evolution and sedimentation patterns in the eastem part of the Franklinian Basin were strongly influenced by the dosure of the lapetus Ocean and Caledonian orogenic uplift in eastern North Greenland. The Franklinian Basin in North Greenland was finally closed in Devonian - Early Carboniferous times, resulting in strong deformation of the northern part of the Franklinian trough sequence during the Ellesmerian Orogeny.

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23

Hansen, Eric Steen. "Notes on some new and interesting Greenland lichens with particular emphasis on high arctic taxa." Botanica Lithuanica 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2013-0018.

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Abstract Hansen E. S., 2013: Notes on some new and interesting Greenland lichens with particular emphasis on high arctic taxa [Pastabos apie retas ir įdomias Grenlandijos kerpes, ypač poliarinių dykumų taksonus]. - Bot. Lith., 19(2): 149-156. The paper lists 73 taxa of Greenland lichens. Immersaria athroocarpa, Melanelixia subaurifera and Polyblastia sakkobanensis are recorded for the first time from Greenland. Melanelia agnata, Melanohalea exasperatula and Peltigera britannica are new to South Greenland, while Miriquidica intrudens and Peltigera ponojensis are new to Central West Greenland. Caloplaca citrina, Cladonia galindezii, Pertusaria bryontha, Protoblastenia rupestris, Sphaerophorus globosus and Staurothele drummondii represent northern range extensions in North East Greenland. New localities north of 80° N are given for 59 lichen taxa from Greenland.

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24

Simonsen, C. S., P. Munk, A. Folkvord, and S. A. Pedersen. "Feeding ecology of Greenland halibut and sandeel larvae off West Greenland." Marine Biology 149, no. 4 (February 25, 2006): 937–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0172-5.

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25

Hollis, Julie A., Jeroen A. M. Van Gool, Agnete Steenfelt, and Adam A. Garde. "Greenstone belts in the central Godthåbsfjord region, southern West Greenland." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 7 (July 29, 2005): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v7.4843.

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In 2004 the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) initiated a study of the origin and tectono-metamorphic evolution of greenstone belts and important regional structures in the central Godthåbsfjord region, southern West Greenland (Fig. 1; Hollis et al. 2004). Like other Archaean belts worldwide, these greenstone belts are locally host to gold mineralisation. Their complexity requires a combination of detailed geological mapping, geochemistry, petrographic work and geochronological studies to develop models of their geological setting, evolution and gold mineralisation.

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26

POINAR, KRISTIN, IAN JOUGHIN, JAN T. M. LENAERTS, and MICHIEL R. VAN DEN BROEKE. "Englacial latent-heat transfer has limited influence on seaward ice flux in western Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 63, no. 237 (October 18, 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.103.

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ABSTRACTSurface meltwater can refreeze within firn layers and crevasses to warm ice through latent-heat transfer on decadal to millennial timescales. Earlier work posited that the consequent softening of the ice might accelerate ice flow, potentially increasing ice-sheet mass loss. Here, we calculate the effect of meltwater refreezing on ice temperature and softness in the Pâkitsoq (near Swiss Camp) and Jakobshavn Isbræ regions of western Greenland using a numeric model and existing borehole measurements. We show that in the Jakobshavn catchment, meltwater percolation within the firn warms the ice at depth by 3–5°C. By contrast, meltwater refreezing in crevasses (cryo-hydrologic warming) at depths of ~300 m warms the ice in Pâkitsoq by up to 10°C, but this causes minimal increase in ice motion (<10 m a−1). Pâkitsoq is representative of western Greenland's land-terminating ice, where the slow movement of ice through a wide ablation zone provides ideal conditions for cryo-hydrologic warming to occur. We find that only ~37% of the western Greenland ice flux, however, travels through such areas. Overall, our findings suggest that cryo-hydrologic warming will likely have only a limited effect on the dynamic evolution of the Greenland ice sheet.

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Grigoryan, S. S., S. A. Buyanov, M. S. Krass, and P. A. Shumskiy. "The Mathematical Model of Ice Sheets and the Calculation of the Evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet." Journal of Glaciology 31, no. 109 (1985): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000006614.

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AbstractAn evolutionary mathematical model of ice sheets is presented. The model takes into account the basic climatic and geophysical parameters, with temperature parameterization. Some numerical data derived from experiments on the Greenland ice sheet are received. At present the Greenland ice sheet is found to be in a state essentially different from a stationary one corresponding to modern climatic conditions.

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Grigoryan, S. S., S. A. Buyanov, M. S. Krass, and P. A. Shumskiy. "The Mathematical Model of Ice Sheets and the Calculation of the Evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet." Journal of Glaciology 31, no. 109 (1985): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000006614.

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AbstractAn evolutionary mathematical model of ice sheets is presented. The model takes into account the basic climatic and geophysical parameters, with temperature parameterization. Some numerical data derived from experiments on the Greenland ice sheet are received. At present the Greenland ice sheet is found to be in a state essentially different from a stationary one corresponding to modern climatic conditions.

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29

Plach, Andreas, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Petra M. Langebroek, Andreas Born, and Sébastien Le clec'h. "Eemian Greenland ice sheet simulated with a higher-order model shows strong sensitivity to surface mass balance forcing." Cryosphere 13, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 2133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2133-2019.

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Abstract. The Greenland ice sheet contributes increasingly to global sea level rise. Its history during past warm intervals is a valuable reference for future sea level projections. We present ice sheet simulations for the Eemian interglacial period (∼130 000 to 115 000 years ago), a period with warmer-than-present summer climate over Greenland. The evolution of the Eemian Greenland ice sheet is simulated with a 3-D higher-order ice sheet model, forced with a surface mass balance derived from regional climate simulations. Sensitivity experiments with various surface mass balances, basal friction, and ice flow approximations are discussed. The surface mass balance forcing is identified as the controlling factor setting the minimum in Eemian ice volume, emphasizing the importance of a reliable surface mass balance model. Furthermore, the results indicate that the surface mass balance forcing is more important than the representation of ice flow for simulating the large-scale ice sheet evolution. This implies that modeling of the future contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level rise highly depends on an accurate surface mass balance.

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30

Dzik, Anthony J. "Kangerlussuaq: evolution and maturation of a cultural landscape in Greenland." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 24, no. 24 (June 1, 2014): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0014.

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Abstract The cultural landscape reflects the composite influences of the regional physical, cultural, and technological environments. It is a dynamic entity which evolves over time and the perceptions of its human inhabitants is influential in the process. This paper is a descriptive analysis of Kangerlussuaq, a young but maturing settlement located in west Greenland near the inland ice. The site’s natural resource base did not attract permanent settlement by the Inuit or Scandinavian colonists, but in the early days of the World War II, the American military took advantage of the exceptional flying conditions here and established an air base. In time, civilian functions developed as Kangerlussuaq became the hub for air travel in Greenland. A transitory utilitarian settlement was eventually transformed into a more permanent settlement. In recent years there seems to be a growing sense of community and place attachment as the cultural landscape begins to exhibit more of the components of a real ‘town’.

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Hansen, Eric Steen. "Contribution To The Lichen Flora Of South East Greenland. II. The Tugtilik Area." Botanica Lithuanica 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botlit-2015-0009.

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AbstractThe paper lists 69 lichen taxa from the Tugtilik area, South East Greenland. Of these, 48 lichens were recorded for the first time from the area. Peltigera extenuata is new to Greenland, and Acarospora fuscata is new to East Greenland. Seven lichen taxa are new to South East Greenland, viz. Acarospora rhizobola, Amygdalaria panaeola, Collema undulatum var. granulosum, Hymenelia arctica, Ionaspis lacustris, Megaspora verrucosa and Parmeliella triptophylla.

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32

Petersen, T. G., N. E. Hamann, and L. Stemmerik. "Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Paleogene succession offshore Northeast Greenland." Marine and Petroleum Geology 67 (November 2015): 481–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.05.033.

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33

Sundal, A. V., A. Shepherd, P. Nienow, E. Hanna, S. Palmer, and P. Huybrechts. "Evolution of supra-glacial lakes across the Greenland Ice Sheet." Remote Sensing of Environment 113, no. 10 (October 2009): 2164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.018.

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34

Pawlowicz, Richard, J. F. Lynch, W. B. Owens, P. F. Worcester, W. M. L. Morawitz, and P. J. Sutton. "Thermal evolution of the Greenland Sea Gyre in 1988–1989." Journal of Geophysical Research 100, no. C3 (1995): 4727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jc02509.

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35

Stendal, Henrik, and Adam A. Garde. "Precambrian mineralising events in central West Greenland (66°–70°15´N)." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 7 (July 29, 2005): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v7.4841.

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During the past decade the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) has carried out two major resource evaluations in the Precambrian basement terranes of South and West Greenland in order to locate potential areas of mineral deposits (Steenfelt et al. 2000, 2004; Stendal & Schønwandt 2003; Stendal et al. 2004). Based on geological field work and geochemical and geophysical data, these evaluations have assessed the interplay between the magmatic, tectonic and metamorphic evolution in the study areas and their mineralising events. As a result of the second of these evaluations it is now possible to outline a succession of mineralising events in the northern part of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen and in the Disko Bugt area of central West Greenland (Fig. 1), and relate them to the general Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic geological evolution of this region. However, uncertainties still exist concerning the age and detailed setting of many epigenetic mineralisations.

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36

Price, P. B., R. A. Rohde, and R. C. Bay. "Fluxes of microbes, organic aerosols, dust, sea-salt Na ions, non-sea-salt Ca ions, and methanesulfonate onto Greenland and Antarctic ice." Biogeosciences 6, no. 3 (March 27, 2009): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-479-2009.

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Abstract. Using a spectrofluorimeter with 224-nm laser excitation and six emission bands from 300 to 420 nm to measure fluorescence intensities at 0.3-mm depth intervals in ice cores, we report results of the first comparative study of concentrations of microbial cells (using the spectrum of protein-bound tryptophan (Trp) as a proxy) and of aerosols with autofluorescence spectra different from Trp (denoted "non-Trp") as a function of depth in ice cores from West Antarctica (WAIS Divide and Siple Dome) and Greenland (GISP2). The ratio of fluxes of microbial cells onto West Antarctic (WAIS Divide) versus Greenland sites is 0.13±0.06; the ratio of non-Trp aerosols onto WAIS Divide versus Greenland sites is 0.16±0.08; and the ratio of non-sea-salt Ca2+ ions (a proxy for dust grains) onto WAIS Divide versus Greenland sites is 0.06±0.03. All of these are roughly comparable to the ratio of fluxes of dust onto Antarctic versus Greenland sites (0.08±0.05). By contrast to those values, which are considerably lower than unity, the ratio of fluxes of methanesulfonate (MSA) onto Antarctic versus Greenland sites is 1.9±0.4 and the ratio of sea-salt Na2+ ions onto WAIS Divide versus Greenland sites is 3.0±2. These ratios are more than an order of magnitude higher than those in the first grouping. We infer that the correlation of microbes and non-Trp aerosols with non-sea-salt Ca and dust suggests a largely terrestrial rather than marine origin. The lower fluxes of microbes, non-Trp aerosols, non-sea-salt Ca and dust onto WAIS Divide ice than onto Greenland ice may be due to the smaller areas of their source regions and less favorable wind patterns for transport onto Antarctic ice than onto Greenland ice. The correlated higher relative fluxes of MSA and marine Na onto Antarctic versus Greenland ice is consistent with the view that both originate largely on or around sea ice, with the Antarctic sea ice being far more extensive than that around Greenland.

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Papritz, Lukas, and Thomas Spengler. "A Lagrangian Climatology of Wintertime Cold Air Outbreaks in the Irminger and Nordic Seas and Their Role in Shaping Air–Sea Heat Fluxes." Journal of Climate 30, no. 8 (April 2017): 2717–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0605.1.

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Understanding the climatological characteristics of marine cold air outbreaks (CAOs) is of critical importance to constrain the processes determining the heat flux forcing of the high-latitude oceans. In this study, a comprehensive multidecadal climatology of wintertime CAO air masses is presented for the Irminger Sea and Nordic seas. To investigate the origin, transport pathways, and thermodynamic evolution of CAO air masses, a novel methodology based on kinematic trajectories is introduced. The major conclusions are as follows: (i) The most intense CAOs occur as a result of Arctic outflows following Greenland’s eastern coast from the Fram Strait southward and west of Novaya Zemlya. Weak CAOs also originate in flow across the SST gradient associated with the Arctic Front separating the Greenland and Iceland Seas from the Norwegian Sea. A substantial fraction of Irminger CAO air masses originate in the Canadian Arctic and overflow southern Greenland. (ii) CAOs account for 60%–80% of the wintertime oceanic heat loss associated with few intense CAOs west of Svalbard and in the Greenland, Iceland, and Barents Seas and frequent weak CAOs in the Norwegian and Irminger Seas. (iii) The amount of sensible heat extracted by CAO air masses is set by their intensity and their pathway over the underlying SST distribution, whereas the amount of latent heat is additionally capped by the SST. (iv) Among all CAO air masses, those in the Greenland and Iceland Seas extract the most sensible heat from the ocean and undergo the most intense diabatic warming. Irminger Sea CAO air masses experience only moderate diabatic warming but pick up more moisture than the other CAO air masses.

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Lin, Peigen, Robert S. Pickart, Daniel J. Torres, and Astrid Pacini. "Evolution of the Freshwater Coastal Current at the Southern Tip of Greenland." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 9 (September 2018): 2127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0035.1.

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AbstractShipboard hydrographic and velocity measurements collected in summer 2014 are used to study the evolution of the freshwater coastal current in southern Greenland as it encounters Cape Farewell. The velocity structure reveals that the coastal current maintains its identity as it flows around the cape and bifurcates such that most of the flow is diverted to the outer west Greenland shelf, while a small portion remains on the inner shelf. Taking into account this inner branch, the volume transport of the coastal current is conserved, but the freshwater transport decreases on the west side of Cape Farewell. A significant amount of freshwater appears to be transported off the shelf where the outer branch flows adjacent to the shelfbreak circulation. It is argued that the offshore transposition of the coastal current is caused by the flow following the isobaths as they bend offshore because of the widening of the shelf on the west side of Cape Farewell. An analysis of the potential vorticity shows that the subsequent seaward flux of freshwater can be enhanced by instabilities of the current. This set of circumstances provides a pathway for the freshest water originating from the Arctic, as well as runoff from the Greenland ice sheet, to be fluxed into the interior Labrador Sea where it could influence convection in the basin.

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Dansgaard, W. "Greenland ice core studies." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 50, no. 1 (January 1985): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(85)80012-2.

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Dansgaard, W. "Greenland ice core studies." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 50, no. 2-3 (August 1985): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(85)90067-7.

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41

Woll, Astrid Kari, and Agnes Christine Gundersen. "Diet composition and intra-specific competition of young Greenland halibut around southern Greenland." Journal of Sea Research 51, no. 3-4 (May 2004): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2003.08.003.

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42

Laidre, K. L., M. P. Heide-Jørgensen, O. A. Jørgensen, and M. A. Treble. "Deep-ocean predation by a high Arctic cetacean." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.02.002.

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AbstractA bioenergetic model for two narwhal (Monodon monoceros) sub-populations was developed to quantify daily gross energy requirements and estimate the biomass of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) needed to sustain the sub-populations for their 5-month stay on wintering grounds in Baffin Bay. Whales in two separate wintering grounds were estimated to require 700 tonnes (s.e. 300) and 90 tonnes (s.e. 40) of Greenland halibut per day, assuming a diet of 50% Greenland halibut. Mean densities and length distributions of Greenland halibut inside and outside of the narwhal wintering grounds were correlated with predicted whale predation levels based on diving behavior. The difference in Greenland halibut biomass between an area with high predation and a comparable area without whales, approximately 19 000 tonnes, corresponded well with the predicted biomass removed by the narwhal sub-population on a diet of 50–75% Greenland halibut.

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43

Almborn, O., Vagn Alstrup, and David L. Hawksworth. "The Lichenicolous Fungi of Greenland." Taxon 39, no. 4 (November 1990): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223371.

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44

Denchev, Teodor T., Henning Knudsen, and Cvetomir M. Denchev. "The smut fungi of Greenland." MycoKeys 64 (March 5, 2020): 1–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.64.47380.

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The first taxonomic treatment of the smut fungi in Greenland is provided. A total of 43 species in 11 genera are treated and illustrated by photographs of sori, microphotographs of spores in LM and SEM, and distribution maps. Two species, Anthracoidea pseudofoetidae and Urocystis tothii, are recorded as new from North America. Thirteen species, Anthracoidea altera, A. capillaris, A. limosa, A. liroi, A. pseudofoetidae, A. scirpoideae, A. turfosa, Microbotryum lagerheimii, M. stellariae, Schizonella elynae, Stegocintractia luzulae, Urocystis fischeri, and U. tothii, are reported for the first time from Greenland. Three new fungus-host combinations, Anthracoidea capillaris on Carex boecheriana, Anthracoidea pseudofoetidae on Carex maritima, and Urocystis tothii on Juncus biglumis, are given. Five plant species are reported as new hosts of smut fungi in Greenland, namely, Carex nigra for Anthracoidea heterospora, C. canescens for Anthracoidea karii, C. fuliginosa subsp. misandra for Anthracoidea misandrae, C. maritima for Orphanomyces arcticus, and C. fuliginosa subsp. misandra for Schizonella melanogramma. Three species, Microbotryum violaceum s. str. (recorded as ‘Ustilago violacea’), Urocystis anemones, and U. junci, which were previously reported from Greenland, are considered wrongly identified. Additional distribution records are given for 12 species from Greenland: Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. caricis, A. elynae, A. lindebergiae, A. misandrae, A. nardinae, A. rupestris, A. scirpi, Schizonella melanogramma, Stegocintractia hyperborea, Urocystis agropyri, and U. sorosporioides. The most numerous distribution groups are the following: circumpolar–alpine and Arctic–alpine species – 14; circumboreal–polar species – 10; and circumpolar and Arctic species – 6. The most widely distributed smut fungi in Greenland were Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. elynae, Microbotryum bistortarum, and M. vinosum. Most species were found in the High Arctic zone (29 species), while from the Low Arctic zone and the Subarctic zone, 26 and 19 species were known, respectively. Ten species, Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. capillaris, A. elynae, Microbotryum bistortarum, M. koenigiae, M. pustulatum, M. silenes-acaulis, M. vinosum, Schizonella elynae, and Urocystis sorosporioides, were recorded from all three zones. Only plants belonging to six families, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Juncaceae, Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Polygonaceae, out of a total of 55 in the flora of Greenland, hosted smut fungi. Cyperaceae was the plant family with most host species (23). Carex was the genus with the highest number of host species (22). The total number of the host plants (45 species) was 8.5 % out of a total of 532 vascular plants in the flora of Greenland. A new combination in Carex, C. macroprophylla subsp. subfilifolia, is proposed for Kobresia filifolia subsp. subfilifolia.

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Pedersen, Poul Møller, and Ole Bennike. "Quaternary marine macroalgae from Greenland." Nordic Journal of Botany 13, no. 2 (June 1993): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00039.x.

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46

Bennike, Ole, and John N. Anderson. "Potamogeton praelongus in West Greenland." Nordic Journal of Botany 18, no. 4 (August 1998): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1998.tb01528.x.

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47

Borgen, Torbjørn, and Klaus Høiland. "Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe in Greenland." Nordic Journal of Botany 8, no. 4 (September 1988): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1988.tb00516.x.

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48

Rogerson, Clark T., Vagn Alstrup, and David L. Hawksworth. "The Lichenicolous Fungi of Greenland." Bryologist 93, no. 3 (1990): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3243531.

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49

Hansen, Eric Steen. "Contribution To The Lichen Flora Of South East Greenland. III. The Coastal Area Between 63° And 65° N." Botanica Lithuanica 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botlit-2015-0014.

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AbstractThe paper lists 95 lichen taxa from the coastal area between 63° and 65° N in South East Greenland. Of these, 46 lichens were recorded for the first time from the area. Lecanora symmicta and Ochrolechia tartarea are new to East Greenland. Acarospora badiofusca, Aspicilia annulata and Parmeliella triptophylla are new to South East Greenland.

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Hansen, E. S., and T. Tønsberg. "Cladonia Alaskan a, New to Greenland." Lichenologist 21, no. 2 (April 1989): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282989000320.

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