Relevant bibliographies by topics / Greenstone belt

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Academic literature on the topic 'Greenstone belt'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Greenstone belt"

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St. Seymour, Karen, Andrew Turek, Ronald Doig, Stephen Kumarapeli, and Robert Fogal. "First U–Pb zircon ages of granitoid plutons from the La Grande greenstone belt, James Bay area, New Quebec." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 5 (1989): 1068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-088.

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Zircon ages from three granitoid plutons are the first to be reported from the La Grande greenstone belt. Two of the dated samples are from highly tectonized, early tectonic plutons that at the present level of erosion are just outside the greenstone belt proper. Their zircon ages of ca. 2740 Ma are emplacement ages or alternatively represent the age of maximum deformation of the greenstone belt. The third sample is from a mildly deformed late tectonic pluton within the greenstone belt. Its zircon age of ca. 2670 Ma probably represents the emplacement age. The above dates and the relationships of the dated plutons to the greenstone belt as a whole suggest that the bulk of the volcanism in the La Grande belt is older than 2.7 Ga. This limiting age indicates that the age of the La Grande "supracrustals" is similar to those of the other greenstone belts in the Superior Province.
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Kozlov, N. E., N. O. Sorokhtin, N. E. Kozlova, and Eu V. Martynov. "Geological structure of the Ustoyarvi region (North-Western part of the Russian Arctic)." Vestnik MGTU 25, no. 1 (2022): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2022-25-1-12-26.

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The paper presents data on geology and composition of rocks from the Ustoyarvi region (the North-Western Arctic zone of Russian Federation). Their compositional analysis (including mathematical evaluation of the similarity/difference measure) provided much reliable conclusion that the rocks from this area, which are presumably attributed to the Ustoyarvi structure (Ustoyarvinsky Greenstone Belt) were similar to those from the Ura-Guba area in the Kolmozero-Voronya Belt and continued it. In addition, it has been shown that from west to east lithotectonic units in the adjacent (Suormussky) Block become gradually impregnated with tectonic wedges of rocks of the Ustoyarvi Greenstone Belt. It indicates increasing collisional interaction between rock associations with a varied genesis. P-T formation parameters have been specified for komatiites from greenstone belts, i. e. the Kolmozero-Voronya, Ura-Guba, Ustoyarvi and Western Litsa area. It has been defined that komatiites of the Ustoyarvi Greenstone Belt were formed under pressure of about 5 hPa, komatiites of the Ura-Guba area - about 4.5 hPa, komatiites of the Kolmozero-Voronya - about 2 hPa. Thus, komatiites of the Ustoyarvi Greenstone Belt are more high-pressure formations.
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Benn, Keith, Edward W. Sawyer, and Jean-Luc Bouchez. "Orogen parallel and transverse shearing in the Opatica belt, Quebec: implications for the structure of the Abitibi Subprovince." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 11 (1992): 2429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-191.

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The late Archean Opatica granitoid-gneiss belt is situated within the northern Abitibi Subprovince, along the northern margin of the Abitibi greenstone belt. Approximately 200 km of structural section was mapped along three traverses within the previously unstudied Opatica belt. The earliest preserved structures are penetrative foliations and stretching and mineral lineations recording regional ductile shearing (D1). Late-D1 deformation was concentrated into kilometre-scale ductile fault zones, typically with L > S tectonite fabrics. Two families of lineations are associated with D1, indicating shearing both parallel and transverse to the east-northeast trend of the belt. Lineations trending east-northeast or northwest–southeast tend to be dominant within domains separated by major fault zones. In light of the abundant evidence for early north–south compression documented throughout southern Superior Province, including the Abitibi greenstone belt, D1 is interpreted in terms of mid-crustal thrusting, probably resulting in considerable crustal thickening. Movement-sense indicators suggest that thrusting was dominantly southward vergent. D2 deformation resulted in the development of vertical, regional-scale dextral and sinistral transcurrent fault zones and open to tight upright horizontal folds of D1 fabrics. In the context of late Archean orogenesis in southern Superior Province, the tectonic histories of the Abitibi and Opatica belts should not be considered separately. The Opatica belt may correlate with the present-day mid-crustal levels of the Abitibi greenstone belt, and to crystalline complexes within the Abitibi belt. It is suggested that the Abitibi Subprovince should be viewed, at the regional scale, as a dominantly southward-vergent orogenic belt. This work demonstrates that structural study of granitoid-gneiss belts adjacent to greenstone belts can shed considerable light on the regional structure and structural evolution of late Archean terranes.
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Lodge, Robert W. D., Harold L. Gibson, Greg M. Stott, James M. Franklin, and George J. Hudak. "Geodynamic setting, crustal architecture, and VMS metallogeny of ca. 2720 Ma greenstone belt assemblages of the northern Wawa subprovince, Superior Province." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 3 (2015): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0163.

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The greenstone belts along the northern margin of the Wawa subprovince of the Superior Province (Vermilion, Shebandowan, Winston Lake, Manitouwadge) formed at ca. 2720 Ma and have been interpreted to be representative of a rifted-arc to back-arc tectonic setting. Despite a common inferred tectonic setting and broad similarities, these greenstone belts have a significantly different metallogeny as evidenced by different endowments in volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS), magmatic sulphide, and orogenic gold deposits. In this paper, we examine differences in geodynamic setting and crustal architecture as they pertain to the metallogeny of each greenstone belt by characterizing the regional-scale trace-element and isotopic (Nd and Pb) geochemistry of each belt. The trace-element geochemistry of the Vermilion greenstone belt (VGB) shows evidence for a transition from arc-like to back-arc mafic rocks in the Soudan belt to plume-driven rifted arcs in the ultramafic-bearing Newton belt. The Shebandowan greenstone belt (SGB) has a significant proportion of calc-alkalic, arc-like basalts, intermediate lithofacies, and high-Mg andesites, which are characteristic of low-angle, “hot” subduction. Extensional settings within the SGB are plume-driven and associated with komatiitic ultramafic and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like basalts. The Winston Lake greenstone belt (WGB) is characterized by a transition from calc-alkalic, arc-like basalts to back-arc basalts upward in the strata and is capped by alkalic ocean-island basalt (OIB)-like basalts. This association is consistent with plume-driven rifting of a mature arc setting. Each of the VGB, SGB, and WGB show some isotopic evidence for the interaction with a juvenile or slightly older differentiated crust. The Manitouwadge greenstone belt (MGB) is characterized by isotopically juvenile, bimodal, tholeiitic to transitional volcanic lithofacies in a back-arc setting. The MGB is the most isotopically juvenile belt and is also the most productive in terms of VMS mineralization. The Zn-rich VMS mineralization within the WGB suggests a relatively lower-temperature hydrothermal system, possibly within a relatively shallow-water environment. The Zn-dominated and locally Au-enriched VMS mineralization, as well as mafic lithofacies and alteration assemblages, are characteristic of relatively shallower-water deposition in the VGB and SGB, and indicate that the ideal VMS-forming tectonic condition may have been compromised by a shallower-water depositional setting. However, the thickened arc crust and compressional tectonics of the SGB suprasubduction zone during hot subduction may have provided a crustal setting more favourable for the magmatic Ni–Cu sulphide and relative gold endowment of this belt.
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Anhaeusser, C. R. "The geology and tectonic evolution of the northwest part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: A review." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (2019): 421–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0033.

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AbstractFormations on the northwestern flank of the Barberton Greenstone Belt have hosted over 85% of all the gold recovered from the ca. 3550 to 3000 Ma Barberton Supergroup since early discoveries in 1872. This sector of the greenstone belt also happens to coincide with a complex tectonic architecture resulting from successive stages of folding and faulting superimposed onto a complex lithostratigraphy. Of particular importance has been the influence of two diapiric granitoid intrusions that caused added structural complexity following their emplacement ca. 3227 to 3250 Ma. Of these the larger Kaap Valley Pluton invaded the area north of present day Barberton town causing the separation of the greenstones into a northern arm (Jamestown Schist Belt) and a southern sector which remained attached to the main greenstone belt (Moodies Hills). The ballooning pluton produced vertical as well as horizontal flattening stresses, the latter reactivating earlier high-angle faults and resulting in subhorizontal strike-slip movements, particularly along the Barbrook Fault Zone, which acted as a right-lateral strike-slip fault. Formations north of this fault were buckled, following progressive deformation in the region known as the Sheba Hills, into major synclinal folds (Eureka and Ulundi Synclines) with folded axial planes that dip steeply to the south, southeast or east. The second granitoid intrusion (Stentor Pluton), which has been extensively modified by subsequent magmatic events, caused significant flattening of greenstone belt rocks in the northeastern part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (Three Sisters region) as well as in other areas rimming the granitic body. Combined, the two plutons produced a wide range of interference and reactivated structures particularly affecting a triangular region extending from the Jamestown Schist Belt into the area occupied by the New Consort Gold Mine and areas to the east. This paper attempts to outline, in the simplest manner, the geological and structural evolution of the main gold-producing region of the Barberton Goldfield. The principal aim is therefore to highlight the structural influence of the diapiric plutonism and the manner in which the plutons contributed significantly to the horizontal reactivation of pre-existing regional faults, which in turn, resulted in the progressive deformation of a heterogeneous lithological terrane.
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Pouclet, André, Siaka Doumbia, and Max Vidal. "Geodynamic setting of the Birimian volcanism in central Ivory Coast (western Africa) and its place in the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Man Shield." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 177, no. 2 (2006): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.177.2.105.

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Abstract Palaeoproterozoic volcanic formations having different geochemical features are described in the Katiola-Marabadiassa area (Central Ivory Coast). They consist of (i) metamorphic mafic rocks belonging to the greenstone belts, (ii) rhyodacites intruded into the greenstone belts and interpreted as sub-volcanic apophyses of TTG plutons, and (iii) calc-alkaline andesitic lava interbedded in the lower sedimentary pile of the Bandama Basin. The greenstone belt rocks have a magmatic signature of ocean floor tholeiites. They were generated from moderate partial melting of a fairly depleted spinel lherzolite source. The rhyodacites show the same compositions as the TTG granitoids of the belt. These TTGs generated from melting of garnet-bearing amphibolite, derived from subducted oceanic crust, but also from peridotite melting of the fertilized mantle wedge. The andesites show a common composition of active continental margin potassic calc-alkaline lavas. However, they do not constitute a volcanic belt, but belong to an intracontinental basin settled in a wrench tectonic system. They probably generated from remelting of sub-crustal metasomatised mantle. The tectono-magmatism story of the Katiola-Marabadiassa area comprises four stages. A similar evolution is found in other belt-and-basin areas in Ivory Coast. A review of lithostratigraphic and chronological data of the Birimian terrains leads us to compare the four-stage model of the Central Ivory Coast to the West-African Palaeoproterozoic evolution. The first stage corresponds to ocean crust formation, by mid-ocean ridge accretion and volcanic arc building. The second stage, partly overlapping the previous one, is convergent and lasted from oceanic crust stacking to TTG and associated greenstone belt formation. It led to a protocontinental crust accretion by docking of granitized blocks, from ca 2200 Ma to 2110 Ma. The third stage corresponds to the formation of intracontinental basins by reorganization of the granitoid-greenstone shields and of the remnant oceanic basins, between 2118 Ma and 2093 Ma. It was associated with calc-alkaline magma production. The fourth stage is characterized by transtensional stress, with the closure of the basins by left-lateral wrenching along N-S faults, and by emplacement of new potassic granitoids until 2072 Ma.
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Dostal, J., C. Dupuy, and J. L. Poidevin. "Geochemistry of Precambrian basaltic rocks from the Central African Republic (Equatorial Africa)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 5 (1985): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-072.

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The two Archaean greenstone belts (Bandas and Bogoin) in the Central African Republic (Equatorial Africa) are 250 and 150 km long. The metavolcanic rocks in the belts are predominantly komatiitic and tholeiitic basalts. Komatiites include both Al-depleted and Al-undepleted types. The komatiites and light-REE-depleted tholeiites were probably derived from a similar upper mantle source. However, the tholeiitic basalts enriched in light REE from the upper volcanic strata of the Bandas belt were generated from a different source. The dolerites from Proterozoic dyke swarms and sills differ from the basalts mainly in their abundances and ratios of several incompatible elements such as K, Rb, Th, and light REE. They were derived from a distinct, incompatible-element-enriched upper mantle source.The average background gold levels in the Bandas belt and dolerite dyke swarms are comparable to those in equivalent rocks from North America. The exception is the Bogoin greenstone belt, which has anomalously high gold abundances.
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Phillips, G. Neil, David I. Groves, and Isobel J. Brown. "Source requirements for the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie: significance to the metamorphic replacement model for Archean gold deposits." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 8 (1987): 1643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-158.

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The Golden Mile at Kalgoorlie represents a giant Archean hydrothermal gold system localized by ductile shear zones and hosted mainly by a differentiated tholeiitic sill. Chlorite, carbonate, and pyrite alteration zones cover the whole mineralized area (1 km × 3 km), and calculations suggest that for the Golden Mile (production around 1200 t Au), the amounts of components added to these alteration zones are 340 Mt CO2, 20 Mt K, and 5 Mt S. If one adopts a metamorphic-replacement model for gold mineralization in which all ore components derive from devolatilization of greenstones at amphibolite facies or above, these data suggest that a source area involving a 5 km thick greenstone slab of area 8 km × 8 km could produce the necessary CO2, K, S, H2O, and Au. This is considered a reasonable volume of greenstone belt, and under such a model the minimum spacing of large gold deposits would be approximately 20 km along strike.Neither special Au-enriched source rocks nor unreasonably large volumes of greenstone belt are required to produce a giant gold deposit. Instead, the most critical parameters are suitable structural environments providing focussing of fluids and multiple channelways through specific Fe-rich, low-tensile-strength host rocks to ensure efficient depositional mechanisms.
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EVINS, P. M., and K. LAAJOKI. "Early Proterozoic nappe formation: an example from Sodankylä, Finland, Northern Baltic Shield." Geological Magazine 139, no. 1 (2002): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756801006094.

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The Central Lapland Greenstone belt comprises rift-related metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks representing one of the largest supracrustal belts in the Baltic Shield. The Sodankylä area in the central part of the belt represents a complex thrust duplex within a nappe overlying Belomorian Archaean basement and autocthonous Luirojoki calc-silicate rocks. Here, an early D1 schistosity is axial planar to at least three coaxial generations of southward-verging, subhorizontal, E–W-plunging D1 folds associated with major southwards thrusting. D2 is represented by broad, map-scale, upright, NE-trending folds in the south and crenulations in the north. Staurolite-grade metamorphism represented by post-tectonic andalusite + staurolite + kyanite assemblages occurred after D2 folding. Later D3 deformation was limited to local NW-trending folds and sinistral faults. The internal nappe-like structure of the Central Lapland Greenstone belt suggests that it represents the foreland of a large collisional complex cored by the Lapland Granulite belt.
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Inza, Coulibaly, Kouamelan Alain Nicaise, Djro Sagbrou Chérubin, and Coulibaly Yacouba. "Petrographie Des Volcanites Et Plutonites De La Partie Sud Du Sillon Volcano-Sedimentaire De Toumodi-Fetekro (Cote D’ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 30 (2017): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n30p199.

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The southern part of Toumodi-Fètêkro greenstone belt is located in the Center - Southeast of Ivory Coast. Petrographic study of volcanic and plutonic rocks shows three units. The first unit is composed of basaltic to rhyolitic lavas which imply effusive character. Then we have volcanosedimentary unit composed of pyroclastic formations (lapilli tuff, breccia, ash deposit and ignimbrites) and the pillow-lavas. Indeed, the presence of this last shows clearly that an explosive volcanism and a submarine effusive volcanism have occurred during during the setting of Toumodi-Fètêkro belt. Plutonic unit is constituted of gabbroic to granitic rocks. Sericite, chlorite, epidote observed in these rocks are consistent with the impacts of greenschist facies metamorphism. The rocks of the southern part of the Toumodi-Fètêkro greenstone belt are formed in a subduction context rather than in oceanic plateaus context because of the old inheritance, sometimes of Archean age, found somewhere in theBirimiandomain. The lithologies of the southern part of Toumodi-Fètêkro meet elsewhere in the other Birimian greenstone belts. Also, these lithologies are affected by a hydrothermal alteration due to the abundant veins of quartz, carbonates, sericite, chlorite, epidote, sulphides and oxides. However, volcanic show in some places amphibolit facies metamorphism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Greenstone belt"

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Silva, Katherine E. "Komatiites from the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe : constraints on the development of Archaean Greenstone Belts." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263522.

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Brake, Chris. "Tholeiitic magmatism in the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12669.

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The Belingwe greenstone belt in southern Zimbabwe contains one of the most well preserved Archean volcanic successions in the world. The komatiites in this succession have been studied in great detail, but the associated basalts have received much less attention. A detailed study of these basalts in the Zeederbergs Formation has revealed the existence of a previously unrecognised lava type which has important implications for the petrogenesis of the suite. The Zeederbergs Formation and the underlying Reliance Formation form the 2.7 Ga Ngezi Group volcanics, which are underlain by thin, generally shallow water sediments of the Manjeri Formation. These in turn rest unconformably on 3.6 Ga and 2.9 Ga granitoid gneisses in the east and on older (2.9 Ga) greenstones in the west. The nature of the basal contact of the Ngezi Group volcanics on the sediments of the Manjeri Formation has been the subject of recent controversy, and is interpreted here as comformable. The type section of the Zeederbergs Formation in the Ngezi River is logged and described in detail for the first time. Combined with correlation of geochemical marker horizons in other sections this has led to a re-evaluation of the vertical thicknesses of the Zeederbergs Formation - estimated here to be approximately 3km. Study of the geochemical stratigraphy has revealed a horizon of basalts with low Zr/Nb and high CaO/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> compared to the rest of the formation. The basalts in this horizon are called Type II (as opposed to the Type I basalts which make up the majority of the formation). Examination of the petrography of the Zeederbergs Formation basalts has revealed that no subdivision into different rock types on petrographic grounds is practical. The lavas are generally fine grained, sparsely phyric and altered to hydrated low greenschist assemblages. The 'spheroids' in the lavas are considered in some detail, and are thought to represent products of spherulitic devitrification.
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Hunter, Morag. "The tectonic setting of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245104.

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Diergaardt, Byron Nico. "Rhyolitic volcanism in the Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80255.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The source of the K2O in the K2O-rich ~3.45 Ga felsic intrusive rocks of the H6 unit in the Hooggenoeg Formation of the Onverwacht Group in the Barberton Granite Greenstone Terrain (BGGT) is examined in this study. This is of particular research interest because the Paleoarchaean rock record is considered to lack K2O-rich magmatic rocks. Previous studies on the felsic igneous rocks of the H6 unit have proposed that these rhyolites are K-metasomatised eruptive equivalents of the sodium-rich ~3.45 Ga TTGs of the BGGT and that the K-feldspar crystals in the rocks formed as a consequence of subsolidus replacement of plagioclase by K-feldspar. Furthermore, the timing of K-metasomatism has previously been related to the formation of the Buck Ridge Chert (BRC), which overlies the H6 unit. However, it has recently been demonstrated from granitic clasts in the conglomerate layer at the base of the Moodies sucession that K2O-rich magmatic rocks formed concurrently with TTG magmas during each of three episodes of TTG magmatism observed in the BGGT. Consequently, the hypothesis of a metasomatic origin for the K2O-rich character of the felsic rocks of the H6 unit requires further examination. Previous studies of the chemistsry of felsic volcanic rocks within the H6 unit were based on relatively low numbers of samples. This study has examined a substantial set of the freshest material available. Two varieties of felsic volcanic rocks were identified; K2O-rich, CaO-poor, Na2O-poor rhyolites and Na2O-rich, CaO-poor, K2O-poor Na-rhyolites. The K2O- rich rhyolite variety is dominant. Consequently, it is possible that the K2O-rich character of these rocks represents a primary magmatic signature. However, this judgment is complicated by the presence of a greenschist-facies metamorphic overprint at 3.2 Ga, which has resulted in complete replacement of micrystalline groundmass and partial replacement of the phenocryst assemblages by greenschist- and sub-greenschist-facies mineral assemblages, which undoubtedly allowed possible shifts in chemical compositions In this thesis, I test the source of K2O in these rocks by using the porphyritic textures of the rocks as an indication of the primary composition of the magmas they were formed from. These textures are typically defined by K-feldspar or albite and quartz phenocrysts within a microcrystalline groundmass. The rocks containing albite are Na-rich (Na-rhyolites) whereas the rocks defined by K-feldspar phenocrysts are rhyolites. XRD study of the structural state of the K-feldspar phenocrysts in the rhyolites indicates that these crystals are orthoclase and intermediate microcline, i.e. medium temperature K-feldspar polymorphs. The modal proportions of K-feldspar, quartz and microcrystalline groundmass in the rhyolites were calculated by using image analysis software. The compositions of the feldspar minerals were determined by electron beam analysis. Minimum bulk rock K2O content of the rhyolites were calculated from the proportions of K-feldspar crystals and their compositions. Even where the proportion of K-feldspar phenocrysts is relatively low (~ 30%), the calculated minimum bulk-rock K2O content is still above 5 wt%. The HREE slope (GdN/LuN) of the felsic porphyritic rocks of the H6 rhyolites is similar to that of ~3.45 Ga TTG plutons and steeper than that of granitic clasts of identical age contained in the basal conglomerate of the Moodies Group. Hence this study has illustrated that the rhyolites of the H6 unit were primary K-feldspar-rich, K2O-rich magmas that formed contemporarily with the ~3.45 Ga TTGs. This implicitly means that rhyolitic volcanism was more wide spread than previously thought in the Paleoarchaean and that it occurred together with the intrusion of the ~3.45 Ga TTGs in the BGGT.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bron van die K2O in die K2O-ryk ~ 3,45 Ga felsiese vulkaniese rotse van die H6-eenheid in die Hooggenoeg formasie van die Onverwacht Groep in die Barberton Graniet Groensteen Terrein (BGGT) is in hierdie studie ondersoek. Dit is van besondere navorsingsbelang omdat die Paleoargeïse gesteenterekord beskou word as vry van magmatiese K2O ryke gesteentes. Vorige studies oor die felsiese vulkaniese rotse van die H6 eenheid het voorgestel dat hierdie rioliete K-gemetasomatiese eruptiewe ekwivalente van die natrium-ryke ~ 3,45 Ga TTGs van die BGGT is en dat die K-veldspaat kristalle in die gesteentes gevorm is as gevolg van subsolidus vervanging van plagioklaas deur K-veldspaat. Verder is die tydsberekening van K-metasomatisme voorheen gekoppel aan die vorming van die Buck Ridge Chert (BRC) wat die felsiese H6 eenheid bedek. Dit is egter onlangs aangetoon dat K2O-ryke magmatiese rotse gelyktydig met TTG magmas gevorm is tydens elk van drie episodes van TTG magmatisme waargeneem in die BGGT. Gevolglik vereis die hipotese van 'n metasomatiese oorsprong vir die K2O-ryke karakter van die felsiese gesteentes van die H6 eenheid verdere ondersoek. Vorige studies van die felsiese vulkaniese gesteentechemie in die H6 eenheid is gebaseer op 'n relatief klein getal monsters. Hierdie studie het 'n aansienlike stel van die varsste materiaal beskikbaar vir analise ondersoek. Twee variëteite van peralumineuse felsiese vulkaniese gesteentes naamlik 'n K2O-ryk, CaO-arm, Na2O-arm rioliet en Na2O-ryk, CaO-arm, K2O-arm Na-rioliet. Die K2O-ryke rioliet variëteit is meer oorheersend as die Na-rioliete. Dit is dus moontlik dat die K2O-ryk karakter van hierdie rotse 'n primêre magmatiese kenmerke verteenwoordig. Hierdie uitspraak is egter bemoeilik deur die teenwoordigheid van 'n groenskisfasies metamorfe oorprint op 3,2 Ga, wat gelei het tot die volledige vervanging van mikrokrisstalyne grondmassa en gedeeltelike vervanging van fenokrist samestellings deur groenskis en sub-groenskisfasies minerale samestellings en wat ongetwyfeld toegelaat het vir 'n moontlike verskuiwing in chemiese samestelling. In hierdie tesis toets ek die bron van K2O in hierdie gesteentes deur gebruik te maak van die vulkaniese teksture van die gesteentes as 'n aanduiding van die primêre samestelling van die magmas waaruit hulle gevorm het. Hierdie teksture word gewoonlik gedefinieer deur K-veldspaat of albiet en kwarts fenokriste binne 'n grondmassa van wat vroeërglasoorblyfsels was. Die rotse wat albiet bevat is Na-ryk (Na-rioliete) terwyl die rotse gedefinieer deur K-veldspaat fenokriste rioliete is. XRD studie van die strukturele toestand van die K-veldspaat fenokriste in die rioliete dui aan dat hierdie kristalle ortoklaas en intermediêre mikroklien is, dit wil sê die hoër temperatuur K-veldspaat polimorfe. Die modale proporsies van K-veldspaat, kwarts en glasoorblyfsels in die rioliete is akkuraat bereken deur gebruik te maak van beeld analise sagteware. Verder is die samestellings van die veldspaat minerale bepaal deur die elektronstraal analise. Minimum grootmaat rots K2O inhoud van die rioliet is berekén vanaf die fase verhouding van K-veldspaat en hul komposisies. Resultate dui daarop dat selfs waar die verhouding van K-veldspaat phenocrysts is relatief laag (~ 30%), die berekende minimum K2O grootmaat rots samestelling is nog steeds bo 5 wt%. Die REE-helling (GDN / Lun) van felsiese porphyritic rotse van die H6 is soortgelyke relatief tot die REE helling van ~ 3,45 Ga TTGs en steiler REE helling relatief tot granitiese klaste vervat in die basale konglomeraat van die Moodies-groep. Dus het hierdie studie getoon dat die rioliete van die H6-eenheid primêre K-veldspaat-ryke, K2O-ryke en peralumineuse magmas was wat gevorm is terselfdertyd met die ~3,45 Ga TTGs. Dit beteken implisiet dat riolitiese vulkanisme meer wyd verspreid was as wat voorheen gedink is in die Paleoargeïkum en dat dit tesame met die indringing van die ~ 3,45 Ga TTGs in die BGGT plaasgevind het.
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Dai, Tianhuan. "Kinematics and deformation history of the Cross Lake Greenstone Belt." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2162.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Geology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Lafleur, Pierre Jean. "The Archean Round Lake Batholith, Abitibi Greenstone Belt a synthesis." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5049.

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Jurkowski, Jacek. "U-Pb geochronology study of Lynn Lake greenstone belt, Manitoba." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0011/MQ52583.pdf.

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Chiarini, Alexandre Patricio. "Geologia da porção basal do \"Greenstone Belt\" de Piumhi-MG." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44135/tde-16072015-101156/.

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A porção da seqüência metavulcano-sediemntar (SVS) de Piumhi enfocada neste trabalho representa a parte basal de um greestone belt arqueano a paleoproterozóico, e foi estudada em seus aspectos estruturais, petrográficos, geoquímicos e metalogenéticos. A análise estrutural propiciou uma melhor compreensão da evolução tectônica geométrica/estratigráfica, e da cinemática interna da SVS, e da relação com as outras unidades precambrianas justapostas em contato direto. A SVS ocorre cavalgando o corpo granítico TTG a norte, em zonas de cisalhamento com forte milonitização junto ao contato. Este conjunto forma o embasamento do Grupo Bambuí, que o recobre com contatos sedimentares, apresentando apenas alguns distúrbios tectônicos locais na forma de falhas inversas menores e pequenas transcorrências rúpteis. Num último evento tectônico regional importante, este conjunto autóctone TTG-greenstone belt e suas coberturas plataformais (Grupo Bambuí), foram recobertas pelas seqüências quartzíticas alóctones de nappe do Grupo Canastra. Os estudos petrográficos e geoquímicos mostraram a necessidade de se redefinir a classificação e nomenclatura utilizadas na literatura sobre a SVS. Conduziram também à revisão da evolução magmática da SVS e à caracterização dos processos de alteração hidrotermal que modificaram sua associação litológica original. Por fim, foi estudada a relação destes processos com a metalogênese, na geração de hidrotermalitos e rochas sedimentares exalativas, portadoras de indícios de mineralizações de ouro e metais-base. A unidade basal mapeada é constituída por rochas vulcânicas de composição intermediária a ácida (andesitos basálticos, dacitos e riolitos), de caráter toleiítico a transicional para cálcio-alcalino. Cálculos e modelamentos litogeoquímicos sustentam a evolução cogenética destes litotipos através de diferenciação por fracionamento magmático. A maior parte destas rochas foi alterada ) hidrotermalmente por processos de espilitização, epidotização, keratofirização e silicificação. A unidade sobreposta é constituída por rochas vulcânicas basálticas magnesianas, com texturas spinifex bem desenvolvidas, embora estejam sempre pseudomorfisadas por paragêneses secundárias metamórficas, de fácies xisto verde média a superior. Na literatura estas rochas são referidas notoriamente como komatiítos, entretanto, não o são nem mineralogicamente e nem geoquimicamente. Apresentam majoritariamente texturas spinifex aciculares, segundo clinopiroxênios, e muito raramente spinifex em placas, segundo olivinas. Além disso, seus teores de sílica são muito elevados, alcançando até teores intermediários. Por fracionamento, que ocorre em derrames diferenciados, estes basaltos magnesianos dão origem a andesitos basálticos. Admite-se aqui, com base em dados geoquímicos, que estas rochas possam representar equivalentes extrusivos dos magmas mais primitivos, a partir dos quais as rochas vulcânicas intermediárias da unidade basal teriam se diferenciado em profundidade. Os basaltos magnesianos, pouco alterados, mostram características toleiíticas, de evolução em ambiente de retro-arco, numa crosta continental pouco espessa. Intercaladas nesta unidade, encontram-se ainda a maioria das formações ferríferas bandadas (BIF), às quais constituem importantes alvos metalogenéticos. A composição química destas formações ferríferas foi comparada aos elementos mobilizados das rochas vulcânicas nos processos de alteração, identificados e quantificados através de cáculos de balanço de massa. O quimismo dos BIF mostrou forte correlação principalmente com os elementos lixiviados na espilitização dos andesitos basálticos. Verificou-se assim, com a aplicação dos modelos numéricos às ocorrências naturais de Piumhi, a possível ligação destes processos de alteração hidrotermal de fundo oceânico com a gênese dos fluidos ) exalativos que deram origem, e eventualmente, mineralizaram, as formações ferríferas. Ouro ocorre nestas formações ferríferas, conforme mostrado por análises geoquímicas realizadas por ICP-AES em extrações seletivas, por vezes, com fortes anomalias (efeitos-pepita). Cálculos indicam correlação positiva do Au, com Co, As, Zn, Ni e Sb, confirmando-os neste estudo como elementos traçadores na prospecção.<br>The metavulcano-sedimentary sequence (VSS) portion of Piumhi, focused in this work, represents the basal part of an Archean to Paleoproterozoic greenstone belt, and has been studied in its structural, petrographical, geochemical and metalogenetic aspects. The structural analysis provided a better understanding of the geometric/stratigraphic tectonic evolution and internal kinetics of the VSS, and of its relationship with the other juxtaposed precambrian units in direct contact. The VSS occurs thrusting a TTG granitic body to the north, in shear zones with strong milonitization near the contact. This set corresponds to the basement of the Bambuí Group, that covers it with sedimentary contacts, presenting only some tectonic local disturbances, represented by some small reverse and transcurrent ruptile faults. In the last important regional tectonic event, this autoctonous TTG-greenstone belt set, and its plataformal cover (Bambuí Group), were covered by the quartzitic aloctonous sequences of the Canastra Group nappe. The petrographical and geochemical studies showed the necessity of a redefinition on the classification and nomenclature used in the literature for the VSS. They also lead to the revision on the magmatic evolution of the VSS, and to the characterization of the hydrothermal alteration that modified the original litologic association. Still, the relation among these processes with the metalogenetic aspects has been studied, in the generation of hydrothermalites and exalative sedimentary rocks, containing traces of gold and base metals mineralizations. The mapped basal unit is constituted by volcanic rocks of acid to intermediate composition (basaltic andesites, dacites and rhyolites), of toleiitic to transitional calcalkaline feature. Litogeochemical calculations and modeling support the cogenetic evolution of these litotypes through differentiation by magmatic fractionating. Most of these rocks were altered hydrothermally by espilitization, epidotization, keratophyrization and silicification processes. The uppermost unit is composed by magnesian basaltic volcanic rocks, with well developed spinifex textures, although they are always in pseudomorphs replaced by metamorphic secondary paragenesis of medium to high greenschist facies. In literature, these rocks are referred notoriously as komatiites, however, their mineralogical and geochemical aspects indicate that they are not these litotypes. They present acicular spinifex textures, as clinopyroxene shapes, and rarely blade spinifex, as olivine shaped crystals. Besides, their silica rates are high, reaching intermediate rock values. Through fractionating, that occurs in differentiated basaltic flows, these magnesian basalts originated basaltic andesites. It is assumed here, based on geochemical data, that these basaltic rocks may represent extrusive equivalents of the most primitive magmas, which originated the intermediate volcanic rocks of the basal unit, differentiated in depth. The magnesian basalts, less altered, show toleiitic characteristics, evolving in a back-arc environment, in a thin continental crust. Intercalated in this unit is the majority of the banded iron formations (BIF) in the VSS, which constitutes important metalogenetic targets. The chemical composition of the iron formations was compared to the mobilized elements of the volcanic rocks in the alteration processes, identified and quantified through mass balance calculations. The chemical characteristics of the BIF showed strong correlation mainly with the leached elements in the espilitization processes suffered by the basaltic andesites. Therefore, with the application of numerical models to the natural occurrences in Piumhi, is suggested the possible link of these processes of deep-sea hydrothermal alterations, with the exalative fluids that originated and eventually mineralized the iron formations. Gold occurs in these iron formations, as verified in geochemical analysis made by ICP-AES in selective extractions, sometimes, with strong anomalies (nugget effects). Calculations indicated positive correlation of Au, with Co, As, Zn, Ni and Sb, confirming them as tracer elements in prospection.
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Hamman, Jurgens Petrus Eden. "Geotechnical assessment of a kimberlite pipe in Greenstone belt granites." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24842.

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The potentially hazardous nature of open pit mining requires the application of sound geotechnical engineering practice to mine design, for the purpose of permitting safe and economic mining of any commodity within any rock mass. The Lerala Diamond Project is situated in the south west of Botswana near the Martin’s Drift Border Post. A 2m-soil cover made surface mapping of geological features impossible, so a number of geotechnical holes were drilled to evaluate the characteristics of the kimberlite pipes and the Granite/gneiss host rock. The Lerala Diamond Project is a typical example of the geotechnical assessment of a kimberlite pipe in Greenstone belt granites. The explosive nature of the formation of these pipes was seen in the various types of joint and fracture pattern identified during this study that could have an influence on the stability of the open pit. Estimating the stability of rock slopes is required by the mining engineering industry for a wide variety of projects. Of importance in this regard is the preliminary evaluation of slope stability at the feasibility stage, excavation stage, and operating stage. The Lerala Diamond Project is currently undertaking a preliminary evaluation as part of a feasibility study. The aim of the geotechnical assessment was to divide the local rock into easily identifiable types that could be geotechnically evaluated. Two classification systems were used during the quantification of the rock mass types. These are the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system of Bieniawski (1976) and the Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR) system of Laubscher (1990). Observations and recordings of the drill core were carried out and these, in conjunction with laboratory results, enabled the determining of the characteristics of the rock mass that will be exposed in the slopes. Computer modelling programmes such as ROCKPAK III were used to test the designs against potential failures. The various potential failures were identified for the different highwalls. Recommendations including the continuous logging of geotechnical features were proposed for the purpose of developing a sound geotechnical model for identifying potential unstable areas within the pit.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.<br>Mining Engineering<br>unrestricted
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Burke, Shyne Duncan Caleb Padraig. "On carbonate alteration zones in a greenstone keel of the East Pilbara Terrane (Doolena Gap Greenstone Belt)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/107570/1/Duncan_Burke%20-%20Shyne_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines the origin and relative timing of carbonate alteration zones in the poly-deformed Doolena Gap Greenstone Belt in the East Pilbara Terrane, the type locality of Archaean dome-and-keel-terranes. The key findings are: [1] shear-assisted carbonate alteration occurred throughout the entire tectonic history of the greenstone belt; and [2] weak pre- and syntectonic carbonate minerals make up 40 to 60% of the examined greenstone rocks. These outcomes imply that carbonate minerals likely controlled the strength of Archaean lithosphere.
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Books on the topic "Greenstone belt"

1

MacTavish, A. D. Precambrian geology: Montcalm Greenstone belt. Ontario Geological Survey and the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 1996.

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Ayer, John Albert. Precambrian geology: Northern Swayze Greenstone belt. Ontario Geological Survey, 1995.

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1942-, Lowe Donald R., and Byerly Gary R. 1948-, eds. Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geological Society of America, 1999.

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Osmani, Ikramuddin Ahmad. Geology and mineral potential: Greenwater Lake area, west-central Shebandowan Greenstone Belt. Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 1997.

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Lafleur, Pierre Jean. The Archean Round Lake batholith, Abitibi greenstone belt: A synthesis. University of Ottawa, 1986.

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Jensen, L. S. Geology and petrogenesis of the Archean Abitibi Belt in the Kirkland Lake area, Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1985.

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Baldock, J. W. The geology of the Harare Greenstone Belt and surrounding granitic terrain. Zimbabwe Geological Survey, 1991.

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Subrahmanyam, V. Geochemistry, ore petrology, and genesis of gold mineralisation Kolar Greenstone Belt, Karnataka. Geological Survey of India, 1991.

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Geza, Kisvarsanyi Sheldon K. Grant, ed. Structural Control of Gold in the South Pass Granite-Greenstone Belt, Wyoming. University of Missouri-Rolla, 1988.

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W. Dan Hausel. Economic geology of the South Pass granite-greenstone belt, southern Wind River Range, western Wyoming. Geological Survey of Wyoming, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Greenstone belt"

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Arndt, Nicholas. "Greenstone Belt." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_676-5.

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Arndt, Nicholas. "Barberton Greenstone Belt." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_148.

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Arndt, Nicholas. "Barberton Greenstone Belt." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_148.

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Arndt, Nicholas. "Barberton Greenstone Belt." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_148-4.

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Arndt, Nicholas. "Barberton Greenstone Belt." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_148-3.

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O’Neil, Jonathan. "Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1089-4.

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Hofmann, Axel. "Barberton Greenstone Belt, Sedimentology." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_149.

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Hofmann, Axel. "Barberton Greenstone Belt, Sedimentology." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_149.

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Hofmann, Axel. "Barberton Greenstone Belt, Sedimentology." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_149-3.

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Hofmann, Axel. "Barberton Greenstone Belt, Sedimentology." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_149-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Greenstone belt"

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Holmes, H., P. A. Gledhill, J. C. Chatupa, and P. Akanyang. "Geophysics In The Maitengwe Greenstone Belt." In 3rd SAGA Biennial Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.224.048.

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Mathieu, Lucie, Baptiste Madon, Alexandre Crépon, Patrick Berthoty, and Daniel Kontak. "Magmatic Evolution of a Neoarchean Greenstone Belt." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1742.

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Silva*, Ezequiel Costa e., Adalene Moreira Silva, Catarina L. B. Toledo, and David Otterman. "Gold Prospectivity Mapping of Andorinhas Greenstone Belt, Para." In 12th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 15-18 August 2011. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2011-245.

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de Araújo Vieira, M., and S. Lima da Silva. "Caracterizaçăo Geológico-Geofísica do Greenstone Belt Rio das Velhas." In 4th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.313.159.

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Paiva De Oliveira, Elson, and Gabriel Sombini Dos Santos. "Geochemistry of chemical sediments from Piumhi greenstone belt - MG." In XXIII Congresso de Iniciação Científica da Unicamp. Galoá, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2015-37278.

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Touboul, Mathieu, Caroline Fitoussi, and Jonathan O'Neil. "Exotic Mo isotope composition in the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone belt." In Goldschmidt2021. European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.7475.

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Фролов, Петр, Вера Ильина, Александр Завёрткин, Екатерина Климовская, and Александр Савицкий. "Karelian talc as a raw material: practical application and potential contribution to Russian mineral raw material reserves." In Mineralogical and technological appraisal of new types of mineral products. Karelian Research Center of RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/tm13_6.

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Talc is a unique natural material. Some talc-bearing rocks, e.g. soapstone, are also useful minerals. There are talc deposits on the Fennoscandian Shield. The main potential talc resources and reserves are in the Karelian Craton, which is part of the shield. Talc deposits in the Finnish extension of the craton are being mined in the Kainuu Schist Belt and soapstone deposits in the Suomussalmi-Kuhmo Greenstone Belt. The Karelian portion of the craton seems to be more promising for talc-bearing deposits, because favourable rock complexes of greenstone belts are more common there. The revival of Karelia’s economic, scientific and industrial potential for the prospecting, exploration, study, appraisal and exploitation of the talc deposits could provide an impetus to Russsia’s and Karelia’s industrial development on a new higher level.
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Hoover, D. B., and W. D. Heran. "Geophysics in Gold Exploration: Application to Greenstone Belt Gold Deposits." In 3rd International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.324.451.

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Nube, A., U. Weckmann, O. Ritter, et al. "Magnetotelluric Measurements Across the Southern Barberton Greenstone Belt: Data Analysis." In 11th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.241.nube_abstract.

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Retallack, Gregory J., and Nora Noffke. "PALEOSOL FROM THE 3.7 GA ISUA GREENSTONE BELT, SOUTHWEST GREENLAND." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-315250.

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Reports on the topic "Greenstone belt"

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Jackson, S., and A. Fyon. Regional Geology - Abitibi Greenstone Belt. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132293.

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Heather, K. B., and G. T. Shore. Geology, Swayze greenstone belt, Sultan, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210453.

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Heather, K. B., and G. T. Shore. Geology, Swayze greenstone belt, Gogama, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210455.

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Heather, K. B., and G. T. Shore. Geology, Swayze greenstone belt, Westree, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210456.

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Heather, K. B., and G. T. Shore. Geology, Swayze greenstone belt, Biscotasing, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210458.

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Fyon, A., and S. Jackson. District Geology - Central Abitibi Greenstone Belt. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132294.

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Henderson, J. R., M. N. Henderson, J. A. Kerswill, and J. F. Dehls. Geology, High Lake greenstone belt, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211530.

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Heather, K. B., and G. T. Shore. Geology, Swayze greenstone belt, Rollo Lake, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210450.

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Heather, K. B., and G. T. Shore. Geology, Swayze greenstone belt, Rush Lake, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210451.

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Heather, K. B., and G. T. Shore. Geology, Swayze greenstone belt, Mattagami Lake, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210452.

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