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Journal articles on the topic 'Greenstone belts – Zimbabwe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Yoshihara, Arata, and Yozo Hamano. "Paleomagnetic constraints on the Archean geomagnetic field intensity obtained from komatiites of the Barberton and Belingwe greenstone belts, South Africa and Zimbabwe." Precambrian Research 131, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2004.01.003.

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2

Neil Phillips, G. "Metamorphic fluids and gold." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 388 (September 1993): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.388.02.

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AbstractLow-salinity fluids (T > 200°C reduced S, modest CO2) and high geothermal gradients are common to many gold deposits and provinces. In contrast, host rocks, hosting structures, depth of formation (in the crust during deposition), subsequent metamorphic overprint, alteration mineralogy and isotopic signatures can vary dramatically within single deposits or provinces. Gold deposits with co-product base metals are an exception to the above comments, and probably relate to saline fluids.The low salinity fluids inferred for major gold-only deposits are not easily explained by seawater, basinal brines, meteoric fluid or common magmatic processes. In contrast, metamorphic devolatilisation of mafic/greywacke rocks is one effective way to produce low-salinity metamorphic fluids with characteristics matching the gold fluids. Such an origin also explains the link to geothermal gradients.The transition from chlorite—albite—carbonate assemblages to amphibole-plagioclase assemblages (commonly greenschist—amphibolite facies boundary) involves considerable loss of metamorphic fluid whose composition is buffered by the mineral assemblage, and is a function of P and T. This low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluid is evolved at T > 400°C commonly carries reduced sulphur, and may contain Au complexed with this sulphur. This auriferous fluid is likely to mix with other fluid types during times of elevated temperature, especially magmatic fluids at depth, and upper crustal fluids at higher levels.Gold deposits in Archaean greenstone belts exhibit good evidence of low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluids of T > 300°C these include examples from Canada, Australia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, India, and South Africa. Turbidite-hosted (slate-belt) deposits exhibit similar evidence for such fluids but commonly with appreciable CH4; the Victoria and Juneau (Alaska) goldfields are examples. The Witwatersrand goldfields also show evidence of low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluids carrying reduced sulphur and gold, but their distribution and timing are not well established. Epithermal (sensu lato) gold deposits have evidence for low salinity fluids carrying Au and S, but are much more diverse in character than those from the previously mentioned gold provinces: this probably arises from mixing of several fluid types at high crustal levels. Together these four types of gold provinces account for over 80% of the primary gold mined to date.

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3

Fedo, Christopher M., Kenneth A. Eriksson, and Tom G. Blenkinsop. "Geologic history of the Archean Buhwa Greenstone Belt and surrounding granite–gneiss terrane, Zimbabwe, with implications for the evolution of the Limpopo Belt." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1977–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-151.

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The Buhwa Greenstone Belt (BGB) of southern Zimbabwe is the only major greenstone belt in the Archean Zimbabwe Craton directly adjacent to the granulite-facies rocks that constitute the Northern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt. The deformational history and assembly of the BGB shed light on the evolution of the Northern Marginal Zone – Zimbabwe Craton transition. Assembly of the region began with deposition of the dominantly sedimentary cover succession at ~3.0 Ga on banded gneisses of the ~3.5 Ga Tokwe segment. At ~2.9 Ga the northern margin of the greenstone belt experienced kilometres of ductile, oblique-slip, dextral shearing. This shear zone was later intruded by the granitic to tonalitic ~2.9 Ga Chipinda batholith. The remaining events recognized in the region occurred during the time span 2.9–2.5 Ga. Northwest-directed thrusting of the Northern Marginal Zone over the Zimbabwe Craton took place along a collection of discrete, typically metre-wide shear zones, which collectively form the tectonic break between the Zimbabwe Craton and the Northern Marginal Zone. In response to thrusting, the cover succession and surrounding granitoids were folded and underwent regional greenschist-facies metamorphism. Two suites of potassic granites were emplaced north and south of the greenstone belt towards the end of thrusting. Plutonism was followed by conjugate faulting and later filling of the fractures by the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. The youngest events may have occurred between ~2.5 and ~2.0 Ga, and include sinistral shearing along the southern margin of the belt, transecting cleavage formation, and open folding as a result of northeast-directed crustal shortening.

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4

Kusky, Timothy M., and Pamela A. Winsky. "Structural relationships along a greenstone/shallow water shelf contact, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Tectonics 14, no. 2 (April 1995): 448–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94tc03086.

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5

Hofmann, A., P. H. G. M. Dirks, and H. A. Jelsma. "Late Archaean foreland basin deposits, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Sedimentary Geology 141-142 (June 2001): 131–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(01)00072-0.

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6

Vinyu, M. L., H. A. Jelsma, and R. Frei. "Timing between granitoid emplacement and associated gold mineralization: examples from the ca. 2.7 Ga Harare–Shamva greenstone belt, northern Zimbabwe." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 981–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-074.

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Structurally controlled Late Archaean gold mineralizations associated with felsic plutons in the Harare–Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe, are synchronous with the emplacement of their hosts. The ages of these mineralizations are identical to those reported from other mesothermal gold deposits elsewhere in the Zimbabwe Craton. The Pb and Nd isotopic signatures of the host plutons are compatible with a direct mantle or a short crustal residence period for the protoliths to the host intrusions. The coincidence of the Pb-isotope data from ore minerals with the whole-rock trends (errorchrons) of their host intrusives strongly suggests that the gold could have a magmatic, rather than a metamorphic, source. There is no evidence from the Pb isotopes of significant involvement of older basement in the genesis of gold deposits associated with felsic intrusions in the Harare–Shamva greenstone belt. On a craton-wide scale, the time frame around 2.65 Ga represents a period of significant crustal growth (through addition of mantle-derived magma), deformation, and metamorphism. The temporal and spatial coincidence of these three parameters has created favorable conditions for the emplacement of the largest class of Archaean gold mineralizations that are currently known in the country.

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7

Huizenga, Jan M., and Jacques L. R. Touret. "Fluid inclusions in shear zones: The case of the Umwindsi shear zone in the Harare-Shamva-Bindura greenstone belt, NE Zimbabwe." European Journal of Mineralogy 11, no. 6 (November 29, 1999): 1079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/11/6/1079.

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8

Kusky, T. M., and W. S. F. Kidd. "Remnants of an Archean oceanic plateau, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Geology 20, no. 1 (1992): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0043:roaaop>2.3.co;2.

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9

Blenkinsop, Tom G., Christopher M. Fedo, Michael J. Bickle, Kenneth A. Eriksson, Anthony Martin, Euan G. Nisbet, and James F. Wilson. "Ensialic origin for the Ngezi Group, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Geology 21, no. 12 (1993): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<1135:eoftng>2.3.co;2.

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10

Hunter, M. A., M. J. Bickle, E. G. Nisbet, A. Martin, and H. J. Chapman. "Continental extensional setting for the Archean Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe." Geology 26, no. 10 (1998): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0883:cesfta>2.3.co;2.

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11

Nisbet, E. G., N. T. Arndt, M. J. Bickle, W. E. Cameron, C. Chauvel, M. Cheadle, E. Hegner, et al. "Uniquely fresh 2.7 Ga komatiites from the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Geology 15, no. 12 (1987): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<1147:ufgkft>2.0.co;2.

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12

Hofmann, A., P. H. G. M. Dirks, and H. A. Jelsma. "Clastic sedimentation in a late Archaean accretionary terrain, Midlands greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Precambrian Research 129, no. 1-2 (February 2004): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2003.09.017.

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13

Xenophontos, L., G. Stevens, and W. J. Przybylowicz. "Micro-PIXE elemental imaging of pyrites from the Bulawayan-Bubi Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 150, no. 1-4 (April 1999): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(98)00945-8.

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14

Dirks, Paul H. G. M., Hielke A. Jelsma, and Axel Hofmann. "Thrust-related accretion of an Archaean greenstone belt in the Midlands of Zimbabwe." Journal of Structural Geology 24, no. 11 (November 2002): 1707–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(02)00002-0.

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15

Kusky, T. M., P. A. Winsky, W. S. F. Kidd, Tom G. Blenkinsop, Christopher M. Fedo, Michael J. Bickle, Kenneth A. Eriksson, et al. "Ensialic origin for the Ngezi Group, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe: Comment and Reply." Geology 22, no. 8 (1994): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0766:eoftng>2.3.co;2.

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16

Dirks, Paul H. G. M., Hielke A. Jelsma, Axel Hofmann, M. A. Hunter, M. J. Bickle, E. G. Nisbet, A. Martin, and H. J. Chapman. "Continental extensional setting for the Archean Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: Comment and Reply." Geology 27, no. 7 (1999): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0667:cesfta>2.3.co;2.

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17

Owen, R. J., O. Gwavava, and P. Gwaze. "Multi-electrode resistivity survey for groundwater exploration in the Harare greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Hydrogeology Journal 14, no. 1-2 (April 9, 2005): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0420-7.

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18

Huizenga, Jan M. "Fluid evolution in the Pote Shear Zone Harare-Shamva-Bindura greenstone belt (northeast Zimbabwe)." Journal of African Earth Sciences 28, no. 2 (February 1999): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(99)00006-8.

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19

Bolhar, Robert, Jon D. Woodhead, and Janet M. Hergt. "Continental setting inferred for emplacement of the 2.9–2.7 Ga Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe." Geology 31, no. 4 (2003): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0295:csifeo>2.0.co;2.

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20

Hofmann, Axel, Paul H. G. M. Dirks, and Heilke A. Jelsma. "Horizontal tectonic deformation geometries in a late Archaean sedimentary sequence, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Tectonics 20, no. 6 (December 2001): 909–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001tc900014.

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21

Zhou, Mei-Fu. "PGE distribution in 2.7-Ga layered komatiite flows from the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Chemical Geology 118, no. 1-4 (December 1994): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90174-0.

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22

Baldock, J. W., and J. A. Evans. "Constraints on the age of the Bulawayan group metavolcanic sequence, Harare Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe." Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) 7, no. 5-6 (January 1988): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(88)90022-x.

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23

Ranganai, Rubeni T. "Gravity and Aeromagnetic Studies of the Filabusi Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe Craton: Regional and Geotectonic Implications." International Journal of Geosciences 03, no. 05 (2012): 1048–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2012.35106.

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24

Jelsma, H. A., P. A. van der Beek, and M. L. Vinyu. "Tectonic evolution of the Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt (northern Zimbabwe): Progressive deformation around diapiric batholiths." Journal of Structural Geology 15, no. 2 (February 1993): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(93)90093-p.

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25

Oberthür, T., and T. W. Weiser. "Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulphide assemblages at the Viceroy Mine, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 4 (August 2008): 953–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.4.953.

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AbstractGold mineralization at the Viceroy Mine is hosted in extensional veins in steep shear zones that transect metabasalts of the Archaean Arcturus Formation. The gold mineralization is generally made up of banded or massive quartz carrying abundant coarse arsenopyrite. However, most striking is a distinct suite of Au-Bi-Te-S minerals, namely joseite-A (Bi4TeS2), joseite-B (Bi4Te2S), hedleyite (Bi7Te3), ikunolite (Bi4S3), ‘protojoseite’ (Bi3TeS), an unnamed mineral (Bi6Te2S), bismuthinite (Bi2S3), native Bi, native gold, maldonite (Au2Bi), and jonassonite (AuBi5S4). The majority of the Bi-Te-S phases is characterized by Bi/(Se+Te) ratios of >1. Accordingly, this assemblage formed at reduced conditions at relatively low fS2 and fTe2. Fluid-inclusion thermometry indicates depositional temperatures of the main stage of mineralization of up to 342°C, in the normal range of mesothermal, orogenic gold deposits worldwide. However, melting temperatures of Au-Bi-Te phases down to at least 235°C (assemblage (Au2Bi + Bi + Bi7Te3)) imply that the Au-Bi-Te phases have been present as liquids or melt droplets. Furthermore, the close association of native gold, native bismuth and other Bi-Te-S phases suggests that gold was scavenged from the hydrothermal fluids by Bi-Te-S liquids or melts. It is concluded that a liquid/melt-collecting mechanism was probably active at Viceroy Mine, where the distinct Au-Bi-Te-S assemblage either formed late as part of the main, arsenopyrite-dominated mineralization, or it represents a different mineralization event, related to rejuvenation of the shear system. In either case, some of the gold may have been extracted from pre-existing, gold-bearing arsenopyrite by Bi-Te-S melts, thus leading to an upgrade of the gold ores at Viceroy. The Au-Bi-Te-S assemblage represents an epithermal-style mineralization overprinted on an otherwise mesothermal (orogenic) gold mineralization.

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26

Saager, Rudolf, Thomas Oberthuer, and Hans-Peter Tomschi. "Geochemistry and mineralogy of banded iron-formation-hosted gold mineralization in the Gwanda greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Economic Geology 82, no. 8 (December 1, 1987): 2017–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.8.2017.

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27

Herrington, R. J. "Late Archaean structure and gold mineralization in the Kadoma region of the Midlands greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 95, no. 1 (1995): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1995.095.01.11.

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28

Abell, P. I., J. McClory, A. Martin, and E. G. Nisbet. "Archaean stromatolites from the Ngesi Group, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe; preservation and stable isotopes — preliminary results." Precambrian Research 27, no. 4 (February 1985): 357–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(85)90094-4.

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29

Master, S., G. Henry, and G. Borg. "Geochemistry and mineralogy of banded iron-formation-hosted gold mineralization in the Gwanda greenstone belt, Zimbabwe; discussion." Economic Geology 84, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.1.194.

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30

Saager, R., and T. Oberthuer. "Geochemistry and mineralogy of banded iron-formation-hosted gold mineralization in the Gwanda greenstone belt, Zimbabwe; reply." Economic Geology 84, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.1.197.

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31

Hofmann, A., P. H. G. M. Dirks, and H. A. Jelsma. "Shallowing-Upward Carbonate Cycles in the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: A Record of Archean Sea-Level Oscillations." Journal of Sedimentary Research 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/052903740064.

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32

Hofmann, A., P. H. G. M. Dirks, H. A. Jelsma, and N. Matura. "A tectonic origin for ironstone horizons in the Zimbabwe craton and their significance for greenstone belt geology." Journal of the Geological Society 160, no. 1 (January 2003): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-764901-172.

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33

Hofmann, Axel, and Paul H. G. M. Dirks. "Continental setting inferred for emplacement of the 2.9–2.7 Ga Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: Comment and Reply." Geology 31, no. 1 (January 2003): e30-e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613-31.1.e30.

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34

Bolhar, Robert, Jon D. Woodhead, and Janet M. Hergt. "Continental setting inferred for emplacement of the 2.9–2.7 Ga Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: Comment and Reply." Geology 31, no. 1 (January 2003): e31-e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613-31.1.e31.

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35

Shimizu, Kenji, Eizo Nakamura, Katsura Kobayashi, and Shigenori Maruyama. "Discovery of Archean continental and mantle fragments inferred from xenocrysts in komatiites, the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Geology 32, no. 4 (2004): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g20162.1.

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36

Blenkinsop, T. G., T. Oberthür, and O. Mapeto. "Gold mineralization in the Mazowe area, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe: I. Tectonic controls on mineralization." Mineralium Deposita 35, no. 2-3 (March 13, 2000): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050011.

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37

Hofmann, A., PH GM Dirks, and H. A. Jelsma. "Late Archaean clastic sedimentary rocks (Shamvaian Group) of the Zimbabwe craton: first observations from the Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1689–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-074.

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The ~2.65 Ga old Shamvaian Group sedimentary rocks occur as a folded succession in the central part of the BinduraShamva greenstone belt of Zimbabwe. The strata comprise distinct, shear zone-bounded tectonostratigraphic units which may be stratigraphically arranged as follows. The lower part of the succession is represented by a transgressive, fining-upward sequence of alluvial fan conglomerate, overlain by fluvial braid-plain pebbly sandstone and marine shoreface sandstone. Detritus was derived from a mid-Archaean granitoid-gneiss terrain situated to the east. Sediment supply and subsidence rate must have been high. Shallow shelf sedimentation was followed by deep-water (sub-wave base) deposition by turbidity currents, giving rise to a thick succession of fine to coarse clastic material. The turbidite deposits were locally overlain by shallow-marine sandstone and fluvial to alluvial fan conglomerate. An upward increase in the abundance of intermediate and felsic volcanic clasts suggests an increase in the proximity of a volcanic terrain, such as a volcanic arc. Deposition was followed by layer-parallel shearing during thrust belt-style tectonism. Major shear zones developed preferentially along the contact between shallow- and deep-marine facies associations. Basin initiation may have been related to extensional tectonics, possibly on rifted continental crust, whereas later stages of basin history were characterized by compression, suggesting a foreland or fore-arc basin setting. Sedimentary facies, stratigraphy, and facies distribution are remarkably similar to some late Archaean sedimentary sequences of the Superior Province in Canada.

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38

GWAVAVA, O., and R. T. RANGANAI. "THE GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE MASVINGO GREENSTONE BELT AND ADJACENT GRANITE PLUTONS FROM GEOPHYSICAL DATA, ZIMBABWE CRATON." South African Journal of Geology 112, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2009): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.3-4.277.

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39

Pirajno, F., and I. González-Álvarez. "A re-appraisal of the Epoch nickel sulphide deposit, Filabusi Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: A hydrothermal nickel mineral system?" Ore Geology Reviews 52 (August 2013): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.11.005.

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40

Vinyu, M. L., and J. D. Kramers. "New Rb-Sr whole rock dates for some postorogenic granites (s.l.) from the Shamva-Harare Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe." Chemical Geology 70, no. 1-2 (August 1988): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90634-1.

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41

Fedo, Christopher M., Kenneth A. Eriksson, and Eirik J. Krogstad. "Geochemistry of shales from the Archean (~3.0 Ga) Buhwa Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: Implications for provenance and source-area weathering." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, no. 10 (May 1996): 1751–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00058-0.

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42

Fedo, C. "Stratigraphic framework of the ∼ 3.0 Ga Buhwa Greenstone Belt: a unique stable-shelf succession in the Zimbabwe Archean Craton." Precambrian Research 77, no. 3-4 (April 1996): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00053-4.

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43

Buchholz, P., P. Herzig, G. Friedrich, and R. Frei. "Granite-hosted gold mineralization in the Midlands greenstone belt: a new type of low-grade gold deposit in Zimbabwe." Mineralium Deposita 33, no. 5 (July 20, 1998): 437–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050162.

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44

Krogstad, Eirik J., Christopher M. Fedo, and Kenneth A. Eriksson. "Provenance ages and alteration histories of shales from the Middle Archean Buhwa greenstone belt, Zimbabwe: Nd and Pb isotopic evidence." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, no. 2 (January 2004): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(03)00206-0.

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45

Hickman-Lewis, K., and F. Westall. "A southern African perspective on the co-evolution of early life and environments." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0016.

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Abstract The Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons host some of the earliest evidence for life. When compared to the contemporaneous East Pilbara craton, cherts and other metasedimentary horizons in southern Africa preserve traces of life with far greater morphological and geochemical fidelity. In spite of this, most fossiliferous horizons of southern Africa have received relatively limited attention. This review summarises current knowledge regarding the nature of early life and its distribution with respect to environments and ecosystems in the Archaean (>2.5 Ga) of the region, correlating stratigraphic, sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological understanding. There is abundant and compelling evidence for both anoxygenic photosynthetic and chemosynthetic biomes dominating Palaeoarchaean-Mesoarchaean strata dating back to around 3.5 Ga, and the prevalence of each is tied to palaeoenvironmental parameters deducible from the rock record. Well-developed, large stromatolites characteristic of younger Mesoarchaean-Neoarchaean sequences were probably constructed by oxygenic photosynthesisers. Isotopic evidence from the Belingwe greenstone belt and the Transvaal Supergroup indicates that both a full sulphur cycle and complex nitrogen cycling were in operation by the Mesoarchaean-Neoarchaean. The Archaean geological record of southern Africa is thus a rich repository of information regarding the co-evolving geosphere and biosphere in deep time.

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46

SHIMIZU, KENJI, EIZO NAKAMURA, and SHIGENORI MARUYAMA. "The Geochemistry of Ultramafic to Mafic Volcanics from the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: Magmatism in an Archean Continental Large Igneous Province." Journal of Petrology 46, no. 11 (July 8, 2005): 2367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi059.

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47

Sawada, Hikaru, Yusuke Sawaki, Shuhei Sakata, Akira Ishikawa, Brian Muteta, Yukio Isozaki, and Shigenori Maruyama. "New geochronological constraints on the middle Archean Shurugwi greenstone belt toward an understanding of the crustal evolution of the Zimbabwe Craton." Journal of African Earth Sciences 173 (January 2021): 104021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.104021.

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Nutte, T. H. C., T. Oberth�r, R. Saager, and H. P. Tomschi. "The geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the broomstock gold deposit, Kwekwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe; Some implications for gold mineralization in jaspilite iron formations." Mineralogy and Petrology 39, no. 2 (November 1988): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01184820.

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RANGANAI, R. T. "STRUCTURAL AND SUBSURFACE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE FORT RIXON-SHANGANI GREENSTONE BELT AND THE NALATALE PLUTON, ZIMBABWE CRATON, AS DERIVED FROM GRAVITY AND AEROMAGNETIC DATA." South African Journal of Geology 116, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.116.2.273.

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Hofmann, Axel, Robert Bolhar, Paul Dirks, and Hielke Jelsma. "The geochemistry of Archaean shales derived from a Mafic volcanic sequence, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe: provenance, source area unroofing and submarine versus subaerial weathering." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, no. 3 (February 2003): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01086-4.

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