Academic literature on the topic 'Greenshield'

This thesis is organised into two chapters and an appendix. The first chapter explores the significant American expatriate movement in France in the early part of the twentieth century, in an effort to answer the question ―Why France?‖ The second chapter examines the life and work of Natalie Clifford Barney, an American expatriate writer in Paris, who wrote predominantly in French and ran an important weekly salon for over sixty years. Specifically, her aesthetic and subject matter, her life, and her fraught publishing history are considered. The appendix is a translation of Barney's 1910 book of aphorisms entitled Éparpillements.<br>v, 110 leaves ; 29 cm

碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>電腦與通訊工程系碩士專班<br>105<br>Transport network in Taiwan is well developed. However the traffic in highway during rush hours often result in congestion due to the lack of enough facilities to guide drivers or provide traffic information in advanced. For providing better quality of service more advanced devices and sensors are required to collect more date such as speed, traffic flow, and capacity for further analysis and process as the information in intelligent transportation system. This thesis investigates the use of Greenshield's model by collecting traffic data in various sections of the Expressway for providing the travel time and traffic estimation. Sensor devices include loop coil, vehicle detection card, microprocessor and Ethernet photoelectric converter, which can collect real time data for establishing different Greenshield's models. We can obtain the required parameters in various conditions such that the optimum throughput can be reached through the Greenshield's model's velocity-density relationship and flow. In this thesis, a real-time algorithm for travel time estimation is proposed. We build a loop vehicle detector on each section to collect data such as traffic flow, speed and so on as travel time estimates. We transfer these data through the transport system to the Traffic Management Center database for further application in the Greenshield's model to establish the relationship between speed, density and free speed. Finally, these field data and Greenshield's model are obtained with an appropriate weighting factor for travel time estimates. And through the simulation results show that the Greenshield's model based on the real-time algorithm is effective, can provide accurate travel time estimates on Expressway, but also linked to the Intelligent Transportation System, providing Real-Time information to enhance the safety efficiency of the transport system and Comfort, reduce the impact of traffic on the environment.

碩士<br>國立高雄科技大學<br>電腦與通訊工程系<br>107<br>Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) improves vehicle traffic, driving safety, management efficiency, and service quality by applying advanced intelligent technologies in all kinds of transportation systems. Up to the present day, people can drive vehicles more safely and comfortably on roads with advanced vehicle control and safety systems, receive all kinds of traffic information for choosing routes, avoiding incident, and managing their travel. ITS is classified into several systems according to their functions. Among them, detecting traffic situations and then transmitting them to control center for developing traffic strategies is the major role of the advanced traffic management system. This also responses to public demand for reducing traffic congestions on freeways during rush hours in metro area that happens almost every day. The advanced traffic management system collects information such as traffic flow, speed, and concerned measures by taking advantage of various devices or equipment. With these data, it can carry out traffic control and transmit information to drivers and concerned departments. This study develops a scheme for the traffic management and travel time estimation on highway by implementing the Greenshield model according to the traffic data collected from the Tainan to Kaohsiung section of the National Highway No.1. Data collection was carried out by the roadside units. The unit consists of two devices: the terminal controller and roadside vehicle detector. Based on the data of traffic flows and vehicle speeds collected in different periods, the corresponding Greenshield model with related parameters is established. In each highway section, with the best traffic flow evaluated from the speed versus density curve of the Greenshield model and measures, the control center is able to improve the rush-hour traffic by following out speed control, signal control, incident management, and high occupancy vehicle control. This study also proposes an estimation scheme of the travel time according to the traffic flow of the Greenshield model and statistics data of vehicle speeds collected by the roadside unit. By applying the speed data on the speed versus density curve of the Greenshield model a reference speed is obtained. The estimated travel time is calculated through the weighted moving average with properly assigned weightings to the reference speed and statistical speed. Simulations show that the proposed scheme can achieve an accurate estimation result.

碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>電腦與通訊工程研究所<br>103<br>In all traffic information, the main concern for drivers is the travel time. Information such as vehicle speed and traffic flow are all should be derived from the travel time. For predicting travel time, this paper proposed an algorithm based on the data collected from the loop vehicle detector on freeway and the Greenshield’s model between different exits in freeway. The relationship between speed-density free-flow velocity in the Greenshield’s model is utilized as an important parameter for travel time prediction. Different freeway sections have different Greenshield&apos;&apos;s models. The driver on each section will select a proper model parameter as the reference for performing the estimation algorithm and updating the estimated travel time achieve real-time update feature. In this thesis, a real-time algorithm for travel time estimation is proposed. First, vehicle loop detector data are collected in each section as reference information for travel time estimation. Inter-Vehicle Communication is attained by the use of DSRC and VANETs. Second, the data from loop vehicle detectors are applied on the Greenshield&apos;&apos;s model to establish the relationship between speed density and free velocity. These data are transmitted to the database in the traffic management center for further applications in vehicle-vehicle communications. Finally, a moving average algorithm is developed by taking into account the data from the loop vehicle detector and the Greenshield&apos;&apos;s model and applying a proper weighting factor for performing the travel time estimation. Our simulation results show that the developed Greenshield’s model based real-time algorithm is effective and accurate for the travel time estimation on the freeway.

According to Edward Black Greenshields (1850-1917), the Hague School of artists were "all men of striking originality, [who] broke away from past traditions of art in their country, and, going directly to nature, strove, by careful study, to give a truthful view, each as he saw it..." 1 Financed by the industrial development of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, he and the rest of Montreal's "merchant princes," formed a new class of art collectors rapidly purchasing European paintings. Greenshields, a noted industrialist and amateur scholar orchestrated the largest and most concentrated private amassing of "modern" Dutch works. Although he was one of the most important collectors of his time, little has been written about his activity in the Montreal art milieu. This paper investigates the nature of Greenshields' engagement with the Hague School and how as a collector and promoter of the group's work, he influenced the group's reception in Canada. At the height of his collecting Greenshields published two texts, A Subjective View of Landscape Painting (1904) and Landscape Painting and Modern Dutch Artists (1906). Combining art history and art criticism these works are now considered among the first of their kind produced in Canada. In this thesis I argue that Greenshields' collection and theoretical views on art as expressed in his writing evolved simultaneously and as his taste for works by the Hague School was formed his collection assumed a rhetorical function. By examining the mechanics of Greenshields' collection I provide a critical inquiry into connoisseurship during the formative stages of collecting in Canada. 1 E.B. Greenshields, The Subjective View of Landscape Painting: With Special Reference to J.H. Weissenbruch and Illustrations from His Works in Canada. (Montreal: Desbarats, 1903) 9.

碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>電腦與通訊工程研究所<br>103<br>Abstract Recently, due to the increase of the internet speed, the use of high-speed internet as an opportunity to collecting relevant traffic parameters for traffic safety prediction. With the global satellite positioning system (GPS) in its increasingly precise accuracy, the position of the vehicle can be used as a reference basis. For the train collision avoidance system, the use of wireless communication to perform communication between the vehicle to the vehicle, the vehicle to rail wayside and rail wayside to rail wayside. This thesis proposed three modified Greenshield, Greenberg and Underwood equations and related diagrams for computing the stopping distance used in the vehicle collision avoidance system. The first method converts the decrease speed in the Greenshield model into the increase speed. A similar method is applied to the Greenberg and Underwood, models with a fine-tuned constant so that the graphical curve has an intersection with the stopping distance. Then the original saturation density parameter is replaced by the stopping distance as the reference for stopping distance prediction. As the train speed is below the speed limit of the road, the original stopping distance curve is recommended. On the other hand, if the train speed is higher than the speed limit, the modified Underwood model is recommended for safety enhancement. In the simulation, the drivers’ reaction time and brake friction coefficient are taken into account as random variables, and the stopping distance is obtained from the arithmetic mean of two train’s stopping distances. To obtain different reference safety factors, we perform several simulations based on different real environments. The resultant different parameters can be used as reference for standard establishment in the future. Key words: Global positioning system (GPS); positive train control (PTC); stopping distance.

Traffic flow modelling is the most significant component undertaken by the static and the dynamic network loading (DNL) models in the traffic assignment. Dynamic network loading models represent a non-linear relationship between each link flow and its path flow, as they are the fundamental element in estimating the dynamic interaction between demand and supply in oversaturation condition. Moreover, the solution for dynamic network loading problems is necessary for generating the dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) models. Dynamic models can be characterized according to the simulation details level: microscopic, macroscopic or mesoscopic models. Accordingly, microscopic simulation models fit well in small-scale planning determinations with interest addressed to entities’ interactions as these models describe the interaction between vehicles, and between vehicle themselves and transportation infrastructure. Instead, macroscopic models are capable of the general planning purposes adopting large-scale simulations. As they assume the traffic as a continuous fluid and the flow is subject to the congruency and to the continuity constraints. Finally, the mesoscopic approach simulates most of the entities at a high level, but activities and interactions at a low level of details. In this context, for a reasonable level of details, coupled with entities interaction information at once, mesoscopic models simulate each link considering the traffic as a set of continuous or discrete packets: a continuous packet is defined by its head and tail, conversely to the discrete packet which is defined by its head, regardless of the tail position. Many different aspects can be included within the dynamic network loading models such as the multiclass property. It includes the vehicular type in the mesoscopic simulation, which generates different dynamics on the same link considering more than one vehicle type at the same time. With this complication, once the supply becomes unable to meet the demand (oversaturation condition), evaluation of the queuing spillback is necessary to prevent excessive delays and to forecast the new trip travel time. For this aim, this thesis proposes a new dynamic network loading model which simulates traffic dynamics (speed, density, flow, queue, etc.) explicitly, through modelling the traffic flow considering a discrete mesoscopic simulation model in a multiclass environment. The proposed model is capable of using two speed-density relations to simulate flow dynamics: the Greenshields and the triangular-shaped fundamental diagram. FIFO rule holds between the vehicles in the same class and creeping speed is assumed to avoid circulation blockage in oversaturation conditions. Moreover, three vehicle classes (private car, bus, truck) have been considered in the simulation. The proposed model has been validated in undersaturation conditions by comparing model estimations with real observations collected by ATC sensors for Maliha Highway in the United Arab Emirates. For assessing the dynamic queue spillback, the proposed model has been applied to a simple network for easily assessing its capabilities in oversaturation conditions. Moreover, a comparison with a commercial traffic simulation software, Aimsun Next, has been carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. The comparison has shown a relatively similar behaviour and simulation time for all classes in the case of using the triangular fundamental diagram relation but with much more fluctuation for the Aimsun model. On the contrary, using Greenshields relations provided the same behaviour but with much longer simulation time. As a result, the proposed model has presented the mesoscopic simulation in a more reliable way since Aimsun seems to include other microscopic characteristics in the mesoscopic traffic simulation like start-and-stop behaviour. Finally, it can be used with confidence as a tool to quantify the traffic dynamics of each class in oversaturation conditions including queue spillback. Keywords—congestion, flow propagation, Greenshields model, queue spillback, multiclass mesoscopic simulation.